The predecessors of newspapers - Revision history

Alexis Sagen at 03:09, 19 April 2012

2012-04-19T03:09:15Z

Alexis Sagen at 03:01, 19 April 2012

2012-04-19T03:01:18Z

Alexis Sagen at 16:56, 18 April 2012

2012-04-18T16:56:37Z

Alexis Sagen: Created page with '~In progress... the first western-style newspaper was published in China in 1815. the language it was published in as Portuguese The first successful Chinese-language newspape…'

2012-04-15T21:54:02Z

Created page with '~In progress... the first western-style newspaper was published in China in 1815. the language it was published in as Portuguese The first successful Chinese-language newspape…'

New page

~In progress...

the first western-style newspaper was published in China in 1815. the language it was published in as Portuguese
The first successful Chinese-language newspaper was published in Hong Kong in 1864
The Chinese developed woodblock printing during the Sui dynasty (581-618) and metal moveable type in the Song (960-1276). Paper was invented by Cai Lun in 105 AD

Created daily
Distributed across the empire, with abridged editions for local distribution
Created by central ministries, provincial governments, and local authorities
“published edicts, memorials to the throne, and other information that officials thought important, such as the announcement of appointments and the court diary.”
government policy was announced by posters, and notices were read aloud to the illiterate.

Various accounts of when gazettes were first started:
Henrietta Harrison argued that they started in the 15th century
Joan Judge said that the predecessors of the gazettes started as metropolitan gazettes (dibao) in the tang dynasty (618 - 907), or even in the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 AD)
The Kauyan Za Bao (Bulletin of the Court) was supposedly the first newspaper and was started in the 8th century. The daily news was collected by editors and hand-written on silk by writers. It was sent to the provinces and read by imperial officers during the Kaiyuan era.

By the end of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), gazettes were called guanfangbaozhi (“official newspapers”), or guanbao for short.
Tens of thousands of guanbao circulated
Some sources said gazettes were mostly read mostly by government officials, but others argued that they were widely read and discussed

“While gazettes were the ‘official medium of communication’ between the courtand the provinces, they were technically ‘a form of private correspondence sent to provincial authorities by their accredited agents in the capital,’ as opposed to a sort of internal newsletter for all bureaucrats.”
“This suggests that the gazettes were customized or restricted to specific subsets of the bureaucratic population, based on location or rank. It also suggests that the gazettes may have been copied by hand in earlier times.”

WORKS CITED

(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985), 362.
Cecilia. "Who Invented the Newspaper?" Sikantisblog.com. 28 July 2009. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. <http://www.sikantisblog.com/wp/?p=1630>.
"Chinese Paper Invention." Chinese Culture. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. <http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa_invention_paper02a.htm>.
Henrietta Harrison, China: Inventing the Nation (London: Arnold, 2001), 112
oan Judge, Print and Politics:
John King Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of HarvardUniversity Press, 1992), 84.
Judge, 17.
Lamont, Ian. "The Rise of the Press in Late Imperial China." Diss. Harvard University Extension School, 2007. Scribd. 27 Nov. 2007. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. <http://www.scribd.com/doc/5021205/The-Rise-of-the-Press-in-Late-Imperial-China>.
Lee and Nathan, 362.
Leo Ou-fan Lee and Andrew J. Nathan, “The Beginnings of Mass Culture: Journalism andFiction in the Late Ch'ing and Beyond.” In David Johnson, Andrew J. and Nathan, Evelyn S. Rawski (eds.),
Popular Culture in Late Imperial China
‘Shibao’ and the Culture of Reform in Late Qing China
(Stanford,CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), 20.
Xiuming Zhang, “Hanzi yinshua de fazhan,” etc., in
Zhonghuo yinshua shi
(Shanghai: RenminPublishing Co., 1989) 669-729. Cited in Christopher Alexander Reed,
Gutenberg in Shanghai: Mechanized Printing, Modern Publishing, and their Effects on the City, 1876-1937
(doctoral dissertation) (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1996), 144.

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 the first western-style newspaper was published in China in 1815. the language it was published in was Portuguese. The first successful Chinese-language newspaper was published in Hong Kong in 1864.
@@ Line 17: / Line 19: @@
 Tens of thousands of guanbao circulated in China. Some sources said gazettes were mostly read mostly by government officials, but others argued that they were widely read and discussed by commoners as well.
-“While gazettes were the ‘official medium of communication’ between the courtland the provinces, they were technically ‘a form of private correspondence sent to provincial authorities by their accredited agents in the capital,’ as opposed to a sort of internal newsletter for all bureaucrats.”
+“While gazettes were the ‘official medium of communication’ between the courtland the provinces, they were technically ‘a form of private correspondence sent to provincial authorities by their accredited agents in the capital,’ as opposed to a sort of internal newsletter for all bureaucrats. This suggests that the gazettes were customized or restricted to specific subsets of the bureaucratic population, based on location or rank. It also suggests that the gazettes may have been copied by hand in earlier times” (Lamont 2007, p 4).

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==NEWSPAPER PREDECESSORS==
-the first western-style newspaper was published in China in 1815. the language it was published in as Portuguese
+The Chinese developed woodblock printing during the Sui dynasty (581-618) and metal moveable type in the Song (960-1276). Paper was invented by Cai Lun in 105 AD.
-The first successful Chinese-language newspaper was published in Hong Kong in 1864
-The Chinese developed woodblock printing during the Sui dynasty (581-618) and metal moveable type in the Song (960-1276). Paper was invented by Cai Lun in 105 AD
+the first western-style newspaper was published in China in 1815. the language it was published in was Portuguese. The first successful Chinese-language newspaper was published in Hong Kong in 1864.
 ==GAZETTES==
-Created daily
+Gazettes were produced daily,and distributed across the empire, with abridged editions for local distribution. Gazettes were created by central ministries, provincial governments, and local authorities. Content of these gazettes included edicts, memorials to the Emperor, announcement of appointments, and the court diary.Government policies was further announced by posters, and notices were read aloud to the illiterate.
 ==ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT==
-Various accounts of when gazettes were first started:
+There were highly varied accounts of when gazettes were supposed to have first began production. Henrietta Harrison argued that they started in the 15th century. Joan Judge said that the predecessors of the gazettes started as metropolitan gazettes (dibao) in the tang dynasty (618 - 907), or even in the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 AD). The Kauyan Za Bao (Bulletin of the Court) is also claimed to be the first newspaper, and was started in the 8th century. The daily news was collected by editors and hand-written on silk by writers.  It was sent to the provinces and read by imperial officers during the Kaiyuan era(Cecilia, "Who Invented the Newspaper?").
 By the end of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), gazettes were called guanfangbaozhi (“official newspapers”), or guanbao for short.
-Tens of thousands of guanbao circulated
+Tens of thousands of guanbao circulated in China. Some sources said gazettes were mostly read mostly by government officials, but others argued that they were widely read and discussed by commoners as well.
 Some sources said gazettes were mostly read mostly by government officials, but others argued that they were widely read and discussed
 “This suggests that the gazettes were customized or restricted to specific subsets of the bureaucratic population, based on location or rank. It also suggests that the gazettes may have been copied by hand in earlier times.”
@@ Line 31: / Line 25: @@
 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985), 362.
 Cecilia. "Who Invented the Newspaper?" Sikantisblog.com. 28 July 2009. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. <http://www.sikantisblog.com/wp/?p=1630>.
 "Chinese Paper Invention." Chinese Culture. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. <http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa_invention_paper02a.htm>.
 Henrietta Harrison, China: Inventing the Nation (London: Arnold, 2001), 112
-oan Judge, Print and Politics:
-John King Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of HarvardUniversity Press, 1992), 84.
+Joan Judge, Print and Politics: John King Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of HarvardUniversity Press, 1992), 84.
 Judge, 17.
 Lamont, Ian. "The Rise of the Press in Late Imperial China." Diss. Harvard University Extension School, 2007. Scribd. 27 Nov. 2007. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. <http://www.scribd.com/doc/5021205/The-Rise-of-the-Press-in-Late-Imperial-China>.
 Lee and Nathan, 362.
-Leo Ou-fan Lee and Andrew J. Nathan, “The Beginnings of Mass Culture: Journalism andFiction in the Late Ch'ing and Beyond.” In David Johnson, Andrew J. and Nathan, Evelyn S. Rawski (eds.),
- Popular Culture in Late Imperial China
+Xiuming Zhang, “Hanzi yinshua de fazhan,” etc., in Zhonghuo yinshua shi(Shanghai: RenminPublishing Co., 1989) 669-729. Cited in Christopher Alexander Reed,Gutenberg in Shanghai: Mechanized  Printing, Modern Publishing, and their Effects on the City, 1876-1937
 (doctoral dissertation) (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1996), 144.