Theor App Lit EN 1 - Revision history

Zhou Qiao1: /* Theoretical Framework */

2021-12-29T05:45:20Z

Theoretical Framework

Fu Hongyan: /* Major Findings of the Study */

2021-12-16T07:35:47Z

Major Findings of the Study

Fu Hongyan: /* Structure Shifts */

2021-12-16T07:23:45Z

Structure Shifts

Fu Hongyan: /* Theoretical Framework */

2021-12-16T07:09:17Z

Theoretical Framework

Fu Hongyan: /* Introduction to Beloved */

2021-12-16T07:01:27Z

Introduction to Beloved

Fu Hongyan: /* Introduction */

2021-12-16T06:52:04Z

Introduction

Zhou Qiao1: /* Structure Shifts */

2021-12-14T06:49:11Z

Structure Shifts

Zhou Qiao1: /* Theoretical Framework */

2021-12-14T06:48:26Z

Theoretical Framework

Zhou Qiao1: /* About Catford’s Shifts Theory */

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About Catford’s Shifts Theory

Zhou Qiao1: /* References */

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References

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 --[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 07:01, 16 December 2021 (UTC)
-===Theoretical Framework===
+===Theoretical Foundation===
 Translation theory guides translation practice as a whole or from a macro perspective. Some translation theories are directly connected with translation practice. In addition, the theory can also be used to guide the criticism and appreciation of the translation. Through the analysis and evaluation of the Chinese versions, we can explore the deep-seated reasons and promote the development of translation practice, which also reflects the promotion of translation theory to practice to some extent. In recent years, more and more scholars have tried to discuss the practical value of shift theory in English-Chinese translation and achieved some results. This paper attempts to use the Translation Shifts Theory to explore the guiding role of shift theory in English-Chinese translation practice through the analysis and study of ''beloved'''s translation strategies.(Catford, 1965: 85)

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:35, 16 December 2021
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	Secondly, the translation of literary novels is the most difficult among different texts. Because the language of literary works is more visualized, and more rhetorical figures are used to express complex emotions. For translators, translating literary novels should not only accurately convey the information of the article, but also express the author's complex feelings.		Secondly, the translation of literary novels is the most difficult among different texts. Because the language of literary works is more visualized, and more rhetorical figures are used to express complex emotions. For translators, translating literary novels should not only accurately convey the information of the article, but also express the author's complex feelings.

		+	Secondly, the translation of literary novels is the most difficult among different genres. Because the language of literary works is more visualized, and more rhetorical figures are used to express complex emotions. For translators, translating literary novels should not only accurately convey the information of the article, but also express the author's complex feelings.--[[User:Fu Hongyan\|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan\|talk]]) 07:35, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

	====Limitations of the Study====		====Limitations of the Study====

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:23, 16 December 2021
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	In E-C translation, considering the factors of sentence structure and expression focus, sometimes in the process of translation, the translator needs to make corresponding structural changes, such as changing sentence structure and adjusting word order. Structural shifts are divided into (1) shifts between positive expression and negative expression; and (2) shifts between active expression and passive expression.(Maojingjing, 2015:145-146)		In E-C translation, considering the factors of sentence structure and expression focus, sometimes in the process of translation, the translator needs to make corresponding structural changes, such as changing sentence structure and adjusting word order. Structural shifts are divided into (1) shifts between positive expression and negative expression; and (2) shifts between active expression and passive expression.(Maojingjing, 2015:145-146)
		+
		+	In E-C translation, considering the factors of sentence structure and expression focus, sometimes in the process of translation, the translator needs to make corresponding structural changes, such as changing sentence structure and adjusting word order. Structural shifts are divided into (1) shifts between positive voice and negative voice; and (2) shifts between active expression and passive expression.(Maojingjing, 2015:145-146)--[[User:Fu Hongyan\|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan\|talk]]) 07:23, 16 December 2021 (UTC) The difference between two points is a little confusing. Maybe they both mean positive and negative voive? Or something else. It's better if proveiding a more clear explanation.

	'''4.2.1.1 Shifts from Active Voice to Passive Voice'''		'''4.2.1.1 Shifts from Active Voice to Passive Voice'''

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:09, 16 December 2021
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	In China, the study of translation methods and strategies has been for decades, but few basic studies have been carried out from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels to the specific changes or transformations in the process of translation. After consulting a large number of papers on the Internet, the author finds that literary translation practice is mostly guided by Functionalist Translation Theory, Domestication and Foreignization, Communicative Translation Theory and other theories because these theories are analyzable and can be applied to various types of texts. However, Catford's Translation Shift Theory focuses on the transformation below the sentence level, without considering the translation shift of paragraphs and texts. However, the author chooses the works of Beloved, written by African American writers. Under the background of the melting pot of culture, African American writers are faced with the difficulties of identity authentication, and the helplessness and necessity of identity reconstruction. In order to reflect this personal emotion and retain the original text as much as possible and achieve translation equivalence between the source and target languages, there must be a shift between translation because of the dramatic differences between English and Chinese. The most systematic theory of translation shift is Catford's theory. This paper capitalizes on Catford's Translation Shift Theory to make an analysis of the English Chinese translation in the novel Beloved, to verify the effectiveness of Catford's Translation Shift Theory in guiding English Chinese translation practice, and further carry forward translation practice-related research in the future. (Mao Jingjing，2015:145-146)		In China, the study of translation methods and strategies has been for decades, but few basic studies have been carried out from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels to the specific changes or transformations in the process of translation. After consulting a large number of papers on the Internet, the author finds that literary translation practice is mostly guided by Functionalist Translation Theory, Domestication and Foreignization, Communicative Translation Theory and other theories because these theories are analyzable and can be applied to various types of texts. However, Catford's Translation Shift Theory focuses on the transformation below the sentence level, without considering the translation shift of paragraphs and texts. However, the author chooses the works of Beloved, written by African American writers. Under the background of the melting pot of culture, African American writers are faced with the difficulties of identity authentication, and the helplessness and necessity of identity reconstruction. In order to reflect this personal emotion and retain the original text as much as possible and achieve translation equivalence between the source and target languages, there must be a shift between translation because of the dramatic differences between English and Chinese. The most systematic theory of translation shift is Catford's theory. This paper capitalizes on Catford's Translation Shift Theory to make an analysis of the English Chinese translation in the novel Beloved, to verify the effectiveness of Catford's Translation Shift Theory in guiding English Chinese translation practice, and further carry forward translation practice-related research in the future. (Mao Jingjing，2015:145-146)
		+
		+	In China, the study of translation methods and strategies has been a long history for decades, but few basic studies have been carried out from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels to the specific changes or transformations in the process of translation. After consulting a large number of papers on the Internet, the author finds that literary translation practice is mostly guided by Functionalist Translation Theory, Domestication and Foreignization, Communicative Translation Theory and other theories because these theories are analyzable and can be applied to various types of texts. However, Catford's Translation Shift Theory focuses on the transformation below the sentence level, without considering the translation shift of paragraphs and texts. However, the author chooses the works of Beloved, written by African American writers. Under the background of the melting pot of culture, African American writers are faced with the difficulties of identity authentication, and the helplessness and necessity of identity reconstruction. In order to reflect this personal emotion and retain the original text as much as possible and achieve translation equivalence between the source and target languages, there must be a shift between translation because of the dramatic differences between English and Chinese. The most systematic theory of translation shift is Catford's theory. This paper capitalizes on Catford's Translation Shift Theory to make an analysis of the English Chinese translation in the novel Beloved, to verify the effectiveness of Catford's Translation Shift Theory in guiding English Chinese translation practice, and further carry forward translation practice-related research in the future. (Mao Jingjing，2015:145-146)--[[User:Fu Hongyan\|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan\|talk]]) 07:09, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

	Catford's Translation Shift Theory is of practical value. His work is the first attempt to expound translation in a general sense. Previously, translation textbooks only touched on some empirical principles and methods. Catford describes a number of translation concepts in a systematic and detailed manner and sets objective criteria for subjective judgment of some previous concepts. Catford also illustrates why it is reasonable to realize translation transformation and equivalence, and points out that the concept of equivalence occupies a central position in translation studies. Equivalence does not mean the complete reproduction of the original language content and information, nor the blind pursuit of "formal equivalence", but "textual equivalence". His comprehensive classification of all kinds of conversions reasonably explains the actual conversions in the process of C-E and E-C translation. Therefore, Catford's Translation Shift Theory is used to analyze the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic levels in this paper.		Catford's Translation Shift Theory is of practical value. His work is the first attempt to expound translation in a general sense. Previously, translation textbooks only touched on some empirical principles and methods. Catford describes a number of translation concepts in a systematic and detailed manner and sets objective criteria for subjective judgment of some previous concepts. Catford also illustrates why it is reasonable to realize translation transformation and equivalence, and points out that the concept of equivalence occupies a central position in translation studies. Equivalence does not mean the complete reproduction of the original language content and information, nor the blind pursuit of "formal equivalence", but "textual equivalence". His comprehensive classification of all kinds of conversions reasonably explains the actual conversions in the process of C-E and E-C translation. Therefore, Catford's Translation Shift Theory is used to analyze the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic levels in this paper.

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 ====Linguistic Characteristics====
-The selected text used for this report is the literary novel ''Beloved'' and its Chinese Translation by Pan Yue and Lei Ge. This part introduces the linguistic characteristics of the source text from lexis, syntax and discourse specifically. (Pan Yue & Lei Ge. 1996:3-342)
+The selected text used for this report is the literary novel Beloved and its Chinese Translation by Pan Yue and Lei Ge. This part introduces the linguistic characteristics of the source text from lexis, syntax and discourse specifically. (Pan Yue & Lei Ge. 1996:3-342)
 Language features are determined by the specific group, culture, and context. ''Beloved'', written by an African American Writer who has a totally different writing style from normal American writers. The excerpted text has the following linguistic characteristics:
 In the first place, regarding lexis, many words in the novel are common, but the collocation and usage of these words are not. The words used are exaggerated and humorous, involving a large number of slang words, close to life.
 Secondly, in terms of syntax, The structure is not rigorous and standard. The omission of be verbs is one of the most prominent features of black English. In addition, double negation is also a common phenomenon, which has obvious characteristics of black English sentence patterns.
@@ Line 51: / Line 55: @@
 More specifically, one of the most typical linguistic characteristics of this novel is black English. Black English is a kind of informal language that in novels can reveal different images and reveal the special culture of black English. Therefore, some words and phrases in this novel have their own slang meaning, making the characters rich and vivid.
 ===Theoretical Framework===

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 In order to have a better understanding of ''Beloved'' and Translation Shifts Theory, the author study the Chinese translation of ''Beloved'' from the perspective of Catford’s Translation Shifts Theory. The appearance of Catford’s Translation Shift theory can be traced back to 1950s. Instead of talking about formal equivalence, Catford’s theory stresses meaning transmission. It is the typical reflection of the principle that form is not as important as content. The theory, devoted to two aspects, namely level shifts and category shifts, is becoming one of the most practical and influential theories in the studies about translation shifts. Correspondingly, the author writing this report will probe into the utilization of the translation shifts theory which Catford initiated, particularly, the category shifts in the studying.
 The report is structured as follows: the first part is the introduction of information about the source text, the guidance theory of the translation work and the report outline, followed by the second part which focuses on the linguistic features of ''Beloved''. As for the third part, there provides a theory introduction, namely, Catford’s Translation Shifts Theory which covers level shifts and category shifts. The fourth part is the case analysis of ''Beloved'' from the perspectives of this theory. Finally, the report ends with a conclusion, in which the whole report and several deficiencies are briefly reviewed.
 ===Introduction to ''Beloved''===

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 =====Structure Shifts=====
-In E-C translation, considering the factors of sentence structure and expression focus, sometimes in the process of translation, the translator needs to make corresponding structural changes, such as changing sentence structure and adjusting word order. Structural shifts are divided into (1) shifts between positive expression and negative expression; and (2) shifts between active expression and passive expression.(Maojingjing, 2015, 145-146)
+In E-C translation, considering the factors of sentence structure and expression focus, sometimes in the process of translation, the translator needs to make corresponding structural changes, such as changing sentence structure and adjusting word order. Structural shifts are divided into (1) shifts between positive expression and negative expression; and (2) shifts between active expression and passive expression.(Maojingjing, 2015:145-146)
 '''4.2.1.1 Shifts from Active Voice to Passive Voice'''

@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 ===Theoretical Framework===
-Translation theory guides translation practice as a whole or from a macro perspective. Some translation theories are directly connected with translation practice. In addition, the theory can also be used to guide the criticism and appreciation of the translation. Through the analysis and evaluation of the Chinese versions, we can explore the deep-seated reasons and promote the development of translation practice, which also reflects the promotion of translation theory to practice to some extent. In recent years, more and more scholars have tried to discuss the practical value of shift theory in English-Chinese translation and achieved some results. This paper attempts to use the Translation Shifts Theory to explore the guiding role of shift theory in English-Chinese translation practice through the analysis and study of ''beloved'''s translation strategies.(Catford, 1965, 85)
+Translation theory guides translation practice as a whole or from a macro perspective. Some translation theories are directly connected with translation practice. In addition, the theory can also be used to guide the criticism and appreciation of the translation. Through the analysis and evaluation of the Chinese versions, we can explore the deep-seated reasons and promote the development of translation practice, which also reflects the promotion of translation theory to practice to some extent. In recent years, more and more scholars have tried to discuss the practical value of shift theory in English-Chinese translation and achieved some results. This paper attempts to use the Translation Shifts Theory to explore the guiding role of shift theory in English-Chinese translation practice through the analysis and study of ''beloved'''s translation strategies.(Catford, 1965: 85)
 ====About Catford’s Shifts Theory====
-Since the 1950s, there has been a tendency for the integration of linguistic methods with translation in such aspects as translation analysis and translation phenomenon classification, based on which many concrete classification methods have been raised. The concept of transformation can be traced back to comparative stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation which was published in 1958 by two Canadian scholars: Jean Darbelnet and Jean Paul Vinay. According to them, among the seven translation techniques and two translation strategies, the "transposition" technique is the rudiment of translation transformation. In this regard, it is the basis for the theory of translation transformation. (Vinay, 1958, 46)
+Since the 1950s, there has been a tendency for the integration of linguistic methods with translation in such aspects as translation analysis and translation phenomenon classification, based on which many concrete classification methods have been raised. The concept of transformation can be traced back to comparative stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation which was published in 1958 by two Canadian scholars: Jean Darbelnet and Jean Paul Vinay. According to them, among the seven translation techniques and two translation strategies, the "transposition" technique is the rudiment of translation transformation. In this regard, it is the basis for the theory of translation transformation. (Vinay, 1958,:46)
-J. C. Catford is a famous British translation theorist. He interprets translation from the perspective of modern linguistics and defines translation as "replacing the text material of another language with that of a different language" (Catford, 1965, 10)He regards the pursuit of equivalence as the central issue of translation research and practice, and makes a descriptive study of different language levels of translation. In A Linguistic Theory of Translation published in 1965, he defined the concept of conversion as a deviation from formal correspondence during the conversion between the source and target languages. He also said that "content is more important than form" (Mu Lei, 1990, 37-42). In fact, Catford borrows the concepts of category and level that were put forward by Halliday (Halliday, 2005, 33-36), then he categorized translation shift as Level Shifts and Category Shifts, offering guidance from a different viewpoint for translation to translator. (Catford, 1965, 10), (Mu Lei, 1990, 37-42), (Halliday, 2005, 33-36)
+J. C. Catford is a famous British translation theorist. He interprets translation from the perspective of modern linguistics and defines translation as "replacing the text material of another language with that of a different language" (Catford, 1965: 10)He regards the pursuit of equivalence as the central issue of translation research and practice, and makes a descriptive study of different language levels of translation. In A Linguistic Theory of Translation published in 1965, he defined the concept of conversion as a deviation from formal correspondence during the conversion between the source and target languages. He also said that "content is more important than form" (Mu Lei, 1990,:37-42). In fact, Catford borrows the concepts of category and level that were put forward by Halliday (Halliday, 2005: 33-36), then he categorized translation shift as Level Shifts and Category Shifts, offering guidance from a different viewpoint for translation to translator. (Catford, 1965: 10), (Mu Lei, 1990:37-42), (Halliday, 2005:33-36)
 =====Introduction to Level Shifts=====
-According to Catford, there are four possible levels in language: (i) grammatical level, (ii) lexical level, (iii) morphological level and (iv) phonetic level. By a shift of level, we mean that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level. The level shifts are embodied in the mutual transformation of grammar and vocabulary. So it can be said that a level shift would be something that can be expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another.(Catford, 1965, 74)
+According to Catford, there are four possible levels in language: (i) grammatical level, (ii) lexical level, (iii) morphological level and (iv) phonetic level. By a shift of level, we mean that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level. The level shifts are embodied in the mutual transformation of grammar and vocabulary. So it can be said that a level shift would be something that can be expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another.(Catford, 1965:74)
 =====Introduction to Category Shifts=====
-Category Shifts cover four aspects: (1) unit, (2) structure, (3) class and (4) intra-system. Category Shifts include translation without hierarchy and translation with hierarchy. Under the translation without hierarchy which is similar to free translation, there is a hierarchical relationship between the source language and the target language at any proper level. "It is meaningless to talk about category shift unless we assume some degree of formal correspondence between SL and TL"(Catford, 1965, 23). There are four kinds of hierarchical relationships:
+Category Shifts cover four aspects: (1) unit, (2) structure, (3) class and (4) intra-system. Category Shifts include translation without hierarchy and translation with hierarchy. Under the translation without hierarchy which is similar to free translation, there is a hierarchical relationship between the source language and the target language at any proper level. "It is meaningless to talk about category shift unless we assume some degree of formal correspondence between SL and TL"(Catford, 1965:23). There are four kinds of hierarchical relationships:
-Structural Shifts: Structural Shifts refer to the change of language structure at the level of unified grammar in translation. According to Catford, structure shift" occurs in the phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation", such as the change of word order, which does not go beyond the grammatical level of the sentence. (Catford, 1965, 77)
+Structural Shifts: Structural Shifts refer to the change of language structure at the level of unified grammar in translation. According to Catford, structure shift" occurs in the phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation", such as the change of word order, which does not go beyond the grammatical level of the sentence. (Catford, 1965:77)
-Class Shifts: It occurs when “the translation equivalent of a SL item is a number of a different class from the original item”. A typical example is the change of parts of speech. Therefore, the translator could translate the English words into Chinese phrases or sentences or translate the phrases into clauses. (Catford, 1965, 78)
+Class Shifts: It occurs when “the translation equivalent of a SL item is a number of a different class from the original item”. A typical example is the change of parts of speech. Therefore, the translator could translate the English words into Chinese phrases or sentences or translate the phrases into clauses. (Catford, 1965:78)
-Unit Shifts: It is also known as rank shift, which means departures from formal corresponding in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL. As for ranks in English, it includes word, morpheme, phrase, sentence and clause. Hence, the shifts between these linguistic units can be called Unit Shifts. (Catford, 1965, 79)
+Unit Shifts: It is also known as rank shift, which means departures from formal corresponding in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL. As for ranks in English, it includes word, morpheme, phrase, sentence and clause. Hence, the shifts between these linguistic units can be called Unit Shifts. (Catford, 1965,:79)
-Intra-system Shifts: this kind of transformation refers to the system in which there are basic structural forms for the source and target languages, but in translation, it is necessary to choose target words not corresponding to the source words(Catford, 1965, 80). Intra-system Shifts are used for situations where the shifts occur internally (Lin Ling，2009，74-78，82).
+Intra-system Shifts: this kind of transformation refers to the system in which there are basic structural forms for the source and target languages, but in translation, it is necessary to choose target words not corresponding to the source words(Catford, 1965: 80). Intra-system Shifts are used for situations where the shifts occur internally (Lin Ling，2009: 74-78，82).
 ====Feasibility====
-In China, the study of translation methods and strategies has been for decades, but few basic studies have been carried out from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels to the specific changes or transformations in the process of translation. After consulting a large number of papers on the Internet, the author finds that literary translation practice is mostly guided by Functionalist Translation Theory, Domestication and Foreignization, Communicative Translation Theory and other theories because these theories are analyzable and can be applied to various types of texts. However, Catford's Translation Shift Theory focuses on the transformation below the sentence level, without considering the translation shift of paragraphs and texts. However, the author chooses the works of Beloved, written by African American writers. Under the background of the melting pot of culture, African American writers are faced with the difficulties of identity authentication, and the helplessness and necessity of identity reconstruction. In order to reflect this personal emotion and retain the original text as much as possible and achieve translation equivalence between the source and target languages, there must be a shift between translation because of the dramatic differences between English and Chinese. The most systematic theory of translation shift is Catford's theory. This paper capitalizes on Catford's Translation Shift Theory to make an analysis of the English Chinese translation in the novel Beloved, to verify the effectiveness of Catford's Translation Shift Theory in guiding English Chinese translation practice, and further carry forward translation practice-related research in the future. (Mao Jingjing，2015，145-146)
+In China, the study of translation methods and strategies has been for decades, but few basic studies have been carried out from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels to the specific changes or transformations in the process of translation. After consulting a large number of papers on the Internet, the author finds that literary translation practice is mostly guided by Functionalist Translation Theory, Domestication and Foreignization, Communicative Translation Theory and other theories because these theories are analyzable and can be applied to various types of texts. However, Catford's Translation Shift Theory focuses on the transformation below the sentence level, without considering the translation shift of paragraphs and texts. However, the author chooses the works of Beloved, written by African American writers. Under the background of the melting pot of culture, African American writers are faced with the difficulties of identity authentication, and the helplessness and necessity of identity reconstruction. In order to reflect this personal emotion and retain the original text as much as possible and achieve translation equivalence between the source and target languages, there must be a shift between translation because of the dramatic differences between English and Chinese. The most systematic theory of translation shift is Catford's theory. This paper capitalizes on Catford's Translation Shift Theory to make an analysis of the English Chinese translation in the novel Beloved, to verify the effectiveness of Catford's Translation Shift Theory in guiding English Chinese translation practice, and further carry forward translation practice-related research in the future. (Mao Jingjing，2015:145-146)
 Catford's Translation Shift Theory is of practical value. His work is the first attempt to expound translation in a general sense. Previously, translation textbooks only touched on some empirical principles and methods. Catford describes a number of translation concepts in a systematic and detailed manner and sets objective criteria for subjective judgment of some previous concepts. Catford also illustrates why it is reasonable to realize translation transformation and equivalence, and points out that the concept of equivalence occupies a central position in translation studies. Equivalence does not mean the complete reproduction of the original language content and information, nor the blind pursuit of "formal equivalence", but "textual equivalence". His comprehensive classification of all kinds of conversions reasonably explains the actual conversions in the process of C-E and E-C translation. Therefore, Catford's Translation Shift Theory is used to analyze the grammatical, syntactic, and semantic levels in this paper.

@@ Line 324: / Line 324: @@
 ===References===
-[1]潘岳、雷格. 宠儿[M]. 北京：中国文学出版社，1996.
+Catford J C (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 85－91.
-[2]	Vinay J P, Darbelnet J. Translation and activism[M]. Paris: Didier, 1958.
+Halliday M A(2005). On Grammer[M]. London: Continuum International Publishing.
-[3]	Catford J C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965: 85－91.
+Lian Shuneng 连淑能(1993). 英汉对比研究[M] Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese. 北京: 高等教育出版社 Beijing: Higher education Press, 90.
-[4] 穆雷．评卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》[J]．外语教学，1990(02)：37-42．
+Lin Ling 林铃（2009）．卡特福德翻译转换模式下的翻译过程研究[J] A Study on the Translation Process under Catford's Translation Transformation Model．外语教育与教学 Foreign Language Teaching and Learning，5：74-75，82．
-[5]	Halliday M A. On Grammer[M]. London: Continuum International Publishing, 2005.
+Mao Jingjing 毛菁菁(2015). 翻译转换理论在汉英翻译中的应用——以莫言《红高粱》英译本为例[J] The Application of Translation Shift Theory in C- E Translation -- Taking the English Version of Mo Yan's Red Sorghum as an Example. 兰州教育学院学报 Journal of Lanzhou Institute of Education, 3: 145-146.
-[6] 林铃．卡特福德翻译转换模式下的翻译过程研究[J]．语文学刊(外语教育与教学) ，2009(05)：74-75，82．
+Monday J(2006). Introducing Translation Studies [M]. London: Routledge.
-[7]	毛菁菁. 翻译转换理论在汉英翻译中的应用——以莫言《红高粱》英译本为例[J]. 兰州教育学院学报, 2015, 31(3): 145-146.
+Mu Lei 穆雷 (1990)．评卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》[J] On Catford‘s A Linguistic Theory of Translation. 外语教学 Foreign Language Teaching，2：37-42．
-[8]	连淑能. 英汉对比研究[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1993: 90.
+Pan Yue & Lei Ge 潘岳、雷格 (1996). 宠儿[M] Beloved. 北京：中国文学出版社 Beijing:Chinese Literature Press, 3-245.
-[9]	仲晶瑶. 从动词特性看英汉介词[J]. 黑龙江教育学院学报, 2003,(3): 84-85.
+Vinay J P, Darbelnet J (1958). Translation and activism[M]. Paris: Didier.