User:Tao Yao - Revision history

Tao Yao at 06:23, 20 June 2025

2025-06-20T06:23:40Z

Tao Yao at 06:20, 20 June 2025

2025-06-20T06:20:35Z

Tao Yao at 06:16, 20 June 2025

2025-06-20T06:16:46Z

Tao Yao at 06:03, 20 June 2025

2025-06-20T06:03:33Z

Tao Yao at 06:01, 20 June 2025

2025-06-20T06:01:06Z

Tao Yao at 05:58, 20 June 2025

2025-06-20T05:58:06Z

Tao Yao at 14:30, 19 June 2025

2025-06-19T14:30:00Z

Tao Yao at 14:24, 19 June 2025

2025-06-19T14:24:38Z

Tao Yao at 14:13, 19 June 2025

2025-06-19T14:13:13Z

Tao Yao at 14:06, 19 June 2025

2025-06-19T14:06:41Z

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Known in ancient times as the “horn method” (角法) for its use of animal horn cups, cupping is an ancient TCM physical therapy that prevents and treats diseases by creating negative pressure through cup adhesion on the body surface. Its origins trace back to the Warring States period (475-221 BCE). Wu Shi Er Bing Fang (Prescriptions for Fifty-Two Diseases,五十二病方), unearthed at the tomb in Mawangdui(a region in Changsha, Hunan), documents using animal horns to drain pus from sores. Ge Hong (283-343), a Taoist physician of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, recorded the earliest emergency cupping technique in Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies (肘后备急方): using heated bamboo cups to extract venom from snakebite wounds. By the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), Tao Hongjing systematically described bamboo cupping in Collected Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (本草经集注), establishing it as an officially recognized TCM therapy. During the Ming and Qing periods, the Golden Mirror of Medicine (医宗金鉴) detailed “medicated cupping” (药罐法), integrating herbal medicine with cupping, marking the technique's maturity. It later evolved to include bamboo, ceramic, and modern glass cups (Yang Jinsheng1999, 82).
-[[File:cupping.jpg|200px|thumb|left|cupping therapy]]
+[[File:cupping.jpg|200px|thumb|center|cupping therapy]]
 == '''Theoretical Basis''' ==
@@ Line 41: / Line 36: @@
 As TCM gains international traction, cupping's visibility has soared. Western medical institutions in the US, UK, and Germany employ it for musculoskeletal disorders and chronic pain. Swimmer Michael Phelps's purple cupping marks at the 2016 Rio Olympics spotlighted it as a cultural ambassador for TCM. The WHO included cupping in its 2019 Traditional Medicine Catalogue. Notably, post-treatment dark ecchymosis (紫黯色瘀斑) signifies normal “pathogenic factors being expelled” (病邪外泄), distinct from bruising.
-[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|left|ecchymosis]]
+[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|center|ecchymosis]]
 == '''Terms and Expressions'''  ==
@@ Line 128: / Line 118: @@
 = '''医药学：中医——拔罐疗法''' =
 拔罐疗法古称“角法”——因使用兽角罐得名，其是中医古老的物理疗法，通过罐具吸附体表产生负压以防治疾病。最早可追溯至战国时期（公元前475-221年）。马王堆出土的《五十二病方》记载用兽角吸拔脓疮。东晋道医葛洪（283-343）所著《肘后备急方》记载了最早的急救拔罐法：以热竹罐吸拔蛇咬伤口排毒。至唐代（公元618-907年），陶弘景在《本草经集注》中系统描述竹罐拔罐法，使其成为官方认可的中医疗法。明清时期，《医宗金鉴》详述“药罐法”，将中药与拔罐结合，标志技术成熟。后逐渐发展出竹罐、陶罐与现代玻璃罐。（杨金生1999, 82）
 == '''拔罐的理论基础''' ==
@@ Line 161: / Line 146: @@
 随着中医文化的不断传播，拔罐疗法在国际上的知名度和影响力也日益增强。越来越多的外国人士开始了解和接受拔罐疗法，一些西方国家的医疗机构也开始将拔罐纳入其医疗体系中。例如，在美国、英国、德国等国家，拔罐疗法被用于治疗肌肉骨骼疾病、慢性疼痛等病症，并取得了一定的疗效。在2016年里约奥运会中，游泳名将菲尔普斯肩背的罐印引发全球关注，使拔罐成为“中医文化输出”的标志性符号。世卫组织2019年将其纳入传统医学名录。需澄清的是：治疗后紫黯色瘀斑属“病邪外泄”的正常反应，与普通淤青有本质区别。
-[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|left|瘀斑]]
+[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|center|瘀斑]]
 == '''术语对照表''' ==

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Known in ancient times as the “horn method” (角法) for its use of animal horn cups, cupping is an ancient TCM physical therapy that prevents and treats diseases by creating negative pressure through cup adhesion on the body surface. Its origins trace back to the Warring States period (475-221 BCE). Wu Shi Er Bing Fang (Prescriptions for Fifty-Two Diseases,五十二病方), unearthed at the tomb in Mawangdui(a region in Changsha, Hunan), documents using animal horns to drain pus from sores. Ge Hong (283-343), a Taoist physician of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, recorded the earliest emergency cupping technique in Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies (肘后备急方): using heated bamboo cups to extract venom from snakebite wounds. By the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), Tao Hongjing systematically described bamboo cupping in Collected Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (本草经集注), establishing it as an officially recognized TCM therapy. During the Ming and Qing periods, the Golden Mirror of Medicine (医宗金鉴) detailed “medicated cupping” (药罐法), integrating herbal medicine with cupping, marking the technique's maturity. It later evolved to include bamboo, ceramic, and modern glass cups (Yang Jinsheng1999, 82).
-[[File:cupping.jpg|200px|thumb|middle|cupping therapy]]
+[[File:cupping.jpg|200px|thumb|left|cupping therapy]]
 == '''Theoretical Basis''' ==
@@ Line 36: / Line 41: @@
 As TCM gains international traction, cupping's visibility has soared. Western medical institutions in the US, UK, and Germany employ it for musculoskeletal disorders and chronic pain. Swimmer Michael Phelps's purple cupping marks at the 2016 Rio Olympics spotlighted it as a cultural ambassador for TCM. The WHO included cupping in its 2019 Traditional Medicine Catalogue. Notably, post-treatment dark ecchymosis (紫黯色瘀斑) signifies normal “pathogenic factors being expelled” (病邪外泄), distinct from bruising.
-[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|middle|]]
+[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|left|ecchymosis]]
@@ Line 120: / Line 128: @@
 = '''医药学：中医——拔罐疗法''' =
 拔罐疗法古称“角法”——因使用兽角罐得名，其是中医古老的物理疗法，通过罐具吸附体表产生负压以防治疾病。最早可追溯至战国时期（公元前475-221年）。马王堆出土的《五十二病方》记载用兽角吸拔脓疮。东晋道医葛洪（283-343）所著《肘后备急方》记载了最早的急救拔罐法：以热竹罐吸拔蛇咬伤口排毒。至唐代（公元618-907年），陶弘景在《本草经集注》中系统描述竹罐拔罐法，使其成为官方认可的中医疗法。明清时期，《医宗金鉴》详述“药罐法”，将中药与拔罐结合，标志技术成熟。后逐渐发展出竹罐、陶罐与现代玻璃罐。（杨金生1999, 82）
 == '''拔罐的理论基础''' ==
@@ Line 148: / Line 161: @@
 随着中医文化的不断传播，拔罐疗法在国际上的知名度和影响力也日益增强。越来越多的外国人士开始了解和接受拔罐疗法，一些西方国家的医疗机构也开始将拔罐纳入其医疗体系中。例如，在美国、英国、德国等国家，拔罐疗法被用于治疗肌肉骨骼疾病、慢性疼痛等病症，并取得了一定的疗效。在2016年里约奥运会中，游泳名将菲尔普斯肩背的罐印引发全球关注，使拔罐成为“中医文化输出”的标志性符号。世卫组织2019年将其纳入传统医学名录。需澄清的是：治疗后紫黯色瘀斑属“病邪外泄”的正常反应，与普通淤青有本质区别。
-[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|middle|]]
+[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|left|瘀斑]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Language_and_Culture,_Spring_2025 Link to Course Homepage] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chin_Lang_Cult_Fin_Exam_Spring_2025 Link to List of final exam chapters]
+[https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Language_and_Culture,_Spring_2025 Link to Course Homepage] [https://wiki.ruhr-unibochum.de/uvu/index.php/Chin_Lang_Cult_Fin_Exam_Spring_2025 Link to List of final exam chapters]
 MTI Tao Yao
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 == '''Theoretical Basis''' ==
-Cupping employs jars as tools, utilizing methods such as burning, suction, or steam to create negative pressure inside the jar. This causes the jar to adhere to acupoints or other areas of the body surface, inducing local skin congestion and ecchymosis. Through mechanisms such as dredging meridians and activating collaterals, increasing pain threshold, accelerating metabolism, regulating immune function, and stimulating nerves, it achieves therapeutic effects to regulate bodily functions and prevent and treat diseases (Hong Shouhai et al.2011,932).Based on the TCM theory of “negative pressure drawing out pathogens”, cupping therapy perfectly embodies the TCM pathological concept: “Obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain”. Negative pressure suction is the most direct and intuitive action mechanism of cupping therapy. Wu Shi Er Bing Fang (Prescriptions for Fifty-Two Diseases) recorded that our ancestors covered the skin lesions with a horn for expelling purulent blood; nowadays, clinicians applied cupping to inflammatory wounds, furuncles, carbuncles, and poisonous snakebites for clearing the toxins. From the view of physics, the negative pressure suction produced by cupping benefits the extraction of the toxins generated by the purulent fluid, exudation, and germs, as well as the histolytic enzyme, meanwhile, it also promotes the growth of granulation and the recovery of wounds.(Zeng Ke, Wang Jianwei 2016, 301) As its mechanisms of action are scientifically elucidated, this ancient art is building a bridge between traditional wisdom and modern evidence-based medicine (Wang Meijuan et al.2022,4823).
+Cupping employs jars as tools, utilizing methods such as burning, suction, or steam to create negative pressure inside the jar. This causes the jar to adhere to acupoints or other areas of the body surface, inducing local skin congestion and ecchymosis. Through mechanisms such as dredging meridians and activating collaterals, increasing pain threshold, accelerating metabolism, regulating immune function, and stimulating nerves, it achieves therapeutic effects to regulate bodily functions and prevent and treat diseases (Hong Shouhai et al.2011,932).Based on the TCM theory of “negative pressure drawing out pathogens”, cupping therapy perfectly embodies the TCM pathological concept: “Obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain”. Negative pressure suction is the most direct and intuitive action mechanism of cupping therapy. Wu Shi Er Bing Fang (Prescriptions for Fifty-Two Diseases) recorded that our ancestors covered the skin lesions with a horn for expelling purulent blood; nowadays, clinicians applied cupping to inflammatory wounds, furuncles, carbuncles, and poisonous snakebites for clearing the toxins. From the view of physics, the negative pressure suction produced by cupping benefits the extraction of the toxins generated by the purulent fluid, exudation, and germs, as well as the histolytic enzyme, meanwhile, it also promotes the growth of granulation and the recovery of wounds.(Zeng Ke, Wang Jianwei 2016, 301) As its mechanisms of action are scientifically elucidated, this ancient art is building a bridge between traditional wisdom and modern evidence-based medicine (Wang Meijuan et al.2022,4823).
 == '''Practical Application'''  ==
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 . Wet Cupping: Water is added to the cup; heating creates suction while providing warm stimulation to enhance efficacy.  (Zeng Ke, Wang Jianwei 2016, 302)
 === Duration ===
-Cupping typically lasts 15-30 minutes, adjusted based on the patient’s constitution, condition, treatment area, and cup type. Longer durations suit robust patients with severe conditions or thick-muscled areas; shorter sessions are advised for frail individuals or sensitive/thin-skinned areas.
+Cupping typically lasts 15-30 minutes, adjusted based on the patient’s constitution, condition, treatment area, and cup type. Longer durations suit robust patients with severe conditions or thick-muscled areas; shorter sessions are advised for frail individuals or sensitive or thin-skinned areas.
 == '''Modern Applications and Development'''  ==
 === Medical Use ===
-In modern healthcare, cupping therapy is widely applied in the treatment process of various diseases. Techniques within cupping therapy, such as flash cupping, retained cupping, and moving cupping, can be combined with other medical interventions to exert synergistic effects and enhance therapeutic outcomes.(Zeng Ke, Wang Jianwei 2016, 301) For chronic fatigue syndrome, it alleviates exhaustion and improves function. In rehabilitation, it enhances blood flow, relieves muscle tension and pain, and accelerates recovery post-surgery or injury. A 2021 Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion study noted a 40 percent reduction in pain scores. The reason is that  with the increase pain threshold, the subjective pain intensity obviously decreases, and subsequently the dysfunction brought by pain improves.(Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A 2009, 14)
+In modern healthcare, cupping therapy is widely applied in the treatment process of various diseases. Techniques within cupping therapy, such as flash cupping, retained cupping, and moving cupping, can be combined with other medical interventions to exert synergistic effects and enhance therapeutic outcomes.(Zeng Ke, Wang Jianwei 2016, 301) For chronic fatigue syndrome, it alleviates exhaustion and improves function. In rehabilitation, it enhances blood flow, relieves muscle tension and pain, and accelerates recovery post-surgery or injury. A 2021 Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion study noted a 40 percent reduction in pain scores. The reason is that  with the increase pain threshold, the subjective pain intensity obviously decreases, and subsequently the dysfunction brought by pain improves.(Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A 2009, 14)
 === Health and Aesthetics ===
 Rising health consciousness has popularized cupping in beauty and wellness. By boosting skin circulation and metabolism, it enhances elasticity and radiance. Facial cupping tightens muscles, reduces wrinkles, and evens skin tone. It also regulates endocrine function and aids detoxification, supporting weight management. Spas and wellness centers globally now offer cupping services.
 ===  Global Recognition ===
-As TCM gains international traction, cupping’s visibility has soared. Western medical institutions in the US, UK, and Germany employ it for musculoskeletal disorders and chronic pain. Swimmer Michael Phelps’s purple cupping marks at the 2016 Rio Olympics spotlighted it as a cultural ambassador for TCM. The WHO included cupping in its 2019 Traditional Medicine Catalogue. Notably, post-treatment dark ecchymosis (紫黯色瘀斑) signifies normal “pathogenic factors being expelled” (病邪外泄), distinct from bruising.
+As TCM gains international traction, cupping's visibility has soared. Western medical institutions in the US, UK, and Germany employ it for musculoskeletal disorders and chronic pain. Swimmer Michael Phelps's purple cupping marks at the 2016 Rio Olympics spotlighted it as a cultural ambassador for TCM. The WHO included cupping in its 2019 Traditional Medicine Catalogue. Notably, post-treatment dark ecchymosis (紫黯色瘀斑) signifies normal “pathogenic factors being expelled” (病邪外泄), distinct from bruising.
 [[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|middle|]]
 == '''Terms and Expressions'''  ==
-cupping therapy 拔罐疗法
+cupping therapy  拔罐疗法
-horn method角法
+horn method  角法
-medicated cupping药罐
+medicated cupping  药罐
-meridians 经络
+meridians  经络
-Qi 气
+Qi  气
-ecchymosis 瘀斑
+ecchymosis  瘀斑
-stationary cupping 留罐
+stationary cupping  留罐
-moving cupping 走罐
+moving cupping  走罐
-obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain 不通则痛，通则不痛
+obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain  不通则痛，通则不痛
-negative pressure expelling pathogens 负压引邪
+negative pressure expelling pathogens  负压引邪
-pathogenic factors being expelled 病邪外泄
+pathogenic factors being expelled  病邪外泄
-Wu Shi Er Bing Fang (Prescriptions for Fifty-Two Diseases) 《五十二病方》
+Wu Shi Er Bing Fang (Prescriptions for Fifty-Two Diseases)  《五十二病方》
-Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies 《肘后备急方》
+Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies  《肘后备急方》
-the Classic of Materia Medica 《本草经集注》
+the Classic of Materia Medica  《本草经集注》
-the Golden Mirror of Medicine 《医宗金鉴》
+the Golden Mirror of Medicine  《医宗金鉴》
 == '''Questions'''  ==
@@ Line 98: / Line 99: @@
 == '''References'''  ==
-[1] Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med, 2009, 17(1): 9-15.
+[1] Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. (2009) The effectiveness of wet cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med, 17(1): 9-15.
 [2] Hong Shouhai, Wu Fei, Lu Xuan et al. 洪寿海, 吴菲, 卢轩等. (2011) 拔罐疗法作用机制探讨[Exploration of the Mechanism of Action of Cupping Therapy]. 中国针灸Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion,31(10): 932-934.
@@ Line 148: / Line 149: @@
 [[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|middle|]]
 == '''术语对照表''' ==
-cupping therapy 拔罐疗法
+cupping therapy  拔罐疗法
-horn method角法
+horn method  角法
-medicated cupping药罐
+medicated cupping  药罐
-meridians 经络
+meridians  经络
-Qi 气
+Qi  气
-ecchymosis 瘀斑
+ecchymosis  瘀斑
-flashing Cupping  闪罐
+stationary cupping  留罐
-moving cupping 走罐
+moving cupping  走罐
-Obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain 不通则痛，通则不痛
+obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain  不通则痛，通则不痛
-negative pressure expelling pathogens 负压引邪
+negative pressure expelling pathogens  负压引邪
-pathogenic factors being expelled 病邪外泄
+pathogenic factors being expelled  病邪外泄
-Wu Shi Er Bing Fang (Prescriptions for Fifty-Two Diseases) 《五十二病方》
+Wu Shi Er Bing Fang (Prescriptions for Fifty-Two Diseases)  《五十二病方》
-Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies 《肘后备急方》
+Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies  《肘后备急方》
-the Classic of Materia Medica 《本草经集注》
+the Classic of Materia Medica  《本草经集注》
-the Golden Mirror of Medicine 《医宗金鉴》
+the Golden Mirror of Medicine  《医宗金鉴》
 == '''问题''' ==

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Known in ancient times as the “horn method” (角法) for its use of animal horn cups, cupping is an ancient TCM physical therapy that prevents and treats diseases by creating negative pressure through cup adhesion on the body surface. Its origins trace back to the Warring States period (475-221 BCE). Wu Shi Er Bing Fang (Prescriptions for Fifty-Two Diseases,五十二病方), unearthed at the tomb in Mawangdui(a region in Changsha, Hunan), documents using animal horns to drain pus from sores. Ge Hong (283-343), a Taoist physician of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, recorded the earliest emergency cupping technique in Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies (肘后备急方): using heated bamboo cups to extract venom from snakebite wounds. By the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), Tao Hongjing systematically described bamboo cupping in Collected Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (本草经集注), establishing it as an officially recognized TCM therapy. During the Ming and Qing periods, the Golden Mirror of Medicine (医宗金鉴) detailed “medicated cupping” (药罐法), integrating herbal medicine with cupping, marking the technique's maturity. It later evolved to include bamboo, ceramic, and modern glass cups (Yang Jinsheng1999, 82).
-[[File:cupping.jpg|200px|thumb|left|cupping therapy]]
+[[File:cupping.jpg|200px|thumb|middle|cupping therapy]]
 == '''Theoretical Basis''' ==
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 As TCM gains international traction, cupping’s visibility has soared. Western medical institutions in the US, UK, and Germany employ it for musculoskeletal disorders and chronic pain. Swimmer Michael Phelps’s purple cupping marks at the 2016 Rio Olympics spotlighted it as a cultural ambassador for TCM. The WHO included cupping in its 2019 Traditional Medicine Catalogue. Notably, post-treatment dark ecchymosis (紫黯色瘀斑) signifies normal “pathogenic factors being expelled” (病邪外泄), distinct from bruising.
-[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|left|]]
+[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|middle|]]
@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 拔罐疗法古称“角法”——因使用兽角罐得名，其是中医古老的物理疗法，通过罐具吸附体表产生负压以防治疾病。最早可追溯至战国时期（公元前475-221年）。马王堆出土的《五十二病方》记载用兽角吸拔脓疮。东晋道医葛洪（283-343）所著《肘后备急方》记载了最早的急救拔罐法：以热竹罐吸拔蛇咬伤口排毒。至唐代（公元618-907年），陶弘景在《本草经集注》中系统描述竹罐拔罐法，使其成为官方认可的中医疗法。明清时期，《医宗金鉴》详述“药罐法”，将中药与拔罐结合，标志技术成熟。后逐渐发展出竹罐、陶罐与现代玻璃罐。（杨金生1999, 82）
-[[File:cupping.jpg|200px|thumb|left|cupping therapy]]
+[[File:cupping.jpg|200px|thumb|middle|cupping therapy]]
 == '''拔罐的理论基础''' ==
@@ Line 147: / Line 147: @@
 随着中医文化的不断传播，拔罐疗法在国际上的知名度和影响力也日益增强。越来越多的外国人士开始了解和接受拔罐疗法，一些西方国家的医疗机构也开始将拔罐纳入其医疗体系中。例如，在美国、英国、德国等国家，拔罐疗法被用于治疗肌肉骨骼疾病、慢性疼痛等病症，并取得了一定的疗效。在2016年里约奥运会中，游泳名将菲尔普斯肩背的罐印引发全球关注，使拔罐成为“中医文化输出”的标志性符号。世卫组织2019年将其纳入传统医学名录。需澄清的是：治疗后紫黯色瘀斑属“病邪外泄”的正常反应，与普通淤青有本质区别。
-[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|left|]]
+[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|middle|]]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Known in ancient times as the “horn method” (角法) for its use of animal horn cups, cupping is an ancient TCM physical therapy that prevents and treats diseases by creating negative pressure through cup adhesion on the body surface. Its origins trace back to the Warring States period (475-221 BCE). Wu Shi Er Bing Fang (Prescriptions for Fifty-Two Diseases,五十二病方), unearthed at the tomb in Mawangdui(a region in Changsha, Hunan), documents using animal horns to drain pus from sores. Ge Hong (283-343), a Taoist physician of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, recorded the earliest emergency cupping technique in Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies (肘后备急方): using heated bamboo cups to extract venom from snakebite wounds. By the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), Tao Hongjing systematically described bamboo cupping in Collected Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (本草经集注), establishing it as an officially recognized TCM therapy. During the Ming and Qing periods, the Golden Mirror of Medicine (医宗金鉴) detailed “medicated cupping” (药罐法), integrating herbal medicine with cupping, marking the technique's maturity. It later evolved to include bamboo, ceramic, and modern glass cups (Yang Jinsheng1999, 82).
-[[File:cupping.jpg]]
+[[File:cupping.jpg|200px|thumb|left|cupping therapy]]
 == '''Theoretical Basis''' ==
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 As TCM gains international traction, cupping’s visibility has soared. Western medical institutions in the US, UK, and Germany employ it for musculoskeletal disorders and chronic pain. Swimmer Michael Phelps’s purple cupping marks at the 2016 Rio Olympics spotlighted it as a cultural ambassador for TCM. The WHO included cupping in its 2019 Traditional Medicine Catalogue. Notably, post-treatment dark ecchymosis (紫黯色瘀斑) signifies normal “pathogenic factors being expelled” (病邪外泄), distinct from bruising.
-[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Fireworks Performance During the 100th anniversary of CPC]]
+[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|left|]]
 == '''Terms and Expressions'''  ==
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 拔罐疗法古称“角法”——因使用兽角罐得名，其是中医古老的物理疗法，通过罐具吸附体表产生负压以防治疾病。最早可追溯至战国时期（公元前475-221年）。马王堆出土的《五十二病方》记载用兽角吸拔脓疮。东晋道医葛洪（283-343）所著《肘后备急方》记载了最早的急救拔罐法：以热竹罐吸拔蛇咬伤口排毒。至唐代（公元618-907年），陶弘景在《本草经集注》中系统描述竹罐拔罐法，使其成为官方认可的中医疗法。明清时期，《医宗金鉴》详述“药罐法”，将中药与拔罐结合，标志技术成熟。后逐渐发展出竹罐、陶罐与现代玻璃罐。（杨金生1999, 82）
-[[File:cupping.jpg]]
+[[File:cupping.jpg|200px|thumb|left|cupping therapy]]
 == '''拔罐的理论基础''' ==
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 随着中医文化的不断传播，拔罐疗法在国际上的知名度和影响力也日益增强。越来越多的外国人士开始了解和接受拔罐疗法，一些西方国家的医疗机构也开始将拔罐纳入其医疗体系中。例如，在美国、英国、德国等国家，拔罐疗法被用于治疗肌肉骨骼疾病、慢性疼痛等病症，并取得了一定的疗效。在2016年里约奥运会中，游泳名将菲尔普斯肩背的罐印引发全球关注，使拔罐成为“中医文化输出”的标志性符号。世卫组织2019年将其纳入传统医学名录。需澄清的是：治疗后紫黯色瘀斑属“病邪外泄”的正常反应，与普通淤青有本质区别。
-[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Fireworks Performance During the 100th anniversary of CPC]]
+[[File:ecchymosis.jpg|200px|thumb|left|]]
 == '''术语对照表''' ==