User:Zhang Yange - Revision history

Zhang Yange at 07:14, 30 December 2024

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Zhang Yange at 07:11, 30 December 2024

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Zhang Yange at 07:06, 30 December 2024

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Zhang Yange at 06:57, 30 December 2024

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Zhang Yange at 06:53, 30 December 2024

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Zhang Yange at 06:44, 30 December 2024

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Zhang Yange at 06:32, 30 December 2024

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Zhang Yange at 06:16, 30 December 2024

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Zhang Yange at 06:10, 30 December 2024

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Zhang Yange at 06:05, 30 December 2024

2024-12-30T06:05:47Z

@@ Line 119: / Line 119: @@
 [[File:suanchou.jpg]]
-[[File:suanchou.jpg]]
+[[File:zero.jpg]]
 The calculation stick is a tool invented by the ancient Chinese people, and its calculation method is called Chou Suan calculation. Chou Suan is one of the splendid cultures created by the Chinese nation. Dr. Joseph Needham (1954), a British expert on science and technology, pointed out in his History of Science and Technology in China that “the inventions and discoveries of ancient China had surpassed those of the European contemporaries, especially before the 15th century.” (Joseph Needham, 1978)

@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
 [[File:suanchou.jpg]]
 The calculation stick is a tool invented by the ancient Chinese people, and its calculation method is called Chou Suan calculation. Chou Suan is one of the splendid cultures created by the Chinese nation. Dr. Joseph Needham (1954), a British expert on science and technology, pointed out in his History of Science and Technology in China that “the inventions and discoveries of ancient China had surpassed those of the European contemporaries, especially before the 15th century.” (Joseph Needham, 1978)
@@ Line 139: / Line 142: @@
 Since the introduction of abacus from China to Japan in Ming Dynasty, it has been valued and welcomed by different sectors in Japan. The earliest abacus in Japan was the Ming abacus introduced from China, which was the same as the Chinese abacus, with two beads on the top and five beads on the bottom, but the common abacus in Japan was one bead on the top and five beads on the bottom.
 Japan attached great importance to abacus education, and “reading, writing, and abacus calculation” became the basic knowledge and skills necessary for Japanese in the 17th century. In the 19th year of Showa (1944), Japan began to hold a national abacus ability test. In Showa 36 (1961), Japan began to hold international abacus competitions, and gradually increased exchanges with other countries. (Xie Jingui, 2001)
@@ Line 146: / Line 151: @@
 The abacus usually consists of a rectangular wooden or plastic frame with a beam in the middle of the abacus that divides the abacus into upper and lower parts. The upper part of the beam is called the “upper bead” and the lower part is called the “lower bead”. There are usually two beads on the top of the beam, with each bead representing the value 5. There are usually five beads under the beam, with each lower bead representing the value 1. Each column of the abacus consists of a rod representing a digit, from right to left is a digit, tens, hundreds, thousands and etc, each digit has a corresponding upper and lower bead. Some abacus have a liquidator at one end of the beam for quickly returning the beads to their original state. (Li Yan, 1984)
 With the abacus you can do all kinds of operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and so on. We're going to focus here on addition. To perform addition operations on an abacus, first zero the abacus, place the addition on the abacus, add the addition digit by digit, and move the lower bead of the corresponding digit up one bead for each additional 1. For each increase of 5, the top bead of the corresponding digit is moved up by one.
@@ Line 157: / Line 164: @@
 '''C.'''	Drawing. The abacus also appeared in elegant paintings. Mr. Qi Baishi, a famous painter, used an abacus as the main layout and painted a work called “Wealth Map” as his home collection, which is now stored in Beijing Painting Academy.
 '''D.'''	Jewelry. Chinese people who have special feelings for abacus also make them into jewelry and other ornaments. There are bracelets, necklaces, rings, earrings and others. The exquisite craftsmanship of abacus jewelry is loved by the public, which indicates that the appearance of the abacus has been accepted by the public.

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:06, 30 December 2024
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	As the predecessor of the abucus calculation, the calculation chip is made of narrow bamboo pieces or sticks, and there are two ways to express the calculation chip: the vertical and the horizontal. When it is needed to represent “0”, there is an empty digit. The following is the pictures.		As the predecessor of the abucus calculation, the calculation chip is made of narrow bamboo pieces or sticks, and there are two ways to express the calculation chip: the vertical and the horizontal. When it is needed to represent “0”, there is an empty digit. The following is the pictures.

		+	[[File:suanchou.jpg]]
	The calculation stick is a tool invented by the ancient Chinese people, and its calculation method is called Chou Suan calculation. Chou Suan is one of the splendid cultures created by the Chinese nation. Dr. Joseph Needham (1954), a British expert on science and technology, pointed out in his History of Science and Technology in China that “the inventions and discoveries of ancient China had surpassed those of the European contemporaries, especially before the 15th century.” (Joseph Needham, 1978)		The calculation stick is a tool invented by the ancient Chinese people, and its calculation method is called Chou Suan calculation. Chou Suan is one of the splendid cultures created by the Chinese nation. Dr. Joseph Needham (1954), a British expert on science and technology, pointed out in his History of Science and Technology in China that “the inventions and discoveries of ancient China had surpassed those of the European contemporaries, especially before the 15th century.” (Joseph Needham, 1978)

@@ Line 116: / Line 116: @@
 The Chou Suan calculation was invented by the Chinese working people in the practice of production and labor. according to China’s famous abacus scientist Hua Yinchun’ research: “The method of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing the numbers by arranging sticks into chips is called “Chou Suan calculation”. ( Liu Qiyuan, 1995)
 As the predecessor of the abucus calculation, the calculation chip is made of narrow bamboo pieces or sticks, and there are two ways to express the calculation chip: the vertical and the horizontal. When it is needed to represent “0”, there is an empty digit. The following is the pictures.
 The calculation stick is a tool invented by the ancient Chinese people, and its calculation method is called Chou Suan calculation. Chou Suan is one of the splendid cultures created by the Chinese nation. Dr. Joseph Needham (1954), a British expert on science and technology, pointed out in his History of Science and Technology in China that “the inventions and discoveries of ancient China had surpassed those of the European contemporaries, especially before the 15th century.” (Joseph Needham, 1978)

@@ Line 116: / Line 116: @@
 The Chou Suan calculation was invented by the Chinese working people in the practice of production and labor. according to China’s famous abacus scientist Hua Yinchun’ research: “The method of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing the numbers by arranging sticks into chips is called “Chou Suan calculation”. ( Liu Qiyuan, 1995)
 As the predecessor of the abucus calculation, the calculation chip is made of narrow bamboo pieces or sticks, and there are two ways to express the calculation chip: the vertical and the horizontal. When it is needed to represent “0”, there is an empty digit. The following is the pictures.
 The calculation stick is a tool invented by the ancient Chinese people, and its calculation method is called Chou Suan calculation. Chou Suan is one of the splendid cultures created by the Chinese nation. Dr. Joseph Needham (1954), a British expert on science and technology, pointed out in his History of Science and Technology in China that “the inventions and discoveries of ancient China had surpassed those of the European contemporaries, especially before the 15th century.” (Joseph Needham, 1978)

@@ Line 272: / Line 272: @@
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 '''摘要'''
 珠算是中华民族传统的优秀文化瑰宝，是在与多种算具、算法竞争中，不断加以改进和完善的一种先进计算方法和计算工具。2013年12月4日，珠算被列入联合国教科文组织的非物质文化遗产名录，这进一步强调了其在全球文化多样性中的重要地位。珠算在中国历史悠久，源远流长，是中国人民一项具有实用价值和意义的创造发明，历来是中国传统数学研究的一个重要领域。李政道博士(1972)曾将中国算盘誉为“最古老的计算机”。在当今社会，虽然现代科学技术发展迅速，电子计算机被广泛利用，但仍旧无法取代珠算。除我国之外，在东南亚许多国家，以及日本、美国、英国、法国等国仍在广泛使用珠算。
@@ Line 278: / Line 279: @@
 珠算是以算盘为工具，用珠算口诀进行计数运算的一种方法，是一种独特的数学工具和手段。珠算最早由中国人发明，是中国传统数学和算法中的奇葩。我国东汉徐岳著的《数术记遗》，是最早记载珠算的著作，书中首次出现珠算这一名词。书中记载了14种计算方法，其中有6种可以归类为珠算，此处的“珠算”一词指古算器，与如今以算盘运算有所不同。
 中国古代的珠算具体开始于何时，还是一个有争论的问题。北宋著名画家张择端(1085—1145)所绘的《清明上河图》中有一只形似算盘的图案。元代画家王振鹏《乾坤一担图》(1310)中有一把与现代算盘相似的算盘。元代刘因(1248—1293)《静修先生文集》(1279)中有五言绝句《算盘诗》。这些史料说明，在我国宋元时期，珠算在民间已经有一定程度的普及了，出现了与现代基本相同的有框、有梁、有档的串珠算盘。至于西方算盘的出现，1981年，Keith F. Sugden在《A History of the Abacus》（《算盘的历史》）中认为算盘是起源于公元前7世纪的希腊，具体时间仍有待考证。
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 '''第三阶段：珠算式心算'''
- 随着中国特色社会主义经济的发展与繁荣，计算变得更加重要.为了满足时代的需要，我国创造的“三算和珠算式心算”便应运而生，珠算文化便发展为珠算式心算文化。
+随着中国特色社会主义经济的发展与繁荣，计算变得更加重要。为了满足时代的需要，我国创造的“三算和珠算式心算”便应运而生，珠算文化便发展为珠算式心算文化。所谓“三算”，就是笔算、珠算和口算三种计算方法。而其中的口算，就是珠算式心算。在“三算”基础上发展起来的“珠算式心算”，就是在娴熟的珠算技术的基础上，将珠算升华到脑算，即把珠算升华到高级阶段。
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 .	算盘的文化内涵是什么？
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 '''参考文献'''

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 '''Cultural values of the abucus'''
-A.	Literary Works . During the reign of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty (1506-1521 AD), more and more abacus appeared in literary works. In the 36th round of The Story of The Stone, when writing Baoyu, “calculation” was used. The appearance of words related to abacus such as “arrangement” also shows that abacus presents diversification in literary language and literary meaning, making abacus more deeply involved in literary works. (Chen Ling, 2013)
+'''A.'''	Literary Works . During the reign of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty (1506-1521 AD), more and more abacus appeared in literary works. In the 36th round of The Story of The Stone, when writing Baoyu, “calculation” was used. The appearance of words related to abacus such as “arrangement” also shows that abacus presents diversification in literary language and literary meaning, making abacus more deeply involved in literary works. (Chen Ling, 2013)
-B.	Folk traditions. Abucus is deeply rooted in Chinese folk culture. There are many folk cultures related to the abacus, such as riddles, allegorical sayings, common sayings and couplets. For example, “no matter three seven 21”, “one back two sixty-five”, “wishful calculation”, “little ninety-nine”, etc. All of these show that the expressions closely related to the abacus has become a common language.
+'''B.'''	Folk traditions. Abucus is deeply rooted in Chinese folk culture. There are many folk cultures related to the abacus, such as riddles, allegorical sayings, common sayings and couplets. For example, “no matter three seven 21”, “one back two sixty-five”, “wishful calculation”, “little ninety-nine”, etc. All of these show that the expressions closely related to the abacus has become a common language.
-C.	Drawing. The abacus also appeared in elegant paintings. Mr. Qi Baishi, a famous painter, used an abacus as the main layout and painted a work called “Wealth Map” as his home collection, which is now stored in Beijing Painting Academy.
+'''C.'''	Drawing. The abacus also appeared in elegant paintings. Mr. Qi Baishi, a famous painter, used an abacus as the main layout and painted a work called “Wealth Map” as his home collection, which is now stored in Beijing Painting Academy.
-D.	Jewelry. Chinese people who have special feelings for abacus also make them into jewelry and other ornaments. There are bracelets, necklaces, rings, earrings and others. The exquisite craftsmanship of abacus jewelry is loved by the public, which indicates that the appearance of the abacus has been accepted by the public.
+'''D.'''	Jewelry. Chinese people who have special feelings for abacus also make them into jewelry and other ornaments. There are bracelets, necklaces, rings, earrings and others. The exquisite craftsmanship of abacus jewelry is loved by the public, which indicates that the appearance of the abacus has been accepted by the public.
 ----
 '''Cultural Significance of the Abucus'''
-A.	A symbol of wealth. Since ancient times, the abacus has been used to sum up money, so it has the meaning of attracting money, prosperous wealth, and the abacus is regarded as a symbol of wealth and prosperity. (Chen Ling, 2013)
+'''A.'''	A symbol of wealth. Since ancient times, the abacus has been used to sum up money, so it has the meaning of attracting money, prosperous wealth, and the abacus is regarded as a symbol of wealth and prosperity. (Chen Ling, 2013)
-B.	Good luck to ward off evil spirits. In ancient times, children wore necklaces with abacus patterns, which had the meaning of warding off evil. In Anhui province, the silver abacus lock is called the “long life lock”, so it has the meaning of safety.
+'''B.'''	Good luck to ward off evil spirits. In ancient times, children wore necklaces with abacus patterns, which had the meaning of warding off evil. In Anhui province, the silver abacus lock is called the “long life lock”, so it has the meaning of safety.
-C.	A symbol of wisdom. In daily life, people often hear the metaphors of “golden abacus” and “iron abacus”, which describe the wisdom of “All money in, no money out”.
+'''C.'''	A symbol of wisdom. In daily life, people often hear the metaphors of “golden abacus” and “iron abacus”, which describe the wisdom of “All money in, no money out”.

@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 ----
 '''Origin'''
 Abacus is a unique mathematical tool, which is a method of counting with abacus formula. First invented by the Chinese, abacus is the essence of traditional Chinese mathematics and algorithms. Xu Yue’s book The Memory of Numeracy in the Eastern Han Dynasty is the earliest book to record abacus, and the term abacus first appeared in the book. There are 14 methods of calculation recorded in the book, six of which can be classified as abacus, where the term “abacus” refers to ancient calculators, as opposed to today’s abacus calculations. (Liu Qiyuan, 1995))
 When the ancient Chinese abacus exactly began is still in debate. In the painting Along the River at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan (1085-1145), a famous painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a pattern shaped like an abacus. Yuan Dynasty painter Wang Zhenpeng has an abacus similar to the modern abacus in his Qiankunyidan Map (1310). Liu Yin (1248-1293) of the Yuan Dynasty wrote a five-character quatrains called Abacus Poems which was in the Collected Works of Mr. Retreat (1279). These historical materials show that in the Song and Yuan dynasties, abacus had been popularized to a certain extent, and there was a beaded abacus with a frame, a beam and a file basically the same as in modern times. As for the appearance of the Abacus in the West, Keith F. Sugden, in A History of the Abacus (1981), suggested that the abacus originated in Greece in the 7th century BC, but the exact date remains to be explored. (Han Xiaoju, 2016)
@@ Line 106: / Line 107: @@
 ----
 '''Development'''
 Chinese traditional abacus has a long developing history. It can be divided into three historical stages: Chou Suan calculation, abacus calculation and abacus-based mental calculation. Let's learn each of these three stages.
 ----
 '''Stage one: Chou Suan calculation'''
 The Chou Suan calculation was invented by the Chinese working people in the practice of production and labor. according to China’s famous abacus scientist Hua Yinchun’ research: “The method of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing the numbers by arranging sticks into chips is called “Chou Suan calculation”. ( Liu Qiyuan, 1995)
 As the predecessor of the abucus calculation, the calculation chip is made of narrow bamboo pieces or sticks, and there are two ways to express the calculation chip: the vertical and the horizontal. When it is needed to represent “0”, there is an empty digit. The following is the pictures.
@@ Line 116: / Line 119: @@
 ----
 '''Stage two: Abucus calculation'''
 The evolution of Chinese ancient mathematics from Chou Suan to abacus was about in the Ming Dynasty. At that time, China’s capitalist mode of production began to sprout, with the development of social economy, commercial practical arithmetic became prosperous, thus the abacus calculation was widely promoted, and gradually replaced the calculation. Chinese traditional mathematics thus entered a new period centered on the abacus calculation.
 The earliest existing abacus books are the Pan Abacus Method (1573) and Mathematical Passage (1578), the most important contribution of these two books is the change from the traditional Chinese mathematical Chou Suan formula to the abacus formula. The former recorded the formula of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing abacus and the later introduced the nine-nine general calculation song. The culmination of the abacus algorithm was Cheng Dawei’s work, The Collection of abucus Algorithms (1592), which detailed the abacus system and its use.
@@ Line 122: / Line 126: @@
 '''Stage three: abucus-based mental calculation'''
 With the development and prosperity of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics, calculation has become more important. In order to meet the needs of The Times, the “three calculations and abacus mental calculation” created in China came into being, and the abacus developed into the abacus-based mental calculation.
 The so-called “three calculations” are three calculation methods: written calculation, abacus calculation and oral calculation. And the oral calculation, is the abacus-based mental calculation. The “abacus-based mental calculation” developed on the basis of “three calculations” is to sublimate the abacus to brain calculation on the basis of skilled abacus calculation, that is, to sublimate the abacus to an advanced stage.
@@ Line 127: / Line 132: @@
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 '''Overseas Development'''
 Since the introduction of abacus from China to Japan in Ming Dynasty, it has been valued and welcomed by different sectors in Japan. The earliest abacus in Japan was the Ming abacus introduced from China, which was the same as the Chinese abacus, with two beads on the top and five beads on the bottom, but the common abacus in Japan was one bead on the top and five beads on the bottom.
 Japan attached great importance to abacus education, and “reading, writing, and abacus calculation” became the basic knowledge and skills necessary for Japanese in the 17th century. In the 19th year of Showa (1944), Japan began to hold a national abacus ability test. In Showa 36 (1961), Japan began to hold international abacus competitions, and gradually increased exchanges with other countries. (Xie Jingui, 2001)

@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 Zhang Yange/Mia 202370081591
 '''Abstract'''
 ----
-Abacus is an excellent traditional cultural treasure of the Chinese nation, and it is an advanced calculating tool that is constantly improved and perfected in the competition with a variety of computing tools and methods. On December 4, 2013, the Abacus was added to UNESCO’s list of intangible Cultural Heritage, further underlining its importance in global cultural diversity. Abacus has a long history in China, which is an invention of practical value and significance for the Chinese people, and has always been an important field of traditional Chinese mathematics research. Dr. Li Zhengdao (1972) once called the Chinese abacus “the oldest computer.” Nowadays, although the rapid development of modern science and technology, electronic computers are widely used, the abacus still cannot be replaced. In addition to China, many countries in Southeast Asia, as well as Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, France and other countries are still widely using abacus. (Xie Jingui, 2001)
+----