Uvu/index.php/User:Fang Xian - Revision history

Fang Xian: /* 1.Introduction */

2025-12-28T14:38:41Z

1.Introduction

Fang Xian: /* 6.现代化发展 */

2025-12-28T14:38:14Z

6.现代化发展

Fang Xian: /* 5.大佛的神秘传说 */

2025-12-28T14:38:03Z

5.大佛的神秘传说

Fang Xian: Created page with "==Final Exam Paper== ===Leshan Giant Buddha=== ====1.Introduction==== “The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant B..."

2025-12-28T14:29:25Z

Created page with "==Final Exam Paper== ===Leshan Giant Buddha=== ====1.Introduction==== “The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant B..."

New page

==Final Exam Paper==

===Leshan Giant Buddha===

====1.Introduction====

“The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant Buddha. Leshan Giant Buddha, situated at the confluence of Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River, is the biggest stone Buddha statue in the world at 233 feet (71m). It is carved into a cliff face made of red sandstone in Leshan (historically named Jiazhou), Sichuan province, China. Ancient wisdom and religious faith of Buddhism created the giant and magnificent cultural treasure, and now is world-known as an amazing UNESCO Natural & Cultural Heritage property. The Leshan Giant Buddha has been around for over a thousand years, calmly watching over pilgrims and tourists with half-lidded eyes. Locals swear this giant has a sixth sense for trouble, claiming it shed tears several times. With rumors like that, it’s no wonder people believe the Buddha can feel our world’s pain. As a matter of fact, the Buddha’s tears were more likely caused by pollution than divine intervention. Although it was just a rumor, it reflected the sublime status of the Buddha in the hearts of the local people. For the local people, the Giant Buddha is not merely a tourist attraction that boosts the tourism revenue there, but also actually protects the area from floods. This is precisely the reason for its construction.

====2. Construction history====

The Giant Buddha was excavated in the first year of Kaiyuan (713) in the Tang Dynasty and completed in the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan (803), which took 90 years to complete the whole construction. At the confluence of the three rivers (Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River) in ancient Leshan, the deep and rapid water and the turbulent waves, often engulfs boats and endanger the people. Zen Master Haitong was very unbearable when he saw the ship crashing and people dying. In order to reduce flood damage and purify all living beings, he decided to carve a statue by the river, hoping that the Buddha could control the water monster (Wu Ruowen, 2014). After 20 years of begging, he recruited manpower and material resources to build and chisel the Buddha. During the process of building and chiseling the Buddha statue, Zen Master Haitong encountered numerous obstacles. Legend has it one day, upon hearing of Zen Master Haitong’s wealth, the official of Jiazhou arrived with a group of followers to demand it. Facing the threat, Zen Master Haitong showed no fear and firmly refused, saying, “Even my eyes can be gouged out, the funds for the Buddha is hard to obtain.” Haitong’s pride and contempt enraged the greedy official, he couldn’t believe that anyone would have the courage to gouge out his own eyes. Then, the official became furious and said, “ Then show me gouging out your eyes!” Facing this shameless official, Zen Master Haitong sat cross-legged with dignity, took a bronze plate, and without hesitation gouged out one of his eyes, silently presenting it to the official. The official was struck with terror and fled down the mountain in panic. Zen Master Haitong’s selfless sacrifice and noble spirit moved heaven and earth, and further inspired people’s determination to complete the construction of the Buddha. When building the shoulders of Giant Buddha, however, Zen Master Haitong passed away. After Haitong’s death, the chiseling work was interrupted for a time. Years later, thanks to donations from several government officials and taxes ordered by the court, Haitong’s apprentices led craftsmen to continue building the Buddha. With the efforts of three generations of craftsmen, it took 90 years to complete the construction of the Giant Buddha (Daisy, 2016).

====3. Design features====

The Giant Buddha is sitting in the open air, and the weather of Leshan is humid. However, the Giant Buddha has been preserved so well under such natural conditions. The secret lies in its ingenious design. There is a delicate and invisible drainage system which played an important role in protecting the Giant Buddha from corrosion. Among the 18 layers spiral coils on the Buddha head, the 4th layer, the 9th layer and 18th layer have one cross drainage; the drainage from the left side in front of the chest is connecting to the back drainage of the right arm; there are caves on the back side (the side near the mountain) connecting the two ears. These caves and drainage have composed the scientific drainage, moisture proof and ventilation system. Besides, the local government will renovate the Giant Buddha statue irregularly to restore the broken parts, clean the Buddha, change materials, and eliminate safety risks.

====4. Cultural value====

As the cultural heritage in the world, the Leshan Giant Buddha has religious and cultural value, historical and cultural value, and artistic and cultural value. As one of the symbols of Buddhism, Leshan Giant Buddha is also regarded as one of the carriers of Buddhist culture. Buddhism is an important part of Chinese traditional culture. The existence of Leshan Giant Buddha has played a positive role in promoting the spread and promotion of Buddhism. The construction of Leshan Giant Buddha lasted for nearly one hundred years, and it is the crystallization of the wisdom and diligence of ancient Chinese laborers. Leshan Giant Buddha symbolizes the superb skills and loyalty to faith of ancient Chinese craftsmen, and is one of the important cultural heritages of Chinese traditional culture. Leshan Giant Buddha, as one of the exemplary stone cave art in China, has high artistic value in terms of its carving techniques and scale. From the carving feature of Leshan Giant Buddha, one can see the superb techniques and unique expression forms of ancient Chinese stone cave art, which is a precious heritage of stone cave art.

====5. Mysterious legends about the Giant Buddha====

According to legend, the Leshan Giant Buddha cried in 1962, 1963, and 1976 but showed happiness in 1994, 2001, and 2002. In 1962, there was a natural disaster that lasted for two years. Millions of people died of starvation and many babies were seen floating in the Min River. The Buddha could not bear to see such tragedy. The Buddha closed eyes in pain and wept silently. In 1963, The Buddha closed eyes again at the start of the Cultural Revolution. In 1976, Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, and Zhu De (three Chinese leaders) all died in 1976. The Tangshan earthquake also caused hundreds of thousands of casualties in the same year. The Buddha was angry about this unfair and dark world. In 1994, despite grieving due to people’s lack of faith and being worried for mankind, the Buddha’s sadness turned to a smile as the Buddha realized that hope was on the way. In 2001, China successfully joined the WTO and won the bid to host the Beijing Olympic Games. The light around the Leshan Giant Buddha’s head showed his happiness for China. In 2002, in the sky above the sculpture, where the dark clouds had not yet faded, there was a sudden halo phenomenon. This was thought to be Buddha’s light.

Actually, as the local people, I have heard of the mysterious legends about the Buddha since my childhood. Although this beautiful imagination reflects the Buddha’s sublime status in our hearts, we understand that it is all just a legend. As a matter of fact, the Buddha shed tears because it was contaminated. The Buddha closing its eyes is a typical manifestation of “black shell” effect caused by acid rain. The eyelids of the Buddha turned black, and many parts of the surface layer peeled off, resulting in the visual effect of the Buddha closing its eyes. The Buddha’s light is a natural phenomenon of light as well, formed by the diffraction and diffuse reflection of sunlight on the surface of clouds and mists. Due to the high requirements for its formation, it is relatively rare.

====6. Modern development====

In order to better protect the Leshan Giant Buddha, the local government have successively issued a series of regulations to strengthen the management of the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area. Furthermore, it set a goal of “attract more attention to the Leshan Giant Buddha and help young people rediscover its culture”. Today, the Leshan Giant Buddha scenic area not only boasts pavilions, terraces, trees, and flowers, but also unique cultural and creative products that captivate visitors.

In recent years, The local government of Leshan has adhered to the principle of promoting tourism through culture and vice versa, combining heritage display with revitalization. The scenic area has launched a series of cultural and creative products such as “Memories of the Giant Buddha” and “Lingyun Gifts”, developed six high-quality study tours on World Cultural and Natural Heritage, created the VR immersive experience project “Lingyun Exploration”, and planned and launched a series of activities such as, “Leshan Giant Buddha Spring Festival Carnival” and “Winter Tour of the Giant Buddha, Enjoy Jiazhou”. It has also promoted the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha Digital Experience Center, contributing to Leshan’s development into a globally renowned world-class tourist destination and attracting numerous domestic and international tourists.

Developing while protecting, innovating while inheriting—the protection, inheritance, and innovation of cultural heritage must respect the history of the Leshan Giant Buddha culture while also keeping pace with the times. The local government of Leshan is also making beneficial explorations in research and interpretation, cultural exchange and mutual learning, and other aspects, so as to greatly enhance the vitality, inheritance and influence of world heritage, so that the world can better understand Chinese culture and fully reflect the value of world cultural and natural heritage (He Yong, 2025).

===References===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===Terms and Expressions===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===Questions===

1. How many years did it take to build the Leshan Giant Buddha?

2. Who organized the construction of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

3. In terms of its design features, why has the Leshan Giant Buddha been able to be preserved for so long?

4. What is the cultural value of the Leshan Giant Buddha?

5. In order to promote modern development of the Leshan Giant Buddha, what measures did the local government of Leshan take?

==期末论文==

===乐山大佛===

====1. 引言====

“山是一尊佛，佛是一座山”，这是对乐山大佛的美誉。乐山大佛位于岷江、青衣江以及大渡河三江汇流之处，高达233英尺（71米)，是世界上最大的石刻佛像, 雕刻于中国四川省乐山市（古称嘉州）的红色砂岩崖壁之上。佛教的古老智慧与宗教信仰孕育了这一宏伟壮丽的文化瑰宝，如今作为联合国教科文组织自然与文化遗产而闻名于世。乐山大佛已屹立愈千年，半垂着眼，默默俯视着往来的信徒与游客。当地人坚信大佛有感知灾祸的第六感，声称大佛曾几度垂泪。有这样的传言，难怪人们坚信大佛能感知世间疾苦。但事实上，大佛垂泪更可能是受污染造成的，而非神灵显现。尽管这只是一个传言，却反映出大佛在当地人心中的崇高地位。对当地人而言，乐山大佛不只是为当地增加旅游收入的旅游胜地，更守护着当地免受水灾的侵扰，而这也正是其建造的由来。

====2. 建造历史====

乐山大佛开凿于唐开元元年（713年），历时九十年，至贞元十九年（803年）完成建造。在古代乐山三江（岷江、青衣江和大渡河）三江汇流之处，江水深急，波涛汹涌，常常吞没来往船只，危及百姓性命。海通禅师看到船只沉没、百姓丧生，感到于心不忍。为了减少洪灾侵扰、普渡众生，海通禅师决定在此雕刻一尊佛像，希望佛祖能镇服水患（伍弱文，2014）。经过二十年的化缘筹资，海通禅师招募人力物力开凿佛像。海通禅师在造佛的过程中，遇到了重重险阻。相传，有一日，嘉州郡守听说海通手里有一大笔钱财，就带了一大批随从前来讨要。海通面对威胁，毫不畏惧，断然拒绝了，他斩钉截铁的说：“自目可剜，佛财难得！” 海通的高傲和蔑视激怒了贪财如命的郡守，他不相信会有人有胆量挖出自己的眼珠，他恼羞成怒的说：“那你就挖出来看看！” 面对寡廉鲜耻的郡守，海通威严的盘腿坐定，端起一只铜盘，毫不犹豫的剜出自己的一只眼珠放在上面，默默地举到郡守面前。顿时，郡守大惊失色，吓得失魂落魄，仓皇逃下山去。海通舍己献身的浩然正气感天动地，更激发了广大人民造就大佛的雄心。然而，在凿刻大佛肩部的时候，海通禅师圆寂了。海通圆寂后，开凿工作一度中断。数年以后，得益于几位官员的捐赠与朝廷下令征收的税款，海通禅师的弟子们带领工匠继续凿刻大佛。经过三代工匠的努力，历时九十年才建成这尊大佛（Daisy，2016）。

====3. 设计特色====

乐山大佛坐落于露天之中，且当地气候湿润，却依然在自然条件下保存完好。其秘诀在于其精妙的设计，精巧且隐蔽的排水系统对大佛免受腐蚀风化起到了至关重要的作用。在大佛头部18层螺髻中，第4层、第9层和第18层设有交叉排水系统。大佛胸前左侧的排水沟与右臂后侧的排水沟相连，背面洞穴（靠近山体的一侧）则与双耳相连。这些洞穴与排水沟共同构成了科学系统的排水、防潮以及通风体系。此外，当地政府不定期对大佛进行修缮，包括修复破损部位、清洁佛像、更换材料以及消除安全隐患。

====4. 文化价值====

作为世界文化遗产，乐山大佛具有宗教文化价值、历史文化价值以及艺术文化价值。作为佛教象征之一，乐山大佛也被认为是佛教文化的载体之一。佛教是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，乐山大佛的存在对于佛教的传播和弘扬起到了积极的推动作用。乐山大佛的建造历经近百年，是中国古代劳动人民智慧和勤劳的结晶。乐山大佛象征着中国古代工匠的高超技艺和对信仰的忠诚，是中国传统文化的重要遗产之一。乐山大佛作为中国石窟艺术的典范之一，其雕刻技艺及规模都具有很高的艺术价值。在乐山大佛的雕刻中，可以看到中国古代石窟艺术的高超技术和独特表现形式，是中国石窟艺术中的珍贵遗产。

====5.大佛的神秘传说====

据传，乐山大佛曾在1962年、1963年和1976年垂泪，但在1994年、2001年和2002年却显露出微笑的神情。1962年，一场持续两年的自然灾害夺去了数百万人的生命，百姓饱受饥荒之苦，许多婴儿漂浮在岷江上，大佛无法忍受目睹如此的悲剧，便痛苦地闭上双眼，默默垂泪。1963年，文化大革命伊始，大佛再次闭眼。1976年，毛主席、周恩来和朱德（三位中国领导人）都在此年去世，同年唐山大地震也造成了数十万人伤亡，大佛对这个不公且黑暗的世界感到愤愤不平。1994年，尽管因人们缺乏信仰而悲伤，并为人类的未来担忧，但当大佛意识到希望即将来临时，它的悲伤化为了微笑。2001年，中国加入世界贸易组织并申奥成功获得北京奥运会主办权。乐山大佛头部的“佛光”展现出其对此的喜悦。2002年，在大佛塑像上方的天空中，当乌云尚未消散之时，突然出现了一种光环现象，人们纷纷认为这便是“佛光”。

其实，作为当地人，我从小便听说关于大佛的神秘传说。尽管这美好的想象体现了大佛在我们心中的崇高地位，但我们明白这都只是传说而已。事实上，大佛垂泪是因为受到污染。佛像闭眼正是一种典型的酸雨“黑壳”效应的体现，佛像的上眼睑变黑，多处表皮脱落，造成了佛像闭眼的视觉效果。而佛光则是光的自然现象，是阳光照在云雾表面所起的衍射和漫反射作用形成的，因其形成的要求较高，所以较为少见。

====6.现代化发展====

为了更好保护乐山大佛，当地政府相继颁布了一些条例，以加强乐山大佛景区的管理。此外，当地政府还设立了“让更多人关注乐山大佛，让年轻人重新认识大佛文化”的目标。如今的乐山大佛景区，不仅有亭台楼阁、苗木花草，更有独特的文创产品让游客流连忘返。

近年来，乐山市坚持以文塑旅、以旅彰文，将遗产展示与活化利用相结合，景区推出“大佛记忆”“凌云礼”等系列文创产品，开发世界文化与自然遗产精品研学课程6个，制作VR大空间沉浸式体验项目“凌云探秘”，策划推出“乐山大佛新春嘉年华”以及“冬游大佛，乐享嘉州”等系列活动，推进乐山大佛数字体验中心建设，助推乐山建设享誉全球的世界重要旅游目的地，吸引众多国内外游客流连忘返。

在保护中发展，在传承中创新，文化遗产的保护、传承、创新，既要尊重乐山大佛文化的历史，也必须与时代同行。乐山市还在研究阐释、文明交流互鉴等方面进行有益探索，大力提升世界遗产的生命力、传承力和影响力，让世界更了解中国文化，充分体现世界文化和自然遗产的价值所在（何勇，2025）。

===参考===

[1] Andrews, M. (2023, June 15). Leshan Giant Buddha. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leshan-Giant-Buddha

[2] Daisy. (2016, December 29). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Discovery. https://www.chinadiscovery.com/tour-leshan/leshan-giant-buddha.html

[3] Nora, Zheng. (2023, February 17). Leshan Giant Buddha. China Culture Tour. https://www.chinaculturetour.com/leshan/top-attractions/leshan-giant-buddha.htm

[4] 何勇. (2025). 推动世界遗产绽放时代光彩!来看乐山大佛保护传承利用新路径. 四川在线. https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/m/tfrm/202501/82876649.html

[5] 世界文化与自然遗产—峨眉山乐山大佛. 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.

[6] 伍弱文.海通与乐山大佛[J]. 法音.2014,(03):56-57.DOI:10.16805/j.cnki.11-1671/b.2014.03.011.

===术语与表达===

Leshan Giant Buddha 乐山大佛

the Minjiang River 岷江

the Qingyi River 青衣江

the Dadu River 大渡河

Jiazhou 嘉州

Zen Master 禅师

Haitong 海通

Linyun 凌云

===问题===

1. 建造乐山大佛耗时多少年？

2. 乐山大佛由谁组织建造？

3. 从设计特色来看，乐山大佛为何能长久保存？

4. 乐山大佛有哪些文化价值？

5. 为了促进乐山大佛的现代化发展，乐山当地政府采取了哪些措施？

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
-====1.Introduction====
+====1. Introduction====
 “The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain”, this is the praise for Leshan Giant Buddha. Leshan Giant Buddha, situated at the confluence of Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River, is the biggest stone Buddha statue in the world at 233 feet (71m). It is carved into a cliff face made of red sandstone in Leshan (historically named Jiazhou), Sichuan province, China. Ancient wisdom and religious faith of Buddhism created the giant and magnificent cultural treasure, and now is world-known as an amazing UNESCO Natural & Cultural Heritage property. The Leshan Giant Buddha has been around for over a thousand years, calmly watching over pilgrims and tourists with half-lidded eyes. Locals swear this giant has a sixth sense for trouble, claiming it shed tears several times. With rumors like that, it’s no wonder people believe the Buddha can feel our world’s pain. As a matter of fact, the Buddha’s tears were more likely caused by pollution than divine intervention. Although it was just a rumor, it reflected the sublime status of the Buddha in the hearts of the local people. For the local people, the Giant Buddha is not merely a tourist attraction that boosts the tourism revenue there, but also actually protects the area from floods. This is precisely the reason for its construction.
 ====2. Construction history====

@@ Line 154: / Line 154: @@
 其实，作为当地人，我从小便听说关于大佛的神秘传说。尽管这美好的想象体现了大佛在我们心中的崇高地位，但我们明白这都只是传说而已。事实上，大佛垂泪是因为受到污染。佛像闭眼正是一种典型的酸雨“黑壳”效应的体现，佛像的上眼睑变黑，多处表皮脱落，造成了佛像闭眼的视觉效果。而佛光则是光的自然现象，是阳光照在云雾表面所起的衍射和漫反射作用形成的，因其形成的要求较高，所以较为少见。
-====6.现代化发展====
+====6. 现代化发展====
@@ Line 164: / Line 164: @@
 在保护中发展，在传承中创新，文化遗产的保护、传承、创新，既要尊重乐山大佛文化的历史，也必须与时代同行。乐山市还在研究阐释、文明交流互鉴等方面进行有益探索，大力提升世界遗产的生命力、传承力和影响力，让世界更了解中国文化，充分体现世界文化和自然遗产的价值所在（何勇，2025）。
 ===参考===

@@ Line 146: / Line 146: @@
-====5.大佛的神秘传说====
+====5. 大佛的神秘传说====
@@ Line 153: / Line 153: @@
 其实，作为当地人，我从小便听说关于大佛的神秘传说。尽管这美好的想象体现了大佛在我们心中的崇高地位，但我们明白这都只是传说而已。事实上，大佛垂泪是因为受到污染。佛像闭眼正是一种典型的酸雨“黑壳”效应的体现，佛像的上眼睑变黑，多处表皮脱落，造成了佛像闭眼的视觉效果。而佛光则是光的自然现象，是阳光照在云雾表面所起的衍射和漫反射作用形成的，因其形成的要求较高，所以较为少见。
 ====6.现代化发展====