Wang Anshi - Revision history

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2013-04-22T02:12:22Z

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Samantha S at 05:44, 5 April 2013

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2013-04-05T05:42:52Z

Samantha S at 05:31, 5 April 2013

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Samantha S at 05:30, 5 April 2013

2013-04-05T05:30:22Z

Samantha S at 05:23, 5 April 2013

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Samantha S at 05:22, 5 April 2013

2013-04-05T05:22:00Z

Samantha S at 05:21, 5 April 2013

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Samantha S at 05:18, 5 April 2013

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Samantha S at 05:13, 5 April 2013

2013-04-05T05:13:54Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:12, 22 April 2013
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−	[[~~File~~:Presentation 2 - Wang Anshi.pptx]]	+	[[Media:Presentation 2 - Wang Anshi.pptx]]

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 (Link to article mentioned above: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19962432)
 ==What is “Ten Thousand Word Memorial”?==
 This document contained parts of my later policies and political theories. My proposals that were aimed at the bureaucracy were not taken into immediate action. This was mostly because I believed that more officials should be trained and recruited.
@@ Line 237: / Line 240: @@
 (Link to full document: http://images.classwell.com/mcd_xhtml_ebooks/2005_world_history/pdf/WHS05_12_324_PS.pdf)
 =Political Career=
@@ Line 259: / Line 263: @@
 Over time I wrote original interpretations of several ancient works and joined the poetry and prose movement lead by Ouyang Xiu. Throughout my lifetime I wrote more than 1,500 poems. My prose was distinguished and earned fame as one of the “Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties.”
 =References=
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 Worthy, Edmund H.. “Wang Anshi.”  Encyclopedia Britannica. Web 2013.
 =PowerPoint=
 [[File:Presentation 2 - Wang Anshi.pptx]]

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 This is an illustration of our not having the right method of instruction.
-[[File:63524041_51241742_chinese_mandarins_circa_1400_getty_464x261.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A political gathering. By GETTY IMAGES. Click [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19962432 here] for original source.]]
+[[File:570px-Three_scripts_Stone_Classics_2.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Ancient Chinese writing. By SHO-EN, VOL.1, No.1, 1937, March, Tokyo. Click [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Three_scripts_Stone_Classics.jpg here] for original source.]]
 Secondly, what is the proper method of maintaining capable men?

@@ Line 137: / Line 137: @@
 This is an illustration of our not having the right method of instruction.
-[[File:http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/63524000/jpg/_63524041_51241742_chinese_mandarins_circa_1400_getty_464x261.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A political gathering. By GETTY IMAGES. Click [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19962432 here] for original source.]]
+[[File:63524041_51241742_chinese_mandarins_circa_1400_getty_464x261.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A political gathering. By GETTY IMAGES. Click [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19962432 here] for original source.]]
 Secondly, what is the proper method of maintaining capable men?

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 schools, and because no proper care is given to the selection of men for the military positions.
 This is an illustration of our not having the right method of instruction.
 Secondly, what is the proper method of maintaining capable men?

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 I also implemented a village of a militia system for local policing and for the buildup of army reserves, the replacement of corvee (unpaid labor) with a hired service system financed by a graduated tax levied on all families, and the creation of both a directorate of weapons for armament development and a horse-breeding program to obviate importation of cavalry mounts.
 Also in my career I was recognized by the Hanlin Academy (aka the National Academy) which trained expectant bureaucrats; emphasized professional courses in law, medicine, and military science; restructured the civil-service examinations around policy discussions and interpretation of the Five Classics, doing away with the previously required rote recitation of the classics and poetry composition; and, finally, brought government clerks under stricter supervision and provided incentives for promotion.
 =Decline of Influence/Retirement=

@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 such to bring their natural gifts to fruition. By this I mean that a proper method
 should be devised whereby such men can be trained, maintained, selected and
-appointed.''
+appointed.
 The ancient rulers had a graded system of schools ranging from the National
 University to the district and village schools. For the control and development of
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 =PowerPoint=
-[[File:File:Presentation 2 - Wang Anshi.pptx]]
+[[File:Presentation 2 - Wang Anshi.pptx]]

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 ''I, your Majesty’s ignorant and incapable servant, have been honoured with your
-commission to take a part in the administration of one of the circuits.1
+commission to take a part in the administration of one of the circuits.
 I feel it to
 be my duty, now that I am called to Court to report on conditions in my district,
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 to be of such ability and character as the Government required and could use. . . .
 This I consider to be the right method of training these men.
-It is true that nowadays each “chou” and “hsien”2
 is supposed to have schools.
 In reality, however, these schools are just so much “bricks and mortar.” For there
@@ Line 89: / Line 90: @@
 the Classics, analysed into sections and sentences. That, however, was not the
 ancient method.
 More recently a new method of instructing students to prepare for the official
 tests by writing essays has come into existence. This method, however, calls for
@@ Line 97: / Line 99: @@
 the requirements of their superiors, they would have only the vaguest notion of
 what to do when they were appointed to actual office.
 The students of the present day ought to study methods of practical administration. But either no instruction at all is given, or they have to exhaust themselves in
 strenuous cultivation of the art of essay writing. . . .
@@ Line 109: / Line 112: @@
 the important Circuit positions were all ﬁlled by great men, who were at one and
 the same time both scholars and generals.
 Nowadays great emphasis is laid upon the distinction between civil and military
 matters by the students. The rule is that they confess to knowing nothing about
 military matters, being solely concerned with the civil services. So it comes about
 that important military positions are left to those who are termed “military men.”
-These are often promoted from the hired levies,3
+These are often promoted from the hired levies,
 who in the main are the goodfor-nothings of the country-side. For any who have the ability to maintain themselves alive in their own village are unwilling to offer themselves to the army. But
 these garrison posts and other military commands are of the most vital importance
 to the country, and the selection of the right men for these positions ought to have
 the serious attention of the ruler.
 Nowadays, however, this most important responsibility, which should be carried by men selected with the greatest care, is thrust upon the shoulders of “goodfor-nothings” who have been unable to maintain themselves in a bare livelihood in
 their own villages. That accounts for the fact that we have this constant anxiety
 about the situation on the borders, and explains why we are so concerned about
 the reliability of the regular army if the State should be endangered.
 The main contributing factor to this is the way in which present-day students
 regard the carrying of weapons as a disgrace, so amongst them we ﬁnd none who
@@ Line 130: / Line 136: @@
 schools, and because no proper care is given to the selection of men for the military positions.
 This is an illustration of our not having the right method of instruction.
 Secondly, what is the proper method of maintaining capable men?
 In a word, they should be given adequate ﬁnancial provision; they should be
@@ Line 135: / Line 142: @@
 The rate of salaries paid nowadays to officials is too low. With the exception of
 the very highly placed officials in the Court circle, all who have large families to
-support engage either in agriculture or trade to eke out. Those in the lower positions like district officials are at the most in receipt of 8,000 or 9,000 “cash,”4
+support engage either in agriculture or trade to eke out. Those in the lower positions like district officials are at the most in receipt of 8,000 or 9,000 “cash,”
 while many only get as much as 4,000 or 5,000 a month. When the time during
 which they have to wait for appointments, and the intervals between appointments are taken into account, say over a period of six or seven years, we ﬁnd that
@@ Line 142: / Line 149: @@
 they have to provide the wages of a servant, and make provision for the support
 of their parents; and funeral and wedding expenses.
 It may be urged that a man of superior character will maintain his integrity and
 good name, even though he should be in very poor circumstances ﬁnancially. It is
@@ Line 161: / Line 169: @@
 public cause become unknown. With official duties neglected in this fashion, it is
 of course impossible for government to make any sound progress. . . .
 Thirdly, what is the correct method of selecting officials?
 I propose that those whom you have already found by experience to be of good
@@ Line 171: / Line 180: @@
 memory, can repeat extensive portions of the classics, and has some skill at composition, he is termed specially brilliant or worthy, and chosen for the highest
 grades of State ministers. Those who are not possessed of such retentive memories,
-or of such wide recitative powers, and yet have some skill in composition, showing their gifts of poesy and rhyming, are granted the “Chin Shih”5
+or of such wide recitative powers, and yet have some skill in composition, showing their gifts of poesy and rhyming, are granted the “Chin Shih”
 degree, the
 highest of which are also eligible to be appointed to the high positions. It should
@@ Line 180: / Line 189: @@
 that it is quite unnecessary to alter the regulations, or to seek to follow the ancient
 practice in the matter. That I contend is faulty reasoning. . . .
 Fourthly, what is the right method to be adopted regarding the appointment of
 officials?
@@ Line 197: / Line 207: @@
 position, regard is paid only to the number of years he has been engaged in the
 government service.
 On the basis of possessing literary ability a man may be appointed to a ﬁnancial
 post, then he may be transferred to a legal position, or again to an office connected with the Board of Rites. One cannot expect anything else than that he ﬁnds
@@ Line 218: / Line 229: @@
 the current practice is of a contrary type, many officials being transferred after
 only a few days in one post. . . .
 Seeing that all the evils outlined above do exist, even though worthy and able
 men should ﬁnd their way into the government service, it is just as if they were