Machine Trans EN 7

Chapter 7:The Cultivation of artificial intelligence and translation talents in the Belt and Road Initiative

一带一路背景下人工智能与翻译人才的培养

颜莉莉 Yan Lili, Hunan Normal University, China

Abstract

In the era of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence has been applied to various fields. In the field of translation, traditional translation models can no longer meet the rapid development and updating of the information age. The development of machine translation has brought structural changes to the language service industry, which poses challenges to the cultivation of translation talents. Under the background of "The Belt and Road initiative", translation talents have higher and higher requirements on translation literacy. Artificial intelligence and translation technology are used to reform the training mode of translation talents, so as to better serve the development of The Times. This paper mainly explores the cultivation of artificial intelligence and translation talents under the background of the Belt and Road Initiative. The cultivation of translation talents is moving towards comprehensive cultivation of talents. On the contrary, artificial intelligence and machine translation can also be used to improve the teaching mode and teaching content, so as to win together in cooperation.

Key words

Artificial intelligence,Machine translation,cultivation of translation talents,"The Belt and Road initiative"

摘要

进入人工智能时代，人工智能被应用于各个领域。在翻译领域，传统的翻译模式已无法满足信息化时代的飞速发展和更新，机器翻译的发展给语言服务行业带来了结构性改变，这对翻译人才的培养提出了挑战。“一带一路”背景下，对翻译人才的翻译素养要求越来越高，利用人工智能和翻译技术对翻译人才培养模式进行革新，更好为时代发展服务。本文主要探究在一带一路背景下人工智能和翻译人才培养，翻译人才的培养过程中正向对人才的综合性培养，反之也可以利用人工智能和机器翻译完善教学模式和教学内容，在合作中共赢。

关键词

人工智能；机器翻译；翻译人才培养；一带一路

1. Introduction

With the development of science and technology in China, artificial intelligence has also been greatly improved, and related technologies have been applied to various fields, such as the use of intelligent robots to deliver food to quarantined people during the epidemic, which has made people's lives more convenient. The most controversial and widely discussed issue is machine translation. Before the emergence of machine translation, translation was generally dominated by human translation, including translation and interpretation, which was divided into simultaneous interpretation and hand transmission, etc. It takes a lot of time and energy to cultivate a translation talent. However, nowadays, the era is developing rapidly and information is updated rapidly. As a translation talent, it is necessary to constantly update its knowledge reserve to keep up with the pace of The Times. The emergence of machine translation has also posed challenges to translation talents and the training of translation talents. Although machine translation had some problems in the early stage, it is now constantly improving its functions. In the context of the belt and Road Initiative, both machine translation and human translation are facing difficulties. Regardless of whether human translation is still needed, what is more important at present is how to train translators to adapt to difficulties and promote the cooperation between human translation and machine translation.

2.Development status of machine translation in the era of artificial intelligence

With the development of AI technology, machine translation has made great progress and has been applied to people's lives. For example, more and more tourists choose to download translation software when traveling abroad, which makes machine translation take an absolute advantage in daily email reply and other translation activities that do not require high accuracy. The translation software commonly used by netizens include Google Translation, Baidu Translation, Youdao Translation, IFly.com Translation, etc. Even wechat and other chat software can also carry out instant Translation into English. Some companies have also launched translation pens, translation machines and other equipment, which enables even native speakers to rely on machine translation to carry out basic communication with other Chinese people. But so far, machine translation still faces huge problems. Although machine translation has made great progress, it is highly dependent on corpus and other big data matching. It does not reach the thinking level of human brain, and cannot deal with the problem of translation differences caused by culture and religion. In addition, many minor languages cannot be translated by machine due to lack of corpus.

What's more, most of the corpus is about developed countries such as Britain and France, and most of the corpus is about diplomacy, politics, science and technology, etc., while there are very few about nationality, culture, religion, etc.

In addition, machine translation can only be used for daily communication at present. If it involves important occasions such as large conferences and international affairs, it is impossible to risk using machine translation for translation work. Professional translators are required to carry out translation work. So machine translation still has a long way to go.

3.Challenges in the training of translation talents in universities

The cultivation of translators is targeted at the market. Professors Zhu Yifan and Guan Xinchao from the School of Foreign Languages at Shanghai Jiao Tong University believe that the cultivation of translators can be divided into four types: high-end translators and interpreters, senior translators and researchers, compound translators and applied translators.

From their names, it can be seen that high-end translators and interpreters and senior translators and researchers talents have high requirements on the knowledge and quality of interpreters, because they have to face the changing international situation, and have to deal with all kinds of sensitive relations and political related content, they should have flexible cross-cultural communication skills. In addition, for literature, sociology and humanities academic works, it is not only necessary to translate their content, but also to understand their essence. Therefore, translators should not only have humanistic feelings, but also need to have a deep understanding of Chinese and western culture.

However, there is not much demand for this kind of translation in the society. Such high-level translation requirements are not needed in daily life and work. The greatest demand is for compound translators, which means that they should master knowledge in a specific field while mastering a foreign language. For example, compound translators in the financial field should not only be good at foreign languages, but also master financial knowledge, including professional terms, special expressions and sentence patterns.(Zhu,Guan 2019:40, 41)#

Now we say that machine translation can replace human translation should refer to the field of compound translation talents. Although AI technology has enabled machine translation to participate in creation, it does not mean that compound translation talents will be replaced by machines. The complexity of language and the flexible cross-cultural awareness required in communication make it impossible for machine translation to completely replace human translation.

The last type of applied translation talents are mostly involved in the general text without too much technical content and few professional terms, so it is easy to be replaced by machine translation.

Therefore, the author thinks that what universities are facing at present is not only how to train translation talents to cope with the development of machine translation, but to consider the application of machine translation in the process of training translation talents to achieve human-machine integration, so as to better complete the translation work.(Zhu,Guan 2019:40, 41)#

4.The Language environment and opportunities and challenges of the Belt and Road initiative

During visits to Central and Southeast Asian countries in September and October 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping put forward the major initiative of jointly building the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. And began to be abbreviated as the Belt and Road Initiative.

According to the Vision and Actions for Jointly Building silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, the Silk Road Economic Belt focuses on connecting China, Central Asia, Russia and Europe (the Baltic Sea). From China to the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea via Central and West Asia; China to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Indian Ocean. The focus of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is to stretch from China's coastal ports to Europe, through the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. From China's coastal ports across the South China Sea to the South Pacific.

The Belt and Road "construction is comply with the world multi-polarization and economic globalization, cultural diversity, the initiative of social informatization tide, drive along the countries achieve economic policy coordination, to carry out a wider range, higher level, the deeper regional cooperation and jointly create open, inclusive and balanced, pratt &whitney regional economic cooperation framework.

4.1The language environment of the Belt and Road

The "Belt and Road" involves a wide range of countries and regions, and their languages and cultures are very complex. How to make good use of language, do a good job in translation services, actively spread Chinese culture to the world, strengthen the ability of discourse, and tell Chinese stories well, the first thing to do is to understand the language situation of the countries along the "Belt and Road".

4.1.1The most common language in countries along the "Belt and Road"

There are a wide variety of languages spoken in 65 countries along the Belt and Road, involving nine language families. However, The status of English as the first language in the world is undeniable. Most of the countries participating in the Belt and Road are developing countries, and many of them speak English as their first foreign language. Especially in southeast Asian and South Asian countries, English plays an important role in foreign communication, whether as the official language or the first foreign language. Besides English, more than 100 million people speak Russian, Hindi, Bengali, Arabic and other major languages in the "Belt and Road" countries. It can also be seen that a common feature of languages in countries along the "Belt and Road" is the popularization of English education. English is widely used in international politics, economy, culture, education, science and technology, playing the role of the most important language in the world.(Zhang,Zhang 2019:147)#

4.1.2The complex language conditions of countries along the "Belt and Road"

The languages spoken in countries along the Belt and Road involve nine major language families and almost all the world's religious types. Differences in religious beliefs also result in differences in culture, customs and social values behind languages. The languages of some countries along the belt and Road have also been influenced by historical and realistic factors, such as colonization, internal division and immigration.

India, for example, has no national language, but more than 20 official languages. India is a multi-ethnic country, a total of more than 100 people, one of the most obvious difference between nation and nation is the language problem. Therefore, according to the difference of language, India divides different ethnic groups into different states, big and small. Ethnic groups that use the same language are divided into one state. If there are two languages in a state, the state is divided into two parts. And Indian languages differ not only in word order but also in the way they are written. In India, for example, Hindi is spoken by the largest number of people in the north, with about 700 million speakers and 530 million as their first language. It is written in The Hindu language and belongs to the Indo-European language family. Telugu in the east is spoken by about 95 million people and 81.13 million as their first language. It is written in Telugu, which belongs to the Dravidian language family and is quite different from Hindi. As a result, a parliamentary session in India requires dozens of interpreters.(Zhang,Zhang 2019:147)#

These factors cannot be ignored in the process of translation, from language communication to cultural understanding, from text to thought exchange, through the bridge of language to truly connect the people, so as to avoid misreading and misunderstanding caused by differences in language and national conditions.

4.2 Opportunities and challenges of the "Belt and Road"

With the promotion of the Belt and Road Initiative, there has been an unprecedented boom in translation. In the previous translation boom in China, most of the foreign languages were translated into Chinese, and most of the foreign cultures were imported into China. However, this time, in the context of the "Belt and Road" initiative, translating Chinese into foreign languages has become an important task for translators. As is known to all, there are many different kinds of "One Belt And One Road" along the national language and culture is complex, the service "area" construction has become a factor in Chinese translation talents training mode reform, one of the foreign language universities have action, many colleges and universities to establish the "area" all the way along the country's small language major, as a result, "One Belt And One Road" initiative to promote, It has brought unprecedented opportunities for human translation. The cultivation of diversified translation talents and the cultivation of translation talents in small languages is an urgent problem to be solved in China. The cultivation of translation talents cannot be completed overnight, and the state needs to reform the training mode of translation talents from the perspective of language strategic development. Only in this way can we meet the new demand for human translation under the new situation of the belt and Road Initiative.

For a long time, the traditional orientation of translation curriculum and training goal in colleges and universities is to train translation teachers and translators in need of society through translation theory and practice and literary translation practice, which cannot meet the needs of society. Since 2007, in order to meet the needs of the socialist market economy for application-oriented high-level professionals, the Academic Degrees Committee of The State Council approved the establishment of Master of Translation and Interpreting (MTI for short). After joining the pilot program of MTI, more and more universities are reforming the curriculum and training mode of master of Translation in order to cultivate translators who meet the needs of the society.

Language is an important carrier of culture, and translation is an important link for exporting culture. The quality of translation output also reflects the cultural soft power of a country. With the rise of China, more and more people are interested in Chinese culture, and the number of Chinese learners keeps increasing. Under the background of "One Belt and One Road", excellent translators are urgently needed to spread Chinese culture. With the promotion of "One Belt and One Road" Initiative, the number of other countries learning mutual learning and cultural exchanges with China has increased unprecedeningly, bringing vigorous opportunities for the spread of Chinese culture. Translation talents who understand small languages and multi-lingual translators are needed. They should not only use language to convey information, but also use language as a lubricant for communication.

5.Training translation talents from the perspective of machine translation

Under the prevailing environment of machine translation, it poses a great challenge to the cultivation of translation talents. According to the current situation, translation needs and the shortage of translation talents, colleges and universities should reform and innovate the existing training programs for translation talents in terms of the quality of translation talents, the reform of training mode and the use of artificial intelligence. Based on the obtained data and literature, the author discusses how to train translation talents in the perspective of machine translation from the following aspects.

5.1 Quality requirements for translation talents

Zhong Weihe and Murray made a more detailed and profound discussion on translator's literacy, believing that "translators should not only be proficient in two languages, but also have extensive cultural and encyclopedic knowledge and relevant professional knowledge; Master a variety of translation skills, a lot of translation practice; Have a clear translator role awareness, good professional ethics, practical and enterprising style of work, conscious team spirit and calm psychological quality ". According to the collected data, the author will elaborate the requirements for translation talents from four aspects: language literacy, humanistic literacy, translation ability and innovation ability.(Zhang,Zhang 2017:54)#

The first is language literacy, which is the most basic and important requirement. MAO Dun pointed out that "mastery of mother tongue and target language are the foundation of translation". A solid foundation of bilingual skills is the basic skills of translators. Poor language proficiency seems to be a common problem among students majoring in translation and interpreting. Many translation diseases are caused by poor Chinese foundation. As part of going global, the belt and Road initiative is to tell Chinese culture and Chinese stories, which requires translators to be able to use both languages flexibly. Therefore, the first problem that colleges and universities face to solve is to improve the language level of foreign language learners.(Zhang,Zhang 2017:57)#

The second is humanistic literacy. Humanistic literacy is mainly manifested by a good command of politics, economy, history, literature and other knowledge, which is particularly important for interpreters. In addition, cross-cultural communication cannot be ignored. In the process of communicating with foreigners or translating, translators often encounter the first cross-cultural contradiction. Cross-culture refers to having a full and correct understanding of cultural phenomena, customs and habits that differ or conflict with the national culture, and accepting and adapting to them in an inclusive manner on this basis. So the interpreter can first fully understand and master the national conditions and culture of the target country, which is particularly important in the "Belt and Road". There are more than 60 countries along the "Belt and Road", and it takes a lot of energy to master their national conditions and culture.(Zhang,Zhang 2017:58)#

The third is translation ability. We should distinguish between translation ability and language ability. Translation ability is actually a system of knowledge and skills necessary for translation, the core of which is conversion ability. First of all, it reflects the ability to use tools to assist translation, such as computer application, translation technology and so on. In addition, interpreters should have enough healthy psychological quality and good professional quality. In terms of translation ability, the current training model of translation talents is inadequate.

The last one is innovation. The cultivation of learners' thinking ability is the key to translation teaching and the cultivation of thoughtful translators should be the connotation of translation teaching. Therefore, the interpreter is not only a translation tool, which is no different from machine translation. More importantly, it is necessary to explore translation with thoughts, have a sense of lifelong learning and innovation consciousness. Translators must constantly innovate themselves, learn new knowledge, and strive to seek reform and innovation. Many colleges and universities should also consciously cultivate students' innovation ability and broaden their thinking and vision.

5.2 The reform of college curriculum setting

We will further reform the curriculum of colleges and universities. More courses on economics, law and engineering, which are very important in the Belt and Road initiative. According to the author's personal experience, the most typical problem of foreign language majors in colleges and universities is the single learning of foreign languages. More professional foreign language colleges and universities will add some literature courses and national conditions courses of the language target countries. Obviously, whether foreign language graduates are engaged in translation work or not, such knowledge is not enough. Of course, great reforms have been carried out in foreign language teaching, such as combining foreign language with finance, law, diplomacy and so on, and taking the way of minor training foreign language majors.

Domestic enterprises with a high degree of internationalization attach great importance to translation. Their translation research includes cutting-edge theoretical and applied research, involving machine translation, natural language processing and AI theory, algorithm and model. With such a foundation, enterprises can solve problems by themselves, such as embedding automatic translation functions in mobile phones. International enterprises not only do technical translation, but also deal with all forms of translation and localization in society. At present, translation teaching in most colleges and universities is still in the early mode, and it is an objective fact that it is divorced from the workplace and has a gap with the needs of enterprises.

Second, we should adjust and strengthen the construction of second foreign language teaching for foreign language majors. In the 1980s, our country was in urgent need of Russian translation. At that time, students majoring in English could translate microelectronic product manuals and related business documents in English and Russian at the same time after learning Russian for half a year. The mutual conversion between English and Russian played a great role in practice. According to the author, in the Graduate Institute of Interpretation and Translation of Beijing Foreign Studies University a very few students majored in multiple languages at the graduate level, that is, they majored in minor languages at the undergraduate level and were admitted to the Graduate Institute of Interpretation and Translation in English. Their training mode is to study English in the Graduate Institute of Interpretation and Translation for two years and the third year in the corresponding department of the undergraduate major. Such training mode in my opinion is a bigger model, cost It's more difficult for students.

In addition, there is a great disparity in the development of second foreign language teaching in colleges and universities, and the overall level is not high enough. Part of the second foreign language university foreign language professional may still be too much focus in languages such as German, French and Japanese, should as far as possible, considering the need of the construction of the "region", like Croatia, Serbia, Turkish, Hungarian, Italian, Indonesian, Albanian, these are the countries along the "area" the language of the two countries, Colleges and universities should encourage the teaching of a second foreign language.

Third, the teaching of translation technology should be strengthened. Traditional translation teaching teaches translation skills, such as the translation of words, sentences, texts and figures of speech. Translation technology refers to a series of practical workplace technologies with computer-aided translation software and translation project management as the core, which can greatly improve translation efficiency. However, due to the relative lack of translation technology teachers and equipment in colleges and universities, there is a disconnect between talent training and the requirements of translation technology in the translation field.

5.3 Application of artificial intelligence to translation teaching practice

In order to improve the teaching quality and train students' English translation ability, it is necessary to realize the effective integration of ARTIFICIAL intelligence and translation activity courses, which should not only reflect the effectiveness of artificial intelligence translation technology, but also help students establish a healthy concept of English communication. Through the application of artificial intelligence technology, students can strengthen their flexible translation skills through close communication with "AI program" during the learning stage of English translation activity class. For example, teachers can ask students to translate directly against the translation content provided on the translation screen of the ARTIFICIAL intelligence system. After that, the system can collect the translation answers with the help of speech recognition function, and then judge the accuracy of the translation content, thus providing important feedback to students.

China has used such artificial intelligence technology in the Putonghua test to ensure that every student can find a suitable translation method in practical communication. The so-called artificial intelligence technology is a new kind of technology modeled after the characteristics of human neural network thinking, can combine the human mind to respond. If it can be integrated into English translation activity teaching, it can not only improve the teaching efficiency, but also enhance students' enthusiasm in learning the course.

At the same time, during the training of translation talents, teachers also need to take into account the importance of influencing education factors, so that students can form a higher disciplinary quality in translation, so as to fit the concept of quality education in the new era. Only when artificial intelligence translation content is fully integrated into college English translation activity courses can the overall translation ability of college students be maximized.

5.4The improvement of translator's technical ability

In the previous part, the author roughly mentioned that translation teaching should be improved, which will be elaborated here. At present, only a few universities can make full use of the advantages of translation technology in translation teaching and focus on cultivating professional translation talents. Most universities still cannot get rid of the traditional teaching mode of "language + relevant professional knowledge" in translation teaching, and generally lack a correct understanding of COMPUTER-aided translation teaching.

According to Wang Huashu et al., the courses that can be offered around the composition of translators' technical literacy include computer-assisted translation, translation and corpus, machine translation and post-translation editing, localization and internationalization, film and television translation (subtitle), technical communication and technical writing, and computer programming. The course modules involved are: Fundamentals of COMPUTER-aided Translation, CAT tool application, corpus alignment and processing, term management, QA technology for translation quality assurance, OFFICE fundamentals, translation management technology, basic computer knowledge, desktop typesetting, localization and internationalization, project management system and content management system, technical writing, basic knowledge of computer programming, basic knowledge of web code, etc.

5.4.1 Application of CAT tools

The purpose of the computer-aided course is to learn how to use computer-aided translation, so it is obviously the most important and basic to choose the right tools for teaching computer-aided translation. In addition, for the CAT tools involved in the training of translation techniques, neither one simple and easy to use for teaching, nor too many tools can be applied to teaching, there are so many CAT software, teaching can not be comprehensive. Therefore, in the teaching of translation technology, it is the key problem that translation teachers need to face and solve to train students to understand the basic concept of CAT tool, develop the ability to independently learn new technologies and deal with various technical problems.(Fu,Xie 2015:39)#

5.4.2 The construction of memory bank and term bank

The core of CAT software is Translation Memory (TM). CAT tool can be used to complete translation efficiently, which is in essence to use translation memory technology to complete the memory work in the process of translation, such as term matching, translation name unification, highly similar sentence reproduction and so on by computer. The difference between a term bank and a memory bank is that the former stores terms or words or phrases that translators think are useful, while the latter stores sentences, paragraphs and chapters. The integration of the two can save translators time spent in repeated translation and improve the accuracy of pre-translation. Therefore, in the teaching process, the construction of memory bank and terminology bank plays a crucial role in the formation of the final translation and the completion of the translation project.

In addition, compared with the initial users, translators can better experience the convenience brought by CAT tool after using CAT tool for a period of time. That is to say, using CAT tool in the first few years of teaching needs to spend a lot of energy to build memory and terminology database.(Fu,Xie 2015:40)#

5.4.2 The choice of corpus for translation practice

Needless to say, the scope of use of COMPUTER-assisted translation is relatively limited. The principle of cad determines that its efficiency depends on the repetition rate of the original text. To give full play to the role of computer-aided translation, the original text should have several characteristics: the consistency of terms and phrases; Concise wording, less ambiguity; It is long and part of it is frequently updated. Obviously, COMPUTER-aided translation is of great help to technical texts with long usage cycle and frequently updated contents, but it is not practical for literary texts with more rhetoric. In the teaching link, if the teacher requires the students to translate the corpus in the memory bank with more than 90% highly matched text, then the training of the students in the practical operation link is mainly technical; On the contrary, if the text is of low matching degree, students are more inclined to have certain translation ability. Therefore, when selecting the corpus for translation practice, it is necessary not only to avoid too many texts with high matching degree, but also to avoid selecting texts with few relevant contents even in the glossary.(Fu,Xie 2015:40)#

6 Cooperation between machine translation and translation talents in the Belt and Road

In the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, it is far from enough to rely only on human translation, and there is also a shortage of translators in minor languages. And training translators in minor languages cannot keep up with the pace of the Belt and Road Initiative. At the same time, the corpus data of machine translation are mostly related to the languages of developed countries, such as English, French, German, Japanese, etc., and many smaller languages have no corpus at all.

The promotion of the Belt and Road Initiative makes it an urgent need to introduce Chinese culture to the outside world. The complex language conditions of the countries along the belt and Road mean that translation is not only a simple language transformation between the source language and the target language, but also involves the difference of cultural, customs beliefs and systems behind the language, and these are rely on large of data matching of machine translation, only a good translator can consider other factors in language transformation. During The promotion of the Belt and Road the translation task is much and pressing, So if we want to Better serve Belt and Road Initiative, it is necessary to realize the full cooperation of human translation and machine translation, achieve the efficiency of one plus one greater than two, promote the connectivity between China and these countries along the Belt and Road.

First of all, translators of small languages must be trained purposefully, and high-end translators should be trained with artificial intelligence and corpus, so as to promote the professionalization and irreplaceability of translators. On the other hand to perfect the existing corpus, and create a new corpus, but also make more artificial intelligence, machine translation can be more close to people's thinking mode, it can not only meet the new requirements under the new situation of machine translation, also can reduce the burden of human translation, improve the efficiency of the translation, avoid unnecessary repetition of human translation. It is a good solution to take human translation as the leading and machine translation as the auxiliary.

The implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative is a rare opportunity for our contemporary translators. It is an inevitable trend and an important task for contemporary translators to make science and technology better serve human beings and combine machine translation with human translation to realize that human translation and machine translation should complement each other and help each other in the future, so as to better serve the digital " the Belt and Road ".

Conclusion

This paper first discusses the current situation of machine translation and the training of translation talents. Machine translation has been widely used in various fields to facilitate people's life and work, but it still faces the problem of over-dependence on corpus and difficulty in dealing with cultural translation, and the lack of corpus for small languages. On the other hand, human translation is faced with a low degree of translation specialization and high cost of advanced translation training, while applied translation is easily replaced by machine translation.

In addition to this, translation industry faced the test of reality, in the context of "area" all the way, how to service and satisfy the needs of "area" become the challenge of the translation industry, because the countries along the "area", involved in nine languages, each country national condition and culture complex, small language translation talents cultivation become urgent need to solve the problem.

So all should be in the translation talents quality colleges and universities, training mode reform, using artificial intelligence auxiliary aspects of existing translation talents training scheme reform and innovation, improve the translator, the humanities, language literacy ability and innovation ability at the same time also must carry on the reform of the course, integrated financial, diplomatic and legal courses, and use of artificial intelligence and the translation techniques, Strengthen students' translation practice.

It takes years to train a translator, especially for small languages. However, machine translation can reduce the cost and facilitate translators to carry out better translation work once it is perfected. Therefore, realizing the cooperation between manual translation and machine translation is a win-win situation and can better serve the needs of the Belt and Road translation work. Therefore, we should not only strive to improve the translator's ability, but also combine technology with The Times, so that machine translation and human translation complement each other.

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