Difference between revisions of "Machine Trans EN 15"

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-Mariam toure Hunan normal university
-'''Machine Translation - Advantage Abstract Breaking language barriers has been one of the ultimate goals to achieve in terms of globalization. The scarcity of human translator as compare to the demand for it is considerable hence introducing machine translation services was a logical step to take because one can not always get hold of a translator when needed. That being said , one must ask himself if the introduction of Artificial intelligence in this case applied to translation is an advantage or a disadvantage to the human translators.
-This paper intends to discuss whether machine translation is going to enhance the efficiency of human translators or deprive them of their job.
-Key words:
-Machine translation, globalization, human translator, artificial intelligence
-.Introduction:
-By definition translation is a  written  or  spoken  expression of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language. (The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Machine translation is the process of using artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically translate content from one language (the source) to another (the target) without any human input. Translation is not a new concept to mankind, but there has been a tremendous change with globalization which has been defined as ‘the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life’(Held et al., 1999: 2).
-the technological advancements allowed the introduction of machines to the existing discipline aiming to solve the problem of accessibility, time efficiency and cost. This advancement of technology like any other was welcome as it appeared to be what human translation needed. But looking at the definition of machine translation, it is only fair to ask oneself few questions like: is machine translation going to erase human translation? What could the inconveniences of having machine convey our messages? And is there any way to create a balance between human translation and machine translation for the greater good?
-[  ] History of machine translation:
-The origin of machine translation also known as automatic translation in non-English speaking countries traces back to the seventeenth century and it only became a reality in the twentieth century . In 1933 with two patents issued in France and Russia to Georges Artsrouni and Petr  Trojanskij  respectively.  Artsrouni’s patent was for a general-purpose machine which could also function as a mechanical  multilingual dictionary.Artsrouni’s patent was for a general-purpose machine which could also function as a mechanical  multilingual dictionary. Trojanskij’ upgraded the concept of multilingual dictionary by making proposals for coding and interpreting grammatical functions using universal’  (Esperanto-based) symbols in a multilingual translation device.1946 and 1947 Andrew  Booth (a British crystallographer) and Warren Weaver  teamed up and put forward the first tentative ideas for using the newly invented computers for translating natural languages3 without having an insight on the precursors mentioned above.
-Warren Weaver (a director at the Rockefeller Foundation) put forward specific proposals for tackling  the obvious problems of ambiguity  (or ‘multiple meanings’), based on his knowledge of cryptography, statistics, information theory4, logic and language universals. The decade of the 1950s and 1960s saw the beginnings of the three basic approaches to machine translation (MT). The first was the ‘direct translation’ model, where programming rules were developed for  the translation specifically  from  one  source  language (SL)  into  one particular target language (TL)  with a minimal amount of analysis and syntactic reorganization and this approach was rather ambiguous. The second approach which was the ‘interlingua’  model, based on abstract language-neutral representations (codes or symbols independent of both SL and TL), where translation would  then  be  in two stages, from  SL to interlingua and from  interlingua  to TL attempted to get rid of those ambiguities. The third one or the ‘transfer approach’, where conversion  was  through  a  transfer stage from  abstract (i.e. disambiguated) representations  of SL texts to equivalent TL representations; in this case, translation comprised three stages: analysis, transfer, and generation (or synthesis) was a much simpler approach but the direct approach was still used by most people.
-The Automatic  Language Processing Advisory  Committee (ALPAC)  was introduced in 1964  to  examine the  situation of the machine translation problems and its 1966 report titled    " Languages and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics."  was undeniably one of the most important event in the history of MT. The report highlighted the failures of the tentatives around MT since its introduction and seemed to have been a follow to an influential survey by,  Bar-Hillel  (1960)  in which he criticized  the  prevailing  assumption  that the goal of MT research should be the creation of fully  automatic high quality  translation (FAHQT) systems producing  results  indistinguishable from  those of human translators. He argued that it was not merely  unrealistic, given the current state of linguistic  knowledge  and  computer systems, but impossible in principle. His pessimistic observation would be questioned due to the advancement of Artificial intelligence and the fact that are getting closer and closer to the dream of a fully automated translator. In the 1970s the third approach stated above received a lot more attention for the purpose of a full automated translation.
-The first approach to MT was known as rule based approach until 1989, when the corpus based methods was introduced.
-The corpus based methods is the origin of the current evolution that is used by almost every one.
-The  positive impact and limitations of machine translation
-- the positive impacts:
-As stated in the introduction as well as the abstract machine translation is a must, because of the lower cost, accessibility, flexibility and speed. It is helping in many was with the worldwide use of internet. One of the most common use of it is Google translate which has proven to be a life savior. For instance if one goes to another country and have difficulties finding anyone to communicate with, the person can get to any place where there is a Wi-Fi( Wi-Fi is the same word everywhere so  you can read on the door of a Cafe or any place that might have it) and Google what he wants to say  even just a key word and get a result within seconds and receive assistance. Nowadays people are keen to travel because machine translation made it easy to break the language barrier.
-Content creations have a greater use for it, they can easily translate their content to allow people from many places to interact and share with them. This is a great example of globalization as people have different talent, tips and thoughts to share. Most content creators don't make enough money at the begging of their carrier to hire a human translator anytime they need one. It is not cost efficient to hire a human to translate a content into more than three languages in the least considering that most human translator don't speak more than three languages therefore aren't really flexible. MT researchers are upgrading the list of languages on different applications and devices continuously and it is not easy for a human to learn a new language and master it enough to translate at the same speed. Human  translation  is  influenced  by  the  characteristics  of source-target  language  transfer,  cultural  context  and individual  translators’  translation  ability  (Bassnett  and Lefevere  1992;  Wong  and  Shen  1999) while MT isn't affected by these factors.
--The limitations
-All the limitations related to MT could not possibly be spoken about this essay hence the author will stick to the relevant ones and will take the Chinese language as an example to provide a clearer view on this. We must start with its dependence on the internet, in underdeveloped countries the access to internet is still challenging, MT depends exclusively on a good network except for the dictionary apps that are available on phones and of course those can only translate words and cannot help much to communicate efficiently.
-Limitations related to grammar:
-Limitations related to context
-Limitations to people with handicap such as deaf people
-Limitations related to languages like Chinese
-or disadvantage

Difference between revisions of "Machine Trans EN 15"

Revision as of 19:11, 28 January 2022

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