20230630 final exam 02

= A Review of the English Translation and Transmission of Tao Te Ching =

< c e n t e r > 李心田, 202270081639. < / c e n t e r >

= = Abstract = =

Tao Te Ching, as an important work of Chinese classics, has been translated into various languages and versions and widely studied in the past hundreds of years. Its spread overseas is a classic case of Chinese traditional culture going to the world. Based on the most cited and recent Chinese and English papers, this article makes a holistic and systematic literature review on the English translation and transmission of Tao Te Ching.

= = Key Words = =

Tao Te Ching; English translation studies; transmission; literature review

= = 摘要 = =

《道德经》是中国文化典籍中的重要组成部分，外译语种和译本众多，是中华传统文化走向世界传播中的经典案例。本文选取了引用较多及较新的相关中英文献为语料，对《道德经》的英译研究及传播进行了概括性综述。

= = 关键词 = =

《道德经》 英译研究 传播 综述

= = Introduction = =

Tao Te Ching, also called Laozi, was written by Laozi (or Li Er) in the Spring and Autumn Period. With only 5000 words, it is the first work with a complete philosophy system in the history of Chinese philosophy and covers an outlook on cosmology, life and Socio-Political Ideology. Its philosophical and aesthetic theories have had a profound impact on traditional Chinese philosophy, aesthetics, science, politics, religion, and so on.

Moreover, as a Taoist classic, Tao Te Ching has long attracted the attention of Western missionaries and sinologists. Since the 16th century, Tao Te Ching has been translated into various languages. According to Wu Zhiyong and Liu Zixiao (Wu Zhiyong & Liu Zixiao, 2020, 15), up to May 2020, there are 553 English translations, 91 French translations, 69 Russian translations, 298 German translations, and 95 Spanish translations of Tao Te Ching. What’s more, in the light of the statistics from UNESCO, Tao Te Ching is a world’s cultural masterpiece that has been translated into the most foreign languages only after the Bible. Tao Te Ching’s influence on the west is mainly achieved through its various translations, which serves as a bridge for communication and understanding between China and the West, spreading China’s splendid culture, and enabling the West to better understand China.

The earliest English translation of Tao Te Ching is John Chalmers’ The Speculations on Metaphysics, Polity, and Morality, of the “Old Philosopher”, Lao-tsze published in 1868. The first Chinese to translate the Tao Te Ching is Hu Zilin, which was published in 1936. Major translators of Tao Te Ching include Paul Carus (1898), Heysinger (1903), Arthur Waley (1934), Chu Dagao (1937), Wu Jingxiong (1939), Lin Yutang (1948), Tai Geer (1960), Xu Yuanchong (2006), etc. As to the academic research on the English translation of Tao Te Ching, the earliest one is On D. C. Lau’s English Translation of Tao Te Ching published in 1988 written by Li Yiyin. Since then, the research on the English translation of Tao Te Ching has gradually developed and there has been a research climax of it in recent years. (Jiao Yan & Liu Wenjuan, 2011, 148)

= = The Egg = =

Bla, bla, bla

= = The Hen = =

Bla, bla, bla

= = Conclusion = =

Bla, bla, bla

= = References = =

Woesler, Martin. (2020).

202270081641 廖璐佳 Liao Lujia 英语笔译(English translation)

A Review of the English Translation of the Yijing

Liao Lujia, 202270081641

Abstract

Since the 17th century, there has been a proliferation of versions of the Yijing in various languages and styles. A study of the translation and transmission of it in the English world will help it to be more deeply and widely disseminated in the English-speaking world and throughout the world. At present, the study of the English translation of the Yijing in China is mainly concerned with the problems of few research results, simple research, and incomplete establishment of research teams. To get a comprehensive understanding of the domestic and foreign research on the English translation of the Yijing (mainly domestic research), this paper searches for papers with high citation rates at home and abroad or published in recent times, covering four aspects: translation history and foreign studies, comparative studies of translations, theoretical studies of translations and other literature. However, there is still a need to find improvements and new dissemination paths for the translation of the Yijing in the context of globalization, with a view to providing insights at the level of translation practice for the current national strategy of Chinese culture going global with the help of the cultural perspective of others and promoting the dissemination of Chinese cultural classics overseas.

Key Words

The Yijing; English translation; Historical literature

Introduction

The Yijing, known as the first of the scriptures, is the source of Chinese civilization, and its contents cover many fields of philosophy, politics, life, literature, art, and science, making it a classic work. Since its transmission during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, thinkers and philosophers of all generations have attached great importance to it, competing to interpret it and explain its reasoning. As a result, there has been a flourishing Yi-ology study system that includes Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and other schools of thought.

From the Song Dynasty, the Yijing spread to Japan and Vietnam, and in the 16th century, Matteo Ricci introduced it to the West. Later, Jean Baptiste Regis translated and published the first complete translation of the Yijing in Latin. Rev. McClatchie's first full translation of it was published in 1876. Numerous translations of it have since appeared in many languages. For example, James Legge's English translation, Richard Wilhelm's German translation, and Cary F. Baynes' English translation of Wilhelm's German translation.

The "Yijing Rush" that began in the 1980s has led to the development of cross-cultural comparisons between China and the West, and the studies of foreign sinologists have entered the Chinese academic landscape. Two influences on the spread of the Yijing in the West were not translators and researchers of the Yijing, but scientists who made outstanding contributions in their respective fields: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Carl Gustav Jung (Li Weirong, 2021: 35). As for the Western translations of the Yijing, the German translation by the German sinologist Richard Wilhelm enjoyed great international influence and even later replaced the English translation of the Yijing by James Legge as the authoritative translation of the Yijing in the English-speaking world. In order to further promote the development of the translation research of the Yijing, this paper searches the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and some English papers related to the translation research of the Yijing in English-speaking countries, classifies and organizes them, and summarizes the research results to provide a reference for the translation and dissemination of the Yijing.

A Review of the English Translation of the Yijing and Its Transmission

In this paper, the author searched the published papers with the keywords of the Yijing, translation, translation text, and English translation, and divided them into four major categories, namely, the translation history of the Yijing and foreign studies, comparative studies of translations, theoretical studies of translations, and other literature. Due to the limitation of space, only the representative papers are selected here for introduction.

Translation History and Foreign Studies

Although The Book of Changes in the Western Tradition: A Selective Bibliography written by Hellmut Wilhelm is only a preliminary compilation of the bibliography of the Yi-ology, it shows that Western scholars already have a holistic historical perspective on Western Yi-ology literature (Yang, Hongsheng, 1994).

The I Ching: A Biography written by Richard J. Smith, an American expert on the Yijing, describes the spread of it in East Asia, Europe, and America.

In a paper named The Introduction of the Yijing to the West (Lin Jinshui, 1988), Lin provided a detailed overview of the study, research, and translation of the Yijing by Europeans, and divided the spread of the Yijing in the West into two stages. The first stage was from the end of the 17th century to the 1830s, and the study and dissemination of the Yijing were mainly adapted to the needs of the rites controversy at that time and were mainly introduced for study. The main members include Matteo Ricci, Philippe Couplet, Joachim Bouvet, Jean Baptiste Regis, and other Western missionaries to China. The second stage was from the 1870s to 1949 when the spread of the Yijing in the West was separated from the need for missionary work and was dominated by translation, with the emergence of multilingual translations. The quality of the translations with the help of Chinese scholars has been greatly improved. Authoritative translations have appeared, and some of them have incorporated the findings of contemporary scholars. The translators of the English translation include McClatchie, James Legge, Richard Wilhelm-Cary Baynes, Arthur Waley, and Shen Zhongtao. Lin Jinshui counted as many as 14 translations of the Yijing in different languages in the West. He believed that various situations of the translations of the Yijing also indicate that the spread of Yi-ology in the West is in "a complex and contradictory movement."

In Three Stages in the English-speaking World's Understanding of the Yijing, Wu Lijing and Han Ziqi argue that the English-speaking world has gone through three main stages of knowledge and understanding of the Yijing (Wu Lijing, Han Ziqi, 2018). The first stage is mainly marked by the translation of the Yijing by McClatchie and James Legge, where missionaries were the main body that translated and disseminated the Yijing, and they regarded it as a pagan/Confucian classic independent of Christian civilization within the perspective of comparative mythology and comparative religion. The second stage is marked by the translation of the Yijing by Richard Wilhelm-Cary Baynes. Translators transitioned from missionaries to intellectuals such as psychologists, who viewed the Yijing as an Eastern "wisdom" that Western civilization could learn from and utilize in the context of philosophy and psychology. The third stage is represented by the study and translation of the Yijing by Xia Hanyi, Kong Liwei, Gao Xiake, and others. In this period, Chinese scholars were the main translators, who, in the context of historicism, regarded the Yijing as a historical document of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and tried to recover and reconstruct the original meaning of the hexagram statement in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In essence, the English-speaking world's understanding of the Yijing has gone through a process from a "book of religion" to a "book of divination and wisdom" to a "book of history," reflecting the deepening of the English-speaking world's knowledge and understanding of Chinese culture.

In The Yijing in Europe and America, Li Weirong divides the translation and dissemination of the Yijing into five major parts: the Yijing in France, the Yijing in Germany, the Yijing in England, the Yijing in Russia, in other European countries, and the United States (Li Weirong, 2021). Li Weirong believes that the Yijing has a great influence in the Western world, not only on some of the behaviors of Westerners, but also on their literary creations. The author believes that in the near future, it is likely that each language will have its own translation of the Yijing; more and more polished translations of the Yijing will appear in languages that already have them.

Unlike the previous comprehensive descriptions, Wu Jun's article On the English Translation of the Yijing and its World Dissemination (Wu Jun, 2011) provides an ephemeral description of the English translation of it, including the James Regge text, the Richard Wilhelm-Cary Baynes text, DaLiu's English translation of the Yijing Money Trigrams (hereinafter referred to as the "DaLiu text"), Wang Rongpei's and Ren Xiuhua's English translation of the Yijing (hereinafter referred to as the "Wang text"), and so on. The author discusses the translation of the English translation from five aspects: text comprehension, syntactic expression, folk culture, way of thinking, and aesthetic interest, and proposes that "the translation of the Yijing should not only focus on the translation of the text, but also on the effect of the translated message, emphasizing the readers' feelings towards the translated text" from the perspective of translation communication.

Taking the research paths of Western Yi-ology as an entry point, Zhao Juan uses a sketching technique in her article Questions and Perspectives: Three Research Paths of Western Yi-ology to outline the main features of Western Yi-ology research in three aspects (Zhao Juan, 2011). The religious path takes missionary sinology as its mother, comparing the Yijing with the Bible and finding commonalities between the two. The analytical psychological-comparative cultural path takes Jung as its starting point and uses the Yijing as a cultural resource. It draws on the Yijing for analytical psychological practice and research. The historical-philosophical path is characterized by examination and discernment, viewing the Yijing as a specific text formed in a specific period. Many perspectives are studied in depth, making "the Yijing a means by which Western scholars can engage in Western academic reflection and discussion."

Comparative Studies of Translations

There have been a number of analytical studies of the translations of the Yijing both at home and abroad. For example, Derk Bodde's commentary on Wei Lixian's translation (1950), Nathan Sivin's commentary on John Blofeld's translation (1966), Kidder Smith's commentary on Thomas Cleary's translation (2002), and so on. There are too many such reviews to list here.

There are also related studies by domestic scholars. In Review of the English Translation of Minford's Yijing, Lu Yuqing and Zhang Fenghua argue that when compared with the first stage of the translation of the Yijing by James Legge, the second stage of the Wilhelm-Cary Baynes translation, and other English translations in the third stage, we can see that the Minford translation is more "Chineseized" (Lu, Yuqing, and Zhang, Fenghua, 2017). However, the authors also mention the problems of deviations and mistranslations in Minford's translation: the selection of the overall content of the Yijing, the problem of understanding deviations and mistranslations, and the treatment of initial capitalization.

Unlike the above papers, which all analyze only one translator's translation of the Yijing, some authors compare the differences between different translations from a certain perspective. For example, Wang Yunkun's Translator Centeredness from the Translator's Adaptation Choice—A Comparative Analysis Based on Two English Translations of the Yijing compares the English translations of the Yijing by James Legge and Wang texts, and analyzes the translator's adaptation and choice to the needs, abilities, and translation ecological environment (Wang Yunkun, 2017). The author argues that translators are the center of translation, and the reason why different translators create different translations of the same original text is that translators choose different original texts and translation strategies after adapting to the translation ecological environment.

Teaching the I Ching written by American scholars Geoffrey Redmond and Tze-ki Hon also devotes a chapter to the translation of the Yijing in the West, entitled The Yijing's Journey, which presents translations by missionary translators (Geoffrey Redmond, Tze-ki Hon, 2014).

By comparing the English translations of animals in the five translations of the Yijing by James Legge, Cary Baynes, John Blofeld, Wang Rongpei-Ren Xiuhua, and Li Yan, Zhang Lingyun's The English Translation of Animals—Taking the Five Translations of the Yijing as a Sample classifies them into direct translation, free translation, and loan translation (Zhang Lingyun, 2015). Finally, the author concludes that translating the Yijing should not only consider the cultural differences between China and the West, but also the unique meanings of the words in the context of each hexagram.

In The Translation of culture-loaded Words in the Yijing from the Perspective of Adaptation Theory: Two English Translations by James Legge and Wang-Ren, Shu Zhangyan analyzes the translation of culture-loaded words in these two translations of the Yijing, taking Legge and Wang-Ren as examples. The author divides the culture-loaded words into five major categories: ecological, material, social, religious, and linguistic. The author argues that too faithful a translation is not conducive to the understanding of the original text by the target language readers, and the translator should use various translation methods flexibly based on an accurate understanding of the original text (Shu Zhangyan, 2018).

Kong Xiangyu et al. used Treetagger and other tools to analyze the data processing of a corpus of 18 English translations of the Yijing and conducted a comparative study of translation styles in A corpus-based study on the translation styles of multiple translations of the Yijing (Kong Xiangyu, 2021). They concluded that the translation styles of domestic translators and foreign translators are different. The former translations are more acceptable, with simple and commonly used words and complicated sentences; the latter translations are more relevant, with professional words and simple sentences.

Theoretical Studies of Translations

Such papers mainly use various theories to make a comprehensive analysis of the translation, summarize the characteristics of the translation, and put forward suggestions and principles for translation.

Guan Ensen discusses it from the perspective of the translators themselves. The article The Translation of Chinese Texts in the Missionary Perspective: The Case of the English Translation of the Book of the Yijing by James Regge takes the English translation of the Yijing as an example and explains Regge's "sympathetic understanding" of the Chinese texts in the translation process (Guan Ensen, 2012). It is divided into three levels, namely, equal respect, comparative understanding, and scholarly interpretation. Guan affirms that the translation of the Chinese texts by Legge contributed to fundamental changes in Western sinology, and proposes that the characteristics, contributions, and values of the translation of the Chinese texts of Legge’s translation should also be grasped and evaluated in terms of "sympathetic understanding".

In Fuyong’s article On the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words of the Book of Changes in the Light of Prototype Theory of Translation, Fu Yong takes the prototype theory of translation as the basis and extracts the corpus from four authoritative translations for verification. He divided culture-loaded words into five categories: language, ecology, material, society and religion. He argued that grasping the ideal prototype of the source language and the ideal prototype of the translation language are the two main lines running through the translation of the culture-loaded words of the Yijing. And it is found that various translation methods are employed to constantly pursue the ideal prototype of the translation language, which is in line with the translation prototype theory (Fu Yong, 2011).

Bai Jiangli's A Study of the English Translation of the Metaphors of the Yijing in the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphors (Bai Jiangli, 2013) selects the translations by James Legge, Richard Wilhelm, Richard John Lynn, and Fu Huisheng to explore the translation of metaphors in the Yijing from a cognitive linguistic perspective.

In Ren Yunzhong’s article Aesthetic Reconstruction in English Translation of the Text of the Yijing, he identifies the absence of aesthetic factors in the Legge and Richard Wilhelm-Cary Baynes texts from three aspects: form, music, and meaning, and reconstructs the aesthetic value of the text of the Yijing (Ren Yunzhong, 2014). This article reflects the tireless pursuit of Chinese scholars for the perfection of classics translation from the perspective of the aesthetics of the translated text.

In A Critical Commentary on Jame Legge’s Translation of The Book of Changes and His Opinions on Yi-ology, Li Weirong argues for the classical status of Legge's English translation of the Yijing in English-speaking countries from four aspects: the academic preparation of Legge's English translation of the Yijing and his motivation for translation, the identification of the base text of his English translation of the Yijing and its related reference books, the commentary on the English translation of Legge's Yijing, and his ideology of Yi-ology(Li Weirong, 2016).

Wang Xiaonong's A Descriptive Critical Analysis of English Translations of the Yi jing after Legge and Wilhelm: With Special Reference to Blofeld’s English Translation analyzes the English translation of the Yijing by Blofeld in terms of both trigram names and prognostication terms and the text, and concludes that the English translation by Blofeld is innovative in some trigram names, but there are improper changes to the original text, the bad representation of rhythmic features of the original text in the translation, and there are a considerable number of mistranslations in the translation (Wang Xiaonong, 2016).

Other Literature

Other literature includes book reviews, forewords, and afterwords. They provide materials related to the English translation of the Yijing and the study of English translation, analyze the effect of the overseas dissemination of it, and serve as a recommendation for the study of English translation. For example, Li Ding's The Classic of the Yijing and the Way of the Three Talents: A Postscript to the English Translation of the Yijing reviews the postscript to the English translation of the Yijing (Li Ding, 2012).Adler Joseph A. wrote The Original Meaning of the Yijing: Commentary on the Scripture of Change to make comments on the Yijing.

The Analysis of the English Translation of the Yijing

Table 1 shows that during the 30 years from 1985 to 2014, the total number of journals on the study of the English translation of the Yijing was 9, while in the 8 years from 2015 to 2022, the number of journals reached 106, which is basically the same as the number of papers published in the past 30 years, indicating that the number of journals on the study of the English translation of the Yijing has increased greatly in the short term; the number of dissertations in the last 8 years was 11 and there is a master's thesis on the English translation of the Yijing almost every year. The overall number of thesis on the study of the English translation of the Yijing is very limited, with only 2 in the early period and 3 in the later period; in the 30 years from 1985 to 2014, not a single monograph on the study of the English translation of it has been published in China, while 5 monographs on the study of the English translation of the it have been produced in the last 8 years.

The Conclusion of Achievements

In recent years, the research on English translation of the Yijing in China has made remarkable achievements. There has been a significant increase in the number of subjects studied in the English translation of the Yijing. In the past, it was mainly focused on a few translators such as James Legge and Richard Wilhelm-Cary Baynes, but later papers analyzing dozens of translators appeared. In addition, there has been a steady increase in the number of papers published in domestic journals. However, a search of the foreign literature shows that the scholars who have studied the English translation of the Yijing are mainly focused on Sinologists and these papers are not relatively new.

The research perspective of the English translation of the Yijing is also no longer limited to a simple introduction to a single translation. In-depth discussions on the strengths and weaknesses of different translations of the Yijing, the translation strategies and motives of different translators, and translation ideas have emerged.

The perspectives of the study of English translation of the Yijing gradually break away from the single perspective of comparative linguistics, absorb new research methods such as corpus and semiotics, and deepen the understanding of the level of English translation of the Yijing.

Problems and Countermeasures

Although the study of the English translation of the Yijing has made certain achievements, it is only relative to the past English translation studies, and there are still some problems and shortcomings in this field. Therefore, only by finding targeted countermeasures to solve these problems can we promote the further development of the study of the English translation of the Yijing in the future.

Research Achievements

Although the Yijing has a long history of English translation and a considerable number of English translations, the scale and depth of English translation studies of the Yijing are far less than those of other ancient Chinese texts such as the Tao Te Ching and the Analects of Confucius. The Yijing has an important position in the process of cross-cultural communication between China and the West, but the study of it does not match its position, so there is still much room for the development of the study of the English translation of the Yijing.

Degree of Research

Although papers analyzing various translations of the Yijing have appeared, the dominant ones are still the James Legge, Richard Wilhelm-Cary Baynes, and Wang Rongpei-Ren Xiuhua translations. This can limit the study of English translations of the Yijing to a limited scope. In addition, many studies have overlooked an important issue, namely, the complex process of the formation of the Yijing and its profound meaning, while researchers have not used different Chinese versions for comparison in their discussions, but only based on a particular Chinese version, lacking deeper understanding of the cultural roots, making the studies stay at the level of simple understanding.

Research Teams

The Yijing, as the first of the scriptures, is all-encompassing and covers many fields of knowledge, and its content is so deep and obscure that its readers are usually experts and scholars, while ordinary people will be discouraged. If one wants to do a good study of it in English translation, it is difficult to do so without a solid English-Chinese language background, a complete knowledge of Yi-ology, and a cross-cultural perspective. Therefore, the number of researchers on the Yijing is relatively small, and it is difficult to make a breakthrough in relevant research in the short term.

Based on the above problems, researchers should do the following: first, read the literature and history of the English translation of the Yijing in depth to fill some gaps in the study of its English translation. There are many English translations of the Yijing, which should be comprehensively sorted out, and the history of its transmission should be continued to be organized and studied. Secondly, we should strengthen the cooperation among different specialties in the study of the English translation of the Yijing. The contents of it cover many fields such as philosophy, politics, life, literature, art, and science, so cooperation among multiple professions can help better understand the contents of the text and provide an interdisciplinary perspective for the study of the English translation of the Yijing.

Conclusion

The purpose of the research on the English translation of the Yijing is to improve the level of English translation of Chinese texts and to promote the world dissemination of traditional Chinese culture. Although the research results of the English translation of it are remarkable, there are still many problems, which are not in line with its status in Chinese traditional culture and its history in the world dissemination. Nowadays, in the macro context of Chinese culture "going global", the significance of the English translation of the Yijing is further highlighted, and domestic researchers should pay full attention to promote the world dissemination of the Yijing and the exchange between Chinese traditional culture and other cultures.

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