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Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]]. | Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]]. | ||
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Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]] | Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]] | ||
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==Gu Yuting 谷钰婷 - Chinese folk art：Xiangxi Folk Songs== | ==Gu Yuting 谷钰婷 - Chinese folk art：Xiangxi Folk Songs== | ||
===Abstract=== | ===Abstract=== | ||
| − | During the long history of China，various forms of folk art have appeared. As one of the excellent folk arts, the folk song culture has a long history and is an undoubted cultural treasure. This paper will take | + | During the long history of China，various forms of folk art have appeared. As one of the excellent folk arts, the folk song culture has a long history and is an undoubted cultural treasure. This paper will take Western Hunan folk songs as an example and give a short introduction to folk songs from three aspects: categories, characteristics and representative songs. |
===Keywords=== | ===Keywords=== | ||
Chinese Folk art，Folk songs，National minority | Chinese Folk art，Folk songs，National minority | ||
| − | + | 传统民间艺术：湘西民歌 | |
| − | + | ||
| + | 摘要 | ||
| + | |||
中国历史悠久，各种民间艺术形式百花齐放。作为优秀的民间艺术之一，我国民歌文化源远流长，是毋庸置疑的文化瑰宝。本文将以湘西民歌为例子，从类别，特点和代表曲三个方面对民歌进行简短的介绍。 | 中国历史悠久，各种民间艺术形式百花齐放。作为优秀的民间艺术之一，我国民歌文化源远流长，是毋庸置疑的文化瑰宝。本文将以湘西民歌为例子，从类别，特点和代表曲三个方面对民歌进行简短的介绍。 | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | 关键字 | ||
| + | |||
中国民间艺术，民歌，少数民族 | 中国民间艺术，民歌，少数民族 | ||
===Introduction=== | ===Introduction=== | ||
| − | "Xiangxi" refers to the | + | "Xiangxi" refers to the Western part of Hunan Province, which has been a multi-ethnic region since ancient times and has gradually developed a unique folk song culture during its long history. The folk songs of Western Hunan mainly consist of the folk songs of Miao ethnic minority and Tujia ethnic minority. It is the folk music form that created by the ethnic minority people in their long-term life, and is one of their favorite forms of music. The folk songs are not only exist in Xiangxi, but also widely spread in Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou provinces. Xiangxi folk songs play an important role in studying the history, primitive religion and folklore of the Miao people. The tunes and singing styles of the folk songs of western Hunan are also special and have high artistic value, as well as great ethnic flavor and charm. The Xiangxi folk songs was listed as intangible cultural heritage of China due to their value. |
简介 | 简介 | ||
| + | |||
“湘西”指的是湖南的西部，自古以来就是一个多民族聚居的地区，在长期的历史发展中，也逐渐形成了独具特色的民歌文化。湘西民歌主要由苗族名歌和土家族民歌组成，是少数民族人民在长期生产生活中创造出来的民族民间音乐形式，是他们最喜欢的音乐形式之一。民歌不仅流传于湘西，还广泛流传于湖北省，重庆市，贵州省等地。湘西民歌形态特殊，内容丰富，从古至今在湘西一带传沿不绝，是研究苗族历史、原始宗教、民俗等的重要参考材料。湘西民歌的曲调和唱法也极为特殊，具有很高的艺术价值，也极具民族风情和魅力。湘西民歌也被列入中国非物质文化遗产。 | “湘西”指的是湖南的西部，自古以来就是一个多民族聚居的地区，在长期的历史发展中，也逐渐形成了独具特色的民歌文化。湘西民歌主要由苗族名歌和土家族民歌组成，是少数民族人民在长期生产生活中创造出来的民族民间音乐形式，是他们最喜欢的音乐形式之一。民歌不仅流传于湘西，还广泛流传于湖北省，重庆市，贵州省等地。湘西民歌形态特殊，内容丰富，从古至今在湘西一带传沿不绝，是研究苗族历史、原始宗教、民俗等的重要参考材料。湘西民歌的曲调和唱法也极为特殊，具有很高的艺术价值，也极具民族风情和魅力。湘西民歌也被列入中国非物质文化遗产。 | ||
===Classification=== | ===Classification=== | ||
There are various forms of Xiangxi folk songs, and there are many ways to classify them. According to their singing forms, they can be divided into five categories of common songs. | There are various forms of Xiangxi folk songs, and there are many ways to classify them. According to their singing forms, they can be divided into five categories of common songs. | ||
| − | ==== | + | ====“Receiving the Bride” tune (external door blocking song)==== |
This form of songs are mainly presented in unison, duet or solo. It is often sung at the time of receiving the bride. It is often sung by the host and guest singers during the wedding reception, with different styles and singing techniques between men and women.This type of folk songs is characterized by melodious melody, cadence, and strongly lyrical. | This form of songs are mainly presented in unison, duet or solo. It is often sung at the time of receiving the bride. It is often sung by the host and guest singers during the wedding reception, with different styles and singing techniques between men and women.This type of folk songs is characterized by melodious melody, cadence, and strongly lyrical. | ||
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湘西民歌形式多样，有多种分类方式，按其演唱形式来分，可以将其分为五大类常用歌调。 | 湘西民歌形式多样，有多种分类方式，按其演唱形式来分，可以将其分为五大类常用歌调。 | ||
| − | + | 接亲调（对外拦门歌） | |
这种歌调主要以男女二人齐唱、二重唱或独唱为主要形式。其常在接亲之时，在主、客歌师对歌时演唱，男女分腔调，唱法也有所不同，其曲调悠扬，抒情味浓。 | 这种歌调主要以男女二人齐唱、二重唱或独唱为主要形式。其常在接亲之时，在主、客歌师对歌时演唱，男女分腔调，唱法也有所不同，其曲调悠扬，抒情味浓。 | ||
| − | ==== | + | ====Weeping marriage tune ==== |
This is an extremely melancholy form of folk songs, often sung when a woman is married and leaving home.This weeping marriage tune start with the name of the bride and a mournful cry, and then flow into the main part of the song. Every line is sung in the dragging cavity to end with a trill, while adding the occasional sobbing sound. The infectious emotion of weeping tune is so strong that even the onlookers often burst into tears. | This is an extremely melancholy form of folk songs, often sung when a woman is married and leaving home.This weeping marriage tune start with the name of the bride and a mournful cry, and then flow into the main part of the song. Every line is sung in the dragging cavity to end with a trill, while adding the occasional sobbing sound. The infectious emotion of weeping tune is so strong that even the onlookers often burst into tears. | ||
| − | + | 哭嫁调 | |
这是一种极为悲伤的歌调，常在女子出嫁离家时演唱。在演唱时先要进行一句道白，由此发出悲哀的哭喊声，再进入主歌的唱词部分，每唱一句都要在拖腔上以颤音结束，同时又加入时不时的抽泣声。哭嫁调情感的感染力十分强，常会使听众感动地流泪。 | 这是一种极为悲伤的歌调，常在女子出嫁离家时演唱。在演唱时先要进行一句道白，由此发出悲哀的哭喊声，再进入主歌的唱词部分，每唱一句都要在拖腔上以颤音结束，同时又加入时不时的抽泣声。哭嫁调情感的感染力十分强，常会使听众感动地流泪。 | ||
| − | ==== | + | ====Love Song tune ==== |
This is a common tune in folk songs and is quite popular. Love song tune often add some appellation prefixes to the lyrics to express the identity of the subject, and the love song tune is generally sung exclusively in the field, with a slow start, strong melody, rhythmic fluctuations, euphonious, and rich flavor. | This is a common tune in folk songs and is quite popular. Love song tune often add some appellation prefixes to the lyrics to express the identity of the subject, and the love song tune is generally sung exclusively in the field, with a slow start, strong melody, rhythmic fluctuations, euphonious, and rich flavor. | ||
| − | + | 情歌调 | |
这是民歌中比较常见的歌调，较为流行。情歌调常会在歌词中加上一些称呼的词头作为表达对象的身份，而且情歌调一般只在野外演唱，起歌较慢，旋律性强，节奏起伏较大，婉转动听，风味浓郁。 | 这是民歌中比较常见的歌调，较为流行。情歌调常会在歌词中加上一些称呼的词头作为表达对象的身份，而且情歌调一般只在野外演唱，起歌较慢，旋律性强，节奏起伏较大，婉转动听，风味浓郁。 | ||
| − | ==== | + | ====Work song tune ==== |
This is the lyric song sung while working, and the tune is light and lively. | This is the lyric song sung while working, and the tune is light and lively. | ||
| − | + | 工夫歌调 | |
这是在干活、做工夫时演唱的抒情歌调，曲调轻快活泼。 | 这是在干活、做工夫时演唱的抒情歌调，曲调轻快活泼。 | ||
| − | ==== | + | ==== Ancient tune ==== |
This is an ancient Miao folk song tune, with a rough, majestic and atmospheric tune and a complex musical structure. | This is an ancient Miao folk song tune, with a rough, majestic and atmospheric tune and a complex musical structure. | ||
| − | + | 古歌调 | |
这是一种古老的苗族民歌歌调，曲调粗犷、雄浑大气，曲式结构复杂。 | 这是一种古老的苗族民歌歌调，曲调粗犷、雄浑大气，曲式结构复杂。 | ||
===Features === | ===Features === | ||
| − | ==== | + | ====The forms of Xiangxi folk songs are diverse ==== |
| − | The Xiangxi folk songs are in various forms. At first, the Xiangxi folk songs were called "Sa" in Miao dialect, which generally refers to some songs formed in some rituals during ancient times.Subsequently, the ancient folk songs developed into various forms and was no longer bound by rituals. According to the singing tone, it can be divided into "Shao Wu" and "Shao Sa", "Shao Wu" refers to the singing technique of using high cadence, which is often freer and more aggressive in melody while singing, so that the songs sound more passionate and resounding. In contrast, "Shao Sa" sounds more gentle, with a soothing melody and small ups and downs. “Shao Sa” generally sings some stories with strong narrative and sometimes adds some improvised content. Its speed can be fast or slow, more flexible, with certain local characteristics unique to western Hunan. | + | The Xiangxi folk songs are in various forms. At first, the Xiangxi folk songs were called "Sa" in Miao dialect, which generally refers to some songs formed in some rituals during ancient times.Subsequently, the ancient folk songs developed into various forms and was no longer bound by rituals. According to the singing tone, it can be divided into "Shao Wu" and "Shao Sa", "Shao Wu" refers to the singing technique of using high cadence, which is often freer and more aggressive in melody while singing, so that the songs sound more passionate and resounding. In contrast, "Shao Sa" sounds more gentle, with a soothing melody and small ups and downs. “Shao Sa” generally sings some stories with strong narrative and sometimes adds some improvised content. Its speed can be fast or slow, more flexible, with certain local characteristics unique to western Hunan.（杨能华, 李健美 2020:27） |
| + | |||
特点 | 特点 | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | ==== | + | 民歌的形式多样 |
| − | The western Hunan features in mountainous natural environment. The terrain is undulating and rugged, so the ethnic minorities living in this area used to call out to each other with their high and loud voices in the early days. Based on this fact, Xiangxi folk songs’ vocal range span widely, the tone color is ringing, the power of penetrating is high, while they are also characterized by their high volume and duration. Consequently, they hold high requirements for the singers to have a strong and clear voice, clear articulation, high pitch, and long-lasting singing. This is not only a major characteristic of Xiangxi folk songs, but also a major challenge for singers.This is not only a feature of the folk songs, but also a challenge for the singers. | + | 湘西民歌的形式多种多样。起初，湘西民歌在苗语中被称为“萨”，一般指在古代祭祀活动中一些仪式所形成的一些歌曲，后来逐渐演变为多种形式，并且体裁也渐渐多样化和复杂化。首先按照演唱的腔调可以分为“韶吾”和“韶萨”，“韶唔”主要是指采用高腔的演唱技巧，在演唱时往往比较自由，旋律比较激进，演唱出来的歌曲就更为激昂高亢。相比之下，“韶萨”就比较平缓，旋律舒缓，起伏小，一般是演唱一些故事，叙事性更强，而且有时会添加一些即兴演唱的内容，速度可快可慢，比较灵活，具有一定的湘西所特有的地方特色。（杨能华, 李健美 2020:27） |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ====Xiangxi folk songs are demanding to performance. ==== | |
| + | The western Hunan features in mountainous natural environment. The terrain is undulating and rugged, so the ethnic minorities living in this area used to call out to each other with their high and loud voices in the early days. Based on this fact, Xiangxi folk songs’ vocal range span widely, the tone color is ringing, the power of penetrating is high, while they are also characterized by their high volume and duration. Consequently, they hold high requirements for the singers to have a strong and clear voice, clear articulation, high pitch, and long-lasting singing. This is not only a major characteristic of Xiangxi folk songs, but also a major challenge for singers.This is not only a feature of the folk songs, but also a challenge for the singers. （安琦 2017:84–87） | ||
| + | |||
| + | 民歌的演唱难度大 | ||
| − | ==== | + | 由于湘西地区以山地地形为主，地势起伏较大，地势崎岖，因此在此地居住的少数民族在早些时期少不了以高亢嘹亮的声音互相叫唤。在此基础上产生的湘西民歌音域很广，具有很强的感染力，同时对演唱者的音量和演唱时间长度也有很高的要求。湘西民歌要求演唱者声音结实嘹亮，吐字清晰，音调高亢，而且演唱具有持久性，这不仅是湘西民歌的一大特点，也是对演唱者的一大挑战。（安琦 2017:84–87） |
| − | Xiangxi folk songs were created in the life of ethnic minorities, and they usually improvised songs according to the scenes and events in their life, and convey their current mood and emotions through their songs, thus the folk songs symbolize the endorsement and affection of the minorities towards their life. For example, Xiangxi love songs are very direct in terms of emotional expression, and the musical form is often bright, simple and lively, which reflects the national spirit and characteristics of the minorities people in western Hunan. | + | |
| − | + | ====The emotion of Xiangxi folk songs is strong and direct==== | |
| − | + | Xiangxi folk songs were created in the life of ethnic minorities, and they usually improvised songs according to the scenes and events in their life, and convey their current mood and emotions through their songs, thus the folk songs symbolize the endorsement and affection of the minorities towards their life. For example, Xiangxi love songs are very direct in terms of emotional expression, and the musical form is often bright, simple and lively, which reflects the national spirit and characteristics of the minorities people in western Hunan. （安琦 2017:84–87） | |
| + | |||
| + | 民歌的情感浓烈且直接 | ||
| + | |||
| + | 民歌都是在少数民族的生活中所创作出的，他们通常在生活中依景依事即兴创作歌曲，通过歌声传达自己当下的心情和情感，因此民歌所蕴含的感情色彩是十分浓烈的，民歌就是他们生活的点滴，是他们生活事情的代言。而且，湘西民歌在情感的表达上也是比较直白，例如湘西情歌在情感的表达方式上就是十分直接，在音乐形式上往往选择明快、简洁的形式，这也体现了湘西人民豪放豪客，热情活泼的民族精神和特征。（安琦 2017:84–87） | ||
===Representatives === | ===Representatives === | ||
| − | ==== | + | ====Horse Mulberry the Son Take the Lamp-stand==== |
| − | This is a long-standing folk song of Sang Zhi(a rural city in Zhang Jiajie, Hunan province). This folk song is a clasic and stems from a period of history:In the Ming Dynasty, the chieftain of | + | This is a long-standing folk song of Sang Zhi(a rural city in Zhang Jiajie, Hunan province). This folk song is a clasic and stems from a period of history:In the Ming Dynasty, the chieftain of Sang Zhi led thousands of Tujia minority people of Sangzhi to resist Japanese aggression three times in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Korea at the call of the court. His singing always accompanied the soldiers' tough journey. This folk song is a representative piece of China's intangible cultural heritage Sangzhi folk songs, as well as a classic work in the treasure trove of Chinese folk songs. |
| + | |||
代表歌曲 | 代表歌曲 | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | 《马桑树儿搭灯台》 | ||
| + | |||
这是一首传唱久远的桑植民歌。这首歌是一首经典民歌，同时也蕴含了丰富历史：在明代，桑植土司率桑植数千土家儿郎应朝廷的召唤，远赴江浙、朝鲜三度抗倭，土司的歌声伴随着战士们的整个征程。这首民歌被收入中国非物质文化遗产之中，同时也是中国民歌宝库中的经典之作。 | 这是一首传唱久远的桑植民歌。这首歌是一首经典民歌，同时也蕴含了丰富历史：在明代，桑植土司率桑植数千土家儿郎应朝廷的召唤，远赴江浙、朝鲜三度抗倭，土司的歌声伴随着战士们的整个征程。这首民歌被收入中国非物质文化遗产之中，同时也是中国民歌宝库中的经典之作。 | ||
| − | ==== | + | ====Wu Daoshui is a Good Place==== |
Wu Daoshui is a Good Place is a representative song of the Tu Jia folk songs in western Hunan, with strong local characteristics and folk style rhythm and tune. The language of vocal melody has fulfilled by its tension and power. | Wu Daoshui is a Good Place is a representative song of the Tu Jia folk songs in western Hunan, with strong local characteristics and folk style rhythm and tune. The language of vocal melody has fulfilled by its tension and power. | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | 《五道水是好地方》 | ||
| + | |||
《五道水是好地方》是湘西土家族民歌的代表歌曲，具有浓厚的地方特色和民俗风格的节奏和曲调。声乐旋律的语言具有张力和动力。 | 《五道水是好地方》是湘西土家族民歌的代表歌曲，具有浓厚的地方特色和民俗风格的节奏和曲调。声乐旋律的语言具有张力和动力。 | ||
| − | ==== | + | ====There is Good Water in High Mountains==== |
This song depicts the clear stream in the mountains, describing the beautiful scenery of the mountains in a affectionate language, conveying the imagery of the beauty of nature. The clear, cool and melodious sound of the water expressed in the lyrics brings warm joy to the visitors and brings people into close contact with nature, making them feel peaceful and full of courage. | This song depicts the clear stream in the mountains, describing the beautiful scenery of the mountains in a affectionate language, conveying the imagery of the beauty of nature. The clear, cool and melodious sound of the water expressed in the lyrics brings warm joy to the visitors and brings people into close contact with nature, making them feel peaceful and full of courage. | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | 《高山有好水》 | ||
| + | |||
这首歌曲描写了山中的清溪,以一种深情的语言来描绘高山的美丽景色,传达了自然之美的意象。歌词中表达的清晰、清凉、悠扬的水声,把温馨的欢乐带给游人,让人们与大自然亲密接触,使心情祥和而又充满勇气。 | 这首歌曲描写了山中的清溪,以一种深情的语言来描绘高山的美丽景色,传达了自然之美的意象。歌词中表达的清晰、清凉、悠扬的水声,把温馨的欢乐带给游人,让人们与大自然亲密接触,使心情祥和而又充满勇气。 | ||
===Conclusion=== | ===Conclusion=== | ||
Folk songs have great national characteristics and have endured and spread widely in the history. The contemporary folk songs will continue to inherit by combining national characteristics and features of the modern times，attracting more attention from domestic people and even the whole world. | Folk songs have great national characteristics and have endured and spread widely in the history. The contemporary folk songs will continue to inherit by combining national characteristics and features of the modern times，attracting more attention from domestic people and even the whole world. | ||
| + | |||
结论 | 结论 | ||
| + | |||
民歌具有鲜明的民族特色，在历史上经久不衰，流传广泛。当代民歌将结合民族特色和时代特征继续传承下去，吸引着国内乃至全世界人的目光。 | 民歌具有鲜明的民族特色，在历史上经久不衰，流传广泛。当代民歌将结合民族特色和时代特征继续传承下去，吸引着国内乃至全世界人的目光。 | ||
===Reference=== | ===Reference=== | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| + | [1]杨能华,李健美.[J].湘西民歌——苗歌的音乐特点探究[J].黄河之声,2020(02):27-28. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [2]安琦.湘西苗族民歌的特点及演唱风格研究[J].贵州民族研究,2017,38(03):84-87. | ||
===Terms and Expressions=== | ===Terms and Expressions=== | ||
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2.Tujia ethnic minority—土家族 | 2.Tujia ethnic minority—土家族 | ||
| + | |||
3.Receiving the bride—接亲 | 3.Receiving the bride—接亲 | ||
| + | |||
4.Weeping marriage—哭嫁 | 4.Weeping marriage—哭嫁 | ||
| + | |||
5.Dragging Cavity—拖腔 | 5.Dragging Cavity—拖腔 | ||
| + | |||
6.Vocal Range—音域 | 6.Vocal Range—音域 | ||
| + | |||
7.Horse mulberry the son take the lamp- stand—《马桑树儿搭灯台》 | 7.Horse mulberry the son take the lamp- stand—《马桑树儿搭灯台》 | ||
| + | |||
8.Sang Zhi—桑植 | 8.Sang Zhi—桑植 | ||
| + | |||
9.chieftain—土司，族长 | 9.chieftain—土司，族长 | ||
| − | 10.Wu Daoshui is a Good | + | |
| + | 10.Wu Daoshui is a Good Place—《五道水是个好地方》 | ||
| + | |||
11.There is Good Water in High Mountains—《高山有好水》 | 11.There is Good Water in High Mountains—《高山有好水》 | ||
| + | |||
12.Intangible Cultural Heritage—非物质文化遗产 | 12.Intangible Cultural Heritage—非物质文化遗产 | ||
===Question=== | ===Question=== | ||
| − | 1.Which four provinces are the folk songs widely distributed in？ | + | 1.Which four provinces are the folk songs widely distributed in？ |
| + | |||
2.According to the singing forms, how many categories can folk songs be divided into mainly？ | 2.According to the singing forms, how many categories can folk songs be divided into mainly？ | ||
| + | |||
3.What are the features of the folk songs？ | 3.What are the features of the folk songs？ | ||
| + | |||
4.Which song is the representative of Tujia ethic minority？ | 4.Which song is the representative of Tujia ethic minority？ | ||
| + | |||
5.Are the folk songs easy to perform？ | 5.Are the folk songs easy to perform？ | ||
===Answers=== | ===Answers=== | ||
1. Hunan，Hubei，Chongqing，Guizhou | 1. Hunan，Hubei，Chongqing，Guizhou | ||
| + | |||
2. Five. | 2. Five. | ||
| + | |||
3. The forms of Xiangxi folk songs are diverse. ;Xiangxi folk songs are demanding to performance.; The emotion of Xiangxi folk songs is strong and direct. | 3. The forms of Xiangxi folk songs are diverse. ;Xiangxi folk songs are demanding to performance.; The emotion of Xiangxi folk songs is strong and direct. | ||
| + | |||
4. Wu Daoshui is a Good Place. | 4. Wu Daoshui is a Good Place. | ||
| + | |||
5. No | 5. No | ||
| − | ==Liu Yingchi 刘盈池 - Sports:modern China sports development== | + | ==Liu Yingchi 刘盈池 - Sports: Modern China sports development== |
| − | ==He Ying 何颖 - Food: Special | + | |
| + | ===Abstract=== | ||
| + | Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Chinese sports have maintained a steady development. The practical process of the development of China's sports also reflects China's open-door to the outside world, economic development, and changes in national ideology. These factors have prompted China to gradually transform from a sports powerhouse to a sports powerhouse. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 摘要：新中国成立以来，中国体育一直保持着稳步发展的趋势。中国体育事业发展的实践过程也反映出了中国对外开放，经济的发展以及国民思想的转变等。这些因素都促使中国从体育大国逐渐向体育强国转变。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Keywords=== | ||
| + | open-door to the outside world; economic development; changes in national ideolog | ||
| + | |||
| + | 关键词：对外开放；经济发展；思想观念 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====A. The Promotion of Reform and opening up to Chinese Sports==== | ||
| + | Since modern times, China's reform and opening-up has achieved remarkable results. The reform and opening up has also enabled Chinese sports circles to introduce foreign technology and coaches, and scientific training has promoted the progress of athletes' performance. After the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, China's athletics decided on the development strategy of "Go out and bring it in. " On the one hand, China hire high-level coaches from all over the world to teach athletes in China, and on the other hand, China set up training bases overseas to promote Chinese players to go out to train and compete. A American coach, whose name is Randy Huntington, has been coaching in China since 2013, mainly in charge of coaching the long jump and later in the sprint. In 2022 World Championships Eugene, Chinese athlete Wang Jianan won the gold medal in the long jump. Randy Huntington was his coach, behind his honor, not only the hard work of Wang Jiannan, but also the guidance and company of coach Randy also played an important role. In addition, Randy also served as Su Bingtian's coach. Su Bingtian is an outstanding athlete in the field of Chinese sprint. At the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, Su Bingtian successfully advanced to the 100-meter final with a time of 9.83 seconds in the 100-meter semi-final. In the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Su Bingtian successfully advanced to the 100m final with a score of 9.83 seconds in the 100m semi-final, and ranked first in the semi-final. This achievement broke the Asian record, and also broke the stereotype that many people have that "yellow people are physically inferior in athletics". Before this competition, Randy made many scientific adjustments in Su's training. He let Su Bingtian increase the rest between groups to 12 minutes in each group of training, and was able to use Excel tables to accurately calculate Su's time spent per 10 meters and predict the performance of each shot, scientific training allowed Su to break through again in the Olympics. Competition sports fight not only depend on physical quality such as the internal factors, hardware facilities and other external conditions are also very important. Through a number of academic papers and various media publicity reports, Su's scientific sports philosophy has received increasing attention: He has studied the technical characteristics of almost all the best 100-meter sprinters in the world, and compared the "championship model" to find his own shortcomings. He has refined the 100-meter distance into 47-48 steps, with almost every step having specific technical and movement requirements; in the auxiliary training, he adjusts his power and movements according to the markings made by the coaching team at the edge of the field; he is supported by professionals in various fields such as sports biomechanics, sports biochemistry, nutrition, equipment and psychological counseling. [1] 本刊编辑部.苏炳添科学运动风潮引领者[J].健康中国观察,2023(01):34-36. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 一、 改革开放对中国体育的促进 | ||
| + | 近代以来，中国改革开放取得了明显的成效，改革开放也使得中国体育界引进了国外的技术和教练人员，科学的训练促进了运动员成绩的进步。2008年北京奥运会后，中国田径就确定了“走出去，请进来”的发展战略，一方面在世界各地聘请高水平教练来到中国，一方面在海外设立训练基地，推动中国选手走出去训练和比赛。美国教练，兰迪·亨廷顿，自2013年起，来到中国担任教练，主要负责跳远项目，后来又带短跑项目。2022尤金田径世锦赛，中国运动员王嘉男在跳远这一项目上获得了金牌，而兰迪正是他的教练，在功勋的背后，不但有王嘉男的辛苦付出，教练兰迪的指导与陪伴也发挥了很大的作用。除此之外，兰迪还担任了苏炳添的教练。2020年东京奥运会当中，苏炳添在100米半决赛当中以9.83的成绩成功晋级100米决赛，并且在半决赛当中位列第一的好成绩。这个成绩打破了亚洲纪录，并且也打破了许多人“黄种人的身体构造在田径方面处于劣势”的刻板印象。在这之前，兰迪在苏炳添的训练当中进行了许多科学的调整。他让苏炳添的组间休息增加到12分钟，并且能用Excel表格精确计算出苏炳添每10米的用时和预测每枪的成绩，科学的训练让苏炳添在奥运会中再一次突破了自己。同时，受教练的影响，苏炳添自身也非常注重科学训练。“通过多篇学术论文以及各类媒体的宣传报道，苏炳添的科学运动理念越来越受到关注：他随身携带小卷尺，用于寻找起跑器的最佳位置他研究过世界上几乎所有最优秀的百米短跑 选手的技术特点，通过对比“冠军模型”寻找自己的不足之处他将 100 米的距离细化为 47-48步，每一步几乎都有专门的技术和动作要求；辅助训练中，他会根据教练组在场地边缘做的标记调整自己的发力和动作；团队中有运动生物力学、 运动生物化学、营养保障、器材装备、心理咨询等多个领域的专业人士为他提供支持。”[1]. 本刊编辑部.苏炳添科学运动风潮引领者[J].健康中国观察,2023(01):34-36. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====B. The Promotion of Science and Technology to Chinese Sports==== | ||
| + | The gradual development of China's economy has also contributed to the improvement of domestic sports brands, such as Li-Ning and Peak. Li-Ning has been committed to establishing a comprehensive AT apparel technology system in recent years, with continuous innovation in 3D FITTING pattern technology, ultra-light fabric technology, etc. Peak's new cushioning technology "state pole" that is the midsole technology P4U ("P4U" means protection for you). The non-Newtonian fluid material P4U is compounded and foamed by an innovative technology that provides "adaptive" properties not found in conventional materials. "Adaptive" simply means that according to the environment to make different responses, based on the different state of force, to give the wearer different feedback.[2] At low speeds, P4U provides a softer and more comfortable fit for the people who wear it. The development of sports equipment can lead to a better experience for athletes and also protect themselves from injuries during competition and training, and people no longer run barefoot or wear inappropriate shoes for sports as before. With the development of science and technology in China, people's investment in research and development of sports products will also increase greatly, and will also make the development of products more refined and scientific. For top athletes, even modest improvements require sustained effort, with more scientifically advanced sports equipment to add to their training process. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 二、 科学技术对中国体育的促进 | ||
| + | 竞赛体育拼搏的不只是身体素质这样的内在因素，硬件设施等外在条件也十分重要。中国经济逐步发展的同时促进了国产的运动品牌的完善，如李宁，匹克等。李宁近年来致力于建立全面的AT服装科技系统，在3D FITTING版型科技、超轻面料科技等方面有着不断创新。匹克的新缓震科技“态极”即中底科技P4U(“Protection For You”为你保护的意思)非牛顿流体材料P4U是通过创新技术复合发泡而成，它拥有传统材料所不具备的“自适应”特性。“自适应”简单来说就是根据环境做出不同的反应，基于受力状态的不同，给予穿着者不同的反馈。[2]在低速运动状态下，P4U能为穿着者提供柔软舒适的穿着体验。运动设备的发展可以促使运动员有着更好的体验感，并且也能保护自己不在比赛和训练中受伤，人们不再像以前一样赤脚跑步或是穿着不合适的鞋进行运动。随着中国科学技术的发展，人们对于运动产品的研发投入也会大大增加，并且也会使研发产品更加精细化、科学化。对于顶尖运动员而言，即使是微弱的提升也需要持久的努力，有着更加科学先进的运动设备能够在他们训练的过程中锦上添花。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====C. The promotion of the changes in national ideolog to Chinese sports==== | ||
| + | From a sports powerhouse to a national sport, the country's growing emphasis on sports and the advancement of its ideology have contributed to the development of sports in China. When sports are strong, China is strong, and when the country is prosperous, sports are prosperous. In June 1952, Chairman Mao inscribed the slogan "Develop sports and strengthen people's physical fitness" for the sports work of China. The first National Sports Festival was held in August 2022, and several cities launched "Fitness for All" campaigns. From cycling races, walking, marathons, martial arts and other sports activities, to the increase in the number of indoor gyms and outdoor sports venues, all of these are evidence of the popularity and promotion of sports activities in China. In addition, more and more women are breaking free from the shackles of "white, young and thin" and showing the majestic beauty of vitality. In the old days, women were always socially charged with the duty of "raising a husband and children" and were guided by society's morbid aesthetic of "white, young and thin". All of this leads to a woman who loves to exercise and has a healthy body with visible muscle tone being ridiculed by many people. But as society evolves, these perceptions are constantly changing. I don't look like a boy, and sports are for girls," says skier Ailing Gu. Chinese weightlifter Hou Zhihui made a big splash in the Olympics, showing off her strength while also gaining a lot of praise. Swimmer Kary Zhang's beautiful body during the swimming process showed people the beauty of women's perseverance and strength. Women's self-confidence, bravery, strength and courage to face the setbacks independently are examples for many to learn from, and they use their own personal experiences to show that the pursuit of sports need not be defined. | ||
| + | In short, since modern times, the development of sports is not achieved overnight, after a long period of improvement, the development of sports can rely on many aspects to promote. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 三、 思想观念的改变对中国体育的促进 | ||
| + | 从体育强国到全民运动，国人对体育的不断重视以及思想观念的进步促进了中国体育事业的发展。体育强则中国强，国运兴则体育兴。1952年6月，毛主席为新中国体育工作题写了“发展体育运动，增强人们体质”的标语。2022年8月开展了首个国家体育节，多个城市开展了“全民健身”的活动。从骑行比赛，徒步行走，到马拉松，武术等各种体育活动，到室内健身房室外体育活动场所的增加，这些无一不证明体育活动在中国的普及和推广。此外，也有越来越多的女性挣脱了“白幼瘦”的束缚，展现出了生命力的磅礴之美。以前的女性总是被社会冠以“相夫教子”的义务，并且以社会上的“肤色白，年龄小，身材瘦”的病态审美为导向。这些都导致一个热爱运动，身材健康，肌肉线条明显的女性会被许多人嘲笑。但是随着社会的发展，这些观念都在不断进行改变。谷爱凌说“我并不像一个男孩子，体育本来也属于女孩”，中国举重运动员侯志慧在奥运中大放异彩，展现出自己的实力的同时也获得了许多人的赞美。游泳运动员张雨霏在游泳过程中的优美身姿让人们看到了女性的坚持之美和力量之美。女性的自信、勇敢、坚强以及敢于独立面对风浪与挫折是许多人学习的榜样，她们用自己的亲身经历告诉大家，对运动的追求无需被定义。 | ||
| + | 总结 | ||
| + | 总而言之，近现代以来，体育的发展不是一蹴而就的，经历了很长一段时间的完善，体育的发展可以依靠许多方面来促进。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Terms and Expressions=== | ||
| + | sprint 短跑； | ||
| + | |||
| + | Randy Huntington 兰迪·亨廷顿； | ||
| + | |||
| + | world championship 世锦赛； | ||
| + | |||
| + | Li-Ning李宁； | ||
| + | |||
| + | Peak 匹克； | ||
| + | |||
| + | marathon 马拉松； | ||
| + | |||
| + | martial art 武术 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Reference:=== | ||
| + | [1]. 本刊编辑部.苏炳添科学运动风潮引领者[J].健康中国观察,2023(01):34-36. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [2]. .peaksport.com | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Questions:=== | ||
| + | 1. Who used to serve as sports coaches for Su Bingtian and Wang Jianan? | ||
| + | |||
| + | 2. Which Chinese athlete broke the Asian record of 100 meters at the Tokyo Olympics? | ||
| + | |||
| + | 3. What are some well-known sports brands in China? | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Answers:=== | ||
| + | 1. Randy Huntington | ||
| + | |||
| + | 2. Su Bingtian | ||
| + | |||
| + | 3. Li-ning; Peak, etc. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==He Ying 何颖 - Food: Special Snacks in Various Regions of Changde, Hunan== | ||
| + | ===Abstract=== | ||
| + | This article introduces two special foods--beef noodle and Lei-cha to show Changde food culture. | ||
| + | ===Keywords=== | ||
| + | Food, Changde culture, Beef noodle, Lei-cha. | ||
| + | ====Beef noodle ==== | ||
| + | If you ask a person who was born in Hunan province what breakfast he or she ate, the most possible answer was beef noodles. Hunan people like slurp noodles that are "suofen" in the Hunan dialect, and Changde beef noodles are the best of Hunan rice noodles. If you have not yet eaten Changde beef noodles, do you dare say you have been to Hunan? At the same time, the beef noodles in Jinshi are the most famous. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 牛肉粉 | ||
| + | |||
| + | 如果你问一个湖南人今天吃的什么早餐，最可能的答案是牛肉粉。湖南人爱吃粉，用湖南方言说就是“嗦粉”，其中常德牛肉粉是湖南米粉中最好的吃的。没有吃过常德牛肉粉，你敢说你去过湖南吗？与此同时，津市的牛肉粉是湖南米粉中最出名的。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Changde rice noodle is a kind of Han nationality flavor snack in the Changde area of Hunan Province. It has a long history. The reason why it is favored can be traced to its special production technology. First of all, it takes more than ten hours to make white, round, slender and elastic vermicelli. And the quality of rice and water is very high. Local people use early indica rice in the Lishui River Basin. Then the next important step is making the topping-- beef. The beef should be repeatedly rinsed with water, and the lean meat, fat and bobbin bones with blood removed should be picked up and put into the water soup pot on the stove. The herbs made by hundreds of experiments are put into the bottom of the soup pot and cooked for one or two hours with high heat to medium heat. The soup pot is not covered, so the smell of beef exudes, while boiling with a soup spoon to scoop out the floating blood foam. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 常德米粉是湖南常德地区的一种特色小吃。它有着悠久的历史。之所以广受欢迎，是由于其特殊的生产技术。首先，制作洁白、浑圆、细长且弹性的粉条需要十几个小时。而且对大米和水的质量要求很高如澧水河流域的当地人都用早籼稻。下一个重要的步骤是制作浇头——牛肉。牛肉要反复用水冲洗，将去掉血水的瘦肉、肥肉和筒子骨放进炉子上煮。将经过数百次调制成的中草药放入汤锅底部，用大火到中火煮一两个小时。汤锅不用加盖，牛肉的气味扑鼻而来，在煮沸的同时要用汤匙不断撇出浮沫。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | The most famous beef noodle restaurant in Changde is Liu Deaf. His birth name is Liu Songsheng and his nickname is Liu Deaf because he suffered from otitis media as a child. When the Japanese bombing Changde, Liu Deaf took the whole family and fled to Jinshi. At the beginning, he carried a load of rice noodles to sell for a living, but the business has not improved. Later, he learned from the local Muslim people a very distinctive beef cooking skill. Coupled with his own improvement, the business prospered. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 常德最有名的牛肉粉餐馆是刘聋子。他的本名是刘松生，因为他小时候患有中耳炎，所以绰号叫刘聋子。日军轰炸常德时，刘聋子带着全家逃到津市。起初，他挑着担以卖米粉谋生，但生意并没有好转。后来，他从当地回族人民那里学到了一种很有特色的牛肉烹饪技巧，加上他自己的改良，生意蒸蒸日上。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | A bowl of humble beef noodle carries the memory of many Changde people. Eating a bowl of powder in the morning is basically the habit of every Changde people. There's no better way to start your day than with a bowl of delicious beef powder. I was born in Changde and my hometown is next to Jinshi. There is always a bowl of beef noodles in my memory, no matter where I go, I will not forget its taste and my small but warm city. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 一碗不起眼的牛肉面，承载着许多常德人的记忆。早上吃一碗粉，基本上是每个常德人的习惯。吃一碗美味的牛肉粉，开启美好的一天，没有比这更好的选择了。我出生在常德，我的家乡在津市旁边。我的记忆里总有一碗牛肉面，无论我走到哪里，我都不会忘记它的味道和我那小而温暖的城市。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Grinding tea (Lei-cha/ Sansheng soup)==== | ||
| + | Grinding tea, also called Lei-cha or Sansheng soup, has a long history. In the 25th year of the Eastern Han Dynasty, General Ma Yuan was ordered by Emperor Wudi of Han to invade Wuxi and led his troops up the Yuanshui River. When the army passed by the village of Wutou (today's peach colony of Changde), because the weather was not suitable, they infected severe wind chill and illed countless. Some people suspect it's a plague. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty recorded that: "Many of the soldiers died of epidemics." A local old woman gave the secret recipe of "Sansheng Tang" (that is, mash raw rice, ginger, and tea in a bowl and pour boiling water into the soup) to cure the disease. Ma Yuan ordered the whole army to drink it, which cured the disease and boosted their morale. Since then, "Sansheng soup" can cure all diseases that have been passed down to the present and become a custom in the local. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 研磨茶（擂茶/三生汤） | ||
| + | 研磨茶也叫擂茶或者说三生汤，它有着悠久的历史。东汉二十五年，马援将军奉汉武帝之命征战五溪，率部队沿沅水而上。大军经过乌头村（今常德桃源）时，由于天气不适宜，风寒交加，伤亡无数。有些人怀疑这是瘟疫。《后汉书》记载：“卒多死于疫病。”当地一位老妇人传授了“三生汤”的秘方（即将生米、生姜、茶叶捣碎在碗中，并将沸水倒入汤中）来治疗这种疾病。马援命令全军饮用，治好了疾病，鼓舞了士气。从那时起，“三生汤”可以疾病的说法流传至今，并成为当地的一种习俗。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | China is a state of rites. Taoyuan people are hospitable. Drinking Lei-tea is the traditional and special custom of Taoyuan people. When guests come to the house, they will always be warmly received with a table of rich Lei-tea. Put raw leaves (young tea leaves), ginger and rice into a bowl. Pound with a stick and add sesame, peanuts, soybeans and so on. After beating, add water and boil, the room is fragrant with tea. When drinking Lei tea, there are also many snacks and jars made by hosts on the table, which are called "press table". Common side dishes are fried rice, sweet potato chips, pickled radish, beans, cold bean, cucumber, cold dishes, wormwood rice and so on. Each category has more than a dozen kinds. (Long,Wang 2020,(18):20-21) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 中国是礼仪之邦。桃源人热情好客。喝擂茶是桃源人的传统和特殊习俗。当客人来做客时，主人家总会用一桌丰盛的擂茶来热情接待。擂茶制作过程是将生茶叶、生姜和大米放入碗中，用棍子捣碎，加入芝麻、花生、大豆等，捣碎后，加水煮开，房间里弥漫着茶香。喝擂茶时，桌上还有许多主人制作的点心和坛子菜，这叫做“压桌”。常见的配菜有炒米、红薯片、腌萝卜、豆角、凉豆、黄瓜、凉菜、蒿叶粑粑等，每一类都有十几种。(龙,王 2020,(18):20-21) | ||
| + | |||
| + | As to the advantages of drinking Lei-Cha, it can reduce the summer heat in summer and warm the body in winter. Lei-tea is a pure natural drink, not only fresh and delicious, but also has medicinal effects. Often drinking Lei tea also has the effect of blood flow, moistening skin and hair. At the same time, it can also get rid of grease and increase appetite. So often eating Lei-tea can lose weight, strong body and prolong life. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 关于喝擂茶的好处，它可以在夏天消暑，在冬天可以温身。擂茶是一种纯天然的饮品，不仅新鲜可口，而且具有药用功效。经常喝擂茶还有活血、润肤、润发的功效。同时，它还可以去油腻，增加食欲。所以经常喝擂茶可以减肥、强身健体、延年益寿。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | If you go to Taoyuan for the first time to drink this kind of tea, you must drink three bowls. There is a local saying that you don't owe your host until you've finished three bowls. The explanation is that when you finish the first bowl you are a thief, when you finish the second you are a guest, when you finish the third you are a friend. The more you drink, the happier. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 如果你是第一次去桃源喝擂茶，你必须喝三碗。当地有句谚语说，喝完三碗后，才算是领了主人家的情谊。这个意思是，当你喝完第一碗时，你是“贼”，当你喝完第二碗时，你是客人，当你喝完第三碗时就是朋友了。你喝得越多，主人家就越开心。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Taoyuan lei-tea culture reflects the spiritual of modern people. With the process of modernization, people's life, work pace obviously accelerated, "busy" has become a mantra of many people, which easily makes people psychologically, spiritually nervous. People need to adjust appropriately. Lei-tea has a kind of instinct, which can bring people to a state of leisure and quiet. When you enjoy it, your tired body and mind can easily be comforted. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 桃源擂茶文化体现了现代人的精神风貌。随着现代化进程的推进，人们的生活、工作节奏明显加快，“忙碌”已经成为许多人的口头禅，这很容易让人在心理、精神上感到紧张。人们需要适当调整。擂茶有一种本能，它能把人们带到一种休闲和安静的状态。当你享受它时，你疲惫的身心很容易得到慰藉。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Conclusion==== | ||
| + | Changde is a happy city where people live and work happily. Whether it is beef noodle or Lei-tea, they are all Changde's characteristic food. It is said that ordinary food is the most comforting to people. I totally agree. Finally, warmly welcome everyone to taste Changde beef noodle and Lei-tea and experience Changde culture. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 常德是一座幸福的城市，人们在这里幸福地生活和工作。无论是牛肉粉还是擂茶，都是常德的特色美食。都说平凡最抚人心。我非常认同这句话。最后，热烈欢迎大家品尝常德牛肉粉、擂茶，体验常德文化。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Reference:=== | ||
| + | 龙纯,王红兵.地域饮食文化中的色彩设计研究——以常德地方特色“擂茶”文化为例[J].明日风尚,2020(18):20-21. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Terms and Expressions：=== | ||
| + | Suofen 嗦粉 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Early indica rice 早籼稻 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Liu Deaf 刘聋子 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Lei-cha 擂茶 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Jinshi津市 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Sansheng soup 三生汤 | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Book of the Later Han Dynasty 《后汉书》 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Questions:=== | ||
| + | 1. What is the breakfast that Hunan people often eat? | ||
| + | |||
| + | 2. Which ethnic group did Liu deaf refer to for improvement methods? | ||
| + | |||
| + | 3. What is the name of Grinding tea? | ||
| + | |||
| + | 4. What are the effects of Lei-tea? | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Answers:=== | ||
| + | 1. Beef noodle. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 2. Local Muslim people. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 3. Grinding tea is also called Lei-cha or Sansheng soup. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 4. It can reduce the summer heat in summer and warm the body in winter. It can also lose weight, strong body and prolong life. | ||
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Gu Yuting 谷钰婷 - Chinese folk art：Xiangxi Folk Songs
Abstract
During the long history of China，various forms of folk art have appeared. As one of the excellent folk arts, the folk song culture has a long history and is an undoubted cultural treasure. This paper will take Western Hunan folk songs as an example and give a short introduction to folk songs from three aspects: categories, characteristics and representative songs.
Keywords
Chinese Folk art，Folk songs，National minority
传统民间艺术：湘西民歌
摘要
中国历史悠久，各种民间艺术形式百花齐放。作为优秀的民间艺术之一，我国民歌文化源远流长，是毋庸置疑的文化瑰宝。本文将以湘西民歌为例子，从类别，特点和代表曲三个方面对民歌进行简短的介绍。
关键字
中国民间艺术，民歌，少数民族
Introduction
"Xiangxi" refers to the Western part of Hunan Province, which has been a multi-ethnic region since ancient times and has gradually developed a unique folk song culture during its long history. The folk songs of Western Hunan mainly consist of the folk songs of Miao ethnic minority and Tujia ethnic minority. It is the folk music form that created by the ethnic minority people in their long-term life, and is one of their favorite forms of music. The folk songs are not only exist in Xiangxi, but also widely spread in Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou provinces. Xiangxi folk songs play an important role in studying the history, primitive religion and folklore of the Miao people. The tunes and singing styles of the folk songs of western Hunan are also special and have high artistic value, as well as great ethnic flavor and charm. The Xiangxi folk songs was listed as intangible cultural heritage of China due to their value.
简介
“湘西”指的是湖南的西部，自古以来就是一个多民族聚居的地区，在长期的历史发展中，也逐渐形成了独具特色的民歌文化。湘西民歌主要由苗族名歌和土家族民歌组成，是少数民族人民在长期生产生活中创造出来的民族民间音乐形式，是他们最喜欢的音乐形式之一。民歌不仅流传于湘西，还广泛流传于湖北省，重庆市，贵州省等地。湘西民歌形态特殊，内容丰富，从古至今在湘西一带传沿不绝，是研究苗族历史、原始宗教、民俗等的重要参考材料。湘西民歌的曲调和唱法也极为特殊，具有很高的艺术价值，也极具民族风情和魅力。湘西民歌也被列入中国非物质文化遗产。
Classification
There are various forms of Xiangxi folk songs, and there are many ways to classify them. According to their singing forms, they can be divided into five categories of common songs.
“Receiving the Bride” tune (external door blocking song)
This form of songs are mainly presented in unison, duet or solo. It is often sung at the time of receiving the bride. It is often sung by the host and guest singers during the wedding reception, with different styles and singing techniques between men and women.This type of folk songs is characterized by melodious melody, cadence, and strongly lyrical.
分类
湘西民歌形式多样，有多种分类方式，按其演唱形式来分，可以将其分为五大类常用歌调。 接亲调（对外拦门歌） 这种歌调主要以男女二人齐唱、二重唱或独唱为主要形式。其常在接亲之时，在主、客歌师对歌时演唱，男女分腔调，唱法也有所不同，其曲调悠扬，抒情味浓。
Weeping marriage tune
This is an extremely melancholy form of folk songs, often sung when a woman is married and leaving home.This weeping marriage tune start with the name of the bride and a mournful cry, and then flow into the main part of the song. Every line is sung in the dragging cavity to end with a trill, while adding the occasional sobbing sound. The infectious emotion of weeping tune is so strong that even the onlookers often burst into tears.
哭嫁调
这是一种极为悲伤的歌调，常在女子出嫁离家时演唱。在演唱时先要进行一句道白，由此发出悲哀的哭喊声，再进入主歌的唱词部分，每唱一句都要在拖腔上以颤音结束，同时又加入时不时的抽泣声。哭嫁调情感的感染力十分强，常会使听众感动地流泪。
Love Song tune
This is a common tune in folk songs and is quite popular. Love song tune often add some appellation prefixes to the lyrics to express the identity of the subject, and the love song tune is generally sung exclusively in the field, with a slow start, strong melody, rhythmic fluctuations, euphonious, and rich flavor.
情歌调
这是民歌中比较常见的歌调，较为流行。情歌调常会在歌词中加上一些称呼的词头作为表达对象的身份，而且情歌调一般只在野外演唱，起歌较慢，旋律性强，节奏起伏较大，婉转动听，风味浓郁。
Work song tune
This is the lyric song sung while working, and the tune is light and lively.
工夫歌调
这是在干活、做工夫时演唱的抒情歌调，曲调轻快活泼。
Ancient tune
This is an ancient Miao folk song tune, with a rough, majestic and atmospheric tune and a complex musical structure.
古歌调
这是一种古老的苗族民歌歌调，曲调粗犷、雄浑大气，曲式结构复杂。
Features
The forms of Xiangxi folk songs are diverse
The Xiangxi folk songs are in various forms. At first, the Xiangxi folk songs were called "Sa" in Miao dialect, which generally refers to some songs formed in some rituals during ancient times.Subsequently, the ancient folk songs developed into various forms and was no longer bound by rituals. According to the singing tone, it can be divided into "Shao Wu" and "Shao Sa", "Shao Wu" refers to the singing technique of using high cadence, which is often freer and more aggressive in melody while singing, so that the songs sound more passionate and resounding. In contrast, "Shao Sa" sounds more gentle, with a soothing melody and small ups and downs. “Shao Sa” generally sings some stories with strong narrative and sometimes adds some improvised content. Its speed can be fast or slow, more flexible, with certain local characteristics unique to western Hunan.（杨能华, 李健美 2020:27）
特点
民歌的形式多样 湘西民歌的形式多种多样。起初，湘西民歌在苗语中被称为“萨”，一般指在古代祭祀活动中一些仪式所形成的一些歌曲，后来逐渐演变为多种形式，并且体裁也渐渐多样化和复杂化。首先按照演唱的腔调可以分为“韶吾”和“韶萨”，“韶唔”主要是指采用高腔的演唱技巧，在演唱时往往比较自由，旋律比较激进，演唱出来的歌曲就更为激昂高亢。相比之下，“韶萨”就比较平缓，旋律舒缓，起伏小，一般是演唱一些故事，叙事性更强，而且有时会添加一些即兴演唱的内容，速度可快可慢，比较灵活，具有一定的湘西所特有的地方特色。（杨能华, 李健美 2020:27）
Xiangxi folk songs are demanding to performance.
The western Hunan features in mountainous natural environment. The terrain is undulating and rugged, so the ethnic minorities living in this area used to call out to each other with their high and loud voices in the early days. Based on this fact, Xiangxi folk songs’ vocal range span widely, the tone color is ringing, the power of penetrating is high, while they are also characterized by their high volume and duration. Consequently, they hold high requirements for the singers to have a strong and clear voice, clear articulation, high pitch, and long-lasting singing. This is not only a major characteristic of Xiangxi folk songs, but also a major challenge for singers.This is not only a feature of the folk songs, but also a challenge for the singers. （安琦 2017:84–87）
民歌的演唱难度大
由于湘西地区以山地地形为主，地势起伏较大，地势崎岖，因此在此地居住的少数民族在早些时期少不了以高亢嘹亮的声音互相叫唤。在此基础上产生的湘西民歌音域很广，具有很强的感染力，同时对演唱者的音量和演唱时间长度也有很高的要求。湘西民歌要求演唱者声音结实嘹亮，吐字清晰，音调高亢，而且演唱具有持久性，这不仅是湘西民歌的一大特点，也是对演唱者的一大挑战。（安琦 2017:84–87）
The emotion of Xiangxi folk songs is strong and direct
Xiangxi folk songs were created in the life of ethnic minorities, and they usually improvised songs according to the scenes and events in their life, and convey their current mood and emotions through their songs, thus the folk songs symbolize the endorsement and affection of the minorities towards their life. For example, Xiangxi love songs are very direct in terms of emotional expression, and the musical form is often bright, simple and lively, which reflects the national spirit and characteristics of the minorities people in western Hunan. （安琦 2017:84–87）
民歌的情感浓烈且直接
民歌都是在少数民族的生活中所创作出的，他们通常在生活中依景依事即兴创作歌曲，通过歌声传达自己当下的心情和情感，因此民歌所蕴含的感情色彩是十分浓烈的，民歌就是他们生活的点滴，是他们生活事情的代言。而且，湘西民歌在情感的表达上也是比较直白，例如湘西情歌在情感的表达方式上就是十分直接，在音乐形式上往往选择明快、简洁的形式，这也体现了湘西人民豪放豪客，热情活泼的民族精神和特征。（安琦 2017:84–87）
Representatives
Horse Mulberry the Son Take the Lamp-stand
This is a long-standing folk song of Sang Zhi(a rural city in Zhang Jiajie, Hunan province). This folk song is a clasic and stems from a period of history:In the Ming Dynasty, the chieftain of Sang Zhi led thousands of Tujia minority people of Sangzhi to resist Japanese aggression three times in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Korea at the call of the court. His singing always accompanied the soldiers' tough journey. This folk song is a representative piece of China's intangible cultural heritage Sangzhi folk songs, as well as a classic work in the treasure trove of Chinese folk songs.
代表歌曲
《马桑树儿搭灯台》
这是一首传唱久远的桑植民歌。这首歌是一首经典民歌，同时也蕴含了丰富历史：在明代，桑植土司率桑植数千土家儿郎应朝廷的召唤，远赴江浙、朝鲜三度抗倭，土司的歌声伴随着战士们的整个征程。这首民歌被收入中国非物质文化遗产之中，同时也是中国民歌宝库中的经典之作。
Wu Daoshui is a Good Place
Wu Daoshui is a Good Place is a representative song of the Tu Jia folk songs in western Hunan, with strong local characteristics and folk style rhythm and tune. The language of vocal melody has fulfilled by its tension and power.
《五道水是好地方》
《五道水是好地方》是湘西土家族民歌的代表歌曲，具有浓厚的地方特色和民俗风格的节奏和曲调。声乐旋律的语言具有张力和动力。
There is Good Water in High Mountains
This song depicts the clear stream in the mountains, describing the beautiful scenery of the mountains in a affectionate language, conveying the imagery of the beauty of nature. The clear, cool and melodious sound of the water expressed in the lyrics brings warm joy to the visitors and brings people into close contact with nature, making them feel peaceful and full of courage.
《高山有好水》
这首歌曲描写了山中的清溪,以一种深情的语言来描绘高山的美丽景色,传达了自然之美的意象。歌词中表达的清晰、清凉、悠扬的水声,把温馨的欢乐带给游人,让人们与大自然亲密接触,使心情祥和而又充满勇气。
Conclusion
Folk songs have great national characteristics and have endured and spread widely in the history. The contemporary folk songs will continue to inherit by combining national characteristics and features of the modern times，attracting more attention from domestic people and even the whole world.
结论
民歌具有鲜明的民族特色，在历史上经久不衰，流传广泛。当代民歌将结合民族特色和时代特征继续传承下去，吸引着国内乃至全世界人的目光。
Reference
[1]杨能华,李健美.[J].湘西民歌——苗歌的音乐特点探究[J].黄河之声,2020(02):27-28.
[2]安琦.湘西苗族民歌的特点及演唱风格研究[J].贵州民族研究,2017,38(03):84-87.
Terms and Expressions
1.Miao ethnic minority—苗族
2.Tujia ethnic minority—土家族
3.Receiving the bride—接亲
4.Weeping marriage—哭嫁
5.Dragging Cavity—拖腔
6.Vocal Range—音域
7.Horse mulberry the son take the lamp- stand—《马桑树儿搭灯台》
8.Sang Zhi—桑植
9.chieftain—土司，族长
10.Wu Daoshui is a Good Place—《五道水是个好地方》
11.There is Good Water in High Mountains—《高山有好水》
12.Intangible Cultural Heritage—非物质文化遗产
Question
1.Which four provinces are the folk songs widely distributed in？
2.According to the singing forms, how many categories can folk songs be divided into mainly？
3.What are the features of the folk songs？
4.Which song is the representative of Tujia ethic minority？
5.Are the folk songs easy to perform？
Answers
1. Hunan，Hubei，Chongqing，Guizhou
2. Five.
3. The forms of Xiangxi folk songs are diverse. ;Xiangxi folk songs are demanding to performance.; The emotion of Xiangxi folk songs is strong and direct.
4. Wu Daoshui is a Good Place.
5. No
Liu Yingchi 刘盈池 - Sports: Modern China sports development
Abstract
Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Chinese sports have maintained a steady development. The practical process of the development of China's sports also reflects China's open-door to the outside world, economic development, and changes in national ideology. These factors have prompted China to gradually transform from a sports powerhouse to a sports powerhouse.
摘要：新中国成立以来，中国体育一直保持着稳步发展的趋势。中国体育事业发展的实践过程也反映出了中国对外开放，经济的发展以及国民思想的转变等。这些因素都促使中国从体育大国逐渐向体育强国转变。
Keywords
open-door to the outside world; economic development; changes in national ideolog
关键词：对外开放；经济发展；思想观念
A. The Promotion of Reform and opening up to Chinese Sports
Since modern times, China's reform and opening-up has achieved remarkable results. The reform and opening up has also enabled Chinese sports circles to introduce foreign technology and coaches, and scientific training has promoted the progress of athletes' performance. After the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, China's athletics decided on the development strategy of "Go out and bring it in. " On the one hand, China hire high-level coaches from all over the world to teach athletes in China, and on the other hand, China set up training bases overseas to promote Chinese players to go out to train and compete. A American coach, whose name is Randy Huntington, has been coaching in China since 2013, mainly in charge of coaching the long jump and later in the sprint. In 2022 World Championships Eugene, Chinese athlete Wang Jianan won the gold medal in the long jump. Randy Huntington was his coach, behind his honor, not only the hard work of Wang Jiannan, but also the guidance and company of coach Randy also played an important role. In addition, Randy also served as Su Bingtian's coach. Su Bingtian is an outstanding athlete in the field of Chinese sprint. At the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, Su Bingtian successfully advanced to the 100-meter final with a time of 9.83 seconds in the 100-meter semi-final. In the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Su Bingtian successfully advanced to the 100m final with a score of 9.83 seconds in the 100m semi-final, and ranked first in the semi-final. This achievement broke the Asian record, and also broke the stereotype that many people have that "yellow people are physically inferior in athletics". Before this competition, Randy made many scientific adjustments in Su's training. He let Su Bingtian increase the rest between groups to 12 minutes in each group of training, and was able to use Excel tables to accurately calculate Su's time spent per 10 meters and predict the performance of each shot, scientific training allowed Su to break through again in the Olympics. Competition sports fight not only depend on physical quality such as the internal factors, hardware facilities and other external conditions are also very important. Through a number of academic papers and various media publicity reports, Su's scientific sports philosophy has received increasing attention: He has studied the technical characteristics of almost all the best 100-meter sprinters in the world, and compared the "championship model" to find his own shortcomings. He has refined the 100-meter distance into 47-48 steps, with almost every step having specific technical and movement requirements; in the auxiliary training, he adjusts his power and movements according to the markings made by the coaching team at the edge of the field; he is supported by professionals in various fields such as sports biomechanics, sports biochemistry, nutrition, equipment and psychological counseling. [1] 本刊编辑部.苏炳添科学运动风潮引领者[J].健康中国观察,2023(01):34-36.
一、 改革开放对中国体育的促进 近代以来，中国改革开放取得了明显的成效，改革开放也使得中国体育界引进了国外的技术和教练人员，科学的训练促进了运动员成绩的进步。2008年北京奥运会后，中国田径就确定了“走出去，请进来”的发展战略，一方面在世界各地聘请高水平教练来到中国，一方面在海外设立训练基地，推动中国选手走出去训练和比赛。美国教练，兰迪·亨廷顿，自2013年起，来到中国担任教练，主要负责跳远项目，后来又带短跑项目。2022尤金田径世锦赛，中国运动员王嘉男在跳远这一项目上获得了金牌，而兰迪正是他的教练，在功勋的背后，不但有王嘉男的辛苦付出，教练兰迪的指导与陪伴也发挥了很大的作用。除此之外，兰迪还担任了苏炳添的教练。2020年东京奥运会当中，苏炳添在100米半决赛当中以9.83的成绩成功晋级100米决赛，并且在半决赛当中位列第一的好成绩。这个成绩打破了亚洲纪录，并且也打破了许多人“黄种人的身体构造在田径方面处于劣势”的刻板印象。在这之前，兰迪在苏炳添的训练当中进行了许多科学的调整。他让苏炳添的组间休息增加到12分钟，并且能用Excel表格精确计算出苏炳添每10米的用时和预测每枪的成绩，科学的训练让苏炳添在奥运会中再一次突破了自己。同时，受教练的影响，苏炳添自身也非常注重科学训练。“通过多篇学术论文以及各类媒体的宣传报道，苏炳添的科学运动理念越来越受到关注：他随身携带小卷尺，用于寻找起跑器的最佳位置他研究过世界上几乎所有最优秀的百米短跑 选手的技术特点，通过对比“冠军模型”寻找自己的不足之处他将 100 米的距离细化为 47-48步，每一步几乎都有专门的技术和动作要求；辅助训练中，他会根据教练组在场地边缘做的标记调整自己的发力和动作；团队中有运动生物力学、 运动生物化学、营养保障、器材装备、心理咨询等多个领域的专业人士为他提供支持。”[1]. 本刊编辑部.苏炳添科学运动风潮引领者[J].健康中国观察,2023(01):34-36.
B. The Promotion of Science and Technology to Chinese Sports
The gradual development of China's economy has also contributed to the improvement of domestic sports brands, such as Li-Ning and Peak. Li-Ning has been committed to establishing a comprehensive AT apparel technology system in recent years, with continuous innovation in 3D FITTING pattern technology, ultra-light fabric technology, etc. Peak's new cushioning technology "state pole" that is the midsole technology P4U ("P4U" means protection for you). The non-Newtonian fluid material P4U is compounded and foamed by an innovative technology that provides "adaptive" properties not found in conventional materials. "Adaptive" simply means that according to the environment to make different responses, based on the different state of force, to give the wearer different feedback.[2] At low speeds, P4U provides a softer and more comfortable fit for the people who wear it. The development of sports equipment can lead to a better experience for athletes and also protect themselves from injuries during competition and training, and people no longer run barefoot or wear inappropriate shoes for sports as before. With the development of science and technology in China, people's investment in research and development of sports products will also increase greatly, and will also make the development of products more refined and scientific. For top athletes, even modest improvements require sustained effort, with more scientifically advanced sports equipment to add to their training process.
二、 科学技术对中国体育的促进 竞赛体育拼搏的不只是身体素质这样的内在因素，硬件设施等外在条件也十分重要。中国经济逐步发展的同时促进了国产的运动品牌的完善，如李宁，匹克等。李宁近年来致力于建立全面的AT服装科技系统，在3D FITTING版型科技、超轻面料科技等方面有着不断创新。匹克的新缓震科技“态极”即中底科技P4U(“Protection For You”为你保护的意思)非牛顿流体材料P4U是通过创新技术复合发泡而成，它拥有传统材料所不具备的“自适应”特性。“自适应”简单来说就是根据环境做出不同的反应，基于受力状态的不同，给予穿着者不同的反馈。[2]在低速运动状态下，P4U能为穿着者提供柔软舒适的穿着体验。运动设备的发展可以促使运动员有着更好的体验感，并且也能保护自己不在比赛和训练中受伤，人们不再像以前一样赤脚跑步或是穿着不合适的鞋进行运动。随着中国科学技术的发展，人们对于运动产品的研发投入也会大大增加，并且也会使研发产品更加精细化、科学化。对于顶尖运动员而言，即使是微弱的提升也需要持久的努力，有着更加科学先进的运动设备能够在他们训练的过程中锦上添花。
C. The promotion of the changes in national ideolog to Chinese sports
From a sports powerhouse to a national sport, the country's growing emphasis on sports and the advancement of its ideology have contributed to the development of sports in China. When sports are strong, China is strong, and when the country is prosperous, sports are prosperous. In June 1952, Chairman Mao inscribed the slogan "Develop sports and strengthen people's physical fitness" for the sports work of China. The first National Sports Festival was held in August 2022, and several cities launched "Fitness for All" campaigns. From cycling races, walking, marathons, martial arts and other sports activities, to the increase in the number of indoor gyms and outdoor sports venues, all of these are evidence of the popularity and promotion of sports activities in China. In addition, more and more women are breaking free from the shackles of "white, young and thin" and showing the majestic beauty of vitality. In the old days, women were always socially charged with the duty of "raising a husband and children" and were guided by society's morbid aesthetic of "white, young and thin". All of this leads to a woman who loves to exercise and has a healthy body with visible muscle tone being ridiculed by many people. But as society evolves, these perceptions are constantly changing. I don't look like a boy, and sports are for girls," says skier Ailing Gu. Chinese weightlifter Hou Zhihui made a big splash in the Olympics, showing off her strength while also gaining a lot of praise. Swimmer Kary Zhang's beautiful body during the swimming process showed people the beauty of women's perseverance and strength. Women's self-confidence, bravery, strength and courage to face the setbacks independently are examples for many to learn from, and they use their own personal experiences to show that the pursuit of sports need not be defined. In short, since modern times, the development of sports is not achieved overnight, after a long period of improvement, the development of sports can rely on many aspects to promote.
三、 思想观念的改变对中国体育的促进 从体育强国到全民运动，国人对体育的不断重视以及思想观念的进步促进了中国体育事业的发展。体育强则中国强，国运兴则体育兴。1952年6月，毛主席为新中国体育工作题写了“发展体育运动，增强人们体质”的标语。2022年8月开展了首个国家体育节，多个城市开展了“全民健身”的活动。从骑行比赛，徒步行走，到马拉松，武术等各种体育活动，到室内健身房室外体育活动场所的增加，这些无一不证明体育活动在中国的普及和推广。此外，也有越来越多的女性挣脱了“白幼瘦”的束缚，展现出了生命力的磅礴之美。以前的女性总是被社会冠以“相夫教子”的义务，并且以社会上的“肤色白，年龄小，身材瘦”的病态审美为导向。这些都导致一个热爱运动，身材健康，肌肉线条明显的女性会被许多人嘲笑。但是随着社会的发展，这些观念都在不断进行改变。谷爱凌说“我并不像一个男孩子，体育本来也属于女孩”，中国举重运动员侯志慧在奥运中大放异彩，展现出自己的实力的同时也获得了许多人的赞美。游泳运动员张雨霏在游泳过程中的优美身姿让人们看到了女性的坚持之美和力量之美。女性的自信、勇敢、坚强以及敢于独立面对风浪与挫折是许多人学习的榜样，她们用自己的亲身经历告诉大家，对运动的追求无需被定义。 总结 总而言之，近现代以来，体育的发展不是一蹴而就的，经历了很长一段时间的完善，体育的发展可以依靠许多方面来促进。
Terms and Expressions
sprint 短跑；
Randy Huntington 兰迪·亨廷顿；
world championship 世锦赛；
Li-Ning李宁；
Peak 匹克；
marathon 马拉松；
martial art 武术
Reference:
[1]. 本刊编辑部.苏炳添科学运动风潮引领者[J].健康中国观察,2023(01):34-36.
[2]. .peaksport.com
Questions:
1. Who used to serve as sports coaches for Su Bingtian and Wang Jianan?
2. Which Chinese athlete broke the Asian record of 100 meters at the Tokyo Olympics?
3. What are some well-known sports brands in China?
Answers:
1. Randy Huntington
2. Su Bingtian
3. Li-ning; Peak, etc.
He Ying 何颖 - Food: Special Snacks in Various Regions of Changde, Hunan
Abstract
This article introduces two special foods--beef noodle and Lei-cha to show Changde food culture.
Keywords
Food, Changde culture, Beef noodle, Lei-cha.
Beef noodle
If you ask a person who was born in Hunan province what breakfast he or she ate, the most possible answer was beef noodles. Hunan people like slurp noodles that are "suofen" in the Hunan dialect, and Changde beef noodles are the best of Hunan rice noodles. If you have not yet eaten Changde beef noodles, do you dare say you have been to Hunan? At the same time, the beef noodles in Jinshi are the most famous.
牛肉粉
如果你问一个湖南人今天吃的什么早餐，最可能的答案是牛肉粉。湖南人爱吃粉，用湖南方言说就是“嗦粉”，其中常德牛肉粉是湖南米粉中最好的吃的。没有吃过常德牛肉粉，你敢说你去过湖南吗？与此同时，津市的牛肉粉是湖南米粉中最出名的。
Changde rice noodle is a kind of Han nationality flavor snack in the Changde area of Hunan Province. It has a long history. The reason why it is favored can be traced to its special production technology. First of all, it takes more than ten hours to make white, round, slender and elastic vermicelli. And the quality of rice and water is very high. Local people use early indica rice in the Lishui River Basin. Then the next important step is making the topping-- beef. The beef should be repeatedly rinsed with water, and the lean meat, fat and bobbin bones with blood removed should be picked up and put into the water soup pot on the stove. The herbs made by hundreds of experiments are put into the bottom of the soup pot and cooked for one or two hours with high heat to medium heat. The soup pot is not covered, so the smell of beef exudes, while boiling with a soup spoon to scoop out the floating blood foam.
常德米粉是湖南常德地区的一种特色小吃。它有着悠久的历史。之所以广受欢迎，是由于其特殊的生产技术。首先，制作洁白、浑圆、细长且弹性的粉条需要十几个小时。而且对大米和水的质量要求很高如澧水河流域的当地人都用早籼稻。下一个重要的步骤是制作浇头——牛肉。牛肉要反复用水冲洗，将去掉血水的瘦肉、肥肉和筒子骨放进炉子上煮。将经过数百次调制成的中草药放入汤锅底部，用大火到中火煮一两个小时。汤锅不用加盖，牛肉的气味扑鼻而来，在煮沸的同时要用汤匙不断撇出浮沫。
The most famous beef noodle restaurant in Changde is Liu Deaf. His birth name is Liu Songsheng and his nickname is Liu Deaf because he suffered from otitis media as a child. When the Japanese bombing Changde, Liu Deaf took the whole family and fled to Jinshi. At the beginning, he carried a load of rice noodles to sell for a living, but the business has not improved. Later, he learned from the local Muslim people a very distinctive beef cooking skill. Coupled with his own improvement, the business prospered.
常德最有名的牛肉粉餐馆是刘聋子。他的本名是刘松生，因为他小时候患有中耳炎，所以绰号叫刘聋子。日军轰炸常德时，刘聋子带着全家逃到津市。起初，他挑着担以卖米粉谋生，但生意并没有好转。后来，他从当地回族人民那里学到了一种很有特色的牛肉烹饪技巧，加上他自己的改良，生意蒸蒸日上。
A bowl of humble beef noodle carries the memory of many Changde people. Eating a bowl of powder in the morning is basically the habit of every Changde people. There's no better way to start your day than with a bowl of delicious beef powder. I was born in Changde and my hometown is next to Jinshi. There is always a bowl of beef noodles in my memory, no matter where I go, I will not forget its taste and my small but warm city.
一碗不起眼的牛肉面，承载着许多常德人的记忆。早上吃一碗粉，基本上是每个常德人的习惯。吃一碗美味的牛肉粉，开启美好的一天，没有比这更好的选择了。我出生在常德，我的家乡在津市旁边。我的记忆里总有一碗牛肉面，无论我走到哪里，我都不会忘记它的味道和我那小而温暖的城市。
Grinding tea (Lei-cha/ Sansheng soup)
Grinding tea, also called Lei-cha or Sansheng soup, has a long history. In the 25th year of the Eastern Han Dynasty, General Ma Yuan was ordered by Emperor Wudi of Han to invade Wuxi and led his troops up the Yuanshui River. When the army passed by the village of Wutou (today's peach colony of Changde), because the weather was not suitable, they infected severe wind chill and illed countless. Some people suspect it's a plague. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty recorded that: "Many of the soldiers died of epidemics." A local old woman gave the secret recipe of "Sansheng Tang" (that is, mash raw rice, ginger, and tea in a bowl and pour boiling water into the soup) to cure the disease. Ma Yuan ordered the whole army to drink it, which cured the disease and boosted their morale. Since then, "Sansheng soup" can cure all diseases that have been passed down to the present and become a custom in the local.
研磨茶（擂茶/三生汤） 研磨茶也叫擂茶或者说三生汤，它有着悠久的历史。东汉二十五年，马援将军奉汉武帝之命征战五溪，率部队沿沅水而上。大军经过乌头村（今常德桃源）时，由于天气不适宜，风寒交加，伤亡无数。有些人怀疑这是瘟疫。《后汉书》记载：“卒多死于疫病。”当地一位老妇人传授了“三生汤”的秘方（即将生米、生姜、茶叶捣碎在碗中，并将沸水倒入汤中）来治疗这种疾病。马援命令全军饮用，治好了疾病，鼓舞了士气。从那时起，“三生汤”可以疾病的说法流传至今，并成为当地的一种习俗。
China is a state of rites. Taoyuan people are hospitable. Drinking Lei-tea is the traditional and special custom of Taoyuan people. When guests come to the house, they will always be warmly received with a table of rich Lei-tea. Put raw leaves (young tea leaves), ginger and rice into a bowl. Pound with a stick and add sesame, peanuts, soybeans and so on. After beating, add water and boil, the room is fragrant with tea. When drinking Lei tea, there are also many snacks and jars made by hosts on the table, which are called "press table". Common side dishes are fried rice, sweet potato chips, pickled radish, beans, cold bean, cucumber, cold dishes, wormwood rice and so on. Each category has more than a dozen kinds. (Long,Wang 2020,(18):20-21)
中国是礼仪之邦。桃源人热情好客。喝擂茶是桃源人的传统和特殊习俗。当客人来做客时，主人家总会用一桌丰盛的擂茶来热情接待。擂茶制作过程是将生茶叶、生姜和大米放入碗中，用棍子捣碎，加入芝麻、花生、大豆等，捣碎后，加水煮开，房间里弥漫着茶香。喝擂茶时，桌上还有许多主人制作的点心和坛子菜，这叫做“压桌”。常见的配菜有炒米、红薯片、腌萝卜、豆角、凉豆、黄瓜、凉菜、蒿叶粑粑等，每一类都有十几种。(龙,王 2020,(18):20-21)
As to the advantages of drinking Lei-Cha, it can reduce the summer heat in summer and warm the body in winter. Lei-tea is a pure natural drink, not only fresh and delicious, but also has medicinal effects. Often drinking Lei tea also has the effect of blood flow, moistening skin and hair. At the same time, it can also get rid of grease and increase appetite. So often eating Lei-tea can lose weight, strong body and prolong life.
关于喝擂茶的好处，它可以在夏天消暑，在冬天可以温身。擂茶是一种纯天然的饮品，不仅新鲜可口，而且具有药用功效。经常喝擂茶还有活血、润肤、润发的功效。同时，它还可以去油腻，增加食欲。所以经常喝擂茶可以减肥、强身健体、延年益寿。
If you go to Taoyuan for the first time to drink this kind of tea, you must drink three bowls. There is a local saying that you don't owe your host until you've finished three bowls. The explanation is that when you finish the first bowl you are a thief, when you finish the second you are a guest, when you finish the third you are a friend. The more you drink, the happier.
如果你是第一次去桃源喝擂茶，你必须喝三碗。当地有句谚语说，喝完三碗后，才算是领了主人家的情谊。这个意思是，当你喝完第一碗时，你是“贼”，当你喝完第二碗时，你是客人，当你喝完第三碗时就是朋友了。你喝得越多，主人家就越开心。
Taoyuan lei-tea culture reflects the spiritual of modern people. With the process of modernization, people's life, work pace obviously accelerated, "busy" has become a mantra of many people, which easily makes people psychologically, spiritually nervous. People need to adjust appropriately. Lei-tea has a kind of instinct, which can bring people to a state of leisure and quiet. When you enjoy it, your tired body and mind can easily be comforted.
桃源擂茶文化体现了现代人的精神风貌。随着现代化进程的推进，人们的生活、工作节奏明显加快，“忙碌”已经成为许多人的口头禅，这很容易让人在心理、精神上感到紧张。人们需要适当调整。擂茶有一种本能，它能把人们带到一种休闲和安静的状态。当你享受它时，你疲惫的身心很容易得到慰藉。
Conclusion
Changde is a happy city where people live and work happily. Whether it is beef noodle or Lei-tea, they are all Changde's characteristic food. It is said that ordinary food is the most comforting to people. I totally agree. Finally, warmly welcome everyone to taste Changde beef noodle and Lei-tea and experience Changde culture.
常德是一座幸福的城市，人们在这里幸福地生活和工作。无论是牛肉粉还是擂茶，都是常德的特色美食。都说平凡最抚人心。我非常认同这句话。最后，热烈欢迎大家品尝常德牛肉粉、擂茶，体验常德文化。
Reference:
龙纯,王红兵.地域饮食文化中的色彩设计研究——以常德地方特色“擂茶”文化为例[J].明日风尚,2020(18):20-21.
Terms and Expressions：
Suofen 嗦粉
Early indica rice 早籼稻
Liu Deaf 刘聋子
Lei-cha 擂茶
Jinshi津市
Sansheng soup 三生汤
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty 《后汉书》
Questions:
1. What is the breakfast that Hunan people often eat?
2. Which ethnic group did Liu deaf refer to for improvement methods?
3. What is the name of Grinding tea?
4. What are the effects of Lei-tea?
Answers:
1. Beef noodle.
2. Local Muslim people.
3. Grinding tea is also called Lei-cha or Sansheng soup.
4. It can reduce the summer heat in summer and warm the body in winter. It can also lose weight, strong body and prolong life.