Difference between revisions of "20230630 final exam culture 05"
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===1.Introduction=== | ===1.Introduction=== | ||
Nightlife is becoming more popular among young people in China as the economy develops and entertainment options diversify. At night, under the neon lights of the city, the night markets, bistros, barbecue stalls, and KTV are especially crowded. Song and dance shows and street performances emerge one after another. When the evening lights are lit, for many young people, it signals the beginning of "nightlife". Many cities, such as Changsha, are well known for their colorful nightlife. | Nightlife is becoming more popular among young people in China as the economy develops and entertainment options diversify. At night, under the neon lights of the city, the night markets, bistros, barbecue stalls, and KTV are especially crowded. Song and dance shows and street performances emerge one after another. When the evening lights are lit, for many young people, it signals the beginning of "nightlife". Many cities, such as Changsha, are well known for their colorful nightlife. | ||
| − | Then we can't help wondering how the nightlife has developed into such a colorful scene. Did the ancient people have nightlife? Of course they had, and enjoyed rich and colorful nightlife. Although life in ancient times was far less prosperous than it is today, ancient people had different arrangements for their nights in different periods and regions, enjoying themselves. | + | Then we can't help wondering how the nightlife has developed into such a colorful scene. Did the ancient people have nightlife? Of course they had, and enjoyed rich and colorful nightlife. Although life in ancient times was far less prosperous than it is today, ancient people had different arrangements for their nights in different periods and regions, enjoying themselves.--(Baidu 2021) |
===2.Nightlife before the Song Dynasty=== | ===2.Nightlife before the Song Dynasty=== | ||
| − | Before the Song Dynasty, China had strict curfews, that is, at certain times, soldiers would patrol the streets. And if anyone was found strolling in the streets, it was a felony. This system was particularly strict in the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an (today's Xi 'an) practiced the square city system. The central axis and symmetrical division of the city formed a checkerboard layout of streets. At dusk, people stroke gongs or beat drums in the streets to remind pedestrians to go home quickly, and the gates of Chang 'an and each fang would be closed. Therefore, before the Song Dynasty, people did not have a rich nightlife. Only three days before and after the Lantern Festival would the curfew be lifted and all the citizens were allowed to go on the street for fun. | + | Before the Song Dynasty, China had strict curfews, that is, at certain times, soldiers would patrol the streets. And if anyone was found strolling in the streets, it was a felony. This system was particularly strict in the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an (today's Xi 'an) practiced the square city system. The central axis and symmetrical division of the city formed a checkerboard layout of streets. At dusk, people stroke gongs or beat drums in the streets to remind pedestrians to go home quickly, and the gates of Chang 'an and each fang would be closed. Therefore, before the Song Dynasty, people did not have a rich nightlife. Only three days before and after the Lantern Festival would the curfew be lifted and all the citizens were allowed to go on the street for fun.--(Baidu 2021) |
| − | Curfews were good for the rulers to control the people, but bad for business. By the Mid-tang Dynasty, Chang 'an was densely populated and bustling with commerce, already in conflict with the curfew system. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, although the rulers still emphasized curfews, they were no longer able to tell the people what to do with their nightlife, which paved the way for the breaking of the curfew system in the later Song Dynasty. | + | Curfews were good for the rulers to control the people, but bad for business. By the Mid-tang Dynasty, Chang 'an was densely populated and bustling with commerce, already in conflict with the curfew system. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, although the rulers still emphasized curfews, they were no longer able to tell the people what to do with their nightlife, which paved the way for the breaking of the curfew system in the later Song Dynasty.--(Baidu Baike Curfew) |
===3.Nightlife in the Song Dynasty=== | ===3.Nightlife in the Song Dynasty=== | ||
| − | In the Northern Song Dynasty, the curfew system was broken. At that time, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianliang (today's Kaifeng in Henan Province), was the most prosperous commercial city in China. It was natural to extend business hours in order to accommodate consumers' feelings and satisfy their needs, and the "night market" reached its peak during this period. There were numerous restaurants in the capital Bianliang, of which Fan Lou was the leader. It is said that its base was so high that it overlooked the imperial palace. Only in this period did people dare to construct such a building in the capital. From the night market in the Northern Song Dynasty to that in the Southern Song Dynasty, people's nightlife was greatly enriched. | + | In the Northern Song Dynasty, the curfew system was broken. At that time, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianliang (today's Kaifeng in Henan Province), was the most prosperous commercial city in China. It was natural to extend business hours in order to accommodate consumers' feelings and satisfy their needs, and the "night market" reached its peak during this period. There were numerous restaurants in the capital Bianliang, of which Fan Lou was the leader. It is said that its base was so high that it overlooked the imperial palace. Only in this period did people dare to construct such a building in the capital. From the night market in the Northern Song Dynasty to that in the Southern Song Dynasty, people's nightlife was greatly enriched.--(Yang 1997:132) |
| − | The nightlife of the Song people was not only about wandering, shopping, eating and drinking, but also formed a unique and vivid night market culture. Various entertainment activities emerged in endless stream: watching lanterns, watching Zaju, kicking Cuju, listening to music, enjoying dance, getting drunk and so on. If the literati get together, they would talk about the court and their aspirations. When their spirits rose, they would also recite a poem. | + | The nightlife of the Song people was not only about wandering, shopping, eating and drinking, but also formed a unique and vivid night market culture. Various entertainment activities emerged in endless stream: watching lanterns, watching Zaju, kicking Cuju, listening to music, enjoying dance, getting drunk and so on. If the literati get together, they would talk about the court and their aspirations. When their spirits rose, they would also recite a poem.--(Yang 1997:132) |
| − | Of course, the flourishing nightlife of the Song Dynasty was only limited to the "super cities" such as Bianjing and Lin’an, while the night in ordinary cities was still very quiet. | + | Of course, the flourishing nightlife of the Song Dynasty was only limited to the "super cities" such as Bianjing and Lin’an, while the night in ordinary cities was still very quiet.--(Sohu 2018) |
===4.Nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties=== | ===4.Nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties=== | ||
| − | During the Yuan Dynasty, the night market culture once ceased and faded. The Yuan Dynasty lasted less than one hundred years and implemented the curfew system. After the canal transportation between the north and the south was constructed, the night market flourished, which was suppressed to a certain extent later. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the unprecedented development of industry and commerce as well as the prevalence of the idea of enjoyment and luxury, that the night market culture was restored. Different from the Song Dynasty, nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties broke through the restrictions of regions, and was not limited to the prosperous areas. Food, laughter and fireworks were everywhere in the city, and strangers from all over the country could gather together even if they had never met. | + | During the Yuan Dynasty, the night market culture once ceased and faded. The Yuan Dynasty lasted less than one hundred years and implemented the curfew system. After the canal transportation between the north and the south was constructed, the night market flourished, which was suppressed to a certain extent later. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the unprecedented development of industry and commerce as well as the prevalence of the idea of enjoyment and luxury, that the night market culture was restored. Different from the Song Dynasty, nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties broke through the restrictions of regions, and was not limited to the prosperous areas. Food, laughter and fireworks were everywhere in the city, and strangers from all over the country could gather together even if they had never met.--(Zhao 2021:49-51) |
| − | For example, the Dutch mission to China during the reign of Kangxi clearly recorded the nightlife of Linqing in Shandong Province at that time. As an important town along the canal, Linqing was famous for its prosperity. Every night, all the local inns and teahouses were open all night, with lively performances. What’s more, the guests only needed to pay a few bucks to enjoy the nightlife there. | + | For example, the Dutch mission to China during the reign of Kangxi clearly recorded the nightlife of Linqing in Shandong Province at that time. As an important town along the canal, Linqing was famous for its prosperity. Every night, all the local inns and teahouses were open all night, with lively performances. What’s more, the guests only needed to pay a few bucks to enjoy the nightlife there.--(Baidu 2019) |
===5.Nightlife during the Republican Period=== | ===5.Nightlife during the Republican Period=== | ||
| − | Although the Republic of China only existed for thirty-eight years, it left precious reminiscences for the later generations. If we analyze the nightlife of the Republic of China from the historical point of view, it is not difficult to find that the culture and customs at that time contained a combination of China and Western elements. When it comes to nightlife in the Republic of China, we can't help but think of nights in Shanghai, the so-called "city that never sleeps". The decadent music of the "Ten Miles of foreign land" filled the atmosphere, and the prosperity of old Shanghai was vividly displayed in the city of lights. With the lingering music and romantic fox trot, this was the unforgettable old Shanghai. It is obvious that the nightlife in big cities like Shanghai and Beijing at that time, due to the influence of foreign culture, has been very close to the popular nightlife nowadays. | + | Although the Republic of China only existed for thirty-eight years, it left precious reminiscences for the later generations. If we analyze the nightlife of the Republic of China from the historical point of view, it is not difficult to find that the culture and customs at that time contained a combination of China and Western elements. When it comes to nightlife in the Republic of China, we can't help but think of nights in Shanghai, the so-called "city that never sleeps". The decadent music of the "Ten Miles of foreign land" filled the atmosphere, and the prosperity of old Shanghai was vividly displayed in the city of lights. With the lingering music and romantic fox trot, this was the unforgettable old Shanghai. It is obvious that the nightlife in big cities like Shanghai and Beijing at that time, due to the influence of foreign culture, has been very close to the popular nightlife nowadays.--(Baidu Baike Nightlife in Shanghai) |
===6.Nightlife in Modern China=== | ===6.Nightlife in Modern China=== | ||
| − | When night falls, people can say goodbye to the fast pace of city life during the daytime, and let off steam at night. Young people are becoming the protagonists of nightlife. Nightlife culture has developed so far that many of the old night-time businesses are gradually being abandoned by the young. For example, KTV, Internet bar and dance floor, which were very popular 10 years ago, have become less welcomed now. Nowadays, the young consumer groups’ extensive demands in leisure, social and other aspects, have stimulated the rise of more new forms of entertainment at night. Free and diversified social spaces are popular among the young. The popularity of script kill, Secret Room escape, small concert, electric sound and bistro industry is just a microcosm of the rapid development of the current night economy. From first-tier cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen to Hangzhou, Chengdu, Changsha, etc., nightlife culture is gradually expanding to all parts of the country. | + | When night falls, people can say goodbye to the fast pace of city life during the daytime, and let off steam at night. Young people are becoming the protagonists of nightlife. Nightlife culture has developed so far that many of the old night-time businesses are gradually being abandoned by the young. For example, KTV, Internet bar and dance floor, which were very popular 10 years ago, have become less welcomed now. Nowadays, the young consumer groups’ extensive demands in leisure, social and other aspects, have stimulated the rise of more new forms of entertainment at night. Free and diversified social spaces are popular among the young. The popularity of script kill, Secret Room escape, small concert, electric sound and bistro industry is just a microcosm of the rapid development of the current night economy. From first-tier cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen to Hangzhou, Chengdu, Changsha, etc., nightlife culture is gradually expanding to all parts of the country.--(Duoduo 2021) |
===7.Conclusion=== | ===7.Conclusion=== | ||
The night is not heavy, and this moment breeds a different kind of flavor and imagination. The story of night has never been broken since ancient times. In the future, China's night will continue to export wonderful cultural stories. | The night is not heavy, and this moment breeds a different kind of flavor and imagination. The story of night has never been broken since ancient times. In the future, China's night will continue to export wonderful cultural stories. | ||
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宵禁制度有利于统治者对民众的管理，却不利于商业的发展。唐朝中期，长安城人口稠密，商业繁华，已经与宵禁制度产生了矛盾。唐朝末期，统治者虽然一再强调宵禁，但他们已经没有能力对老百姓的夜生活指手画脚了，为之后宋朝宵禁制度被打破作了铺垫。--（百度百科 宵禁） | 宵禁制度有利于统治者对民众的管理，却不利于商业的发展。唐朝中期，长安城人口稠密，商业繁华，已经与宵禁制度产生了矛盾。唐朝末期，统治者虽然一再强调宵禁，但他们已经没有能力对老百姓的夜生活指手画脚了，为之后宋朝宵禁制度被打破作了铺垫。--（百度百科 宵禁） | ||
===3.宋朝时期的夜生活=== | ===3.宋朝时期的夜生活=== | ||
| − | 从北宋开始，宵禁制度就被打破了。当时北宋的都城东京汴梁（今河南开封），是全国商业最繁华的城市。为了照顾消费者的情绪和满足他们的需要，延长营业时间是很自然的事情，“夜市”也是在这个时期走向了巅峰。东京汴梁的酒楼数不胜数，而“樊楼”是头牌，类似现代版夜总会，据载它的基座很高，在它上面能俯瞰皇宫，在首都敢造这样的建筑，也只有宋朝。从北宋的东京夜市到南宋的临安夜市，老百姓的夜生活得到了极大的丰富。-- | + | 从北宋开始，宵禁制度就被打破了。当时北宋的都城东京汴梁（今河南开封），是全国商业最繁华的城市。为了照顾消费者的情绪和满足他们的需要，延长营业时间是很自然的事情，“夜市”也是在这个时期走向了巅峰。东京汴梁的酒楼数不胜数，而“樊楼”是头牌，类似现代版夜总会，据载它的基座很高，在它上面能俯瞰皇宫，在首都敢造这样的建筑，也只有宋朝。从北宋的东京夜市到南宋的临安夜市，老百姓的夜生活得到了极大的丰富。--（杨文秀 1997:132） |
| − | 宋人的夜生活不仅仅是逛街、购物与吃喝，还形成了一种独特而生动的夜市文化，各种娱乐活动层出不穷：看花灯、看杂剧、踢蹴鞠、听曲、赏舞、买醉等等。若是文人墨客相聚，还会谈朝廷、聊志向，兴致来时，便吟诗一首。-- | + | 宋人的夜生活不仅仅是逛街、购物与吃喝，还形成了一种独特而生动的夜市文化，各种娱乐活动层出不穷：看花灯、看杂剧、踢蹴鞠、听曲、赏舞、买醉等等。若是文人墨客相聚，还会谈朝廷、聊志向，兴致来时，便吟诗一首。--（杨文秀 1997：132） |
当然，大宋这“耍闹去处，通宵不绝”的繁华夜生活，其实也只局限在汴京临安大名等“超级城市”里，普通城市的夜晚还是非常冷清。（搜狐网 2018） | 当然，大宋这“耍闹去处，通宵不绝”的繁华夜生活，其实也只局限在汴京临安大名等“超级城市”里，普通城市的夜晚还是非常冷清。（搜狐网 2018） | ||
===4.明清时期的夜生活=== | ===4.明清时期的夜生活=== | ||
| − | 元朝时期，夜市文化曾经一度中断消退。元朝立国不足百年，并实行宵禁制度，南北漕运开通后夜市逐兴，后受到一定抑制。直到明清时期，适逢工商业的空前发展和享乐崇奢思想的盛行，夜市文化才得以恢复。与宋朝不同的是，明清时期的夜生活突破了地域的限制，不仅局限于经济繁荣的地区，美食、欢笑、烟火气息遍布城市每个角落，来自五湖四海的陌生人，即使素不相识也能汇聚一堂。-- | + | 元朝时期，夜市文化曾经一度中断消退。元朝立国不足百年，并实行宵禁制度，南北漕运开通后夜市逐兴，后受到一定抑制。直到明清时期，适逢工商业的空前发展和享乐崇奢思想的盛行，夜市文化才得以恢复。与宋朝不同的是，明清时期的夜生活突破了地域的限制，不仅局限于经济繁荣的地区，美食、欢笑、烟火气息遍布城市每个角落，来自五湖四海的陌生人，即使素不相识也能汇聚一堂。--（赵雪峰 2021:49-51） |
比如康熙年间出使中国的荷兰使团，就清楚记录了当时山东临清的“夜生活”。作为当时运河沿线的重镇，临清以富庶繁华著称。每天晚上，当地所有的客栈茶馆都通宵营业，戏曲弹唱演出热热闹闹，甚至客人们只需付几文钱，就可以愉快享受这里的“夜生活”。--（百度 巴巴说历史 2019） | 比如康熙年间出使中国的荷兰使团，就清楚记录了当时山东临清的“夜生活”。作为当时运河沿线的重镇，临清以富庶繁华著称。每天晚上，当地所有的客栈茶馆都通宵营业，戏曲弹唱演出热热闹闹，甚至客人们只需付几文钱，就可以愉快享受这里的“夜生活”。--（百度 巴巴说历史 2019） | ||
===5.民国时期的夜生活=== | ===5.民国时期的夜生活=== | ||
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===References:=== | ===References:=== | ||
| − | [1] | + | [1]杨文秀.(1997).北宋东京市民的夜生活.唐都学刊(02),132. |
| − | [2]赵雪峰.(2021).中国古代的夜市. | + | [2]赵雪峰.(2021).中国古代的夜市.文史春秋(02),49-51. |
| − | [3]宋朝人的夜生活. 搜狐网. (2018-11-13). | + | [3]宋朝人的夜生活. 搜狐网. (2018-11-13). https://www.sohu.com/a/275031770_120012326 |
| − | [4]古代人有没有夜生活？有，而且很丰富. 历史百小生. 百度网. (2021-01-20). | + | [4]古代人有没有夜生活？有，而且很丰富. 历史百小生. 百度网. (2021-01-20). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1689394355714618551 |
| − | [5]宵禁. 百度百科 | + | [5]宵禁. 百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%B5%E7%A6%81/5954139 |
| − | [6]古代人的夜生活是什么样的？浅谈夜市的发展. 巴巴说历史. 百度网. (2019-12-30). | + | [6]古代人的夜生活是什么样的？浅谈夜市的发展. 巴巴说历史. 百度网. (2019-12-30). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1654305956389719779 |
| − | [7]夜上海. 百度百科 | + | [7]夜上海. 百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%9C%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7/6732609 |
| − | [8]这届年轻人，“玩”出了超30万亿的夜间经济. 朵朵. 微信公众号“连线Insight”. (2021-10-08). | + | [8]这届年轻人，“玩”出了超30万亿的夜间经济. 朵朵. 微信公众号“连线Insight”. (2021-10-08). https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=Mzg2MTc4Nzg5MQ==&mid=2247529409&idx=1&sn=c59aee013396a9fe8a36dee20fd51826&source=41#wechat_redirect |
===Terms and Expressions:=== | ===Terms and Expressions:=== | ||
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After the Tang and Song dynasties, the status of dog meat declined and was replaced by other meats. The reason is that compared with pigs, sheep and other livestock, dog is small and not easy to grow up. So people think it's not economical to eat dog meat. | After the Tang and Song dynasties, the status of dog meat declined and was replaced by other meats. The reason is that compared with pigs, sheep and other livestock, dog is small and not easy to grow up. So people think it's not economical to eat dog meat. | ||
When the dog ceased to serve as an ingredient, its function as a watchman and hunting gradually dominated. Because of their territoriality and loyalty, dogs is able to finish these mission perfectly. What’ s more, gradually the dog evolved into a pet, and the boundary with people gradually blurred. | When the dog ceased to serve as an ingredient, its function as a watchman and hunting gradually dominated. Because of their territoriality and loyalty, dogs is able to finish these mission perfectly. What’ s more, gradually the dog evolved into a pet, and the boundary with people gradually blurred. | ||
| − | Today, more and more Chinese people are becoming dog lovers and consider puppies as their friends. | + | Today, more and more Chinese people are becoming dog lovers and consider puppies as their friends.（界面新闻：从食狗到宠狗：中国文化中的狗狗演变史） |
| + | |||
===The Image of Dogs in Literature=== | ===The Image of Dogs in Literature=== | ||
In Chinese literature, dogs are portrayed in both positive and negative ways. But the negative image dominates. | In Chinese literature, dogs are portrayed in both positive and negative ways. But the negative image dominates. | ||
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Firstly, It can be tracing back to the earliest ideology of dog culture, there is a legend about the God Dog. The God Dog is an ancient Chinese mythological beast who can swallow the moon and plunge heaven and earth into darkness. In Chinese culture, this is a bad omen. Therefore, there is the custom of "banging gongs and drums, catching the God Dog to save the moon". | Firstly, It can be tracing back to the earliest ideology of dog culture, there is a legend about the God Dog. The God Dog is an ancient Chinese mythological beast who can swallow the moon and plunge heaven and earth into darkness. In Chinese culture, this is a bad omen. Therefore, there is the custom of "banging gongs and drums, catching the God Dog to save the moon". | ||
The second reason is geographical. Since ancient times, China is a large agricultural country. Agriculture has a huge impact on people's lives. In ancient times, people made their living by farming. In order to make a living, they had to find things that could help with agricultural production and value them. Unfortunately, the dog does not seem to be that useful for agricultural production. Because he does not have a lot of strength and hard work like cows and horses. | The second reason is geographical. Since ancient times, China is a large agricultural country. Agriculture has a huge impact on people's lives. In ancient times, people made their living by farming. In order to make a living, they had to find things that could help with agricultural production and value them. Unfortunately, the dog does not seem to be that useful for agricultural production. Because he does not have a lot of strength and hard work like cows and horses. | ||
| − | The third reason is the religious sacrificial factor. Although the dog was also used as a tribute, it was not used nearly as much as animals such as cows, sheep and pigs. And there is also a hierarchy in Chinese sacrifices. As a sacrifice, cattle, sheep and pigs all three are called 太牢 or 大牢. In the past only the emperor can be eligible to use. Only sheep and pigs are called 少牢 for the use of vassals and scholars, and only one pig is called 特豕 for the use of the lower nobility during the sacrifice. This shows that the status of the dog in ancient times was very low, which also has some impact on the image of the dog in literature and culture. | + | The third reason is the religious sacrificial factor. Although the dog was also used as a tribute, it was not used nearly as much as animals such as cows, sheep and pigs. And there is also a hierarchy in Chinese sacrifices. As a sacrifice, cattle, sheep and pigs all three are called 太牢 or 大牢. In the past only the emperor can be eligible to use. Only sheep and pigs are called 少牢 for the use of vassals and scholars, and only one pig is called 特豕 for the use of the lower nobility during the sacrifice. This shows that the status of the dog in ancient times was very low, which also has some impact on the image of the dog in literature and culture. （East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya：593-594） |
| + | |||
===Different attitudes towards puppies in the West and China=== | ===Different attitudes towards puppies in the West and China=== | ||
It is well known that in Western cultures people value dogs. They do not see dogs as an ingredient, but rather care about them and see them as companions. In Western families, the dog is often treated as a very important family member and is an integral part of the family. However, in China, although many people see puppies as pets, there are still some people who fail to accept them. | It is well known that in Western cultures people value dogs. They do not see dogs as an ingredient, but rather care about them and see them as companions. In Western families, the dog is often treated as a very important family member and is an integral part of the family. However, in China, although many people see puppies as pets, there are still some people who fail to accept them. | ||
| − | There are many reasons for this difference, and one important factor is the difference in cultural core values. In the West, people are "individualistic" and have a weak sense of family. When children reach adulthood, they leave their parents to start their own families and become less close to them. At this time, an elderly parent may feel lonely and isolated, so they choose a puppy to keep him or her company. The Chinese value is focus on family, reunion and filial piety. When the children grow up, the relationship between them and their parents remains close, and the elderly have the joy of having four generations together and do not feel lonely, so naturally they do not need the company of a puppy. | + | There are many reasons for this difference, and one important factor is the difference in cultural core values. In the West, people are "individualistic" and have a weak sense of family. When children reach adulthood, they leave their parents to start their own families and become less close to them. At this time, an elderly parent may feel lonely and isolated, so they choose a puppy to keep him or her company. The Chinese value is focus on family, reunion and filial piety. When the children grow up, the relationship between them and their parents remains close, and the elderly have the joy of having four generations together and do not feel lonely, so naturally they do not need the company of a puppy. （ East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya：595-596） |
| + | |||
===Conclude=== | ===Conclude=== | ||
The culture of the dog is a very important part of Chinese culture. In China, there are many linguistic expressions, myths and historical stories related to dogs. Similarly, with the development of the times, Chinese people have come to regard dogs as their friends. A growing number of dog lovers have emerged in society, criticizing cruel dog abuse and taking in stray, homeless puppies. | The culture of the dog is a very important part of Chinese culture. In China, there are many linguistic expressions, myths and historical stories related to dogs. Similarly, with the development of the times, Chinese people have come to regard dogs as their friends. A growing number of dog lovers have emerged in society, criticizing cruel dog abuse and taking in stray, homeless puppies. | ||
===References=== | ===References=== | ||
1.Hongping Chen & Yu Zhang; Scholars J Edu Humanit Lit; (Vol-2, Iss-10 -Sept, 2019): 593-596 | 1.Hongping Chen & Yu Zhang; Scholars J Edu Humanit Lit; (Vol-2, Iss-10 -Sept, 2019): 593-596 | ||
| − | 2. | + | 2. 界面新闻：从食狗到宠狗：中国文化中的狗狗演变史 |
| − | + | ||
===Questions=== | ===Questions=== | ||
1.What the main functions of dogs in ancient China? | 1.What the main functions of dogs in ancient China? | ||
| Line 257: | Line 260: | ||
===参考文献=== | ===参考文献=== | ||
1.Hongping Chen & Yu Zhang; Scholars J Edu Humanit Lit; (Vol-2, Iss-10 -Sept, 2019): 593-596 | 1.Hongping Chen & Yu Zhang; Scholars J Edu Humanit Lit; (Vol-2, Iss-10 -Sept, 2019): 593-596 | ||
| − | 2. | + | 2. 界面新闻：从食狗到宠狗：中国文化中的狗狗演变史 |
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 14:58, 10 July 2023
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Wu Ting 吴婷 Nightlife in Ancient and Modern China
Abstract: This chapter is on the development of nightlife in China. According to the development and changes of curfew system and cultural customs, the nightlife in several major periods is described, including in Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties. As a transition to modern times, the nightlife in the Republic of China is also depicted. This chapter will help people better understand Chinese nightlife culture. Keywords: Nightlife, Chinese culture, Curfew system 摘要：本章主要讲述了中国夜生活的发展。根据不同时期宵禁制度和文化习俗的发展变化，描述了几个主要时期中国的夜生活，包括唐宋、明清时期。同时也涉及到了民国时期的夜生活，是古代夜生活发展到现代的过渡。本章会帮助大家更好地了解中国夜生活文化。 关键词：夜生活，中国文化，宵禁制度
1.Introduction
Nightlife is becoming more popular among young people in China as the economy develops and entertainment options diversify. At night, under the neon lights of the city, the night markets, bistros, barbecue stalls, and KTV are especially crowded. Song and dance shows and street performances emerge one after another. When the evening lights are lit, for many young people, it signals the beginning of "nightlife". Many cities, such as Changsha, are well known for their colorful nightlife. Then we can't help wondering how the nightlife has developed into such a colorful scene. Did the ancient people have nightlife? Of course they had, and enjoyed rich and colorful nightlife. Although life in ancient times was far less prosperous than it is today, ancient people had different arrangements for their nights in different periods and regions, enjoying themselves.--(Baidu 2021)
2.Nightlife before the Song Dynasty
Before the Song Dynasty, China had strict curfews, that is, at certain times, soldiers would patrol the streets. And if anyone was found strolling in the streets, it was a felony. This system was particularly strict in the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an (today's Xi 'an) practiced the square city system. The central axis and symmetrical division of the city formed a checkerboard layout of streets. At dusk, people stroke gongs or beat drums in the streets to remind pedestrians to go home quickly, and the gates of Chang 'an and each fang would be closed. Therefore, before the Song Dynasty, people did not have a rich nightlife. Only three days before and after the Lantern Festival would the curfew be lifted and all the citizens were allowed to go on the street for fun.--(Baidu 2021) Curfews were good for the rulers to control the people, but bad for business. By the Mid-tang Dynasty, Chang 'an was densely populated and bustling with commerce, already in conflict with the curfew system. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, although the rulers still emphasized curfews, they were no longer able to tell the people what to do with their nightlife, which paved the way for the breaking of the curfew system in the later Song Dynasty.--(Baidu Baike Curfew)
3.Nightlife in the Song Dynasty
In the Northern Song Dynasty, the curfew system was broken. At that time, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianliang (today's Kaifeng in Henan Province), was the most prosperous commercial city in China. It was natural to extend business hours in order to accommodate consumers' feelings and satisfy their needs, and the "night market" reached its peak during this period. There were numerous restaurants in the capital Bianliang, of which Fan Lou was the leader. It is said that its base was so high that it overlooked the imperial palace. Only in this period did people dare to construct such a building in the capital. From the night market in the Northern Song Dynasty to that in the Southern Song Dynasty, people's nightlife was greatly enriched.--(Yang 1997:132) The nightlife of the Song people was not only about wandering, shopping, eating and drinking, but also formed a unique and vivid night market culture. Various entertainment activities emerged in endless stream: watching lanterns, watching Zaju, kicking Cuju, listening to music, enjoying dance, getting drunk and so on. If the literati get together, they would talk about the court and their aspirations. When their spirits rose, they would also recite a poem.--(Yang 1997:132) Of course, the flourishing nightlife of the Song Dynasty was only limited to the "super cities" such as Bianjing and Lin’an, while the night in ordinary cities was still very quiet.--(Sohu 2018)
4.Nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
During the Yuan Dynasty, the night market culture once ceased and faded. The Yuan Dynasty lasted less than one hundred years and implemented the curfew system. After the canal transportation between the north and the south was constructed, the night market flourished, which was suppressed to a certain extent later. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the unprecedented development of industry and commerce as well as the prevalence of the idea of enjoyment and luxury, that the night market culture was restored. Different from the Song Dynasty, nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties broke through the restrictions of regions, and was not limited to the prosperous areas. Food, laughter and fireworks were everywhere in the city, and strangers from all over the country could gather together even if they had never met.--(Zhao 2021:49-51) For example, the Dutch mission to China during the reign of Kangxi clearly recorded the nightlife of Linqing in Shandong Province at that time. As an important town along the canal, Linqing was famous for its prosperity. Every night, all the local inns and teahouses were open all night, with lively performances. What’s more, the guests only needed to pay a few bucks to enjoy the nightlife there.--(Baidu 2019)
5.Nightlife during the Republican Period
Although the Republic of China only existed for thirty-eight years, it left precious reminiscences for the later generations. If we analyze the nightlife of the Republic of China from the historical point of view, it is not difficult to find that the culture and customs at that time contained a combination of China and Western elements. When it comes to nightlife in the Republic of China, we can't help but think of nights in Shanghai, the so-called "city that never sleeps". The decadent music of the "Ten Miles of foreign land" filled the atmosphere, and the prosperity of old Shanghai was vividly displayed in the city of lights. With the lingering music and romantic fox trot, this was the unforgettable old Shanghai. It is obvious that the nightlife in big cities like Shanghai and Beijing at that time, due to the influence of foreign culture, has been very close to the popular nightlife nowadays.--(Baidu Baike Nightlife in Shanghai)
6.Nightlife in Modern China
When night falls, people can say goodbye to the fast pace of city life during the daytime, and let off steam at night. Young people are becoming the protagonists of nightlife. Nightlife culture has developed so far that many of the old night-time businesses are gradually being abandoned by the young. For example, KTV, Internet bar and dance floor, which were very popular 10 years ago, have become less welcomed now. Nowadays, the young consumer groups’ extensive demands in leisure, social and other aspects, have stimulated the rise of more new forms of entertainment at night. Free and diversified social spaces are popular among the young. The popularity of script kill, Secret Room escape, small concert, electric sound and bistro industry is just a microcosm of the rapid development of the current night economy. From first-tier cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen to Hangzhou, Chengdu, Changsha, etc., nightlife culture is gradually expanding to all parts of the country.--(Duoduo 2021)
7.Conclusion
The night is not heavy, and this moment breeds a different kind of flavor and imagination. The story of night has never been broken since ancient times. In the future, China's night will continue to export wonderful cultural stories.
1.引言
在中国，随着经济水平提高、娱乐方式多样化，夜生活受到越来越多年轻人的追捧。夜晚城市的霓虹灯下，夜市、小酒馆、烧烤摊、KTV人头攒动，歌舞秀、街头表演层出不穷。每到暮色四合，华灯初上时，对于不少年轻人而言，这就是“夜生活”开始的讯号。许多城市，比如长沙，就因为丰富多彩的夜生活而广为人知。 这时我们不免好奇，现在的夜生活如此丰富多彩，是如何发展起来的呢？古代人也有夜生活吗？当然有，而且很丰富。虽然古时候的夜晚远不如今日的繁华，但古人在不同的时期、不同的地区，以不同的身份，都对于夜晚生活有着不同的安排，各得其乐。--（百度 历史百小生 2021）
2.宋朝之前的夜生活
在宋朝之前，历朝历代都是有严格的宵禁制度的，即到了一定时间点，大街上会有士兵巡逻，一旦发现有人在大街上溜达，那就是重罪。这样的制度在唐朝尤为严苛。唐朝时期的长安(今西安)，实行坊市制度。全城中轴分明，区划匀称，形成了犹如棋盘一样的街道布局。每到黄昏时分，就有人在街上鸣金或者击鼓，提醒行人迅速各回各家，长安的城门及每个坊的大门都会关上。所以宋朝之前，人们并没有丰富的夜生活，只有上元节(元宵节)前后3天，才会解除宵禁，允许全城百姓上街游乐。--（百度 历史百小生 2021） 宵禁制度有利于统治者对民众的管理，却不利于商业的发展。唐朝中期，长安城人口稠密，商业繁华，已经与宵禁制度产生了矛盾。唐朝末期，统治者虽然一再强调宵禁，但他们已经没有能力对老百姓的夜生活指手画脚了，为之后宋朝宵禁制度被打破作了铺垫。--（百度百科 宵禁）
3.宋朝时期的夜生活
从北宋开始，宵禁制度就被打破了。当时北宋的都城东京汴梁（今河南开封），是全国商业最繁华的城市。为了照顾消费者的情绪和满足他们的需要，延长营业时间是很自然的事情，“夜市”也是在这个时期走向了巅峰。东京汴梁的酒楼数不胜数，而“樊楼”是头牌，类似现代版夜总会，据载它的基座很高，在它上面能俯瞰皇宫，在首都敢造这样的建筑，也只有宋朝。从北宋的东京夜市到南宋的临安夜市，老百姓的夜生活得到了极大的丰富。--（杨文秀 1997:132） 宋人的夜生活不仅仅是逛街、购物与吃喝，还形成了一种独特而生动的夜市文化，各种娱乐活动层出不穷：看花灯、看杂剧、踢蹴鞠、听曲、赏舞、买醉等等。若是文人墨客相聚，还会谈朝廷、聊志向，兴致来时，便吟诗一首。--（杨文秀 1997：132） 当然，大宋这“耍闹去处，通宵不绝”的繁华夜生活，其实也只局限在汴京临安大名等“超级城市”里，普通城市的夜晚还是非常冷清。（搜狐网 2018）
4.明清时期的夜生活
元朝时期，夜市文化曾经一度中断消退。元朝立国不足百年，并实行宵禁制度，南北漕运开通后夜市逐兴，后受到一定抑制。直到明清时期，适逢工商业的空前发展和享乐崇奢思想的盛行，夜市文化才得以恢复。与宋朝不同的是，明清时期的夜生活突破了地域的限制，不仅局限于经济繁荣的地区，美食、欢笑、烟火气息遍布城市每个角落，来自五湖四海的陌生人，即使素不相识也能汇聚一堂。--（赵雪峰 2021:49-51） 比如康熙年间出使中国的荷兰使团，就清楚记录了当时山东临清的“夜生活”。作为当时运河沿线的重镇，临清以富庶繁华著称。每天晚上，当地所有的客栈茶馆都通宵营业，戏曲弹唱演出热热闹闹，甚至客人们只需付几文钱，就可以愉快享受这里的“夜生活”。--（百度 巴巴说历史 2019）
5.民国时期的夜生活
民国虽然仅存在了三十八年，却给后世留下了珍贵的回忆录。如果从历史角度去分析民国夜生活，不难发现当时的文化习俗蕴含着中西合璧的韵味。提到民国夜生活，我们都会不由自主地想到“夜上海”，人们口中的“不夜城”。灯红酒绿的“十里洋场”弥漫着靡靡之音，老上海的繁华与歌舞升平在不夜城里得到了淋漓尽致的展现。缠绵的百乐门、浪漫的狐步舞，这是让人怀缅的老上海。不难看出，那个时候像上海北京这样的大城市中的夜生活，由于受外来文化的影响，已经与现在普遍流行的夜生活十分接近了。--（夜上海 百度百科）
6.现代中国的夜生活
每当夜幕降临，告别白日快节奏的城市生活，人们可以在夜晚尽情释放压力。年轻人正在成为这场“夜生活”的主角。夜生活文化发展至今，许多旧的夜间经济业态正在逐渐被年轻人抛弃。例如10年前很受欢迎的KTV、网吧、舞池等，现在已经变得不那么炙手可热。现如今年轻消费群体在生活休闲、社交等方面的广泛需求，催生了更多夜间经济新业态的兴起与火热。自由多元化的社交第三空间备受年轻人的喜爱，剧本杀、密室逃脱、小型音乐会、电音节和小酒馆行业的火爆，恰恰是当下夜间经济快速发展的一个缩影。从北上广深等一线城市，到杭州、成都、长沙等，夜生活文化逐步向全国各地扩张。--（朵朵 2021）
7.结语
夜晚并不沉，这一时刻孕育着别样的风情与想象力。关于夜晚的故事，从古至今未曾断绝，未来中国的夜晚也将持续输出精彩的文化故事。
References:
[1]杨文秀.(1997).北宋东京市民的夜生活.唐都学刊(02),132. [2]赵雪峰.(2021).中国古代的夜市.文史春秋(02),49-51. [3]宋朝人的夜生活. 搜狐网. (2018-11-13). https://www.sohu.com/a/275031770_120012326 [4]古代人有没有夜生活？有，而且很丰富. 历史百小生. 百度网. (2021-01-20). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1689394355714618551 [5]宵禁. 百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%B5%E7%A6%81/5954139 [6]古代人的夜生活是什么样的？浅谈夜市的发展. 巴巴说历史. 百度网. (2019-12-30). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1654305956389719779 [7]夜上海. 百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%9C%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7/6732609 [8]这届年轻人，“玩”出了超30万亿的夜间经济. 朵朵. 微信公众号“连线Insight”. (2021-10-08). https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=Mzg2MTc4Nzg5MQ==&mid=2247529409&idx=1&sn=c59aee013396a9fe8a36dee20fd51826&source=41#wechat_redirect
Terms and Expressions:
Curfew 宵禁，是基于公共安全秩序为由，由立法机构、政府或军方决定并由军警具体负责实施的一种在戒严期间禁止夜间行动的宪法行为。 the square city system 坊市制度，主要表现为将住宅区（坊）和交易区（市）严格分开，并用法律和制度对交易的时间和地点进行严格控制。 Bianliang 汴梁，北宋东京城遗址，位于河南省开封市鼓楼区朱雀苑广场。 Fan Lou 樊楼，位于宋都御街北端，是据史书记载于1988年复建的一组庭院式仿宋楼阁，是开封最大的仿宋游乐中心。 Zaju 杂剧，是一种把歌曲、宾白、舞蹈结合起来的中国传统艺术形式。 Cuju 蹴鞠，指古人以脚蹴、蹋、踢皮球的活动，类似今日的足球。 Lin’an 临安县，建置始于东汉建安十六年（211年），时称临水县，县治在高虹镇高乐村。 Kangxi 康熙，清朝第四位皇帝，清定都北京后第二位皇帝。 Fox trot 狐步舞，是结婚典礼上、宴会上和社交会上的流行舞蹈。 script kill 剧本杀，起源于西方宴会实况角色扮演“谋杀之谜”，是玩家到实景场馆，体验推理性质的项目。 Secret Room escape 密室逃脱，实景逃脱类游戏。
Questions:
1.When did the curfew system start to break? 2.Did the Lantern Festival also have a curfew? 3.Has the nightlife always been rich since the Song Dynasty? 4.Why did night market culture flourish again in the Ming and Qing Dynasties?
问题：
1.宵禁制度是什么时候开始被打破的？ 2.元宵节也有宵禁吗？ 3.宋朝之后的夜生活一直很丰富吗？ 4.为什么明清时期的夜市文化再次繁荣起来？
Answers:
1.In the Northern Song Dynasty. 2.No. 3.No. 4.It was because of the unprecedented development of industry and commerce as well as the prevalence of the idea of enjoyment and luxury.
回答：
1.北宋时期。 2.没有。 3.不是。 4.因为工商业的空前发展和享乐崇奢思想的盛行。
Hu Yiqiang 胡艺镪 Education: The Stone Drum Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies)
Hu Yiqiang 202130092146 Translation and Interpreting Class
Abstract
As one of the "Four Most Prestigious Academies", the Stone Drum Academy is an important cultural treasure of China. However, due to various reasons, the Stone Drum Academy is rarely known. Even fragrant wine is afraid of deep alleyways. This article aims to give readers a more comprehensive and three-dimensional understanding of the Stone Drum Academy by introducing its history, main buildings, etc.
Key words
the Stone Drum Academy
1. Introduction
The definition of the "Four Most Prestigious Academies" has varied all over the history. Some people said they are "Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, White Deer Grotto Academy and Songyang Academy", while others asserted other versions like "Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, Stone Drum Academy, and White Deer Grotto Academy" or "Zulai Academy, Maoshan Academy, Stone Drum Academy and Yuelu Academy". In any case, among the three most widely circulated versions, two of them included the Stone Drum Academy, which is enough to prove the popularity and capability of the Stone Drum Academy. Accordingly, the Stone Drum Academy deserves the name of the "one of the Four Most Prestigious Academies". However, even so, there is very little knowledge in human mind about the Stone Drum Academy in comparison. The purpose of this article is to introduce the Stone Drum Academy both horizontally and vertically, so that readers can better understand that "thousand-year-old academy". (Baidu baike the Four Most Prestigious Academies)
2. The History of the Stone Drum Academy
The history of the Stone Drum Academy can be traced back to more than 1000 years ago. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907), an intellectual named Li Kuan who was a literati of Tang Dynasty studied in the Truth-seeking Temple on Stone Drum Hill, and then it was turned into an academy. In the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), the emperor bestowed a plaque of "Stone Drum Academy", which was called the Four Most Prestigious Academies, together with Yingtianfu Academy, White Deer Grotto Academy and Yuelu Academy at that time, attracting considerable famous scholars to come here, such as Zhu Xi who is a master of Confucianism and an ideologist in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), Xin Qiji who is the official, general and poet of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), Wen Tianxiang who is the statesman, poet and national hero of the Southern Song Dynasty and so on. In the following hundreds of years, the Stone Drum Academy experienced many wars and conflicts, was destroyed and rebuilt again and again, and finally became what we see today. (Ling Feifei 2007 1-3)
3. The Main Buildings of the Stone Drum Academy
The Stone Drum Academy, hidden in the Stone Drum Park today, covers an area of around 4000 square meters. It contains many places of interest, for example, the Stone Book, the Old Gingko Trees, the Front Gate, the Temple of Marquis, the Lecture Hall and the Daguan Tower, to name a few. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy) The Stone Book, 2.4 meters long and 1.8 meters wide, is a landmark building of the academy on the park square. The shape of the Stone Book is an open book made of marble, which is engraved with the Story of the Stone Drum Academy written by Zhu Xi, when he came the academy to give a lecture. People call it "a book whose page cannot be turned" because of its material, indicating the thousand-year academy's long history, and it is difficult to be shaken by the world. (Excellent interpretation of scenic areas丨the Stone Drum Academy in Hengyang) Next to the Stone Book is the Old Ginkgo Tree, which is still lush after the 1000-odd years vicissitudes of life, just like the academy itself. It is like a detached old man who looks coldly at the grievances of the world. It has seen the prosperity and decline of feudal dynasties, the brief prosperity of the Republic of China, the arrogance and embarrassment of foreign invaders, and the prosperity of the People's Republic of China. The flames of war did not destroy it, and peace enabled it more prosperous. It stands in the "Peach Blossom Source" of the Stone Drum Academy, which in Chinese culture stands for a place at peace with the rest of the world. Ten thousand years are just like one second. (Excellent interpretation of scenic areas丨the Stone Drum Academy in Hengyang) After entering the academy and walking through the stone steps at the end of the corridor, there is the Front Gate of The Stone Drum Academy. The two sides of the Front Gate are guarded by two stone drums standing on both sides, while other places use the stone lion generally to ward off evil spirits. I think this is also aimed at reflecting the "Stone Drum" Academy. In Chines culture, if there are stone drums at door, people can enjoy good health, happiness and contentment. There is also a big stone drum inside the door, 2.8 meters high and 1.6 meters in diameter. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy) Next to the Front Gate is the Temple of Marquis, which was built in memory of Zhuge Liang who the Prime Minister of Shu Han during the three Kingdoms period (220-228). He once stationed troops in Hengyang in which the Stone Drum Academy locates, and he lived on the Stone Drum Mountain. His loyalty and dedication to his country is admirable and touching to all the Chinese people. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy) The Lecture Hall, built in the Song Dynasty, is the main lecture place of the academy. In the hall, there are wood carvings of Li Kuan, Han Yu who was an official and writer in Tang Dynasty, Li Shizhen who was a scholar of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Dunyi who was the Neo-Confucianism of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi, Zhang Xian who was a scholar and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty and Huang Xian whose stone statues of them can be seen in the Stone Drum Park. In the extraordinary temperament and lifelike statues, they sit or stand, or hold books to study, or caress beard to meditate. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy) The Daguan Tower is the core building of the Stone Drum Academy, which is used to collect books upstairs and give lectures downstairs. "Daguan" in Chinese means that after going upstairs, you can overlook the world and care about the world. In front of the building stands a statue of Confucius who is the founder of Confucianism. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy)
4. Conclusion
The thousand-year-old academy has been reborn through the vicissitudes and tribulations of time and fire. Whether it is the stone books, ancient trees, gates and other famous monuments, or famous scholars such as Confucius, Li Kuan and Han Yu, they crossed the long river of time and met because of the Stone Drum Academy, and coincidentally contributed to the transmission and dissemination of the Hunan culture behind the academy.
Terms and Expressions
Four Most Prestigious Academies 四大书院 Yingtianfu Academy 应天府书院 Yuelu Academy 岳麓书院 White Deer Grotto Academy 白鹿洞书院 Songyang Academy 嵩阳书院 Stone Drum Academy 石鼓书院 Zulai Academy 徂徕书院 Maoshan Academy 茅山书院 Truth-seeking Temple 寻真观 Stone Drum Hill 石鼓山 Stone Drum Park 石鼓公园 the Front Gate 山门 the Temple of Marquis 武侯寺 the Lecture Hall 会讲堂 the Daguan Tower 大观楼 Story of the Stone Drum Academy 《石鼓书院记》 Peach Blossom Source 桃花源
Questions
1. What are the three most popular definitions of the "Four Most Prestigious Academies"? 2.Among these definitions, how many times does the Stone Drum Academy be mentioned? 3. What is the landmark building of the academy on the park square? 4. Who is the Temple of Marquis used to be built in memory of?
Answers
1. "Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, White Deer Grotto Academy and Songyang Academy "; "Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, Stone Drum Academy, and White Deer Grotto Academy"; "Zulai Academy, Maoshan Academy, Stone Drum Academy and Yuelu Academy". 2. two times. 3. The Stone Book. 4. Zhuge Liang.
Reference
[1] Baidu baike the Four Most Prestigious Academies百度百科 中国四大书院 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2/5919919 [2] Ling Feifei 凌飞飞."论石鼓书院的历史沿革与作用." 船山学刊 .03(2007):22-24. [3] Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy 百度百科 石鼓书院 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9F%B3%E9%BC%93%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2/5155506?fr=aladdin [4] Excellent interpretation of scenic areas丨the Stone Drum Academy in Hengyang 景区优秀讲解词丨衡阳石鼓书院 https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1739413931232770626&wfr=spider&for=pc
教育：石鼓书院，中国四大书院之一
胡艺镪 202130092146 翻译班
摘要
作为中国四大书院之一，石鼓书院是中国重要的文化瑰宝。然而，由于各种原因，石鼓书院很少为人们所熟知。酒好也怕巷子深，本文通过介绍石鼓书院的历史、主要建筑等等，让读者对石鼓书院有一个更加全面、立体的认识。
关键词
石鼓书院
1. 引入
历史上，关于中国古代四大书院究竟是哪四大，有着几种不同的说法。有人说是“应天府书院、岳麓书院、白鹿洞书院和嵩阳书院”，然而，还有人认为是“应天府书院、岳麓书院、石鼓书院和白鹿洞书院”，或是“徂徕书院、茅山书院、石鼓书院和岳麓书院”。不管怎样，在上述三种流传最广的说法中，有两种都包含了石鼓书院。这足以证明石鼓书院的知名度和实力。因此，石鼓书院“中国四大书院”之名当之无愧。然而，即便如此，相比较而言，人们对石鼓书院所知甚少。本文旨在通过对石鼓书院进行横向、纵向的介绍，让读者更加了解这个“千年书院”。
2. 石鼓书院的历史
石鼓书院的历史，可以追溯到距今一千多年。唐朝时期，当时有个叫李宽的知识分子在石鼓山的寻真观里读书，于是就把那里改成了书院。到了北宋时期，皇上赐“石鼓书院”匾，并与当时的睢阳书院、白鹿洞书院和岳麓书院并称为四大书院，吸引了许多著名的学者到此云集，如：朱熹、辛弃疾、文天祥等等。而后，经历多次兵火、战乱，石鼓书院多次被毁坏，又多次被重建，最后成为了今天我们所看到的样子。
3. 石鼓书院的主要建筑
今天，石鼓书院位在石鼓公园中，总占地面积约40000平方米。其中包含许多名胜古迹，例如：石书、古银杏树、山门、武侯寺、会讲堂、大观楼等等。 石书在书院最外侧的广场上，长2.4米，宽1.8米，是书院的标志性建筑。石书的外形是一本巨大的摊开的大理石做的书，上面刻有朱熹来此讲学时写的《石鼓书院记》。人们叫它“有书翻不动”，除了因为其客观原因不能翻阅，还寓意千年书院源远流长，难以被世人轻易撼动。 石书旁边，是一株千年银杏树，历经沧桑却仍郁郁葱葱，同书院一样，历久弥新。它就像是一个超然物外的老者，冷眼看人间恩怨。它见过封建王朝的鼎盛和没落，见过中华民国的短暂繁荣，见过外国入侵者的嚣张和狼狈，见过中华人民共和国的蒸蒸日上。战火没有摧毁它，和平让它更加繁盛。它矗立在石鼓书院这个“桃花源”中，一眼万年。 进入书院后，走过长廊尽头的石阶，就到了石鼓书院的山门。山门的两侧由两面竖着的石鼓护卫，这在其他地方一般是用的镇灾辟邪的石狮，我想这应该也是为了体现这里是“石鼓”书院吧。在中国文化中，门前的石鼓寓意健康、幸福和满足。门内还有一面大鼓，同样是石头做的，高2.8米，直径1.6米。 山门旁边是武侯祠，是为了纪念诸葛亮修建的，诸葛亮曾驻军衡阳，住在石鼓山上，他对国家的忠诚与奉献令人敬佩与感动。 会讲堂建于宋朝，是书院主要的讲学场所，堂内有李宽、韩愈、李士真、周敦颐、朱熹、张栻、黄斡七贤的木刻像，石鼓公园内还有他们七人的石刻像，雕像中的他们或坐或站，或捧着书学习，或抚须沉思，气质非凡，栩栩如生。 大观楼是石鼓书院的核心建筑，楼上用来藏书，楼下用来讲学，“大观”寓意登上楼之后可以俯瞰天下、心系天下。楼前还立有儒家创始人孔夫子的塑像。
4. 结语
千年书院，历经沧桑，久经磨难，浴火重生。无论是石书、古树、山门等名胜古迹，还是孔明、李宽、韩愈等著名学者，他们跨越时间长河，因石鼓书院而相聚，不约而同地为书院背后的湖湘文化的传承传播贡献力量。
参考文献
[1] 百度百科 中国四大书院 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2/5919919 [2] 凌飞飞."论石鼓书院的历史沿革与作用." 船山学刊 .03(2007):22-24. [3] 百度百科 石鼓书院 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9F%B3%E9%BC%93%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2/5155506?fr=aladdin [4] 景区优秀讲解词丨衡阳石鼓书院 https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1739413931232770626&wfr=spider&for=pc
Shu Jiangyu 舒锦玉 The image of dog in Chinese culture
Abstract
Dogs are the most common animals in life and have a close relationship with humans. They also have a pivotal role in Chinese culture. The cultural significance of the dog is not only reflected in daily life, but also in the literature of countless people.
Key words
The image of dogs, Chinese culture, Literature
Introduction
Dogs are closely related to human life. There are a lots of dogs-related words, dogs-related legends and dogs-related history in China. This paper will introduce the cultural meaning of dogs in China.
The Image of Dogs in Daily Life
In China, Dogs have played an important role in daily life since the Shang Dynasty at the latest. The functions of dogs are mainly divided into two part: secular functions (hunting, watching the door, and acting as ingredients) and ritual functions. Regarding dogs as ingredients has a long history in China. There are records of eating dog meat in the Book of the Zhou. Dog meat had a high status during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, and was known as the "eight treasures". In addition, because of the large number of people who eat dog meat, there was a profession of "dog butcher". After the Tang and Song dynasties, the status of dog meat declined and was replaced by other meats. The reason is that compared with pigs, sheep and other livestock, dog is small and not easy to grow up. So people think it's not economical to eat dog meat. When the dog ceased to serve as an ingredient, its function as a watchman and hunting gradually dominated. Because of their territoriality and loyalty, dogs is able to finish these mission perfectly. What’ s more, gradually the dog evolved into a pet, and the boundary with people gradually blurred. Today, more and more Chinese people are becoming dog lovers and consider puppies as their friends.（界面新闻：从食狗到宠狗：中国文化中的狗狗演变史）
The Image of Dogs in Literature
In Chinese literature, dogs are portrayed in both positive and negative ways. But the negative image dominates. 1)Positive meaning of dog in China At first , a lot of Chinese people regard dogs as lucky animals and symbols of wealth. Because dogs’ barking “汪” is similar to the pronunciation of “旺” which is means prosperous in Chinese culture. Secondly, the dog also symbolizes power. The reason is that “犬” is similar to the pronunciation of “权” meaning power. Thirdly, Chinese dogs also symbolize loyalty. There are some idioms that reflect this characteristic of them, such as “狗马之心” (Loyal to their master like a dog or horse.). At last, Chinese dogs symbolize the exorcising evil spirits. For example, It is often said that黑狗血辟邪. 2)Negative Meaning of Dogs in China. There are some people who believe that dogs are inferior in status, tend to be powerful and vicious, so in Chinese culture, the imagery of dogs is often used to express bad things.We can always feel the phenomenon in words, idioms and sayings, such as “狗东西”,”狗腿子”;”狗仗人势”,”丧家之犬”;”狗朝屁走，人朝势走”,”狗眼看人低”. The reasons for these negative images are as follows. Firstly, It can be tracing back to the earliest ideology of dog culture, there is a legend about the God Dog. The God Dog is an ancient Chinese mythological beast who can swallow the moon and plunge heaven and earth into darkness. In Chinese culture, this is a bad omen. Therefore, there is the custom of "banging gongs and drums, catching the God Dog to save the moon". The second reason is geographical. Since ancient times, China is a large agricultural country. Agriculture has a huge impact on people's lives. In ancient times, people made their living by farming. In order to make a living, they had to find things that could help with agricultural production and value them. Unfortunately, the dog does not seem to be that useful for agricultural production. Because he does not have a lot of strength and hard work like cows and horses. The third reason is the religious sacrificial factor. Although the dog was also used as a tribute, it was not used nearly as much as animals such as cows, sheep and pigs. And there is also a hierarchy in Chinese sacrifices. As a sacrifice, cattle, sheep and pigs all three are called 太牢 or 大牢. In the past only the emperor can be eligible to use. Only sheep and pigs are called 少牢 for the use of vassals and scholars, and only one pig is called 特豕 for the use of the lower nobility during the sacrifice. This shows that the status of the dog in ancient times was very low, which also has some impact on the image of the dog in literature and culture. （East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya：593-594）
Different attitudes towards puppies in the West and China
It is well known that in Western cultures people value dogs. They do not see dogs as an ingredient, but rather care about them and see them as companions. In Western families, the dog is often treated as a very important family member and is an integral part of the family. However, in China, although many people see puppies as pets, there are still some people who fail to accept them. There are many reasons for this difference, and one important factor is the difference in cultural core values. In the West, people are "individualistic" and have a weak sense of family. When children reach adulthood, they leave their parents to start their own families and become less close to them. At this time, an elderly parent may feel lonely and isolated, so they choose a puppy to keep him or her company. The Chinese value is focus on family, reunion and filial piety. When the children grow up, the relationship between them and their parents remains close, and the elderly have the joy of having four generations together and do not feel lonely, so naturally they do not need the company of a puppy. （ East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya：595-596）
Conclude
The culture of the dog is a very important part of Chinese culture. In China, there are many linguistic expressions, myths and historical stories related to dogs. Similarly, with the development of the times, Chinese people have come to regard dogs as their friends. A growing number of dog lovers have emerged in society, criticizing cruel dog abuse and taking in stray, homeless puppies.
References
1.Hongping Chen & Yu Zhang; Scholars J Edu Humanit Lit; (Vol-2, Iss-10 -Sept, 2019): 593-596 2. 界面新闻：从食狗到宠狗：中国文化中的狗狗演变史
Questions
1.What the main functions of dogs in ancient China? 2.What the positive meaning of dogs in China?
Answers
1.secular functions (hunting, watching the door, and acting as ingredients) and ritual functions 2.lucky animals and wealth, power, loyalty, the exorcising evil spirits
文学：中国文化中的狗的形象
摘要
狗是生活中最常见的动物，他们与人类有着密切的联系。在中国文化中，狗也有着举足轻重的地位。狗蕴含的文化意义，不仅体现在日常生活中，也体现在无数大家的文学作品里。
关键词
狗的形象，中国文化，文学
1.日常生活中的狗的形象
最迟从商代开始，狗就在中国人的日常生活中发挥了重要作用。狗的功能主要分为两部分：世俗功能（狩猎、看门、充当食材）和祭祀功能。 早在在《周易》中就有关于吃狗肉的记载。狗肉在春秋战国时期有很高的地位，被誉为 "八珍"。此外，由于吃狗肉的人很多，还出现了“屠夫”这一职业。 唐宋以后，狗肉的地位逐渐下降，被其他肉类所取代。原因是，与猪、羊等其他牲畜相比，狗体型小，不容易长大。所以人们认为吃狗肉是不经济的。 当狗不再作为一种食材时，它的看门和狩猎的功能逐渐占据了主导地位。由于狗的领地性和忠诚度，它们能够完美地完成这些任务。渐渐地，狗变成了一种宠物，与人的界限也逐渐模糊了。 今天，越来越多的中国人成为了爱狗人士，将小狗视为自己的朋友。（界面新闻：从食狗到宠狗：中国文化中的狗狗演变史）
2.文学中的狗的形象
在中国文学中，狗的形象有正面的也有负面的。但负面形象占主导地位。 1)狗在中国文化中的积极意义 起初，很多中国人认为狗是幸运和财富的象征。因为狗的叫声“汪”与“旺”的发音相似，而 "旺 "在中国文化象征着繁荣。其次，狗还象征着权力。原因是 "犬 "与 "权 "的发音相似，意味着权力。第三，中国的狗也象征着忠诚。有一些成语反映了它们的这一特点，如 "狗马之心"（对主人像狗或马一样忠诚）。最后，中国的狗象征着驱邪。例如，人们常说，黑狗血辟邪。 2)狗在中国文化中的负面意义。 有一些人认为，狗的地位低下，总是威风凛凛，凶神恶煞，所以在中国文化中，经常用狗的意象来表达不好的东西。我们总能从词语、成语和谚语中感受到这种现象，如 "狗东西"、"狗腿子"；"狗仗人势"、"丧家之犬"；"狗朝屁走，人朝势走"、"狗眼看人低"。 造成这些负面形象的原因如下。 首先，最早可以追溯到有一个关于天狗的传说。天狗是中国古代神话中的神兽，可以吞噬月亮，使天地陷入黑暗。在中国文化中，这是一个凶兆。因此，就有了 "敲锣打鼓，抓天狗救月亮 "的习俗。 第二个原因是地理因素。自古以来，中国就是一个农业大国，农业对人们的生活有着巨大的影响。在古代，人们以农耕为生。为了谋生，他们必须找到能够帮助农业生产的动物，并保护珍惜他们。不幸的是，狗似乎对农业生产没有那么大的作用。因为他不像牛和马那样有很大的力量也不能辛勤的工作。 第三个原因是宗教祭祀因素。虽然狗也被用作贡品，但它的使用量远不及牛、羊和猪等动物。在中国，祭祀也有等级之分。作为祭品，牛、羊、猪三者都有被称为太牢或大牢，在过去只有天子才有资格使用；只有羊和猪被称为 "少牢"，供诸侯和士大夫使用；只有一头猪被称为 "特豕"，供下层贵族在祭祀时使用。这说明狗在古代的地位是很低的，这也会对狗在文学和文化中的形象产生一定的影响。（East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya：593-594）
3.西方和中国对狗的不同态度
众所周知，在西方文化中，人们重视狗。他们不把狗看作是一种食材，而是关心它们，使他们为伙伴。在西方家庭中，狗通常被当做非常重要的家庭成员，是家庭中不可或缺的一部分。然而，在中国，尽管已经有很多人爱护小狗，但仍有一些人不接受它们。 造成这种差异的原因有很多，其中一个重要因素是价值观的差异。在西方，人们崇尚“个人主义”，家庭意识薄弱。当孩子们成年后，他们离开父母，建立自己的家庭，与父母的关系变得不那么密切。这时，年迈的父母可能会感到孤独和寂寞，于是选择一只小狗来陪伴自己。中国人重视家庭、讲究团圆和孝道。当孩子们长大后，他们与父母之间的关系仍然密切，老人享受着四世同堂的喜悦，不会感到孤独，自然不需要小狗的陪伴。（ East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya：595-596）
4.总结
有关狗的文化是中国文化的一个非常重要的组成部分。在中国，有许多与狗有关的语言表达、神话和历史故事。同样，随着时代的发展，中国人也开始把狗当作自己的朋友。社会上出现了越来越多的爱狗人士，他们批判残忍的虐狗行为，并收留流浪的无家可归的小狗。
参考文献
1.Hongping Chen & Yu Zhang; Scholars J Edu Humanit Lit; (Vol-2, Iss-10 -Sept, 2019): 593-596 2. 界面新闻：从食狗到宠狗：中国文化中的狗狗演变史