Critical Overview of Chinese Literature 2023

Translation Exercises

Song Poems: Su Shi's Fu

赤　壁　賦

蘇　軾

【說明】蘇軾被貶在黄州（今湖北黄岡市）任團練副使期間，曾兩次到黄州城外的赤鼻磯（一名赤壁）遊覽，寫了兩篇“赤壁賦”，這裏選的是前一篇。他還寫了一首詞《念奴嬌·赤壁懷古》。在賦和詞中，蘇軾都是把赤鼻磯當作三國時周瑜大破曹軍的赤壁（在今湖北蒲圻市西北長江南岸）來寫的。本文表現了蘇軾的豁達樂觀的精神，同時也反映了他對現實不滿的心情。文中雖然也用了一些對句和韻語，但並不顯得鋪排。運筆自然，文辭優美，是唐宋時期文賦中一篇優秀的代表作。

壬戌之秋，七月既望，蘇子與客泛舟，遊於赤壁之下① 。清風徐來，水波不興，舉酒屬客，誦明月之詩，歌窈窕之章② 。少焉，月出於東山之上，徘徊於斗牛之間③ 。白露橫江，水光接天④ 。縱一葦之所如，凌萬頃之茫然⑤ 。浩浩乎如馮虚御風，而不知其所止⑥ ，飄飄乎如遺世獨立，羽化而登仙⑦ 。

注　　釋

①　壬戌：指宋神宗元豐五年（公元1082年）。　七月既望：這裏指七月十七日。既：副詞，在……過去之後，已經。望：陰曆小月的十五日，大月的十六日。　蘇子：蘇軾自稱。　泛舟：乘船。

②　屬（zhǔ）：屬望，這裏是敬酒的意思。　明月之詩：可能指《詩經·陳風·月出》。　窈窕之章：可能指《月出》篇的第一章。其中有“舒窈糾兮”一句。“窈糾”念yǎojiǎo，與“窈窕”音近。

③　少焉：不多時，過了一會兒。　斗牛：指斗宿、牛宿。

④　白露：指白茫茫的水氣。

⑤　縱：任，聽憑。　一葦：指小船。《詩經·衞風·河廣》：“誰謂河廣，一葦杭之。”“杭”是渡的意思。“一葦”比喻船很小，像一片葦葉。　如：往。　凌：越過。　萬頃：形容水面的廣大。　茫然：指寬闊得看不到邊際的江面。這裏形容詞用作名詞。

⑥　馮（píng）虚：憑空。馮：通“憑”。　御風：駕風。《莊子·逍遥遊》：“夫列子御風而行，泠然（輕妙的樣子）善也。”

⑦　遺世：脱離人世。遺：棄。　羽化：像長出羽翼一樣地變化，指成仙。《抱朴子·對俗》：“古之得仙者，或身生羽翼，變化飛行。”　登仙：指飛升仙境。

【押韻】

間：删韵；天、然、仙：先韻。删先合韻。

2

於是飲酒樂甚，扣舷而歌之① 。歌曰：“桂櫂兮蘭槳，擊空明兮泝流光② ；渺渺兮予懷，望美人兮天一方③ 。”客有吹洞簫者，倚歌而和之④ 。其聲嗚嗚然，如怨如慕，如泣如訴；餘音嫋嫋，不絕如縷⑤ ，舞幽壑之潛蛟，泣孤舟之嫠婦⑥ 。

注　　釋

①　舷（xián）：船邊。

②　桂櫂（zhào）蘭槳（jiāng）：桂樹做的櫂，木蘭做的槳。櫂：槳一類的摇船器具。屈原《九歌·湘君》：“桂櫂兮蘭枻（yì，船舷）。”　擊：指用槳劃破。　空明：倒映在江水中的月亮。　泝：同“溯”，逆流而上。　流光：隨着水波浮動着的月光。

③　渺渺兮予懷：我心裏想得很遠。渺渺：遥遠的樣子。　美人：指作者所思慕的人。《楚辭·九章》有《思美人》篇。王逸《楚辭章句》：“此章言己思念其君，不能自達。”

④　洞簫：本指排簫無底的，後代指稱單管直吹的簫。　倚歌：按着歌聲。

⑤　嫋嫋（niǎoniǎo）：聲音悠揚不絕的樣子。　縷：細絲綫。

⑥　舞：用作使動，使……舞起來。下句“泣”字也是用作使動。　幽壑：深谷，指深淵。　嫠（lí）婦：寡婦。

【押韻】

槳：宋時有陽韻、養韻兩讀（據《集韻》）；光、方：陽韻。慕、訴：遇韻。　縷：麌韻；婦：有韻，已轉入麌韻。上去合韻。

3

蘇子愀然，正襟危坐① ，而問客曰：“何爲其然也② ？” 客曰：“‘月明星稀，烏鵲南飛’，此非曹孟德之詩乎③ ？西望夏口，東望武昌，山川相繆，鬱乎蒼蒼④ ，此非孟德之困於周郎者乎⑤ ？方其破荆州，下江陵，順流而東也⑥ ，舳艫千里，旌旗蔽空，釃酒臨江，横槊賦詩，固一世之雄也⑦ ，而今安在哉！況吾與子漁樵於江渚之上，侣魚鰕而友麋鹿⑧ ，駕一葉之扁舟，舉匏樽以相屬⑨ 。寄蜉蝣於天地，渺滄海之一粟⑩ 。哀吾生之須臾，羨長江之無窮。挾飛仙以遨遊，抱明月而長終⑪ 。知不可乎驟得，託遺響於悲風⑫ 。”

注　　釋

①　愀（qiǎo）然：神色不愉快的樣子。　正襟：整一整衣襟。　危坐：端坐，嚴肅地坐着。

②　其：指代簫聲。

③　月明星稀，烏鵲南飛：這兩句詩見於曹操的《短歌行》。

④　夏口：卽今漢口。　武昌：舊縣名，卽今湖北鄂州市。　繆（liǎo）：通“繚”，繚繞，纏繞。　鬱乎蒼蒼：指樹木茂密，一片蒼翠。鬱乎：茂密的樣子。

⑤　周郎：指周瑜。

⑥　方其……也：當他……的時候。其：指代曹操。　荆州：今湖北、湖南一帶。三國時州治在今湖北襄樊市。

⑦　舳艫（zhúlú）：指首尾銜接的船隻。舳：船尾。艫：船頭。　釃（shī）：濾酒，這裏是斟酒的意思。　槊（shuò）：一種長矛，長一丈八尺，馬上所用。　固：本來是。

⑧　渚：沙州。　侣、友：都是名詞用作意動。　麋（mí）：鹿的一種。

⑨　扁（piān）舟：小船。　匏（páo）樽：用匏做的酒器。匏：葫蘆的一種。

⑩　寄蜉蝣於天地：像蜉蝣一樣寄託在天地之間。意思是說人生短暫。蜉蝣：小蟲名。夏秋之交生在水邊，只能活幾個小時。　渺：小。　滄海：大海。“滄”通“蒼”。因大海水深呈青蒼色，故稱“滄海”。

⑪　挾（xié）：挾持，指希望作伴。　長終：永遠存在。

⑫　遺響：餘音，指簫聲。　悲風：淒涼的風，指秋風。

【押韻】

稀、飛：微韻；詩：支韻。支微合韻。　昌、蒼、郎：陽韻。東、空、雄：東韻。　鹿：屋韻；屬、粟：沃韻。屋沃合韻。窮、終、風：東韻。

4

蘇子曰：“客亦知夫水與月乎？逝者如斯，而未嘗往也① ；盈虚者如彼，而卒莫消長也② 。蓋將自其變者而觀之，則天地曾不能以一瞬③ ；自其不變者而觀之，則物與我皆無盡也④ ，而又何羨乎？且夫天地之間⑤ ，物各有主，苟非吾之所有，雖一毫而莫取。惟江上之清風，與山間之明月，耳得之而爲聲，目遇之而成色，取之無禁，用之不竭。是造物者之無盡藏也，而吾與子之所共適⑥ 。”

客喜而笑，洗盞更酌。肴核既盡，杯盤狼藉⑦ 。相與枕藉乎舟中，不知東方之既白⑧ 。

注　　釋

①　逝者如斯：《論語·子罕》“子在川上曰：‘逝者如斯夫，不舍晝夜！’”　斯：指江水。　未嘗往：指没有流走。意思是江水雖然在不停地流去，但始終還是一江的水。

②　盈虚：指圓缺。　彼：指月亮。　卒莫消長：指月亮終於没有消失或增長。意思是月亮雖然有圓有缺，但月亮還是那個月亮。

③　天地曾（céng）不能以一瞬：指天地間的萬物連一眨眼的工夫也呆不住。意思是萬物時刻在變化着。曾：副詞，用在否定詞前，加强否定語氣。瞬：眨眼。

④　無盡：没有完，指不會消滅。

⑤　且夫：連詞，況且。

⑥　造物者：指天，自然界。古代以爲萬物是天所生成的，故稱天爲造物。無盡藏（zàng）：無盡的寶藏。原是佛教用語。　適：指享受。

⑦　肴（yáo）核：菜肴和果品。核：指有核的水果或干果。《詩經·小雅·賓之初筵》：“籩豆有楚，殽核維旅。”（籩、豆：都是盛食品的器皿。　有楚：整齊的樣子。　殽：通“肴”。　旅：陳列。）　狼藉（jí）：雜亂不堪的樣子。

⑧　枕（舊讀zhèn）藉（jiè）：交錯地睡在一起。枕：枕着。藉：墊着。　既白：已經顯出白色，指天亮了。

【押韻】

往、長：養韻。　瞬：震韻；盡：軫韻。上去合韻。主、取：麌韻。　月、竭：月韻；色：職韻；適：陌韻。月陌職合韻。（宋代入聲韻變化很大，這裏與平水韻不合，也與《詞林正韻》不合。）酌：藥韻；藉、白：陌韻。藥陌合韻。

江　城　子（老夫聊發少年狂）

蘇　軾

【説明】在這首詞中，蘇軾豪放的性格和報國的壯志躍然紙上。這是宋神宗熙寧八年（公元1075年）蘇軾知密州時的作品。

密州出獵①

老夫聊發少年狂，左牽黄，右擎蒼② ，錦帽貂裘，千騎捲平岡③。爲報傾城隨太守，親射虎，看孫郎④ 。酒酣胸膽尚開張，鬢微霜，又何妨⑤ ？持節雲中，何日遣馮唐⑥ ？會挽雕弓如滿月，西北望，射天狼⑦ 。

注　　釋

①　密州：今山東諸城市。

②　黄：指黄狗。　擎（qíng）：舉着。　蒼：指蒼鷹。　“牽黄”用的是李斯的典故，李斯臨刑時，曾對他的兒子説：“吾欲與若牽黄犬，俱出上蔡東門逐狡兔，豈可得乎？”

③　平岡：平坦的山岡。　這句是説千騎從平岡上席捲而過。

④　爲報：替我告訴。　太守：隋唐時稱郡的長官爲太守，宋稱州的長官爲知州，相當於太守。　孫郎：指孫權。《三國志·孫權傳》：“二十三年十月，權將如吴，親乘馬射虎於庱（líng）亭。馬爲虎所傷，權投以雙戟，虎却廢，常從張世擊以弋，獲之。”這三句的大意是，替我告訴大家，傾城出動隨着我出獵，看我親自射虎，如同當年的孫權。

⑤　胸膽尚開張：指胸襟還開濶，膽子也還壯。　鬢微霜：兩鬢開始有了白髮。

⑥　雲中：漢郡名，今山西大同市以北和内蒙古一帶。　馮唐：漢文帝時人。《史記·馮唐列傳》載：雲中郡守魏尚是抵禦匈奴的良將，因微過被判刑，馮唐向漢文帝指出對魏尚處罰不當，文帝接受了他的意見，“是日遣馮唐持節赦魏尚，復以爲雲中守”。這時蘇軾是因反對實行新法而出爲地方官的，所以他拿魏尚自比。

⑦　會：當。　天狼：星名，主侵掠。《楚辭·九歌·東君》：“舉長矢兮射天狼。”射天狼是比喻抗擊西夏的入侵。

【押韻】

狂、黄、蒼、岡、郎：陽韻。　張、霜、妨、唐、狼：陽韻。

水　調　歌　頭（明月幾時有）

蘇　軾

【説明】這是一首詠月的名作。熙寧九年八月初八宋神宗發佈了對新政“罷鬻祠廟”舉措的嚴厲批評，蘇軾得知後，高興得在中秋夜賞月暢飲，寫下了這首詞。上闕寫賞月、問月和登月的遐想，表達了回朝參政的沖動和探詢。下闕寫對同爲新政反對者又離别多年的弟弟蘇轍的思念和關懷。

丙辰中秋① ，歡飲達旦，大醉，作此篇，兼懷子由② 。

明月幾時有？把酒問青天③ 。不知天上宫闕，今夕是何年？我欲乘風歸去④ ，又恐瓊樓玉宇⑤ ，高處不勝寒。起舞弄清影，何似在人間⑥ ？　　轉朱閣，低綺户，照無眠⑦ 。不應有恨，何事長向别時圓⑧ ？人有悲歡離合，月有陰晴圓缺，此事古難全。但願人長久，千里共嬋娟⑨ 。

注　　釋

①　丙辰：宋神宗熙寧九年（公元1076年），此時蘇軾在密州。

②　子由：蘇軾的弟弟蘇轍的字。蘇轍也因反對新法而出爲地方官，當時在濟南，兄弟二人已五年多没有見面。

③　幾時：何時。　把酒：拿着酒。李白《把酒問月》：“青天有月來幾時，我今停杯一問之。”此句化李白詩而成。

④　這句用《列子·黄帝》的典故。列子從老商氏學道，最後到達“心凝神釋，骨肉都融”，“竟不知風乘我邪？我乘風乎？”蘇軾用此典，暗寫物我兩忘之意。

⑤　瓊樓玉宇：指月中宫闕。

⑥　兩句意思是現在這樣月下起舞也很好，天上哪裏比得上人間。

⑦　轉朱閣：指月光從朱紅樓閣的一面轉到另一面。　低：指月光漸低。綺户：刻有紋飾的門窗。　無眠：指因相思而不能入睡的人。

⑧　兩句是説月亮不應對人有什麽怨恨，爲什麽偏偏當人們離别的時候而圓呢？

⑨　嬋（chán）娟：疊韻聯綿詞，美好的樣子。這裏指明月。語本謝莊《月賦》：“美人邁兮音塵絶，隔千里兮共明月。”但謝莊是説望月而悲，蘇軾是説共明月亦可自慰。

【押韻】

天、年：先韻；　寒：寒韻；　間：删韻。先、寒、删合韻。眠、圓、全、娟：先韻。

念　奴　嬌（大江東去）

蘇　軾

【説明】這是蘇軾謫居黄州時遊赤壁所寫的一首詞。作者借懷古以抒寫自己期望建功立業的懷抱，筆力雄健，氣勢奔放，是蘇軾的代表作。

赤壁懷古①

大江東去，浪淘盡，千古風流人物。故壘西邊，人道是三國周郎赤壁。亂石穿空，驚濤拍岸，捲起千堆雪。江山如畫，一時多少豪傑。　　遥想公瑾當年② ，小喬初嫁了，雄姿英發。羽扇綸巾談笑間，狂虜灰飛煙滅③ 。故國神遊④ ，多情應笑我⑤ ，早生華髮。人生如夢，一尊還酹江月。

注　　釋

①　赤壁：見本册《赤壁賦》説明。蘇軾所遊的是黄岡的赤壁。

②　公瑾：周瑜的字。

③　羽扇：羽毛扇。　綸（guān）巾：青絲帶的頭巾。　狂虜：指敵人，這裏指曹軍。一作“檣櫓”，又作“强虜”。

④　神遊：因是想象當年赤壁之戰的情況，所以叫“神遊”。

⑤　意思是應笑我多情。

【押韻】

物：物韻；　壁：錫韻；　雪、傑：屑韻。物、錫：屑合韻。發、髮、月：月韻；　滅：屑韻。月屑合韻。

水　龍　吟（似花還似非花）

蘇　軾

【説明】蘇軾是豪放派詞人的代表，他的詞大多是雄健豪放的；但是蘇詞也有寫得細膩婉轉的，這就是其中頗有代表性的一首。

次韻章質夫楊花詞①

似花還似非花② ，也無人惜從教墜③ 。抛家傍路，思量卻是，無情有思④ 。縈損柔腸⑤ ，困酣嬌眼，欲開還閉⑥

。夢隨風萬里，尋郎去處，又還被鶯呼起⑦ 。

不恨此花飛盡，恨西園，落紅難綴⑧ 。曉來雨過，遺蹤何在？一池萍碎⑨ 。春色三分，二分塵土，一分流水⑩ 。細看來不是楊花，點點是離人淚。

注　　釋

①　次韻：按他人的韻脚做詩或詞。　章質夫：章楶（jié）的字。章楶曾任考功員外郎、户部侍郎等官。

②　這是説楊花雖然叫“花”，但它又不像花。

③　從：任從。　教：讓。

④　思量：想。　思（舊讀sì）：思緒。　這三句是説，楊花不被人重視，但細想來，它看似無情，却有深意。下面就説楊花牽動女子的思念之情。

⑤　縈：繞。　這句是説楊花飛舞，使思婦的柔腸欲斷。

⑥　困酣：等於説“困極了”。　欲開還閉：想睁開却又閉上。　這是説楊花飄舞的暮春天氣使人昏昏欲睡。

⑦　唐金昌緒《春怨》：“打起黄鶯兒，莫教枝上啼；啼時驚妾夢，不得到遼西。”這三句詞用其意，説女子入夢後還思念遠行的情人。

⑧　落紅：落花。　綴（zhuì）：連接。這裏指把落花再接在枝頭上。三句是説，楊花飛盡本不足惜，但可惜的是西園别的花再接不上枝頭。

⑨　蘇軾自注：“楊花落水爲浮萍，驗之信然。”這三句是説，雨後楊花都没有了，它的遺蹤就是浮萍。按，楊花落水化爲浮萍，這種説法是不科學的。

⑩　這三句是説，楊花有的變成塵土，有的隨水流去；春天也隨着楊花的零落而過去了。

【押韻】墜、思：寘韻；　閉：霽韻；　起：紙韻。寘、霽、紙合韻。綴：霽韻；　碎：隊韻；　水：紙韻；　淚：寘韻。霽、隊、紙、寘合韻。

蘭　陵　王（柳陰直）

周邦彦

【作者介紹】周邦彦（公元1056—1121年），字美成，號清真居士，北宋末錢塘（今杭州市）人。曾擔任一些州縣的官職，宋徽宗時提舉大晟（chéng）府（卽管理樂府的官）。他精通音律，創造了一些詞調，所作的詞也很講究音律，注重技巧，對後世詞壇有很大影響，但思想内容比較貧乏。有《片玉詞》。

【説明】這是一首描寫“客裏送客”的詞。作者本來對久客京華已感到厭倦，又碰到送别就更爲悽惻。

柳

柳陰直① ，煙裏絲絲弄碧② 。隋堤上③ ，曾見幾番，拂水飄綿送行色④ 。登臨望故國，誰識，京華倦客⑤ ？長亭路，年去歲來，應折柔條過千尺⑥ 。閒尋舊蹤跡⑦ ，又酒趁哀弦，鐙照離席⑧ 。梨花榆火催寒食⑨ 。愁一箭風快，半篙波暖，回頭迢遞便數驛，望人在天北⑩ 。悽惻⑪ ，恨堆積。漸别浦縈迴⑫ ，津堠岑寂⑬ ，斜陽冉冉春無極⑭ 。念月榭攜手，露橋聞笛⑮ 。沈思前事，似夢裏，淚暗滴。

注　　釋

①　這是説堤上的柳樹排列得很整齊，因而樹蔭也是直的。

②　煙：指水邊的煙嵐。　弄：舞弄。　碧：指碧色的柳枝。

③　隋堤：指當時東京（今河南開封市）附近汴河一帶的堤，這條堤是隋朝修的，故稱。汴河原流至安徽入淮，是唐宋漕運東南的要道，今久湮没。

④　綿：指柳絮。　行色：指行人。　這三句是説自己曾多次在暮春季節到隋堤上送别。

⑤　故國：這里指故鄉。　京華倦客：指作者自己。　京華：京城。三句意思是誰知道我的心情呢？

⑥　長亭：古代驛站路上十里一長亭，五里一短亭。是行人休息的地方，也是送别的地方。　這三句也是説自己多次送别。古代有折柳送别的習慣。

⑦　這句直承前闕，是説友人别後，自己空閒時追思往事。

⑧　酒趁哀弦：意思是伴隨着哀怨的音樂飲酒。　這兩句是説又要爲别的友人餞行了。

⑨　寒食：清明前二天叫寒食節，當天不生火做飯，節後另取新火。古制春天取榆柳之火，唐宋時朝廷在清明時以榆柳之火賜百官。　這句是説送别的時候，正是梨花盛開，將近寒食的時候。

⑩　半篙：篙插入水中的是半截，故云。　波暖：時間已近清明，所以水波漸暖。　迢遞：雙聲聯綿詞。遥遠的樣子。　這四句是爲行人設想，“愁”字通貫四句，意思是説船去如箭，艄公用篙把船撑開以後，不久就過了幾個驛站，回望送行的人遠在天北。這種别離的景象使行人感到“愁”。

⑪　悽惻：悲傷。

⑫　别浦：送别的水邊。　縈迴：曲折迴旋的樣子。

⑬　津堠（hòu）：渡口候望的土堡。　岑寂：雙聲聯綿詞，寂寞。

⑭　冉冉：慢慢移動的樣子。　春無極：春色無邊。　這幾句是説友人已行，岸邊夕陽下的一片春色使人倍感惆悵。

⑮　月榭：月光下的臺榭。　榭：建在高臺上的房屋。　露橋：露水沾濕的橋。　這都是與友人夜遊之處。

【押韻】

直、色、國、識：職韻；　碧、客、尺：陌韻。職陌合韻。跡、席、驛：陌韻；　食、北：職韻。陌職合韻。　惻、極：職韻；積：陌韻；　寂、笛、滴：錫韻。職、陌、錫合韻。

SYLLABUS – A COURSE DESCRIPTION

I. General information 1. Course name: Critical Overview of Chinese Literature (Krytyczny przegląd literatury chińskiej) 2. Course code: 3. Course type (compulsory or optional): Compulsory 4. Study programme name: Sinology 5. Cycle of studies (1st or 2nd cycle of studies or full master’s programme): Second-cycle programme 6. Educational profile (general academic profile or practical profile): General academic profile 7. Year of studies (if relevant): 1st year (1st semester) 8. Type of classes and number of contact hours (e.g. lectures: 15 hours; practical classes: 30 hours): 30 hours of conversatory classes 9. Number of ECTS credits: 3 10. Name, surname, academic degree/title of the course lecturer/other teaching staff: Martin Woesler, Dr. 11. Language of classes: Chinese 12. Online learning – yes (partly – online / fully – online) / no: no (fully – presence) II. Detailed information 1. Course aim (aims):  The course aims to let students get an overview and understand certain characteristics of Chinese literature from 2,500 years ago until today by reading prominent examples and increasing reading ability in Chinese as a Foreign Language.  The selection of works aims at displaying the continuity and development over 2,500 years and showing the great variety of genres, styles and forms.  The course aims to let students understand research methods, compare literary works, learn the relevant terminology, understand challenges and topics of Chinese civilization, are able to trace back cultural roots of contemporary phenomena/beliefs, appreciate the work of experts in the field, critically evaluate their knowledge and update it. 2. Pre-requisites in terms of knowledge, skills and social competences (if relevant): Chinese level of at least B2 of the European Framework of References for Languages (CEFR) 3. Course learning outcomes (EU) in terms of knowledge, skills and social competences and their reference to study programme learning outcomes (EK):

Course learning outcome symbol (EU) On successful completion of this course, a student will be able to: Reference to study programme learning outcomes (EK) XXX_01 have a wide knowledge of Chinese literature from classical to modern; K_W02, K_W05 XXX_02 know the theories and research methodology in the field of sinology in relation to literary studies; K_W03 XXX_03 know selected issues of comparative literature against the background of the ongoing processes of cultural exchange and globalization; K_W04 XXX_04 know the rich terminology in the field of sinology in the field of literary studies; K_W05 XXX_05 know and understand deeply the fundamental dilemmas and challenges of contemporary civilization related to the literature of East Asia/China; K_W08 XXX_06 formulate and test hypotheses related to simple research problems and tasks, as well as communicate their observations; K_U01 XXX_07 be ready to critically evaluate the acquired knowledge of Chinese literature and to constantly update it; K_K01 XXX_08 be ready to deeply appreciate the importance of specialist knowledge in solving cognitive problems related to multiculturalism and intercultural communication; K_K02 XXX_09 be ready to critically consult problems that he/she is unable to solve on his/her own with experts in relevant scientific fields and to actively cooperate with them in search of appropriate solutions K_K03 4. Learning content with reference to course learning outcomes (EU)

Course learning content: Course learning outcome symbol (EU) Song Poetry _01, _02, _04, _06, _09 Yuan Drama _01, __09 Ming Novels _01, _06, _09 Qing novels _01, _09 Late Qing literature _01, _03, _08, _09 Republican Literature _01, _02, _03, _04, _06, _07 Modern Literature _01, _02, _04, _05 Contemporary Literature _01, _04, _05, _07 Web Literature _01, _05 Science Fiction _01, _05, _08 5. Reading list (selections of the following texts will be provided as reader): Woesler Martin (ed.) 2023. Reader Chinese Literature – Selections, Bochum: European University Press [free e-book copies provided] ‒ Song Poems (ci): Su Dongpo: “Autumn day in Kui Prefecture” ‒ Yuan Drama (Zaju): Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to Dou E” ‒ Ming novels (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West, Outlaws of the March, The Scholars) ‒ Qing novels (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams) ‒ Late Qing dystopian literature (Liang Qichao: The Future of New China, Kang Youwei: Datong shu) ‒ Republican Literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Zhou Zuoren, Yu Dafu) ‒ Modern Literature (Underground poets, Wang Meng, Mo Yan) ‒ Contemporary Literature (Han Han, Zhang Wei, Xu Zechen, Han Shaogong) ‒ Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com) ‒ Science Fiction (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem, The Wandering Earth) III. Additional information 1. Teaching and learning methods and activities to enable students to achieve the intended course learning outcomes (please indicate the appropriate methods and activities with a tick and/or suggest different methods).

Teaching and learning methods and activities X Lecture with a multimedia presentation X Interactive lecture Problem – based lecture Discussions X Text-based work X Case study work Problem-based learning X Educational simulation/game Task – solving learning (eg. calculation, artistic, practical tasks) Experiential work Laboratory work Scientific inquiry method Workshop method Project work Demonstration and observation Sound and/or video demonstration Creative methods (eg. brainstorming, SWOT analysis, decision tree method, snowball technique, concept maps) Group work X Other (please specify) – Live Digital Surveys, Creative Writing, Creative Performance/Role Play, Uploading of results to Website, review of fellow students, comparison of film adaption with original X … 2. Assessment methods to test if learning outcomes have been achieved (please indicate with a tick the appropriate methods for each LO and/or suggest different methods)

Assessment methods Course learning outcome symbol _01 _02 _03 _04 _05 _06 _07 _08 _09 Written exam X X X X X X X X X Oral exam Open book exam Written test Oral test Multiple choice test X X X X X X X X X Project Essay X X X X X X X X X Report Individual presentation X X X X X X X X X Practical exam (performance observation) Portfolio Other (please specify) - … 3. Student workload and ECTS credits

Activity types Mean number of hours spent on each activity type Contact hours with the teacher as specified in the study programme 30 Independent study* Preparation for classes 10 Reading for classes 20 Essay / report / presentation / demonstration preparation, etc. 15 Test preparation 10 Other (please specify) – Review of fellow students’ work 5 … Total hours 90 Total ECTS credits for the course 3

• please indicate the appropriate activity types and/or suggest different activities

4. Assessment criteria in accordance with AMU in Poznan’s grading system: Very good (bdb; 5,0): great ability to recognize a given Chinese text regarding its time and genre; ability to look up unknown Chinese characters in dictionaries to understand different sorts of literary texts; very good knowledge of issues related to Chinese literature (in both historical and contemporary terms), overview on the development of Chinese literature against the background of historical events and social changes, very good knowledge of the important role of literature in the development of Chinese civilization; familiarity with research terms and tools in the field of Chinese literature;

Good plus (+db; 4,5): 0): ability to recognize a given Chinese text regarding its time and genre; knowledge how to look up unknown Chinese characters in dictionaries to understand different sorts of literary texts; good knowledge of issues related to Chinese literature (in both historical and contemporary terms), orientate oneself within the development of Chinese literature against the background of historical events and social changes, good knowledge of the important role of literature in the development of Chinese civilization; knowledge of research terms and tools in the field of Chinese literature;

Good (db; 4,0): ability to guess time and genre of a given Chinese text; ability to find out how to look up unknown Chinese characters in dictionaries to understand different sorts of literary texts; knowledge of issues related to Chinese literature (in both historical and contemporary terms); ability to locate a given text within the development of Chinese literature against the background of historical events and social changes, knowledge of the important role of literature in the development of Chinese civilization; selective experience with research terms and tools in the field of Chinese literature;

Satisfactory plus (+dst; 3,5): ability to contextualize a given Chinese text either in time or in the genre; ability to find the majority of unknown Chinese characters in dictionaries to better understand different sorts of literary texts; knowledge of selected issues related to Chinese literature (in both historical and contemporary terms); ability to relate a given text to the development of Chinese literature against the background of historical events and social changes, knowledge of the place of literature in Chinese culture; familiarity with some research terms and tools in the field of Chinese literature;

Satisfactory (dst; 3,0): ability to relate to a given Chinese text either in time or in the genre; ability to look up single unknown Chinese characters in dictionaries to better understand different sorts of literary texts; knowledge of elements of Chinese literature (in both historical and contemporary terms); ability to ascribe a given text to Chinese literature against the background of historical events and social changes, knowledge of Chinese literature as being part of Chinese culture; knowledge of elements of research in the field of Chinese literature;

Unsatisfactory (ndst; 2,0): minimum ability to relate to a given Chinese text either in time or in the genre; minimum ability to look up single unknown Chinese characters in dictionaries to better understand different sorts of literary texts; minimum knowledge of elements of Chinese literature (in both historical and contemporary terms); minimum ability to ascribe a given text to Chinese literature against the background of historical events and social changes, minimum knowledge of Chinese literature as being part of Chinese culture; minimum knowledge of elements of research in the field of Chinese literature.