User:Zeng Man

我叫曾蔓，专业是英语笔译，来自湖北荆州。爱好是在游戏里种田，现实生活中不太喜欢，因为着实有点累。运动会偏好跑步，因为这项运动简单，边听歌边跑步最惬意啦。还有就是我没买保险，所以需要保持身体健康。感觉自己对中国文化了解也不是很深，希望上了您的课，能更好地学习本国的文化。

\= Nov 6, 2024 \=I learned how to say "I love you" in French. That's "Je t'aime".

\= Nov 7, 2024 \=I knew several French celebrites such as Charles de Gaulle, Honoré de Balzac and Sophie Marceau.

\= Nov 8, 2024 \=I learnt 13 French alphabets from A to M. It was different for me to pronunce G and J.

\= Nov 9, 2024 \=I didn't study French.

\= Nov 10, 2024 \=I reviewed these 13 alphabets. Then I continued to learn another 13 French alphabets from N to Z.

\= Nov 11, 2024 \=I learnt how to greet others. Some expressions were as follow: Bonjour,madame/monsieur. Bonjour à tous/vous.

\= Nov 12, 2024 \=I learnt 5 sons（phonèmes）：/a/, /ɛ/, /e/, /i/ ,/b/

\= Nov 13, 2024 \=I learnt some sentences about self-introduction. -Je suis Zeng Man. Et vous? -Moi, C'est Lucie.

\= Nov 14, 2024 \=I learnt 8 subject pronouns(pronoms sujets): je,tu,il, elle, nous,vous,ils, elles.

\= Nov 15, 2024 \=I reviewed yesterday's subject pronouns.

\= Nov 16, 2024 \=I didn't study French because I attened an academic meeting in Chongqing.

\= Nov 17, 2024 \=I didn't study French, either, because I traveled in Chongqing and saw cute pandas.

\= Nov 18, 2024 \=I learnt conjugasion（动词变位）and I thought it was very complex.je suis, tu es, il est, elle est, nous sommes, vous tes, ils sont, elles sont.

\= Nov 19, 2024 \=I reviewed what I had learnt yesterday.

\= Nov 20, 2024 \=I learnt to say good morning and good evening in French: Bonjour. Bonsoir. -Comment ça va？/Comment allez-vous？-Ça va bien./Je vais bien.

\= Nov 21, 2024 \=I learnt several vowels：/ø/, /œ/, /ə/ and also some consonants: /ʃ/, /dʒ/, /k/,/g/.

\= Nov 22, 2024 \=I learnt conversation about how to say goodbye. Au revoir.Salut.Bonne journée. À bientôt. À demain.

\= Nov 23, 2024 \=I have learned the French expressions for Monday through Sunday.

\= Nov 24, 2024 \=I learnt several vowels：/ɔ/, /ɒ/, /u/ and also some consonants: /h/, /s/, /z/,/ɾ/.

\= Nov 25, 2024 \=I learnt some expressions about apology and thanks(remercier et s'excuser):Merci. Merci beaucoup.Pardon.Excusez-moi.Ça va. / Ça va bien. Je vous en prie.

\= Nov 26, 2024 \=I didn't learn anything.

\= Nov 27, 2024 \=Review.

\= Nov 28, 2024 \=I learnt to count number 1-10 in French.

\= Nov 29, 2024 \=I followed the tape to read some sentences to practice my oral French. For example: Il pleut. Je veux des œufs.Il a lea yeux bleus.

\= Nov 30, 2024 \=I learned how to prouonuce "e" in French words. It has two main kinds: "e" is pronounced, and sometimes "e" is mute.

\= Dec.1, 2024 \=Practice the pronunciation rules for "e".

\= Dec.2, 2024 \=I learnt to count number 11-20 in French.

\= Dec.3, 2024 \=I reviewed these complicated numbers.

\= Dec.4, 2024 \=I learned some new words that were nouns could be used in the classroom.

\= Dec.5, 2024 \=I knew there is distinction between masculine and feminine nouns with the corresponding definite articles "un" and "une".

\= Dec.6, 2024 \= I learned a sentence pattern expression."Qu’est-ce que c’est ? " "C'est un cahier."

\= Dec.7, 2024 \=I had a rest.

\= Dec.8, 2024 \=I learned its plural form: "Qu’est-ce que sont ces choses ?" "Ce sont des stylos."

\= Dec.9, 2024 \=I learned the interrogative form of this sentence pattern. "Est-ce que c’est un livre? " "Oui, c'est un livre." "Non, c'est un dictionnaire."

\= Dec.10, 2024 \=I read some sentences to practice the intonation about declarative and interrogative sentences.

\= Dec.11, 2024 \=Review

\= Dec.12, 2024 \=I learnt some abbreviations about French organizatoins: AFP (Agence France-Presse), ONU(Organisation des Nations Unies) JO(Jeux Olympiques) and so on.

\= Dec.13, 2024 \=I learnt some new words to start a conversation.

\= Dec.14, 2024 \=Today, I learned about the masculine and feminine genders of French nouns.

\= Dec.15, 2024 \=Today, I learned how to ask about someone's nationality in French. "Tu es …?" "Je viens de…""Je suis…"

\= Dec.16, 2024 \=Today, I learned how to ask about someone's profession in French.

\= Dec.17, 2024 \=Had a rest.

\= Dec.18, 2024 \=I learned the verb conjugations, like "aimer", "parler", "aller".

\= Dec.19, 2024 \=I learned more verb conjugations, like "venir", “être” “êtudier”.

\= Dec.20, 2024 \=

Bamboo Weaving

Zeng Man

Abstract: Bamboo weaving is a traditional handicraft with a long history and rich cultural connotations. Primarily using bamboo as the raw material, it employs specific weaving techniques and craftsmanship to create a variety of household items and decorative objects, reflecting profound culture and exquisite artistry. This article introduces the development history, production process, categories, schools, and symbolic meanings of bamboo weaving. Bamboo products are a combination of practicality and artistic appreciation, carrying significant cultural meaning. Today, bamboo weaving has been listed as a national intangible cultural heritage, becoming an important carrier for the inheritance and promotion of Chinese culture.

Historical Development of Bamboo Weaving

     China was one of the first countries in the world to utilize and process bamboo, with a history dating back more than 5,000 years. During the Neolithic Age, people began to collect bamboo and make baskets and hampers for daily use (Pu Liheng, 2018). During the Yin and Shang Dynasties, bamboo weaving patterns became more diverse and weaving techniques were refined. From the bamboo woven utensils unearthed in Jiangling, Hubei Province, Changde, Hunan Province and other places, it can be seen that the bamboo weaving skills during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods already had a high level. Bamboo weaving skills continued to promote during the Qin and Han Dynasties, in addition to production of domestic goods, there were also some entertainment and ritual objects. Exquisite bamboo crafts, such as bamboo folding screen, bamboo ornaments appeared on the stage. During the Tang and Song dynasties, bamboo weaving was continuously innovated by skillful craftsmen, created delicate toys and so on. Some dignitaries would invite lantern craftsmen to create exquisite lanterns, including dragon lanterns and festive lanterns, some of which used bamboo weaving techniques. Bamboo weaving craftsmen increased in the Ming and Qing Dynasties; to the mid-Ming Dynasty, the application of bamboo weaving covered many fields with more sophisticated weaving skills. Besides, lots of daily necessities began to the combination of bamboo weaving and lacquer ware (Cao Dong, 2023). Bamboo weaving style was more diversified, some focus on practicality, while others emphasize artistry. At the same time, the combination of bamboo weaving and other crafts was also closer, such as with wood carving and lacquer. Entering the 21st century, plastic products and metal products gradually replaced the traditional bamboo weaving products, so the bamboo weaving craft gradually lost its market competitiveness and became less popular, and its weaving skills became “intangible cultural heritage”. However, people’s affection for traditional culture and love for handicrafts has also provided new opportunities for the inheritance and development of bamboo weaving skills. Many bamboo weaving artists are still tirelessly pursuing new art, and new works are emerging.

Process of Bamboo Woven Products

      A piece of bamboo woven product usually goes through more than ten to thirty processes from raw materials to finished products. There are usually four main processes in traditional bamboo woven products, which are as follows:
      Processing bamboo sticks: bamboo is broken into thin and even sticks by breaking, splitting, scraping the top layer of green, layering, and passing through the knife gate. (A special tool consisting of two identical knives, where bamboo sticks are placed in the gap between the two knives and pulled so that bamboo sticks pass through the knives, adjusting their width and thickness, ensuring that sticks are even and consistent.)

Weaving: Weaving is the most important part of the bamboo weaving process, which can be roughly divided into three processes: starting the base, weaving and finishing the edges. In bamboo weaving, common weaving techniques prioritize functionality and encompass methods like “warp and weft weaving”, “herringbone weave”, “cross weave”, “hexagonal weave”(Muxing Gao, Xiaoxiao Cao, 2024)， during which other methods may be used according to the needs, such as: insertion, locking, cutting, sparse weaving and so on. By applying these weaving methods, bamboo sticks are made into the desired shapes and patterns. Finishing: Trimming, polishing, lacquering and coloring the finished work to make it more beautiful and durable. Quality Checking and Packaging: Quality checking of the finished work to ensure that it meets the requirements before packaging and storing.

Categories of Bamboo Woven Products

     In terms of the form and structure of products, bamboo woven products can be divided into three-dimensional weaving and plane weaving. The formal ones have three-dimensional forms, such as baskets, containers, furniture, etc., with a strong sense of stereo perception and artistic appeal, such as bamboo sculpture can show vivid shapes of human characters or animals, and bamboo architectural models present the unique structure of traditional architecture. Plane bamboo weaving is mainly unfolded on the two-dimensional plane, such as wall hangings, folding screens  etc., which is unique and charming with its simple and clear artistic style. Various patterns and textures are created mainly through the method of warp and weft weaving. Plane bamboo weaving products are commonly found in bamboo weaving paintings and tapestries, etc., which can be used as indoor decorations.

In terms of the thickness of the bamboo sticks, bamboo woven products can be divided into thick stick weaving and fine stick weaving. Thick stick weaving (also named no porcelain tire bamboo weaving process) using thick bamboo strips, is usually used to make durable, study daily necessities: containers, furniture, like bamboo baskets, fruit boxes, door curtains, etc.. The craft and process are less delicate, emphasizing the simplicity and practicality of products. Fine stick weaving (also known as Woven Bamboo Wares with Porcelain Bodies Inside, Bamboo over Porcelain) lets fine sticks to mold themselves according to the porcelain body, wandering throughout or half of the ceramic containers, and all the joints are hidden as if sticks and porcelain are a natural match. The main function of Bamboo over Porcelain products is hot-proof, which can not only effectively solve the problem of non-insulation of ceramics, but also increase the beauty of ceramics (Huang Li, 2016). Its products mainly include: porcelain vases, bamboo tea sets, stationery.

Schools of Bamboo Weaving

     On June 7, 2008, bamboo weaving was approved by the State Council to be included in the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. According to the search, 13 types of bamboo weaving have been entered into the national intangible cultural heritage list in various regions, distributed in 8 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government): Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Fujian (Zhang Xiaokai, 2023). Regional characteristics and respective expertise give to the formation of a number of schools, such as the Qingshen Bamboo Weaving, Daoming Bamboo Weaving, Quxian Bamboo Weaving in Sichuan Province, Quanzhou Bamboo Weaving, western Fujian Bamboo Weaving in Fujian Province, Hunan Xiangxi bamboo Weaving, Shengzhou Bamboo Weaving, Dongyang bamboo Weaving in Zhejiang Province and so on, all of which are intangible cultural heritages of different grades.

Symbol of Bamboo Crafts

     Bamboo weaving craft is a time-honored folk tradition that symbolizes happiness and well-being. In some traditional Chinese festivals and celebrations, people will use bamboo works for decoration and performance. For example, during the Lunar New Year, people will make all kinds of bamboo lanterns to celebrate and to pray for blessing. These bamboo works are not only colorful and splendid, but also symbolize people’s pursuit of happiness and good fortune.

The Artificers’ Record says that “The weather changes with the seasons, the land varies with the climate, the materials are good and bad, the craftsmen are skillful and clumsy, and by combining the benefits of these four aspects together one is able to make fine artifacts.” The region, the season the raw material comes from, the craftsmanship, and the production process ultimately determine whether a bamboo woven product is beautiful and useful. Traditional bamboo weaving, although not counted as the work of the Gods, but it is more reflective of the traditional Chinese concept of creation, “the unity of heaven and man”, which emphasizes the harmony of man and nature.

Terms and Expression

bamboo weaving 竹编

bamboo sticks 竹篾

warp and weft weaving 经纬编制法

thick stick weaving 粗丝编织

fine stick weaving 细丝编织

Woven Bamboo Wares with Porcelain Bodies Inside 瓷胎竹编工艺

Questions

1.What is the bamboo weaving production process? What are the main steps?

2. What are the categories of bamboo woven products?

3. What are some of the symbols of bamboo crafts?

Answers

1.It mainly has four steps: Processing bamboo sticks,Weaving, Finishing, Quality Checking and Packaging.

2.In terms of the form and structure of products, bamboo woven products can be divided into three-dimensional weaving and plane weaving. In terms of the thickness of the bamboo sticks, bamboo woven products can be divided into thick stick weaving and fine stick weaving.

3.It symbolizes happiness and well-being. Besides, it is more reflective of the traditional Chinese concept of creation, “the unity of heaven and man”, which emphasizes the harmony of man and nature.

References

Muxing Gao, Xiaoxiao Cao. (2024). Cultural Echoes in Modern Design: Assessing Young Consumers’ Perceptions of Traditional Bamboo Weaving Patterns. Archeology. 2024(8) , 26–38.

Cao Dong曹东. (2023) 道明竹编展示研究[Daoming Bamboo Weaving Presentation Research]. Beijing: Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 北京建筑大学.

Huang Li黄丽. (2016). 竹编技艺的价值研究[Study on the Value of Bamboo Weaving Techniques]. 现代装饰(理论) Modern Decoration (Theory) 2016, (02): 158.

Pu Liheng蒲骊衡. (2018). 非物质文化遗产传承的可持续性研究[Study on the Sustainability of the Intangible Cultural Heritage——In the case of Daoming Bamboo Craft in Western Sichuan]. Chongqing: Southwest University. 西南大学.

Zhao Xiaokai张小开. (2023). 与竹造物[Chinese Bamboo Product]. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Fine Arts Publishing House. 上海人民美术出版社.

竹编

曾蔓

摘要：竹编是一种具有悠久历史和丰富文化内涵的传统手工艺，它主要使用竹子作为原材料，通过特定的编织技巧和工艺，制作出各种生活用品和装饰品，体现了深厚的文化底蕴和精湛的工艺技巧。本文介绍了竹编的发展历史、制作流程、类别、流派以及寓意。竹编制品是实用性和艺术欣赏的结合，它承载着重要的文化意义。如今，竹编已被列为国家级非物质文化遗产，成为传承和弘扬中华文化的重要载体。

竹编历史发展阶段

   中国是世界上最早使用和加工竹子的国家之一，有五千多年的历史。早在石器时代，古人就已经采集竹子来编竹篮制作锤子供日常使用了（蒲骊衡，2018）        

在殷商时代，竹藤的编织纹样丰富起来，编织技巧也越发成熟。

   从湖北江陵，湖南常德等地出土的春秋时期竹编工具可以竹编技艺发展达到了一定的高度，陶器的印纹上出现了方格纹、米字纹、回纹、波纹等纹饰。
   秦汉时期竹编技艺继续发展，除了生活用品的编织，竹编也开始应用于一些娱乐和祭祀用品。还出现了精美的竹编工艺品，如竹编屏风，竹编摆件等。
   唐宋时期，竹编技艺在各地形成了不同的流派，如四川的胎瓷竹编在此时得到了较大的发展。竹编被巧手工匠们持续创新，开发并制成小玩具等。一些达官贵人往往会请制灯艺人创制精致的花灯。明清时期，竹编匠人大幅增加。到了明中后期，竹编已广泛运用于众多领域风格，编织精美，技艺娴熟。同时，竹编与其他工艺的结合也更加紧密，如与木雕、漆艺等（曹东，2023）。更加多样化，有的注重实用性，有的则强调艺术性。
   进入21世纪以后，塑料制品、金属制品等逐渐取代了传统的竹编用品，竹编工艺渐渐失去市场竞争力而出现滑坡，其编织技艺成了“非物质文化遗产”。同时，人们对传统文化的重视和对手工艺品的喜爱，也为竹编技艺的传承和发展提供了新的机遇。也有不少竹编艺术家们仍在孜孜不倦的追求新的艺术，新的作品在缓缓冒尖。

竹编技艺流程

   一件竹编从破篾到成品，一般要经过十几到三十几道工序。传统竹编的工艺通常有四个流程，分别是：
   加工竹篾：通过破竹、劈蔑、刮青、分层、过剑门刀等工序，将竹子加工成薄而均匀的竹篾。
   编织：编织是竹编工艺流程中最重要的环节，大体可分起底、编织和锁口三道工序。主要的编织方法有经纬编织法、人字编、十字编、牛角编（Gao Muxing, Cao Xiaoxiao, 2024），期间会根据需要选择适用的其他穿插方法，比如：插、锁、削、疏编、套、扎等，将竹篾编织成所需的形状和图案。
   收尾：对编织好的作品进行修整、打磨、上漆、染色等处理，使其更加美观和耐用。
   质检和包装：对完成的作品进行质量检查，确保符合要求后，进行包装和储存。

竹编制品类别

   从编织物的形态和结构来看，竹编制品可以分为立体编织和平面编织。立体竹编作品具有三维立体形态，如篮子、容器、家具等，具有强烈的立体感和艺术感染力，如竹编雕塑可展现生动的人物、动物造型，竹编建筑模型则呈现出传统建筑的独特结构。平面竹编主要在二维平面上展开，如壁挂、屏风、垫子等，以其简洁明快的艺术风格独具魅力。主要通过经纬交织的方式，篾创造出各种图案和纹理。工匠们凭借精湛技艺，将竹篾有序编织，使作品呈现出丰富的画面效果。平面竹编作品常见的有竹编画和竹编挂毯等，可作为室内装饰品，为空间增添自然气息，同时也展现了传统竹编工艺在平面创作上的独特魅力和艺术价值。
   从蔑条的粗细程度粗丝来看，竹编制品可以分为粗丝编织和细丝编织。粗丝编织（无瓷胎竹编工艺）使用较粗的蔑条进行编织，通常用于制作结实、粗犷的物品。工艺较为租犷，强调造型的简洁与实用性。粗丝竹编作品结实耐用，常被用于制作大型的竹编容器、家具，如竹篮、果盒、屏风、门帘、扇子等。其风格大气，充满自然韵味，既体现了竹材的原始之美。细丝编织（瓷胎竹编工艺）使用较细的蔑条进行编织，是一种精湛的竹编工艺。它选用精细如发丝的竹丝进行编织，通常用于制作精细、复杂的图案和结构。细丝竹编作品纹理清晰，质感轻，具有极高的艺术价值。常被用于制作瓷胎竹编、竹编字画等精美工艺品，展现了传统工艺的魅力与传承者的匠心独运（黄丽，2016）。产品主要有：瓷胎竹编花瓶、竹编茶具、咖啡具、酒具、文具、竹编平面画。

竹编流派

   2008年6月7日，竹编经国务院批准列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。根据对国家非遗项目的检索，各地竹编现有13中进入国家级非物质文化遗产名录，分布在浙江、安徽、江西、重庆、四川、湖南、广西、福建8个省（自治区、直辖市）（张小开，2023）。竹编作为一种传统手工艺，在中国有丰富的地域特色和流派，如四川青神竹编、道明竹编、渠县竹编；福建泉州竹编、闽西竹编；湖南湘西竹编；浙江嵊州竹编、东阳竹编等都是不同等级的非物质文化遗产。

竹编工艺品的寓意

   民俗传统，幸福安康。在中国的一些传统节日和庆典活动中，人们会使用竹编作品进行装饰和表演。例如，农历新年期间，人们会制作各种各样的竹编灯笼来庆祝节日的到来。这些竹编作品不仅彩光万丈，也寓意着人们对于幸福和吉祥的追求。
   《考工记》提出“天有时，地有名，工有巧，才有美，和此四者然后才可为良。”瓷胎竹编的材料选择的时节、地域，传统竹编的制作工艺、制作水平最终决定了一件瓷胎竹编是否材美工巧。传统竹编虽然算不上鬼斧神工，但是却更能体现中国传统造物观念“天人合一”所强调的人与自然和谐统一的思想和文化内涵。

问题

1.竹编制作是什么流程？主要步骤有哪些？

2.竹编制品有哪些分类？

3.竹编制品的寓意是什么？

答案

1.一件竹编从破篾到成品，一般要经过十几到三十几道工序。传统竹编的工艺通常有四个流程，分别是：加工竹篾、编织、收尾、质检和包装。

2.从编织物的形态和结构来看，竹编制品可以分为立体编织和平面编织。从蔑条的粗细程度粗丝来看，竹编制品可以分为粗丝编织和细丝编织。

3.竹编寓意着人们对于幸福和吉祥的追求，期盼幸福安康。同时，它也体现出中国传统造物观念“天人合一”所强调的人与自然和谐统一的思想和文化内涵。