User:He Chuwen

My name is He Chuwen, and I'm a passionate individual with a diverse range of interests. Photography is more than a hobby to me; it's a way to capture the beauty of the world around us. I find solace in the pages of a good book, losing myself in the narratives and gaining new perspectives. When I'm not reading, you can often find me with a paintbrush in hand, bringing my creative visions to life on canvas.

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Professionally, I've made significant strides in my language studies. I've earned an English Major Level 8 Certificate and a High School English Teacher Qualification Certificate, which are testaments to my dedication and proficiency in the English language. Currently, I'm pursuing a graduate degree in Translation Studies, the second year, where I'm honing my skills to bridge languages and cultures.

I'm excited about the journey ahead and the opportunities to learn, grow, and contribute in my field. Thank you for taking the time to get to know me!

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Final exam paper-CN

宫灯

何楚雯 Lyra

摘要

宫灯，又称宫廷花灯，是中国彩灯中富有特色的汉民族传统手工艺品之一，在世界上享有盛名。作为中国传统手工艺品的瑰宝，不仅承载着丰富的历史文化，还蕴含着深厚的民族情感。本文旨在通过对宫灯的发展历程、种类以及制作方式的探讨，揭示宫灯在中国传统文化中的独特地位和艺术价值，彰显中国传统文化的独特魅力。

关键词：宫灯；传统手工艺品；中国传统文化

在中国的传统习俗里，逢年过节，大街小巷总是张灯结彩、热闹非凡。高高挂起的大红灯笼，总是最能烘托喜庆欢乐的节日氛围。宫灯以其精美的造型、华丽的装饰和精湛的工艺而闻名，常作为宫廷、庙宇和园林中的装饰物，也是民间喜庆场合的重要装饰。

宫灯的起源与发展

宫灯，发源于洛阳，创自东汉、盛于隋唐，距今已有千年历史，已经成了中国传统文化的一个符号。相传，东汉光武帝刘秀一统天下、建都洛阳后，为庆贺这一功业，便于元宵佳节在宫廷内张灯结彩、大摆宴席，盖盖灯火，各呈艳姿，尽显宫廷华彩（小河2023，55）。“宫灯”之名，由此而生。隋炀帝时期，宫灯的使用更是达到了一个高潮，正月十五全城张灯结彩，半月不息，这种风俗逐渐传至全国，波及海外。

宫灯在隋唐时期得到了极大的发展，不仅在宫廷中使用，也逐渐流入民间。每逢元宵节，家家宝灯高挂，处处明灯璀璨，人人提灯漫游，盏盏争奇斗艳。到了明清时期，宫灯的制作技术达到了巅峰，成为皇宫专用品，后来人们把“贡”字换作“宫”字，就成了现在的“宫灯”。明清时期，宫灯的制作技术由宫廷传入民间，使得宫灯的制作技艺得到了更广泛的传播和发展。

2008 年，洛阳宫灯入选第一批国家级非物质文化遗产扩展项目名录。

如今，宫灯不仅是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，也成为了国家级非物质文化遗产，继续传承和发展着这一独特的艺术形式。

宫灯的种类

由于长期为宫廷所用，宫灯除了照明以外，还要配上精细复杂的装饰，以显示帝王的富贵和奢华。正统的宫灯造型为八角形、六角形和四角形的，各面画屏图案内容多为龙凤呈祥、福寿延年、吉祥如意等。根据材质可分为竹编宫灯、木制宫灯、金属宫灯等；根据用途可分为室内宫灯和室外宫灯。每一种宫灯都有其独特的风格和装饰特点，反映了不同时期的社会风尚和审美趋势。常见的有白帽方灯、纱圆灯、罗汉灯、走马灯、蝴蝶灯、二龙戏珠灯等等，尤以红纱灯最为有名，“珑玲世人叹，艺绝神仙惊”。

就品种而言，洛阳宫灯主要分为张合架纱绸宫灯,拼装架方形彩绘宫灯，拼装架多角彩绘宫灯和玩灯、花灯四大类，融入了手艺人的许多心血。

具体来说，张合架纱绸宫灯分三种形式：圆样宫灯、老样宫灯（蛋圆形）、清化样宫灯（长圆形）。 圆样宫灯，也叫门灯，主要用于大门的装饰。老样宫灯,即蛋圆形宫灯是老辈流传下来的传统式样，灯型自然流畅，主要作为商店的字号灯。清化样宫灯为长圆形，据传由清化县（今焦作博爱县）流传而来，多为“官衔灯”和“还愿灯”。

拼装架方形彩绘宫灯呈方形，骨架由木头做成，能拆能卸，收藏十分方便。分类有“方白绢”“方罗汉”“粗方灯”等。骨架用木有胡桃木、椴木、杨木等，也有富贵人家用红木、紫檀木的。

方形宫灯灯架有透雕花边，灯面讲究写字画画，一般由当地名人动笔字写古今诗词，画画山水花鸟。

拼装架多角彩绘宫灯也是木架结构，能拆能装，也有不能拆装的固定架。木质与方形宫灯相同，品种有六角龙头宫灯、扇面宫灯、蝴蝶形宫灯、各种壁灯、桌灯、盒灯等。花边有透雕，有浮雕，也有不带花边的。

至于玩灯、花灯、纸灯类，则多为灯节中儿童提灯游玩所用，灯型多样，五彩缤纷，有固定型，有活动型，有操纵变换型。常见的有猴灯、羊抵头灯、走马灯，还有玉兔灯、仙鹤灯、龙头灯、三节龙灯、宝塔灯等。因为属玩物，此类灯一般做工粗糙，但也有做工细腻的。

再者，宫灯种类很多，有一团和气灯、哈哈二仙灯、三阳开泰灯、四季平安灯、五子夺魁灯、六国凤祥灯、七才子路灯、八仙过海灯、九子登科灯、十面埋伏灯等。人们通过这些不同内容的灯笼，寄托心中的愿望。如家庭和睦多挂“一团和气灯”，家人出门在外的就挂一盏“四季平安灯”，家里有学生的可以挂“九子登科灯”等等。

制作方式

宫灯的制作方式复杂且精细，共有72道工序，制作过程可分为选木材、削竹篾、扎骨架、粘糊子、贴云纸、缠排须等多个环节，每个环节又包括多个小环节，其中需要注意的细节非常多，制作过程涉及到雕刻、绘画、编织等多种技艺。宫灯的框架通常由竹子或木材制成，再经过雕刻和打磨，形成精美的图案。其表面会覆盖以丝绸或纸张，并绘以山水、花鸟、人物等图案，再配以流苏、珠串等装饰物，使宫灯显得华丽而庄重。

各地宫灯

藁城宫灯

1990年，藁城人民在传统宫灯的基础上，开发了大型电动彩灯，并自主研制了国内独创的旅游纪念品“中国民间纸雕彩灯”，已获得国家三项技术专利，被河北省人民政府指定为对外交流礼品。

北京宫灯

北京宫灯制作精美，选料细致、框架一般用红木、檀木、花梨木等贵重木料精制，加上彩绘玻璃丝纱绢的装饰，典雅华贵。红纱灯用金色云朵和流苏烘托，显得格外艳丽端庄。 潍坊宫灯风筝

宫灯风筝不同于世界各地的任何宫灯灯具，是灯具艺术与风筝工艺美术完美结合的产物，在世界上独树一帜，表现出东方艺术和我国民族风格与民俗艺术的完美结合。

结语

宫灯不仅是中国传统照明艺术的代表，也是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。它以其独特的艺术魅力和文化内涵，成为连接过去与现在、传统与现代的桥梁。随着现代科技的发展，宫灯的制作技艺和材料也在不断创新，但其承载的文化价值和艺术精神始终不变。保护和传承宫灯制作技艺，对于弘扬中国传统文化、增强民族自信具有重要意义。

问题：

1.宫灯的发源地是哪里？

2.洛阳宫灯入选第一批国家级非物质文化遗产扩展项目名录是哪一年？

3.宫灯造型有哪几类？

4. 各地有哪些类型的宫灯？

答案：

1. 洛阳。

2. 2008年。

3.八角形、六角形和四角形。

4. 藁城宫灯、北京宫灯和潍坊宫灯风筝。

参考文献

[1]Luo D. Dome of Heaven: From the Lantern Ceiling to the Chinese Wooden Dome[J]. Silk Roads: From Local Realities to Global Narratives, 2020: 131-59.

[2]Zhang Y, Wei L, Cui Z, et al. Characterizations of palace lantern tassels preserved in The Palace Museum, Beijing, by UPLC‐ESI‐Q‐TOF[J]. Archaeometry, 2020, 62(3): 660-676.

[3]单士元.宫灯[J].文物,1959,(02):22-26.

[4]涂梦雅.非遗传承视野下洛阳宫灯数字化体验设计研究[D].湖北大学,2023.

[5]小河.风起洛阳时宫灯明如昼[J].协商论坛,2023,(05):55-57.

[6]杨芝.宫灯流彩映夕阳[J].宁波通讯, 2019,(04):78-81.

[7]尤曌颖.中国灯彩艺术研究[D].西安理工大学,2009.

[8]张芦.河南非遗灯彩文化衍生品设计应用研究[D].中原工学院,2021.

人工智能声明

我在此保证我没有使用人工智能的帮助来写这门课的期末论文。

Final exam paper-EN

Palace Lantern

He Chuwen/Lyra

Abstract

Palace lanterns are one of the distinctive traditional handicrafts of the Han nationality in Chinese colored lanterns, enjoying a high reputation in the world. As a treasure of traditional Chinese handicrafts, they not only carry rich historical culture but also contain profound national emotions. This paper aims to reveal the unique position and artistic value of palace lanterns in Chinese traditional culture through the discussion of their development, types, and production methods, highlighting the unique charm of Chinese traditional culture.

Keywords: Palace Lanterns; Traditional Handicrafts; Chinese Traditional Culture

In traditional Chinese customs, during festivals and celebrations, streets and alleys are always adorned with colorful lanterns and bustling with excitement. The large red lanterns hanging high are the most effective in creating a festive and joyful atmosphere. Palace lanterns, renowned for their exquisite design, gorgeous decorations, and superb craftsmanship, are often used as decorations in palaces, temples, and gardens, and are also important decorations for festive occasions among the common people.

The Origin and Development of Palace Lanterns

Palace lanterns, originating from Luoyang, were first created during the Eastern Han Dynasty and flourished during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with a history of a thousand years, have become a symbol of traditional Chinese culture. It is said that after Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty unified the realm and established his capital in Luoyang, he celebrated this achievement by decorating the palace with lanterns and holding grand banquets during the Lantern Festival. Each lantern displayed its unique beauty, showcasing the splendor of the royal court. The name "Palace Lantern" was born from this tradition.

During the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, the use of palace lanterns reached a climax, with the entire city adorned with lanterns for half a month starting from the 15th day of the first lunar month. This custom gradually spread throughout the country and overseas.

Palace lanterns saw significant development during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, not only used in the imperial courts but also gradually spreading to the common people. On the Lantern Festival, every household would hang precious lanterns high, with bright lanterns everywhere, and people would carry lanterns for a stroll, with each lantern vying for uniqueness and beauty. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the craftsmanship of palace lanterns reached its peak, becoming exclusive to the imperial palace. Later, the term "tribute" was replaced with "palace," giving us the modern name "Palace Lantern." During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the technology for making palace lanterns spread from the court to the common people, allowing the craftsmanship of palace lanterns to be more widely disseminated and developed.

In 2008, Luoyang Palace Lanterns were included in the first batch of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage Extension Project List.

Today, palace lanterns are not only an important part of traditional Chinese culture but also a national intangible cultural heritage, continuing to inherit and develop this unique form of art.

Categories of Palace Lanterns

Palace lanterns, traditionally used in the imperial courts, serve not only as light sources but also as intricately decorated symbols of the emperor's wealth and opulence. The orthodox shapes of palace lanterns are octagonal, hexagonal, and square, with each face adorned with screens depicting auspicious patterns such as dragons and phoenixes bringing prosperity, longevity, and good fortune. Based on materials, they can be categorized into bamboo-woven palace lanterns, wooden palace lanterns, and metal palace lanterns. According to their use, they can be divided into indoor and outdoor palace lanterns. Each type of palace lantern possesses a unique style and decorative features, reflecting the social trends and aesthetic tendencies of different periods. Common varieties include the white-capped square lantern, gauze round lantern, arhat lantern, revolving lantern, butterfly lantern, and the two dragons playing with a pearl lantern, among which the red gauze lantern is the most famous, often praised as “exquisitely admired by the world, artfully astonishing to the immortals”.

In terms of varieties, Luoyang palace lanterns are mainly divided into four major categories: Zhanghe frame gauze silk lanterns, assembled frame square colored lanterns, assembled frame multi-angle colored lanterns, and play lanterns and flower lanterns, which incorporate the painstaking efforts of craftsmen.

Specifically, the Zhanghe frame gauze silk lanterns come in three forms: Round Sample Palace Lanterns, Old Sample Palace Lanterns (oval shape), and Qinghua Sample Palace Lanterns (long oval shape).

Round Sample Palace Lanterns, also known as gate lanterns, are mainly used for decorating the main entrance. Old Sample Palace Lanterns, or oval-shaped lanterns, are traditional styles passed down from previous generations, with a natural and smooth lantern shape, primarily used as shop sign lanterns. Qinghua Sample Palace Lanterns are long oval in shape, said to have originated from Qinghua County (now Bo'ai County, Jiaozuo), and are mostly used as "official rank lanterns" and "votive lanterns."

Assembled frame square colored lanterns are square-shaped, with a wooden skeleton that can be disassembled and assembled, making storage very convenient. Categories include "Square White Silk," "Square Arhat," "Coarse Square Lanterns," etc. The wooden frame is made of walnut, birch, poplar, and sometimes more precious woods like rosewood and ebony for wealthier families.

Square palace lanterns have a carved border on the frame, and the lantern surface is valued for calligraphy and painting, usually done by local celebrities who inscribe ancient and modern poems and paint landscapes, flowers, and birds.

Assembled frame multi-angle colored lanterns also have a wooden frame structure that can be disassembled and assembled, as well as fixed frames that cannot be disassembled. The wood types are the same as those used for square lanterns, and varieties include hexagonal dragon-head lanterns, fan-shaped lanterns, butterfly-shaped lanterns, various wall lamps, table lamps, box lamps, etc. The borders can be carved, relief-carved, or without any border at all.

As for play lanterns, flower lanterns, and paper lanterns, they are mostly used by children for carrying and playing during lantern festivals. These lanterns come in a variety of shapes and are colorful, including fixed types, movable types, and manipulable types that change. Common ones include monkey lanterns, ram's head lanterns, revolving lanterns, jade rabbit lanterns, crane lanterns, dragon head lanterns, three-section dragon lanterns, pagoda lanterns, and so on. Since they are considered playthings, these lanterns are generally made roughly, but there are also those that are crafted with delicate workmanship.

Moreover, there are many types of palace lanterns, including the Harmonious Unity Lantern (一团和气灯), the Joyful Two Immortals Lantern (哈哈二仙灯), the Auspicious Beginning of Three Springs Lantern (三阳开泰灯), the Four Seasons Peace Lantern (四季平安灯), the Five Sons’ Triumph Lantern (五子夺魁灯), the Six Countries Phoenix Auspicious Lantern(六国凤祥灯), the Seven Talented Scholars Lantern (七才子路灯), the Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea Lantern(八仙过海灯), the Nine Sons' Success in the Imperial Examinations Lantern (九子登科灯), and the Ten-Sided Ambush Lantern (十面埋伏灯), among others. People express their wishes through these lanterns with different themes. For instance, families who desire harmony hang the Harmonious Unity Lantern, those with family members traveling hang the Four Seasons Peace Lantern, and families with students hang the Nine Sons' Success in the Imperial Examinations Lantern.

Manufacturing Process of Palace Lanterns

The fabrication of palace lanterns is intricate and meticulous, encompassing 72 distinct procedures that involve a variety of skills such as carving, painting, and weaving. The framework of a palace lantern is typically crafted from bamboo or wood, which is then carved and polished to create exquisite patterns. The surface of the lantern is covered with silk or paper, adorned with paintings of landscapes, flowers and birds, and figures, and further embellished with tassels, beads, and other decorative elements, giving the palace lantern an appearance of grandeur and solemnity.

Regional Palace Lanterns

Gaocheng Palace Lanterns

In 1990, based on the traditional palace lanterns, the people of Gaocheng developed large electric colorful lanterns and independently researched and developed the unique tourism souvenir “Chinese Folk Paper Carving Lanterns”, which have been granted three national technical patents and designated by the People's Government of Hebei Province as a gift for foreign exchange.

Beijing Palace Lanterns

Beijing palace lanterns are exquisitely crafted with meticulous material selection. The frames are generally made from precious woods such as rosewood, sandalwood, and huali wood. They are adorned with painted glass and silk gauze, exuding elegance and luxury. The red gauze lanterns are highlighted with golden clouds and tassels, making them exceptionally bright and dignified.

Weifang Palace Lantern Kites

Weifang palace lantern kites are unique in the world, representing a perfect combination of lantern art and kite arts and crafts. They stand alone globally, showcasing the perfect fusion of Eastern art, Chinese national style, and folk art.

Conclusion

Palace lanterns are not only a representative of traditional Chinese lighting art but also an integral part of Chinese traditional culture. With their unique artistic charm and cultural connotations, they serve as a bridge connecting the past with the present, and tradition with modernity. As modern technology advances, the craftsmanship and materials used in the making of palace lanterns are also continuously innovating, yet the cultural values and artistic spirit they carry remain unchanged. Protecting and passing down the skills of palace lantern making is of great significance for promoting Chinese traditional culture and enhancing national confidence.

Questions:

1. Where is the birthplace of palace lanterns?

2. In which year were Luoyang palace lanterns included in the first batch of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage Extension Project List?

3. What are the categories of palace lantern shapes?

4. What are the regional palace lanterns?

Answers:

1. Luoyang.

2. In 2008.

3. Octagonal, hexagonal, and square.

4. Gaocheng Palace Lanterns, Beijinig Palace Lanterns and Weifang Palace Lantern Kites.

References

[1]Luo D. Dome of Heaven: From the Lantern Ceiling to the Chinese Wooden Dome[J]. Silk Roads: From Local Realities to Global Narratives, 2020: 131-59.

[2]Zhang Y, Wei L, Cui Z, et al. Characterizations of palace lantern tassels preserved in The Palace Museum, Beijing, by UPLC‐ESI‐Q‐TOF[J]. Archaeometry, 2020, 62(3): 660-676.

[3]Shan Shiyuan(单士元). Palace Lanterns(宫灯)[J]. Cultural Relics(文物), 1959, (02): 22-26.

[4]Tu Mengya(涂梦雅). Research on the Digital Experience Design of Luoyang Palace Lanterns from the Perspective of Intangible Cultural Heritage Inheritance(非遗传承视野下洛阳宫灯数字化体验设计研究)[D]. Hubei University, 2023.

[5]Xiaohe(小河). When the Wind Rises in Luoyang, the Palace Lanterns Shine Like Day(风起洛阳时宫灯明如昼)[J]. Consultative Forum(协商论坛), 2023, (05): 55-57.

[6]Yang Zhi(杨芝). Palace Lanterns' Radiant Colors Reflect the Sunset(宫灯流彩映夕阳) [J]. Ningbo Communication(宁波通讯), 2019, (04): 78-81.

[7]You Zhaoying(尤曌颖). Research on Chinese Lantern Art(中国灯彩艺术研究) [D]. Xi'an University of Technology, 2009.

[8]Zhang Lu(张芦). Research on the Design and Application of Henan Intangible Cultural Heritage Lantern Cultural Derivatives(河南非遗灯彩文化衍生品设计应用研究) [D]. Zhongyuan University of Technology, 2021.

AI statement

I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.