User:Fu Xinke

My name is Fu Xinke, and I am currently a student at the School of Foreign Languages, Hunan Normal University, pursuing a degree in English Translation and Interpreting. I have always held a fervent passion for translation. Throughout my graduate studies, I have dedicated myself wholeheartedly to the study and practice of translation. Through rigorous theoretical coursework and abundant practical opportunities, I have not only established a solid foundation in English language proficiency but also gained a deep understanding of the essence and techniques of translation.Moreover, I am an avid reader of literary works, with a particular fondness for classic masterpieces, notably China's Four Great Classical Novels. These books have not only enriched my cultural awareness but also broadened my horizons in translation. As I delve into their narratives, I am profoundly struck by the linguistic charm and the profound thoughts embedded within them, which stem from diverse cultural backgrounds.

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Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art

Finger

Abstract: From the perspective of the artistic characteristics and history of Cha Bai Xi, this paper delves into the definition, origin, production techniques, scientific principles, and distinctions between this ancient folk art and coffee latte art. Furthermore, it analyzes the inheritance value and preservation strategies of Cha Bai Xi. The paper elaborates on the production steps and principles of Cha Bai Xi, compares it with coffee latte art, and emphasizes its role in enriching tea culture and meeting the diversified needs of modern society. This paper puts forward suggestions for closely integrating Cha Bai Xi with social demands in the new era and utilizing modern design concepts to promote its inheritance and development.

Keywords: Cha Bai Xi; Dian Cha; Intangible Cultural Heritage Inheritance

The Definition of Cha Bai Xi

Cha Bai Xi, also known as Fen Cha, water ink painting, tea play, is a folk art form that creates images through patterns in tea. It also belongs to the culture of Dian Cha, characterized by displaying images in tea solely using tea and water, without any other raw materials (Yang Jiangfan 2018, 340). The skill of Cha Bai Xi is based on Dian Cha, utilizing water to paint. The formation of patterns in the tea is closely related to the foam produced during the dian cha process. The patterns in Cha Bai Xi mostly depict landscapes, clouds, or flowers, birds, fish, and insects. For specific examples, please refer to Figure 1.

Figure 1 Cha Bai Xi

The Origins and History of Cha Bai Xi

Cha Bai Xi first emerged during the Tang Dynasty and gained popularity in the northern Fujian during the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, Cha Bai Xi was ranked alongside the qin, chess, and calligraphy as a cultural activity favored and esteemed by scholars and officials. The popularity of Cha Bai Xi in the Song Dynasty was due to the advocacy of the imperial court, as well as the promotion by a large number of literati such as Yang Wanli, Lu You, Ouyang Xiu, and Su Shi (Zhang Zhifeng 2013, 59). After Yuan Dynasty, the dian cha method was gradually replaced by the tea-infusion method, and tea division (a form of tea art involving the creation of patterns in tea foam) fell out of fashion. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the dian cha method and tea division continued to be practiced in northern Fujian. However, dian cha method was largely lost in later modern times. Through continuous research and exploration, this ancient skill was restored in 2009. The inheritors were able to restore it based on extensive scientific practice. According to records in ancient books, Cha Bai Xi involves using a teapot to pour water or a teaspoon to add water, forming patterns in the tea foam. The inheritors consulted thousands of records about Cha Bai Xi from ancient books, conducted hundreds of experiments using tea paste as raw material, and after numerous failures, finally achieved the creation of patterns in the tea with water.(Zhang Zhifeng 2024, 39).

Steps of Cha Bai Xi

The raw materials used in Cha Bai Xi are mostly compressed teas of oolong, black, white, yellow, and dark tea varieties. Processing these compressed teas into tea powder suitable for dian cha involves several steps: tea roasting (soaking the compressed tea in a clean container with boiling water, scraping off one or two softened layers of the oil paste on the surface after it softens, and then clamping the tea with tea tongs to dry it over a low flame), tea grinding (crushing the tea with a tea pestle, and then grinding it finer with a tea mill), and tea sieving (screening the ground tea powder). The required equipment for this art form includes a tea stove, tea pestle, tea mill, tea sieve, tea bottle and cup, tea whisk, tea basket, and tea spoon (Baidu Baike: Cha Bai Xi).

The show steps of Cha Bai Xi mainly consist of four parts: grinding tea powder, preparing tea paste, whisking tea, and drawing in tea with water. The first step is to roast compressed tea to enhance its aroma and dry it, making it easier to crush and grind into fine powder, which is then sieved into a very fine texture. The second step involves placing the tea powder into a warm tea cup and adding boiled water to mix it. The third step is to add water again to the tea paste and whisk it with a tea whisk in a circular motion to create a layer of foam that covers the surface of the tea and can remain for some time. Finally, the fourth step is to use a tea spoon to drop water onto the foam of the tea, causing white marks to appear on the dark foam surface of the tea (Wang Liuding 2024, 164).

Figure 2: Cha Bai Xi with Oolong Tea as the Tea Base

The Principle of Cha Bai Xi and Its Difference from Coffee Latte Art

The principle of Cha Bai Xi is rooted in the fact that the froth on the tea surface constitutes a suspension, comprising solid tea powder particles, water, and air bubbles. This suspension serves as the medium for generating patterns. When water is added to the dark-colored tea suspension, the gas particles within it become diluted, turning lighter and whiter, while the unwatered portions remain dark. This creates a noticeable color contrast, leading to the emergence of patterns (Zhang Zhifeng 2024, 58). According to this principle, to practice Cha Bai Xi, one must first create a tea suspension by whisking the tea surface with a tea whisk. The key to forming this suspension lies in the method and intensity of the whisking.

When mentioning Cha Bai Xi, most people might think of coffee latte art. However, the production principles of the two are entirely different. Coffee latte art often requires the coordination of coffee, milk, and water; none is dispensable. In contrast, Cha Bai Xi can depict words and patterns solely with tea and water, due to their distinct foaming methods. The foam in coffee originates from the casein and whey protein in milk (Canning K 2019, 120). When milk is stirred at high speed under high temperature, the whey protein envelops more air, forming individual small bubbles. The fat on the coffee surface generates sufficient surface tension to support the bubble-rich milk froth. Baristas manipulate the direction and speed of the milk froth through latte art techniques, thereby creating various patterns (Zhou Wenting 2022, 27). Although both Cha Bai Xi and coffee latte art involve drawing on beverages, their principles differ. Moreover, the patterns in Cha Bai Xi are mostly inspired by ancient Chinese landscape paintings, with a history predating coffee latte art by a century. In contrast, latte art patterns are mostly symmetrical graphics.

Figure 3 Cha Bai Xi

Figure 4 Coffee Latte Art

Inheritance and Protection of Cha Bai Xi

Dian Cha is one of the three major tea-drinking methods in Chinese history, and Cha Bai Xi, belonging to the Dian Cha culture, stands as a prominent representative of Chinese tea (Shigui Z 2015, 411). The restoration and reappearance of Cha Bai Xi have enriched the contemporary tea culture’s connotations and hold significant value for researching Dian Cha culture. Cha Bai Xi’s unique method of expressing calligraphy and painting through liquid gives works dynamic and ever-changing characteristics, evolving the medium for Chinese calligraphy and painting from a single solid material to liquid material, which offers strong artistic appreciation. Cha Bai Xi is a tea-drinking activity that combines appreciation, tasting, and health benefits, catering to contemporary society’s demand for diverse entertainment products and holding great significance in enhancing the status and influence of Wuyi tea culture.

As one of the precious and important skills within the intangible cultural heritage, the Cha Bai Xi of the Song Dynasty embodies the aesthetic characteristics of freehand brushwork and elegance, as well as the rich and profound historical culture and abundant and stable living conditions of that era. In the context of the new era, for intangible cultural heritage such as Cha Bai Xi to possess resilient vitality, it can be closely integrated with social needs, utilizing disciplines such as visual communication design to inject vitality, explore expression forms, innovate presentation carriers, and excavate cultural connotations, enabling the culture of the Song Dynasty’s Cha Bai Xi to develop through inheritance and innovate through development.

References

Canning, K. (2019). RTD coffee and tea playing at the hot table. Dairy Foods, 120(11).

Shi, S., & Zhang, J. (2015). Inheritance and development of handicrafts in agricultural heritages: Taking Chabaixi as an example. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition).

Cha Bai Xi 茶百戏. (n.d.). Baidu Baike. Retrieved from https:// baike. baidu. com/ item/茶百戏/1799677#reference-5

Wang, L 王柳丁. (2024). Elegance of the Song Dynasty: Ink paintings on tea [宋时风雅——茶汤上的水墨丹青]. Oriental Collections 东方收藏, (04), 163-165.

Yang, J 杨江帆. (2018). Wuyi Tea Encyclopedia 武夷茶大典. Fujian People’s Publishing House.

Zhang, Z., & Zhang, Y 章志峰&章业成. (2024). The ever-changing art of Chabaixi on tea [变幻无穷的茶汤茶百戏]. Knowledge is Power 知识就是力量, (06), 58-59.

Zhang, Z 章志峰. (2013). Chabaixi: The revival of a millennium-old tea art茶百戏 复活的千年茶艺. Fujian Education Publishing House.

Zhou, W. (2022). Chabaixi: Tea transforms into unique paintings [茶百戏:茶汤幻化出别样的图画]. Scientific Enlightenment科学启蒙, (11), 26-27.

Terms and expressions

茶百戏 Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art

点茶 Dian Cha

咖啡拉花 Coffee Latte Art

茶筅 tea whisk

茶汤悬浮液 tea suspension

团饼茶 compressed tea

碾茶 tea grinding

茶膏 tea paste

Questions and Answers Q1: What is the foundation of the Cha Bai Xi ?

A1: The art of Cha Bai Xi is based on dian cha. It involves painting with water, and the formation of patterns in the tea is closely related to the froth formed in dian cha.

Q2: How many steps are there in demonstrating Cha Bai Xi, and what are they?

A2: There are four steps: grinding tea powder, preparing tea paste, whisking the tea, and painting with water.

Q3: What are the differences between Cha Bai Xi and coffee latte art?

A3: The principles behind the two are different. The patterns of Cha Bai Xi are mostly ancient Chinese landscape paintings, and its history predates coffee latte art by a century. In contrast, latte art patterns are mostly symmetrical shapes.

Q4: During which period was Cha Bai Xi more popular?

A4: The Song Dynasty.

Q5: How can we better inherit the traditional non-material cultural heritage of Cha Bai Xi?

A5: We can tightly integrate it with social needs, apply disciplines such as visual communication design, inject vitality, explore expression forms, innovate presentation carriers, and explore cultural connotations, allowing the culture of Cha Bai Xi from the Song Dynasty to develop through inheritance and innovate through development.

AI statement I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

茶百戏

傅馨可

摘要：本文从茶百戏的艺术特性与历史沿革的角度出发，深入探讨了这一古老民间艺术的定义、起源、制作工艺、科学原理及其与咖啡拉花的区别，并进一步分析了茶百戏在当代的传承价值与保护策略。文章详细阐述了茶百戏的制作步骤与原理，对比了其与咖啡拉花的差异，并强调了茶百戏在丰富当代茶文化及满足现代社会多元化需求方面的重要作用。同时，本文也提出了在新时代背景下，将茶百戏与社会需求紧密结合，运用现代设计理念促进其传承与发展的建议。

关键词：茶百戏；点茶；非遗传承

茶百戏定义

茶百戏，又称分茶、水丹青、汤戏、茶戏等等，是一种能使茶汤纹脉形成物象的民间艺术，也属于点茶文化的一种，其特点是仅用茶和水，而不用其他的原料能在茶汤中显现出文字和图像（杨江帆，2018）。茶百戏的技艺是以点茶为基础，用清水画画，其茶汤图案的形成也与点茶茶汤形成的茶沫有密切关系。茶百戏的图案大多是山水云雾，或花鸟鱼虫，具体可见图1。

图1 茶百戏

起源与历史

茶百戏始见于唐，宋代时在闽北茶区较为流行。在宋代，人们把茶百戏与琴、棋、书并列，是士大夫喜爱与崇尚的一种文化活动，宋代茶百戏的流行得益于朝廷的推崇，还有杨万里、陆游、欧阳修、苏轼等大批文人的推广和传播（章志峰，2013）。元代后，由于点茶法逐渐被泡茶法取代，分茶不再盛行。明清时期，闽北一带仍有点茶、分茶流传。近代后点茶法基本失传。经过不断地研究探索，2009年发掘并恢复了这一古老技艺。传承人是依靠大量科学实践才得以将其恢复。根据古籍中的记载可知，茶百戏是采用汤瓶注水或茶匙加水，使茶汤沫饽形成图案的技艺。传承人从古籍中查阅了几千条有关茶百戏的记载，以研膏茶为原料进行了上百次实验，历经无数次失败后，终于实现了清水在茶汤中幻变图案，并对古人清水作画的原理进行了现代科学角度的分析（章志峰，2024）。

茶百戏步骤

茶百戏所用的原料多为乌龙茶、红茶、白茶、黄茶、黑茶类的团饼茶，由团饼茶加工成可以用于点茶的茶粉，需要经过炙茶(将饼茶在洁净容器中用沸力浸渍，待涂在饼茶表面膏油变软时，刮去一两层，再用茶铃夹住饼茶在微火上炙干)、碾茶(先将饼茶用茶臼等接碎后再用茶碾和茶磨碾细)、罗茶(将碾磨后的茶粉过筛)等工序。游艺器具则需要茶炉、茶臼、茶碾、茶筛、茶瓶茶盏(盘)、茶筅、茶箩、茶勺、水孟等（百度百科：茶百戏）。

茶百戏的演示步骤主要有四部分研磨茶粉、调制茶膏、击拂茶汤和清水作画。首先第一步，烘烤茶饼，从而达到提香、干燥茶饼的目的，方便将茶饼捣碎并碾磨成细粉，碾碎后筛成细细的茶粉。第二步则是取碾细的茶粉放至温烫的茶盏中，向茶粉注入煮好的热水，调成茶膏。第三步是向茶膏中再次注水，用茶筅回旋搅拌，让茶汤表面形成一层覆满盏面的、能够保存一段时间的泡沫。最后，第四步则是用茶匙向茶汤泡沫中点入清水，茶汤表面的深色泡沫便会出现白色痕迹。以清水为墨，以茶匙为笔，以茶汤沫为纸，由此作画（王柳丁，2024）。

图2 以乌龙茶为茶汤底的茶百戏

茶百戏原理以及与咖啡拉花的不同

能用清水在茶汤上作画的原理其实是，茶汤表面的沫饽是一种悬浮液，由固体茶粉微粒、水和气泡构成，这是产生图案的介质。当清水加入深色茶汤悬浮液，其中的气体微粒便会因稀释而变浅变白，而未加水部分仍为深色，两者间形成明显色差，从而出现图案（章志峰，2024）。那么根据其原理，若想做茶百戏，那么首先要形成茶汤悬浮液，茶汤悬浮液则是用茶筅在茶汤表面搅打茶汤形成的，其中形成关键就是在于搅动的方法和力度。

而说起茶百戏，大部分人可能会想到咖啡拉花，其实两者之间的制作原理完全不一样。咖啡拉花往往需要咖啡、牛奶和水的“配合”，缺一不可。相比之下，茶百戏仅用茶和水就能演绎出文字和图案，这是因为两者的起泡方式不同。咖啡中的泡沫来自牛奶中的酪蛋白和乳清蛋白（Canning K，2019：120）。当牛奶在高温下经过高速搅拌后，乳清蛋白会包裹更多空气，从而形成一个个单独的小气泡，而咖啡表面的脂肪可以形成足够大的表面张力，从而托起富含气泡的奶泡。咖啡师通过拉花手法让奶泡的流向、流速发生变化，进而形成各种拉花图案（周文婷，2022：27）。茶百戏和咖啡拉花虽然两者都是在在饮品上作画，但两者原理是不一样的，而且茶百戏的图案大都是中国古代山水画，其历史也早于咖啡拉花一百年，而拉花的的图案大多是对称的图形。

图3 茶百戏

图4 咖啡拉花

茶百戏的传承与保护

点茶是中国历史上三大饮茶方式之一，茶百戏属于点茶文化，还是中国茶的突出代表（Shigui Z, 2019）。茶百戏的恢复与再现，丰富了当代茶文化内涵，对于研究点茶文化具有重要价值。茶百戏以液体表现字画的独特方式，赋予作品灵动和变幻的特征，使中国字画表现的载体由单一的固体材料发展到液体材料，具有很强的艺术观赏性。茶百戏是欣赏、品饮、保健兼备的饮茶活动，适应当代社会人们对娱乐产品多元素的需求，对于提升武夷茶文化的地位和影响力具有重要意义。

宋代茶百戏作为非遗文化中珍贵且重要的技艺之一，蕴含着宋代写意雅致的美学特征、浓厚悠久的历史文化与富足安定的生活状态。在新时代语境下，茶百戏这类非物质文化遗产要想拥有顽强生命力，可以将其和社会需求紧密融合，运用视觉传达设计等学科知识，注入活态力量、探索表达形式、创新表现载体、挖掘文化内涵，使宋代茶百戏文化在传承中发展，在发展中创新。

参考文献

[1]Canning K .RTD coffee and tea playing at the hot table[J].Dairy Foods, 2019,120(11).

[2]Shigui Z , Jieling Z .Inheritance and Development of Handicrafts in Agricultural Heritages:Taking Chabaixi as an Example[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition), 2015.

[3]百度百科：茶百戏 https://baike.baidu.com/item/茶百戏/1799677#reference-5

[4]王柳丁.宋时风雅——茶汤上的水墨丹青[J].东方收藏,2024,(04):163-165.

[5]杨江帆.武夷茶大典[M].福州：福建人民出版社, 2018.11:340.

[6]章志峰,章业成.变幻无穷的茶汤茶百戏[J].知识就是力量,2024,(04):58-59.

[7]章志峰.茶百戏 复活的千年茶艺[M].福建教育出版社,2013.

[8]周文婷.茶百戏:茶汤幻化出别样的图画[J].科学启蒙,2022,(11):26-27.

术语和表达

茶百戏 Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art

点茶 Dian Cha

咖啡拉花 Coffee Latte Art

茶筅 tea whisk

茶汤悬浮液 tea suspension

团饼茶 compressed tea

碾茶 tea grinding

茶膏 tea paste

问题及答案

1.茶百戏的技艺是以什么为基础的？

答案：茶百戏的技艺是以点茶为基础，用清水画画，其茶汤图案的形成也与点茶茶汤形成的茶沫有密切关系。

2.茶百戏的演示步骤有几步，分别是什么？

答案：四步，分别是研磨茶粉、调制茶膏、击拂茶汤和清水作画。

3.茶百戏和咖啡拉花有什么不同？

答案：两者原理是不一样的，茶百戏的图案大都是中国古代山水画，其历史也早于咖啡拉花一百年，而拉花的的图案大多是对称的图形。

4.茶百戏在哪个时期比较流行？

答案：宋代

5.如何更好传承茶百戏这一非遗传统文化？

答案：可以将其和社会需求紧密融合，运用视觉传达设计等学科知识，注入活态力量、探索表达形式、创新表现载体、挖掘文化内涵，使宋代茶百戏文化在传承中发展，在发展中创新。

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