User:Li Bingjie

Chengtoushan: The Dawn of Rice Cultivation in the East and the Dialogue with World Civilizations Li Bingjie Abstract The Chengtoushan Site in Lixian County is one of the earliest ancient cities in the Yangtze River Basin, preserving over 6,000 years of rice cultivation civilization. This article compares its moat and city wall, as well as the rice field remains, with those of Ur and Fayum, from four aspects: archaeological discoveries, cultural connotations, comparisons between Eastern and Western civilizations, and modern values, highlighting the uniqueness of East Asian agricultural civilization and its significant position in the early world civilizations. I. Archaeological Discoveries Chengtoushan is located on the banks of the Chenshui River in Lixian County, Hunan Province, in the Liyang Plain at the northwest edge of Dongting Lake. This site, which archaeologists have referred to as "the earliest urban prototype in China", was discovered by local cultural workers in 1979. From 1991 to 2011, it was systematically excavated by the Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics. The site has a circular layout. The existing city wall has a diameter of approximately 325 meters, covering an area of nearly 80,000 square meters. The cultural deposits are up to 12 meters thick, with successive layers of remains from different periods such as the Daxi Culture, Qujialing Culture, and Shigezhou Culture, forming a condensed history of prehistoric civilization development in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. (Joint Chinese-Japanese Research on the Environmental Archaeology of the Liyang Plain and Related Comprehensive Studies [M]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press, 2012.) The most astonishing discovery at the site was the rice field ruins dating back to 6,100 years ago. Archaeologists unearthed a regular irrigation system within the city wall, including ponds, ditches and ridges. Carbonized rice and rice husks were detected in the soil, and through carbon-14 dating, it was confirmed to be artificially cultivated rice. This predates the rice remains in the Indus River Basin by approximately 2,000 years. Within the city, there were also the earliest clusters of pottery kilns in China, among which a well-preserved horizontal cave-style pottery kiln with clear structures of the kiln chamber, firebox and flue was unearthed. The unearthed pottery vessels such as sandy red pottery jars and black pottery beans demonstrated the highly advanced pottery-making techniques at that time. What is particularly important is that the moat surrounding the city wall was 35 meters wide and about 4 meters deep, forming a complete defense system together with the rammed earth city wall. This "city ditch and city wall interdependent" planning concept predates the defense works of Ur City in the Tigris-Euphrates River Basin by approximately 1,000 years. (Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.) File:Chengtoushan Site.jpg II. Cultural Connotations The "irrigation rice farming system" of the ancestors of Chengtoushan is a representative of the agricultural civilization in East Asia. The rice field ruins are in a checkerboard pattern, with each plot measuring 50 - 80 square meters. The clay-built field ridges, along with water ditches and ponds, form a self-flowing irrigation network, which is different from the wheat cultivation system in the Tigris-Euphrates River Basin. The stable rice yield supported 2,000 - 3,000 people, promoting the division of handicrafts and social stratification. The different functional sites within the city indicated the formation of a "agricultural producers - handicraft workers - managers" social structure.( Guo Weimin. The Chengtoushan Site and the Origin of Civilization in the Middle Yangtze River Region) The layout of Chengtoushan city demonstrates the early state power logic. On the large, flat-topped earth platform in the center, there is a 150-square-meter circular square building site with regular column holes. It is speculated to be the residence of the tribal leader or a place for sacrifices. It forms an axis with the south city gate and the sacrificial altar outside, presenting a "palace and temple integrated" layout, integrating secular and religious power. The city wall has undergone four expansions, accompanied by the deepening of the moat and the expansion of the city area, resulting in progressive spatial expansion. This is different from the sudden emergence pattern of city-states in Mesopotamia.( Yan Wenming. The Origin and Formation of Chinese Civilization [J]. Antiquities, 1992(1): 37-43.) III. Comparison of Chinese and Western Civilizations Compared with the city of Ur in the Mesopotamian region, the two have similar defensive functions, but their architectural techniques and functional focuses are different. The walls of Ur were built with mud bricks and through the process of sun-drying, while the city of Chengtoushan used the technique of rammed earth for wall construction. The walls of Ur served both flood control and defense purposes, while the moat of Chengtoushan was used for irrigating rice fields, demonstrating the special utilization of water resources by the rice-growing civilization.( Gong Yuxu. Exploring the Civilization of Sumer [M]. Beijing: Democracy and Construction Press, 2018.) Compared with the Fayoum site in Egypt, Chengtoushan differed in crop types, farming methods, and land utilization efficiency. Rice was more dependent on stable water supply, which prompted the development of a complex irrigation system and collective collaboration model in Chengtoushan. Its two-year cropping system allowed for higher land carrying capacity, ultimately leading to different directions in social organization and technological paths between Eastern and Western civilizations. ( Trigger, Bruce G.Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.) IV. Modern Values The rice farming agriculture pioneered by Chengtoushan has been passed down and formed the agricultural civilization system of the Yangtze River Basin. The sacrificial altars and burial areas within the city unearthed jade cylinders and jade discs as the rudimentary forms of ritual objects, laying the foundation for the Liangzhu ritual system. The concept of "ring moat and city construction" adopted by Chengtoushan was also used by the capitals from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Yan Wenming once said that Chengtoushan is a precious gem of the southern civilization within the diversified pattern of Chinese civilization. ( Liu Li, Chen Xingcan. Chinese Archaeology: From the Late Paleolithic Age to the Early Bronze Age) From the perspective of global civilization history, Chengtoushan presents a distinct civilization origin model that is different from that of the Middle East and North Africa: developing lowland plains through artificial irrigation, abandoning reliance on river flooding; forming a governance structure that integrates secular and religious power rather than being dominated by theocratic power; establishing a family-based small-scale agricultural economy rather than a slave-based economy. This uniqueness provides key samples for studying the diversity of human civilizations, as Colin Renfrew said, it has rewritten the single narrative of the origin of early cities in the world. (Wang Wei. The Formation and Development of Early States in the East Asian Region [J]. Archaeology, 2010) conclusion The Chengtoushan Site in Lixian County are a civilization epic etched into the loess. The rice paddy ridges carry the genetic code of the East Asian agricultural civilization, and the moats and city walls conceal the logic of the early state-building. Compared with the civilizations of the Yellow River and Nile River basins, it not only demonstrates the common wisdom of human beings in responding to survival challenges, but also highlights the individuality of civilization shaped by geographical environment. Its value lies not only in the title of "the earliest city in China", but also in revealing the diverse paths of civilization origin and providing a historical reference for understanding cultural diversity. From the rammed earth city walls of Chengtoushan to the mud brick towers of Ur City, these ancient ruins jointly tell the eternal pursuit of human beings for a better life.

Terms and Expressions 1. 城头山遗址 Chengtoushan Site 2. 澧阳平原 Liyang Plain 3. 大溪文化 Daxi Culture 4. 屈家岭文化 Qujialing Culture 5. 石家河文化 Shijiahe Culture 6. 两河流域 Mesopotamia 7. 乌尔城 Ur 8. 法尤姆遗址 Fayum Site 9. 版筑夯土墙 rammed earth wall 10. 玉琮 jade cong 11. 玉璧 jade bi

Questions 1. How many years ago were the earliest rice field remains at Chengtoushan Site? 2. What are the differences in the construction materials of the city walls between Chengtoushan and the city of Ur in the Mesopotamian region? 3. In what aspects did the Chengtoushan civilization have the main influence on subsequent Chinese civilization?

Answer 1. 6100 years ago. 2. Chengtoushan used rammed earth for wall construction, while Ur City used mud bricks. 3. It laid the foundation for the rice farming agricultural tradition, the rudimentary form of ritual system and the planning concept of moat-walled city construction.

References [1] Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. Li County Chengtoushan: Joint Chinese-Japanese Research on the Environmental Archaeology of the Liyang Plain and Related Comprehensive Studies [M]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press, 2012. [2] Yan Wenming. The Origin and Formation of Chinese Civilization [J]. Antiquities, 1992(1): 37-43. [3] Guo Weimin. The Chengtoushan Site and the Origin of Civilization in the Middle Yangtze River Region [J]. Acta Archaeologica Sinica, 2007(1): 1-20. [4] Colin Renfrew, Baen. Archaeology: Theory, Methodology and Practice [M]. Nanjing: Yilin Press, 2018. [5] Liu Li, Chen Xingcan. Chinese Archaeology: From the Late Paleolithic Age to the Early Bronze Age [M]. Beijing: Life·Reading·New Knowledge Three-Link Bookstore, 2017. [6] Gong Yuxu. Exploring the Civilization of Sumer [M]. Beijing: Democracy and Construction Press, 2018. [7] Wang Wei. The Formation and Development of Early States in the East Asian Region [J]. Archaeology, 2010(2): 53-62. [8] Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. 2010-2011 Excavation Report of Chengtoushan Site [J]. Acta Archaeologica Sinica, 2013(4): 487-526. [9] Trigger, Bruce G.Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. [10] Bellwood, Peter. First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies[M]. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.

城头山：稻作文明的东方曙光与世界文明的对话 李秉洁 摘要 澧县城头山遗址是长江流域最早古城之一，留存 6000 余年稻作文明。本文从考古发现、文化内涵、中西文明对比、现代价值四方面，将其环壕城垣、水稻田遗迹与乌尔城、法尤姆遗址对比，彰显东亚农耕文明独特性及在世界早期文明中的重要地位。 一、考古发现 城头山坐落于湖南澧县涔水河畔，地处洞庭湖西北边缘的澧阳平原。这片被考古学家称为"中国最早城市雏形"的遗址，于1979年被当地文物工作者发现，1991-2011年期间由湖南省文物考古研究所进行系统性发掘。遗址平面呈圆形，现存城垣直径约325米，总面积近8万平方米，其文化堆积厚达12米，自下而上依次叠压着大溪文化、屈家岭文化、石家河文化等不同时期的遗存，构成一部浓缩的长江中游史前文明发展史。 遗址最震撼的发现当属距今6100年的水稻田遗迹，考古人员在城墙内侧发掘出规整的灌溉系统，包括水塘、水沟与田埂，田土中检测出炭化稻米和稻壳，经碳十四测年证实为人工栽培稻，这比印度恒河流域的水稻遗存早约2000年。城内还出土了中国最早的陶窑遗址群，其中一座保存完好的横穴式陶窑，窑室、火膛、烟道结构清晰，出土的夹砂红陶釜、黑陶豆等器物，展现了当时高度发达的制陶工艺。尤为重要的是，环绕城垣的护城河宽达35米，深约4米，与夯土城墙共同构成完备的防御体系，这种"城壕相依"的规划理念，比两河流域乌尔城的防御工事早约1000年。 File:Chengtoushan Site.jpg 二、文化内涵 城头山先民的 “灌溉稻作体系” 是东亚农耕文明代表。其稻田遗迹呈棋盘式，单块 50 - 80 平方米，黏土夯筑田埂，水沟与水塘构成自流灌溉网，区别于两河流域的小麦种植系统。稳定的水稻产量供养 2000 - 3000 人，促进手工业分工与社会分层，城内不同功能遗址显示已形成 “农业生产者 - 手工业者 - 管理者” 的社会结构。 城头山城市布局彰显早期国家权力逻辑。中心大型夯土台基上 150 平方米圆角方形建筑基址，柱洞规整，推测为部落首领或祭祀居所，与南城门、城外祭坛形成轴线，呈现 “宫庙一体” 格局，融合世俗与宗教权力。城墙历经四次扩建，伴随城壕加深与城区扩大，渐进式空间拓展，与美索不达米亚城邦国家的骤兴模式不同。​ 三、中西文明对比 与两河流域乌尔城相比，两者防御功能相似，但建筑技术与功能侧重不同。乌尔城用泥砖、太阳晒干工艺，城头山采用版筑夯土墙技术；乌尔城城墙兼具防洪与防御，城头山城壕则承担稻田灌溉职能，体现稻作文明对水资源的特殊利用。​ 与埃及法尤姆遗址相比，城头山在作物种类、耕作方式、土地利用效率上均有差异。水稻更依赖稳定水分，促使城头山发展复杂灌溉系统和集体协作模式；其一年两熟的特性，使土地承载能力更高，最终导致东西方文明在社会组织、技术路径上走向不同方向。 四、现代价值 城头山开创的稻作农业，经传承形成长江流域农耕文明体系。城内祭坛与墓葬区出土玉琮、玉璧等礼器雏形，为良渚礼制奠基。其“环壕筑城” 理念被商周至明清都城沿用。严文明曾道，城头山是中华文明多元一体格局中南方文明的瑰宝。 在全球文明史视角下，城头山展现出与西亚、北非迥异的文明起源模式：以人工灌溉开发低地平原，摒弃大河泛滥依赖；形成世俗与宗教权力融合的治理结构，而非神权至上；建立家庭小农经济，而非奴隶制经济。这种独特性为研究人类文明多样性提供关键样本，正如伦福儒所言，它改写了世界早期城市起源的单一叙事。 结论 澧县城头山遗址是镌刻在黄土中的文明史诗，稻作田垄承载东亚农耕文明基因，环壕城垣暗藏早期国家建构逻辑。与两河、尼罗河流域文明对比，既展现人类应对生存挑战的共性智慧，也凸显地理环境塑造的文明个性。其价值不仅在于“中国最早城市”之名，更在于揭示文明起源多元路径，为理解文化多样性提供历史参照。从城头山夯土城墙到乌尔城泥砖塔楼，这些古老遗址，共同诉说人类对美好生活的永恒追求。

专有名词 1. 城头山遗址 Chengtoushan Site 2. 澧阳平原 Li yang Plain 3. 大溪文化 Da xi Culture 4. 屈家岭文化 Qu jia ling Culture 5. 石家河文化 Shi jia he Culture 6. 两河流域 Mesopotamia 7. 乌尔城 Ur 8. 法尤姆遗址 Fayum Site 9. 版筑夯土墙 rammed earth wall 10. 玉琮 jade cong 11. 玉璧 jade bi

问题 1. 城头山遗址最早的水稻田遗迹距今多少年？ 2. 城头山与两河流域乌尔城的城墙建筑材料有何不同？ 3. 城头山文明对后世中华文明的主要影响体现在哪些方面？

答案 1. 距今6100年。 2. 城头山采用夯土筑墙，乌尔城使用泥砖筑墙。 3. 奠定了稻作农业传统、礼制雏形与环壕筑城的规划理念。

参考文献 [1]湖南省文物考古研究所.澧县城头山:中日合作澧阳平原环境考古与有关综合研究[M].北京:文物出版社, 2012. [2]严文明. 中国文明的起源与形成[J]. 文物, 1992(1):37-43. [3]郭伟民.城头山遗址与长江中游文明起源[J].考古学报, 2007(1):1-20. [4]伦福儒, 巴恩.考古学: 理论、方法与实践[M].南京: 译林出版社, 2018. [5]刘莉, 陈星灿.中国考古学:旧石器时代晚期到早期青铜时代[M]. 北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店, 2017. [6]拱玉书. 苏美尔文明探秘[M]. 北京: 民主与建设出版社, 2018. [7]王巍. 东亚地区早期国家的形成与发展[J]. 考古, 2010(2):53-62. [8]湖南省文物考古研究所.城头山遗址2010-2011年发掘报告[J]. 考古学报, 2013(4):487-526. [9]Trigger, Bruce G.Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. [10] Bellwood, Peter. First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies[M]. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.

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