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Final Exam Paper

The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove

Introduction

During the period between the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the society was in turmoil and unrest, and the authority of traditional Confucianism suffered a fierce impact. Against such a historical backdrop, the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, represented by Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Shan Tao, Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling, Wang Rong and Ruan Xian, came into being. They often gathered under the bamboo groves in Shanyang, drinking wine, singing freely, discoursing on metaphysics and Daoism. Through their unique lifestyle and spiritual pursuit, they resisted the constraints of secular ethics and rituals, embodying distinct individuality and an independent spirit of personality. The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove were not only an important carrier of ideology and culture in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, but also the Wei-Jin Integrity embodied in them exerted a profound influence on later generations. This article will introduce each of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove one by one.

Ji Kang

Ji Kang (224-263), courtesy name Shuye, was born in Zhi County of Qiao State (present-day Suixi County, Anhui Province). He was a thinker, musician and litterateur of the Cao Wei regime during the Three Kingdoms Period, and the spiritual core of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. He was handsome in appearance and extraordinary in temperament. Ji Kang was intelligent since childhood and had an extensive knowledge.

Politically, though born into an official family, Ji Kang abhorred the intrigue and strife in the official circle and refused to collude with the Sima clan group. He had a marital relation with the imperial clan of Cao Wei, which made him an object of suspicion of the Sima clan all the more. He declined the summons of Sima Zhao, and even incurred the wrath of the powerful nobles for defending his friend Lü An. In the end, Ji Kang was put to death by Sima Zhao on the charge of "indulgent remarks that harmed the times and disrupted ethics". Before his execution, he played Guangling Folk Strains. As the music ended and the strings broke, his noble and unyielding demeanor has been passed down through the ages.

In the fields of literature and art, Ji Kang achieved remarkable accomplishments. His proses featured distinct viewpoints and rigorous logic, and Letter to A Break-up Letter to Shan Juyuan was one of his representative works. In the letter, he bitterly denounced Shan Tao for recommending him to take an official post, and clearly expressed his loathing for official career and pursuit of freedom. In terms of music, Ji Kang was proficient in temperament and wrote Music has neither grief nor joy. His performance of Guangling Folk Strains became a legend in the history of ancient Chinese music.

Ruan Ji

Ruan Ji (210-263), courtesy name Sizong, was born in Weishi of Chenliu State (present-day Weishi County, Henan Province). He was a litterateur and thinker of the Cao Wei regime during the Three Kingdoms Period. Living in the period of dynastic change from Wei to Jin, Ruan Ji witnessed the cruelty and hypocrisy of the Sima clan group, filled with contradictions and pain in his heart. Unwilling to collude with the evil forces yet powerless to resist openly, he chose a way of life of "drowning sorrows in wine to withdraw from the world".

Ruan Ji was an alcoholic, often drinking to drown his sorrows and avoid misfortunes. On the surface, such behavior of his seemed unrestrained and dissipated, but in fact, it was a silent resistance to the dark reality.

In literature, Ruan Ji attained great achievements in five-character poems. His magnum opus Poems of My Feelings, a collection of eighty-two poems, is an important work in the history of Chinese literature. Most of these poems implicitly expressed his dissatisfaction with current politics, his reflections on life and his pursuit of ideals by means of metaphor and symbolism, exerting a far-reaching influence on the poetry creation of later generations.

Shan Tao

Shan Tao (205-283), courtesy name Juyuan, was born in Huai County of Henei State (present-day Wuzhi County, Henan Province). Different from the unrestrained Ji Kang and Ruan Ji, Shan Tao was calm and pragmatic in character, endowed with political foresight and wisdom in handling affairs. Living in a troubled time, he not only adhered to his own moral bottom line, but also managed to preserve himself in the complicated political environment, and finally achieved certain accomplishments in his official career.

Few of Shan Tao's works have been handed down in the literary field, yet his thoughts and deeds still possessed epochal significance. He kept his original aspiration in the troubled times in his own way and practiced his ideals in his official career, making him a special member of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. His calm pragmatism and wisdom in dealing with affairs provided a valuable reference for later generations on how to balance ideals and reality in a complex environment.

Xiang Xiu

Xiang Xiu (c.227-272), courtesy name Ziqi, was born in Huai County of Henei State (present-day Wuzhi County, Henan Province). He was a thinker and litterateur from the Cao Wei regime to the Western Jin Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms Period, and one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. Xiang Xiu was gentle in character and erudite in knowledge, with profound attainments especially in the field of philosophy. He had the closest relationship with Ji Kang; they often forged iron and discussed Daoism together, forming a profound friendship.

Xiang Xiu's greatest academic contribution was annotating Zhuangzi. The book Zhuangzi was abstruse in language and hard to understand. Xiang Xiu's annotations not only systematically interpreted the thoughts of Zhuangzi, but also integrated his own insights, making the thoughts of Zhuangzi more accessible to understand, thus making an important contribution to the dissemination and development of Zhuangzi's ideology. Unfortunately, part of Xiang Xiu's Annotations to Zhuangzi has been lost, and the existing parts are mixed with Guo Xiang's annotations, which are difficult to distinguish completely.

In literature, Xiang Xiu's representative work Ode to Nostalgia for the Past was sincere in emotion and touching to tears. This fu was written when Xiang Xiu passed by the former residence of Ji Kang and Lü An after they were put to death. By recalling the past time of getting along with Ji Kang and Lü An, the fu expressed his deep longing and grief for his friends, and also implicitly voiced his dissatisfaction with the dark reality, becoming a classic work in the history of Chinese literature.

Liu Ling

Liu Ling (c.221-300), courtesy name Bolun, was born in Pei State (present-day Suzhou City, Anhui Province). He was a litterateur from the Cao Wei regime to the Western Jin Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms Period. Among the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, Liu Ling was famous for his alcoholism, and his unrestrained lifestyle and extreme love for wine became his most distinctive labels.

Liu Ling was an alcoholic to such an extent that he "could not be happy without wine". He often rode in a deer-drawn cart with a pot of wine, asking a servant to follow with a hoe on his shoulder, and said to the servant: "Bury me at once if I die." This seemingly absurd behavior was actually his contempt for secular ethics and rituals, as well as his ultimate pursuit of freedom. His drinking was not mere indulgence, but a way to resist reality.

He wrote Ode to the Virtue of Wine, which was a concentrated embodiment of his thoughts and personality. Liu Ling never held any important official posts in his life, and always faced the world with an aloof attitude. With wine as a medium, he integrated the pursuit of freedom and the resistance to the secular world into all aspects of his life, becoming a member of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove with strong personality.

Wang Rong

Wang Rong (234-305), courtesy name Junchong, was born in Linyi of Langya State (present-day Linyi City, Shandong Province). He was a minister and litterateur from the Cao Wei regime to the Western Jin Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms Period, and one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. Wang Rong was famous for his intelligence since childhood and was a well-known child prodigy. A great many stories about his precocious wisdom were recorded in New Account of the Old Episodes, among which the allusion of "Wang Rong refusing to pick the plums by the road" was a household name.

Born into the noble Wang clan of Langya with a powerful family influence, Wang Rong had favorable conditions for his official career development. Compared with other members of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, Wang Rong was more precocious and insightful, well aware of the way to survive in troubled times. He had close contacts with Ji Kang, Ruan Ji and others in his early years, gathering with them in the bamboo groves. However, as he grew older and the political situation changed, he gradually devoted himself to the official career and rose steadily in the official circle. Renowned for his astuteness and competence in the official field, Wang Rong once held important official posts such as Minister of Personnel and Minister over the Masses, making certain contributions to the political stability of the Western Jin Dynasty.

Few of Wang Rong's literary works have been handed down, but as the youngest member of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, he witnessed the rise and fall of the whole group, and his life experience possessed important historical significance.

Ruan Xian

Ruan Xian (c.222-278), courtesy name Zhongrong, was born in Weishi of Chenliu State (present-day Weishi County, Henan Province). He was a litterateur and musician from the Cao Wei regime to the Western Jin Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms Period. He was the nephew of Ruan Ji, and they were collectively known as "Senior Ruan and Junior Ruan". They shared many similarities in character and aspiration, both criticizing secular ethics and rituals and pursuing a free and unrestrained life. Ruan Xian had an extraordinary talent and attainments in music, being a famous musician in ancient China. He was especially good at playing the pipa. According to legend, he improved the traditional pipa and created a new type of pipa with a rounder shape and a more beautiful tone. This kind of pipa was later named "Ruanxian" (shortened to Ruan), and became one of the traditional Chinese national musical instruments.

His main achievements were concentrated in the field of music. His exquisite understanding of temperament and improvement of musical instruments made an important contribution to the development of ancient Chinese music.

Conclusion

Although the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove lived in the same era and shared common spiritual pursuits, each of them had a different life trajectory and personality traits. Ji Kang was unyielding and steadfast, practicing his ideals with his life; Ruan Ji withdrew from the world by drinking wine, expressing his sorrow through poems; Shan Tao was calm and pragmatic, adhering to his original aspiration in his official career; Xiang Xiu integrated Confucianism and Daoism, inheriting thoughts through academic research; Liu Ling was unrestrained and dissipated, transcending the secular world with fine wine; Wang Rong was precocious and insightful, preserving himself in troubled times; Ruan Xian had a profound understanding of rhythm, interpreting freedom through music. They resisted the constraints of secular ethics and rituals in different ways, and jointly forged the spiritual core of the Wei-Jin Integrity.

The thoughts and deeds of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove not only exerted an important influence at that time, but also became a benchmark for the spiritual pursuit of literati and poets in later generations. The spirit of freedom, independence and transcendence advocated by them has gone through thousands of years and still possesses strong vitality, providing an important enlightenment for us to understand and inherit traditional Chinese culture today.

Terms and Expression

the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove——竹林七贤

Wei-Jin Integrity——魏晋风骨头

discourse on metaphysics and Daoism——谈玄论道

secular ethics and rituals——世俗礼教

unrestrained and dissipated——放浪形骸

drown sorrows in wine to withdraw from the world——借酒避世

the Three Kingdoms Period——三国时期

the intrigue and strife——尔虞我诈

Guangling Folk Strains——《广陵散》

Music has neither grief nor joy——《声无哀乐论》

A Break-up Letter to Shan Juyuan——《与山巨源绝交书》

drinking to drown his sorrows——借酒消愁

avoid misfortunes by drinking——以酒避祸

five-character poems——五言诗

Poems of My Feelings——《咏怀诗》

Ode to Nostalgia for the Past——《思旧赋》

Ode to the Virtue of Wine——《酒德颂》

Annotations to Zhuangzi——《庄子注》

New Account of the Old Episodes—— 《世说新语》

Wang Rong refusing to pick the plums by the road——王戎不取道旁李

Questions

1. What were the core spiritual pursuits of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove?

2. What was Xiang Xiu's core academic contribution?

3. As the spiritual core of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, what was the end of Ji Kang's life?

4. Ruanxian refers both to one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove and to a musical instrument. What is the origin of this musical instrument?

5. As core members of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, both Ruan Ji and Liu Ling were known for their alcoholism. What are the common spiritual cores behind their behaviors of drinking alcohol?

Answers

1. Their core spiritual pursuit was to resist the constraints of secular ethics and rituals, and to strive for freedom and an independent personality.

2. Xiang Xiu's core academic contribution was writing annotations for Zhuangzi: he systematically interpreted the thoughts in Zhuangzi, integrated his own viewpoints into the annotations, and promoted the dissemination of Zhuangzi's philosophy.

3. Because Ji Kang refused to collude with the Sima clan group and incurred the wrath of the powerful nobles by defending his friend, he was put to death by Sima Zhao. Before his execution, he calmly played the Guangling Folk Strains.

4. Ruan Xian was skilled at playing the pipa. He improved the traditional pipa and created a new type of pipa with a rounder shape and more melodious tone. To commemorate him, later generations named this musical instrument Ruanxian, which is shortened to Ruan.

5. The drinking of both men was not mere indulgence; in essence, through their unrestrained and dissipated lifestyle, they staged a silent resistance against the dark reality and hypocritical secular ethics of the Wei-Jin period, while pursuing spiritual freedom and transcendence.

Reference

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[2]顾农.略谈嵇康和以他为首的竹林七贤[J].书屋,2018,(08):52-55.

[3]刘洪浩.论《世说新语》中的竹林七贤[J].文学教育(上),2018,(06):24-26.DOI:10.16692/j.cnki.wxjys.2018.06.012.

[4]李璐璐,段佳薇.浅谈魏晋风骨——竹林七贤[J].今古文创,2020,(29):12-13.DOI:10.20024/j.cnki.cn42-1911/i.2020.29.005.

[5]董敏.竹林七贤及其隐逸文学研究[D].陕西师范大学,2019.DOI:10.27292/d.cnki.gsxfu.2019.001097.

[6]竹林七贤（中国魏晋时期七位名士）_百度百科

期末论文

竹林七贤

引言

魏晋之际，社会动荡不安，传统儒家思想的权威性受到猛烈冲击。在这样的时代背景下，以嵇康、阮籍、山涛、向秀、刘伶、王戎、阮咸为代表的“竹林七贤”应运而生。他们常聚于山阳竹林之下，饮酒纵歌，谈玄论道，以独特的生活方式和精神追求，反抗世俗礼教的束缚，彰显出鲜明的个性色彩与独立的人格精神。“竹林七贤”不仅是魏晋时期思想文化的重要载体，其身上所体现的“魏晋风骨”更对后世产生了深远影响。本文将对竹林七贤逐一进行介绍。

嵇康

嵇康（224年－263年），字叔夜，谯国铚县（今安徽省濉溪县）人，三国时期曹魏思想家、音乐家、文学家，更是竹林七贤的精神核心。他容貌俊美，气质不凡。嵇康自幼聪慧，博览群书。 在政治上，嵇康出身官宦之家，却厌恶官场的尔虞我诈，拒绝与司马氏集团同流合污。他与曹魏宗室有姻亲关系，这更让他成为司马氏猜忌的对象。他拒绝司马昭的征召，甚至为友人吕安辩护而触怒权贵。最终，嵇康被司马昭以“言论放荡，害时乱教”的罪名处死。临刑前，他从容弹奏《广陵散》，曲终弦断，其傲骨风范流传千古。​ 在文学与艺术领域，嵇康成就斐然。其散文观点鲜明，逻辑严密，《与山巨源绝交书》是其代表作之一。在信中，他痛斥山涛推荐自己出仕的行为，明确表达了对仕途的厌恶和对自由的追求。在音乐方面，嵇康精通音律，著有《声无哀乐论》。他弹奏的《广陵散》更是成为中国古代音乐史上的传奇。​

阮籍​

阮籍（210年－263年），字嗣宗，陈留尉氏（今河南省尉氏县）人，三国时期曹魏文学家、思想家。阮籍身处魏晋易代之际，目睹司马氏集团的残暴与虚伪，内心充满矛盾与痛苦。他既不愿同流合污，又无力正面反抗，于是选择了“借酒避世”的生存方式。​ 阮籍嗜酒如命，常常借酒消愁，以酒避祸。阮籍的这种行为，表面上是放浪形骸，实则是对黑暗现实的无声反抗。​ 在文学方面，阮籍的五言诗成就极高，其代表作《咏怀诗》八十二首，是中国文学史上的重要作品。这些诗歌多以比兴、象征的手法，隐晦地表达了他对时政的不满、对人生的感慨以及对理想的追求，对后世诗歌创作产生了深远影响。​

山涛​

山涛（205年－283年），字巨源，河内怀县（今河南省武陟县）人。与嵇康、阮籍的放浪不羁不同，山涛性格沉稳务实，富有政治远见和处事智慧。他身处乱世，既坚守自身的道德底线，又能在复杂的政治环境中保全自己，最终在仕途上取得了一定的成就。 在文学方面，山涛的作品流传较少，但他的思想与行为同样具有时代意义。他以自己的方式在乱世中坚守本心，在仕途上践行着自己的理想，成为竹林七贤中较为特殊的一员。他的沉稳务实与处事智慧，为后世在复杂环境中如何平衡理想与现实提供了有益的借鉴。​

向秀

向秀（约227年－272年），字子期，河内怀县（今河南省武陟县）人，三国时期曹魏至西晋时期的思想家、文学家，竹林七贤之一。向秀性格温和，学识渊博，尤其在哲学领域有着深厚的造诣。他与嵇康关系最为密切，两人常常一同打铁、论道，结下了深厚的友谊。​ 向秀在学术上的最大贡献是为《庄子》作注。《庄子》一书文辞深奥，难以理解，向秀的注疏不仅对《庄子》的思想进行了系统的阐释，还融入了自己的见解，使《庄子》的思想更加通俗易懂，为庄子思想的传播与发展做出了重要贡献。可惜的是，向秀的《庄子注》部分内容已经失传，现存的部分与郭象的注疏混杂在一起，难以完全区分。​ 在文学方面，向秀的代表作《思旧赋》情感真挚，催人泪下。这篇赋是向秀在嵇康、吕安被处死之后，路过他们的旧居时所作。赋文中通过对往昔与嵇康、吕安相处时光的回忆，表达了对友人的深切思念与悲痛之情，同时也隐晦地抒发了对黑暗现实的不满，成为中国文学史上的经典之作。​

刘伶

刘伶（约221年－300年），字伯伦，沛国（今安徽省宿州市）人，三国时期曹魏至西晋时期的文学家。在竹林七贤中，刘伶以嗜酒闻名，其放浪形骸的生活方式和对酒的极致热爱，成为他最鲜明的标签。 刘伶嗜酒如命，甚至到了“无酒不欢”的地步。他常常乘一辆鹿车，带着一壶酒，让仆人扛着锄头跟在后面，并对仆人说：“死便埋我。”这种看似荒诞的行为，实则是他对世俗礼教的蔑视和对自由的极致追求。他的饮酒并非单纯的沉迷，而是一种反抗现实的方式。 他著有《酒德颂》，这是他思想与人格的集中体现。刘伶的一生没有担任过重要官职，他始终以一种超然物外的态度面对世事。他以酒为媒介，将对自由的追求和对世俗的反抗融入到生活的方方面面，成为竹林七贤中极具个性色彩的一员。

王戎

王戎（234年－305年），字濬冲，琅玡临沂（今山东省临沂市）人，三国时期曹魏至西晋时期的大臣、文学家，竹林七贤之一。王戎自幼便以聪慧闻名，是著名的“神童”。《世说新语》中记载了许多关于他早慧的故事，其中“王戎不取道旁李”的典故更是家喻户晓。 王戎出身于名门望族琅玡王氏，家族势力雄厚，这为他的仕途发展提供了有利条件。与竹林七贤中的其他成员相比，王戎更为早熟和通透，他深知乱世之中的生存之道。他早年与嵇康、阮籍等人交往密切，一同在竹林中聚会，但随着年龄的增长和政治形势的变化，他逐渐投身仕途，并在官场上步步高升。王戎在官场上以精明能干著称，他曾担任过吏部尚书、司徒等重要官职，为西晋的政治稳定做出了一定的贡献。​ 王戎的文学作品流传较少，但他作为竹林七贤中年龄最小的一员，见证了整个竹林七贤群体的兴衰变迁，其人生经历具有重要的历史意义。​

阮咸

阮咸（约公元222—278年），字仲容，陈留尉氏（今河南省尉氏县）人，三国时期曹魏至西晋时期的文学家、音乐家。他是阮籍的侄子，与阮籍并称为“大小阮”，两人在性格和志趣上有诸多相似之处，都对世俗礼教持批判态度，追求自由洒脱的生活。​ 阮咸在音乐方面有着极高的天赋和造诣，是中国古代著名的音乐家。他尤其擅长弹奏琵琶，相传他对传统琵琶进行了改良，创制了一种形状更为圆润、音色更为优美的琵琶，这种琵琶后来被称为“阮咸”，简称“阮”，成为中国传统民族乐器之一。 他的主要成就集中在音乐领域，其对音律的精妙理解和对乐器的改良，为中国古代音乐的发展做出了重要贡献。​

结语​

竹林七贤虽然身处同一时代，有着共同的精神追求，但他们各自的人生轨迹和性格特质却各不相同。嵇康傲骨铮铮，以生命践行理想；阮籍借酒避世，用诗歌抒发悲情；山涛沉稳务实，在仕途上坚守本心；向秀兼容儒道，以学术传承思想；刘伶放浪形骸，凭美酒超脱世俗；王戎早慧通透，于乱世中保全自身；阮咸妙解音律，用音乐诠释自由。他们以不同的方式反抗着世俗礼教的束缚，共同铸就了“魏晋风骨”的精神内核。​ 竹林七贤的思想与行为，不仅在当时产生了重要影响，更成为后世文人墨客精神追求的标杆。他们所倡导的自由、独立、超脱的精神，穿越千年的时光，依然具有强大的生命力，为我们今天理解和传承中国传统文化提供了重要的启示。

术语和表达

the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove——竹林七贤

Wei-Jin Integrity——魏晋风骨头

discourse on metaphysics and Daoism——谈玄论道

secular ethics and rituals——世俗礼教

unrestrained and dissipated——放浪形骸

drown sorrows in wine to withdraw from the world——借酒避世

the Three Kingdoms Period——三国时期

the intrigue and strife——尔虞我诈

Guangling Folk Strains——《广陵散》

Music has neither grief nor joy——《声无哀乐论》

A Break-up Letter to Shan Juyuan——《与山巨源绝交书》

drinking to drown his sorrows——借酒消愁

avoid misfortunes by drinking——以酒避祸

five-character poems——五言诗

Poems of My Feelings——《咏怀诗》

Ode to Nostalgia for the Past——《思旧赋》

Ode to the Virtue of Wine——《酒德颂》

Annotations to Zhuangzi——《庄子注》

New Account of the Old Episodes—— 《世说新语》

Wang Rong refusing to pick the plums by the road——王戎不取道旁李

问题

1. 竹林七贤他们的核心精神追求有哪些？

2. 向秀的核心学术贡献是什么？

3. 嵇康作为竹林七贤的精神核心，他他的人生结局是怎样的？

4. “阮咸”既指竹林七贤中的一人，也与一种乐器相关，这种乐器的由来是什么？

5. 同为竹林七贤的核心人物，阮籍和刘伶都有嗜酒的特点，二人借酒的行为背后的精神内核有什么共通之处？

答案

1. 核心精神追求是反抗世俗礼教的束缚，追求自由与独立的人格。

2. 向秀的核心学术贡献是为《庄子》作注，系统阐释《庄子》思想并融入己见，推动了庄子学说的传播。

3. 嵇康因拒绝与司马氏集团同流合污，为友人辩护触怒权贵，被司马昭处死，临刑前从容弹奏《广陵散》。

4. 阮咸擅长弹奏琵琶，他对传统琵琶进行改良，创制出形状更圆润、音色更优美的新琵琶，后人为纪念他，便将这种乐器命名为“阮咸”，简称“阮”。

5. 二人的饮酒都并非单纯沉迷，本质都是以放浪形骸的方式，对魏晋黑暗的现实、虚伪的世俗礼教进行无声的反抗，同时追求精神的自由与超脱。

参考文献

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[2]顾农.略谈嵇康和以他为首的竹林七贤[J].书屋,2018,(08):52-55.

[3]刘洪浩.论《世说新语》中的竹林七贤[J].文学教育(上),2018,(06):24-26.DOI:10.16692/j.cnki.wxjys.2018.06.012.

[4]李璐璐,段佳薇.浅谈魏晋风骨——竹林七贤[J].今古文创,2020,(29):12-13.DOI:10.20024/j.cnki.cn42-1911/i.2020.29.005.

[5]董敏.竹林七贤及其隐逸文学研究[D].陕西师范大学,2019.DOI:10.27292/d.cnki.gsxfu.2019.001097.

[6]竹林七贤（中国魏晋时期七位名士）_百度百科