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Final Exam Paper

Chinese intangible Cultural Heritage - The round fan

Introduction

Among China's rich intangible cultural heritages, the folding fan carries the Oriental beauty and humanistic emotions of thousands of years. It is not merely a daily item for ancient people to cool off in summer, but also a traditional object that combines practicality, craftsmanship and cultural significance, which can directly reflect the spiritual world of the Chinese nation. In 2008, the art of making folding fans was included in the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage, and this ancient folk craft has ushered in new development opportunities. This article will explore the unique value and inheritance and development path of the folding fan as an intangible cultural heritage from four aspects: its historical origin, craftsmanship features, artistic connotation and contemporary inheritance.

Historical origin

The round fan originated from the "bian mian" in the Pre-Qin period. It was mostly made of bamboo or papyrus and was used for shading and dust blocking. The development of the silk weaving industry in the Han Dynasty gave rise to the circular "round fan" (also known as "Huanhuan fan") with silk as the fan surface. Ban Jieyu's "Song of Resentment" vividly depicted it. At this time, it had become a carrier for the emotional expression of the women in the imperial court.

During the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, the manufacturing techniques of folding fans further developed. The material of the fan surface expanded from a single silk to brocade, gauze, and other materials, while the fan ribs were made of precious materials such as bamboo, wood, and ivory. Simple paintings and embroideries began to appear on the fan surface.

The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of the development of round fans. The social atmosphere was open and handicrafts flourished. The shapes of round fans became more diverse. Besides the round ones, there were also irregular shapes such as crabapple-shaped, plum blossom-shaped and hexagonal ones. At this time, the folding fan was not only a luxury item for the imperial court and nobility, but also entered the homes of ordinary people and became the subject of praise for scholars and poets.

During the Song and Yuan dynasties, the artistic value of the round fan was further enhanced, and the painting on the fan surface became an important form of expression in literati painting. During the Song Dynasty, scholars and poets such as Emperor Huizong and Mi Fu were all skilled at painting on fan surfaces. They incorporated themes such as landscapes, flowers and birds, and figures into the fan surfaces, turning the folding fan into an art piece that integrates poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal engraving.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the craftsmanship of making round fans reached its peak. The carving skills on the fan ribs became increasingly exquisite, and the themes of embroidery and painting on the fan surfaces became more extensive. Famous local schools such as "Suzhou fans", "Hangzhou fans", and "Sichuan Fans" emerged. Round fans thus became the culmination of traditional Chinese craftsmanship.

Process characteristics

The making of a round fan is a complex systematic project, involving multiple steps such as material selection, bone making, surface stretching, painting and embroidery. Each process embodies the wisdom and hard work of the artisans. Its technological features are mainly reflected in the following three aspects:

First, the materials are carefully selected and the pursuit of excellence is pursued. The production of folding fans has strict requirements for materials. The fan ribs are mostly made of materials with excellent texture and grain, such as bamboo, wood and ivory. For bamboo bones, Anji moso bamboo is the best choice, while for wood bones, precious woods such as rosewood are considered superior. The fan surface is made of light and breathable silk such as brocade, gauze and gauze. Among them, Hangzhou textile and Song brocade are particularly well-known. These high-quality materials ensure the unique texture of the folding fan.

Second, the bone-making is exquisite and the carving is unparalleled. The production of fan ribs is the core link in the craftsmanship of folding fans. It requires multiple processes such as sawing, planing, filing and grinding to form a smooth and round shape. The ribs of high-end folding fans are also carved with techniques such as intaglio and relief engraving to depict landscapes, poetry and other themes. Suzhou micro-carvings are even more exquisite and unparalleled. Hundreds of characters can be engraved on the slender ribs of fans, fully demonstrating the superb craftsmanship.

Third, the surface is fine and the decoration is diverse. The process of stretching the surface requires first cutting the silk into shape, and then fixing it on the fan ribs through methods such as pasting and sewing. Throughout the process, it is necessary to ensure that the fan surface is flat and taut. The decoration of the fan surface mainly features paintings and embroiderings. The paintings are done with meticulous or freehand techniques, while the embroiderings rely on well-known embroidery styles such as Suzhou embroidery. The stitches are delicate and dynamic, making the folding fan both practical and artistic.

Artistic connotation

The round fan is a concentrated embodiment of Eastern aesthetics, with rich and diverse artistic connotations. The round fan, with a circular shape as its basic form, symbolizes reunion and harmony, embodying the philosophy of "the unity of heaven and man". The circular fan surface and the slender fan handle form a dynamic and static contrast. The irregular-shaped round fan also maintains symmetry and balance, fully demonstrating the beauty of integration. As a stage for scholars and poets to display their talents, the fan surface perfectly integrates poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal engraving, creating a rich cultural atmosphere. The painting subjects embody the character of scholars, and poetry and paintings complement each other, becoming a carrier of the spirit of scholars. Meanwhile, the round fan gradually became a symbol of women. Its light and gentle temperament was in line with women's needs. The content on the fan surface mostly reflected women's emotional life. Moreover, its development was closely linked to the spirit of The Times. The open and inclusive style of the Tang Dynasty, the reserved and subtle style of the Song Dynasty, and the secularization trend of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all reflected in the form and theme of the round fan, making it a vivid reflection of the spirit of The Times.

Modern Inheritance and Development

The development of modern technology has led to electric fans and air conditioners replacing the practical functions of folding fans. The traditional market has shrunk, and the manufacturing techniques are facing the predicament of inheritance. On the one hand, the process of making folding fans is complex, time-consuming and has low economic benefits. Young people lack the willingness to learn, and old artisans, being advanced in age, have difficulty finding successors. Many exquisite techniques are on the verge of being lost. On the other hand, under the impact of Western aesthetics, traditional aesthetics have been marginalized, and the public's insufficient understanding of the cultural value of the round fan has increased the difficulty of its inheritance.

In the face of difficulties, all sectors of society have been actively exploring the path of inheritance. Local governments have included the art of making folding fans in the list of intangible cultural heritage protection, providing financial and policy support. Historic regions such as Suzhou and Hangzhou have established inheritance bases and studios, encouraged the recruitment of apprentices, and regularly held exhibitions and experience activities to enhance public awareness. Designers collaborate with inheritors to innovate, preserving the core techniques while integrating cartoon characters and modern illustrations into the fan surfaces. They use eco-friendly materials to make the fan ribs, launching cultural and creative products that are both practical and fashionable, bringing the round fan back to daily life.

New media provides new channels for inheritance. The inheritors showcase the entire production process through short videos and live streaming, explain historical and cultural knowledge, and attract a large number of young fans. E-commerce platforms have set up special sections for intangible cultural heritage, enabling folding fans to go global through online sales and spread China's intangible cultural heritage to the world.

Conclusion

The round fan, a light and delicate small fan that carries the cultural memory of a thousand years, has evolved from a luxurious accessory in the imperial court to a daily necessity in the folk, from a carrier of literati art to a treasure of intangible cultural heritage today. Despite the passage of time, it still exudes a unique charm. It is a microcosm of China's fine traditional culture, embodying the wisdom of craftsmanship and carrying the aesthetic sentiments of the Chinese people.

In contemporary times, protecting and inheriting the art of making folding fans is not only a rescue of intangible cultural heritage projects but also a safeguard of cultural roots. In the future, we should also further enhance the protection and inheritance of the intangible cultural heritage of folding fans, allowing this "jewel in the palm of our hands" to continue to shine with brilliant light in the new era and contribute to the cultural rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Terms

非物质文化遗产 Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) 团扇 round fan 便面 bian mian (Pre-Qin period primitive fan) 合欢扇 Huanhuan fan 纨扇 silk round fan 扇骨 fan rib 扇面 fan surface 绷面 surface stretching 阴刻 intaglio engraving 阳刻 relief engraving 微雕 micro-carving 工笔（画法） meticulous painting technique 写意（画法） freehand painting technique 苏绣 Suzhou embroidery 杭纺 Hangzhou textile 宋锦 Song brocade 安吉毛竹 Anji moso bamboo 紫檀 rosewood 苏扇 Suzhou fan 杭扇 Hangzhou fan 川扇 Sichuan fan 文人画 literati painting 诗书画印 poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal engraving 天人合一 the unity of heaven and man 非遗传承基地 intangible cultural heritage inheritance base 文创产品 cultural and creative products 非遗产业化 intangible cultural heritage industrialization 新媒体传承 new media inheritance 直播带货 live streaming sales 线上销售 online sales

Questions

1.What were the main practical functions of the round fan in ancient times?

2.What was the round fan of the Han Dynasty also called?

3.What are the two most common ways of decorating the surface of a round fan?

4.In modern society, which devices have replaced the practical functions of folding fans?

5. What new media forms will the inheritors use to display relevant content in order to promote the folding fans?

References

国务院. 国务院关于公布第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录的通知（国发〔2008〕19号）[Z]. 2008-06-14.

盛风苏扇:探索“非遗+数字化” 向世界传递苏扇故事 助推非遗产业化发展[EB/OL]. 中国工业新闻网, 2023-05-23.

灵川县人民政府. 圆竹剖丝团扇制作技艺[EB/OL]. 灵川县人民政府网, 2021-05-10.

Zhou Meng（周萌）. 浅谈团扇艺术形式的演变[ J ].美与时代(上),2021(10):40-42.

Tian Tingzhou（田汀洲）, Zhao Yang（赵阳）, Wei Yangrun（魏阳润）, et al. 团扇制作技艺在大学生非遗艺术实践中的传承与发展［J］. 天工，2025（6）：106-108.

Wang Lili（王丽丽）. 团扇［J］.期刊 ， 2021 (05)

中国非物质文化遗产-团扇

引言

在中国丰富的非物质文化遗产里，团扇承载着上千年的东方美感和人文情感。它不只是古人夏天纳凉的日常用品，更是集实用、工艺和文化意义于一身的传统物件，能直观体现中华民族的精神世界。2008年，团扇制作技艺入选国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这门古老的民间手艺迎来了新的发展机会。本文将从团扇的历史起源、工艺特征、艺术内涵和当代传承四个方面，探讨其作为非遗的独特价值与传承发展路径。

历史起源

团扇起源于先秦的“便面”，多为竹制或蒲草编制，用于遮阳挡尘。汉代丝织业发展催生以丝绸为扇面的圆形“团扇”（又称“合欢扇”），班婕妤《怨歌行》便对其有生动描绘，此时它已成为宫廷女性情感寄托的载体。

魏晋南北朝时期，团扇的制作工艺进一步发展，扇面材质从单一的丝绸扩展到绫、罗、纱等，扇骨则采用竹、木、象牙等名贵材料，扇面上开始出现简单的绘画与刺绣。 唐代是团扇发展的鼎盛时期，社会风气开放，手工业繁荣，团扇的形制更加多样，除圆形外，还出现了海棠形、梅花形、六角形等异形团扇。此时的团扇不仅是宫廷贵族的奢侈品，更走进了寻常百姓家，成为文人墨客吟咏的对象。

宋元时期，团扇的艺术价值进一步提升，扇面绘画成为文人画的重要表现形式。宋代的宋徽宗、米芾等文人墨客均擅长在扇面上作画，他们将山水、花鸟、人物等题材融入扇面，使团扇成为集诗、书、画、印于一体的艺术品。

明清时期，团扇的制作工艺达到顶峰，扇骨的雕刻技艺愈发精湛，扇面的刺绣与绘画题材更加广泛，出现了“苏扇”“杭扇”“川扇”等著名的地方流派，团扇成为中国传统工艺的集大成者。

工艺特征

团扇的制作是一项复杂的系统工程，涵盖了选材、制骨、绷面、绘画、刺绣等多个环节，每一道工序都凝聚着工匠的智慧与心血,其工艺特征主要体现在以下三个方面：

第一，选材考究，精益求精。团扇制作对材料要求严苛，扇骨多选竹、木、象牙等质地与纹理俱佳的材料。竹骨以安吉毛竹为优，木骨则以紫檀等名贵木材为上。扇面选用绫、罗、纱等轻薄透气的丝绸，其中杭纺、宋锦尤为知名，这些优质材料确保了团扇的独特质感。

第二，制骨精巧，雕刻绝伦。扇骨制作是团扇工艺的核心环节，需经过锯、刨、锉、磨等多道工序，才能制成圆润光滑的形态。高档团扇的扇骨还会采用阴刻、阳刻等技法，雕刻山水、诗词等题材。苏州微雕更是精妙绝伦，能在纤细的扇骨上刻下数百字，尽显工艺之精湛。

第三，绷面细致，装饰多样。绷面工序需先将丝绸裁剪成型，再通过粘贴、缝合等方式固定在扇骨上，全程要保证扇面平整紧绷。扇面装饰以绘画和刺绣为主，绘画采用工笔或写意手法，刺绣则依托苏绣等知名绣种，针法细腻灵动，使团扇兼具实用功能与艺术价值。

艺术内涵

团扇是东方美学的集中体现，其艺术内涵丰富多元。以圆形为基本形态的团扇，象征团圆和谐，体现“天人合一”哲学，圆形扇面与细长扇柄形成动静对比，异形团扇亦保持对称均衡，尽显圆融之美；扇面作为文人墨客施展才华的舞台，诗书画印的完美融合营造出浓郁文化意境，绘画题材蕴含文人品格，诗词与画作相得益彰，成为承载文人精神的载体；同时，团扇逐渐成为女性象征，轻盈柔美气质与女性契合，扇面内容多反映女性情感生活，且其发展与时代精神紧密相连，唐代开放包容、宋代内敛含蓄、明清世俗化趋势均在团扇形制与题材中得以体现，成为时代精神的生动映射。

现代传承与发展

现代科技发展让电风扇、空调取代了团扇的实用功能，传统市场萎缩，制作技艺面临传承困境。一方面，团扇制作工序复杂、耗时久、经济效益低，年轻人缺乏学习意愿，老匠人年事已高却难寻传承人，诸多精湛技法濒临失传。另一方面，西方审美冲击下，传统美学边缘化，大众对团扇文化价值认知不足，加剧了传承难度。

面对困境，社会各界积极探索传承路径。地方政府将团扇制作技艺纳入非遗保护名录，提供资金与政策扶持，苏州、杭州等历史悠久地区建立传承基地与工作室，鼓励招收学徒，定期举办展览与体验活动，提升大众认知。设计师与传承人合作创新，保留核心技艺的同时，将卡通形象、现代插画融入扇面，采用环保材料制作扇骨，推出兼具实用与时尚感的文创产品，让团扇重回日常生活。

新媒体为传承提供了新渠道。传承人通过短视频、直播展示制作全过程，讲解历史文化知识，吸引大量年轻粉丝；电商平台开设非遗专区，让团扇通过线上销售走出国门，向世界传播中国非遗文化。

总结

团扇这把承载千年文化记忆的轻罗小扇，从宫廷华贵饰品到民间日常用具，从文人艺术载体到如今的非遗瑰宝，历经岁月洗礼仍散发独特魅力。它是中华优秀传统文化的缩影，凝结着匠心智慧，承载着国人审美情怀。在当代，保护传承团扇制作技艺，既是对非遗项目的挽救，也是对文化根脉的守护。在未来，我们也应进一步加大对团扇非遗的保护与传承力度，让这一“掌上明珠”在新时代继续闪耀着璀璨的光芒，为中华民族的文化复兴贡献力量。

问题

1.团扇最初在古代的主要实用功能是什么？

2. 汉代的团扇又被称作什么？

3. 团扇扇面装饰最常见的两种方式是什么？

4. 现代社会中，哪些设备取代了团扇的实用功能？

5. 传承人为了推广团扇，会通过哪些新媒体形式展示相关内容？