20201007 cult

Gao Mingzhu 高明珠

1、绣女手中的针线犹如画家手中的笔墨丹青，可以绣出璀璨精美的图画，显示出不同时代的文化风貌和艺术成就。

Like the pen and ink holding by painters, the needle in hands of embroiders can create brilliant and exquisite paintings which showed different cultures and artistic achievements of different times.

The needles and threads in the hands of women embroiders are like the pen and ink in the hands of a painter. They can show us bright and exquisite pictures, showing the cultural features and artistic achievements of different eras.--Liu Yi (talk) 15:41, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

2、在西方人的心目中，奢华的景泰蓝代表着中国灿烂的文明。

In the western people’s eyes, luxury Cloisonne is the embodiment of China’s splendid civilization.

In the western people’s mind, luxury Cloisonne represents China’s splendid civilization.--Tan Yuanyuan (talk) 15:34, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

In the eyes of Westerners, the luxurious cloisonne represents China's splendid civilization.--Liu Yi (talk) 15:41, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

3、殷商时代已有“石器雕琢，觞酌刻镂”的漆艺。

Dating back to the period of Yin and Shang dynasties, people created the lacquer art by curving on stones and making hollowed-out wine cups.

In the Yin and Shang dynasty, people created the lacquer art by curving on stones and making hollowed-out wine cups.--Liu Yi (talk) 15:41, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

4、中国石雕有南北两个派别之分，北派豪放壮伟，南派婉约精美。

Chinese stone carving is divided into two parts——the north part and the south part. The north part is characterized by being unconstrained and magnificent while the south part being implicit and exquisite.--Gao Mingzhu (talk) 13:48, 8 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

Chinese stone carvings are divided into two factions: the northern style is bold and majestic, and the southern style is graceful and delicate.--Liu Yi (talk) 15:41, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Gu Dongfang 顾东方

1.四大名绣形成于十九世纪中叶，它的产生除了本身的艺术特点外，另一个重要原因就是绣品商业化的结果。由于市场需求和刺绣产地的不同，刺绣工艺品作为一种商品开始形成了各自的地方特色，其中苏、蜀、粤、湘四个地方的产品销路尤广，故有四大名绣之称。

The Four famous embroideries were formed in the mid-nineteenth century.Besides their artistic features, they can also be attributed to the commercialization of embroidery.Due to various market demands and embroidery origins, embroidery crafts as a commodity began to embrace their own local characteristics, among which the products from Suzhou, Sichuan, Guangdong and Hunan were particularly well sold, hence the name of the four famous embroideries.--Gudongfang (talk) 05:23, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Gu dongfang

2.景泰年间的景泰蓝制品，从故宫等地陈列过的实物来看，工艺得到了更大的发展。宫廷内的御用监设有制作景泰蓝的作坊。这个时期制胎水平已达到了相当的高度。胎型有方有圆，并向实用方面转化。

The crafting progress of Cloisonne products during the Jingtai period has made a major progress judeged from the real objects, which were on display in places ,such as the Forbidden City. The imperial crafting agency was established with Cloisonne workshops .Copperplate-making reached a high level at that time.The copperplate , round or square in shape , transformed into practical use.--Gudongfang (talk) 05:23, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Gu dongfang

3.作为中国传统工艺的的重要品种，漆工艺先传往东亚、东南亚，继而由西欧传到北美，在世界上产生了广泛的影响。

The lacquering , an improtant part of Chinese traditional craft, spread to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and then from Western Europe to North America, exerting a wide influence on the world.--Gudongfang (talk) 05:23, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Gu dongfang

4.我国石雕艺术具有悠久的历史，品种繁多，就石雕而言，这些雕刻大多为无名石匠所作。千百年来，伴随着人们的物质生活和精神生活而流传至今。它表现了民间工艺精湛的技艺和巧妙的构思,具有很高的艺术价值与历史人文价值。

The art of stone carving in China is characterized by a long history and a wide variety. In terms of stone carvings, most of them are made by anonymous masons. For thousands of years, they are passed down along with people's material and spiritual life. It shows the exquisite folk craft skills and ingenious idea with a high artistic and historical humanistic value.--Gudongfang (talk) 05:23, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Gu dongfang

Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆

1.刺绣在中国已有几千年的历史，是中国传统手工艺上的璀璨星光。我国刺绣主要分为湘绣、苏绣、蜀绣和越绣四类。 Embroidery has a history of thousands of years in China, which is the bright star of Chinese traditional crafts.Chinese embroidery is mainly divided into four types:Xiang Xiu, Su Xiu, Shu Xiu and Yue Xiu.--Lei Fangyuan (talk) 01:24, 9 October 2020 (UTC) 2.在这个具有五千年悠久历史的国度里，涌现着一批批能工巧匠，他们将自己智慧的结晶，化作一件件精美绝伦的工艺品流传于世。景泰蓝便是这批工艺品中一颗璀璨的明珠，熠熠生辉。 In this country with a long history of five thousand years, there emerged a batch of skilled craftsmen who turn the crystallization of their wisdom into pieces of exquisite crafts and handed it down in the world. Cloisonne is a bright pearl in this batch of crafts, shining.--Lei Fangyuan (talk) 02:05, 9 October 2020 (UTC) 3.中国是漆器的发源地，早在七千多年前，人们已经开始在漆树中采割乳液。生漆的主要成分是漆酚、漆酶、蛋白质和水。这些物质同漆树一同生长。温度、光照、湿度，哪怕再细微的变化都有可能让生漆的成分发生变化。 China is the birthplace of lacquerware, as early as more than seven thousand years ago, people began to cut emulsions from lacquer trees. The main components of raw lacquer are urushiol, laccase, protein and water. These substances grow with lacquer trees. Temperature, light, humidity, even if the slightest change may make the composition of raw lacquer change.--Lei Fangyuan (talk) 02:27, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

Liu Yi 刘艺

1.刺绣是中国民间传统手工艺之一，在中国至少有二三千年历史。中国刺绣主要有苏绣、湘绣、蜀绣和粤绣四大门类。

1.Embroidery is one of the traditional Chinese folk handicrafts, with a history of at least two to three thousand years in China. There are four main categories of Chinese embroidery: Suzhou embroidery, Hunan embroidery, Sichuan embroidery and Guangdong embroidery.--Liu Yi (talk) 15:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

2.北京是中国景泰蓝的发祥地，也是最为重要的产地。关于景泰蓝的起源，考古界没有统一的答案。一种观点认为景泰蓝诞生于唐代。

2.Beijing is the birthplace of China's cloisonne and the most important place of production. About the origin of cloisonne, there is no unified answer in the archaeological world. One view is that cloisonne was born in the Tang Dynasty.--Liu Yi (talk) 15:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

3.中国古代漆器的工艺，早在新石器时代就已经出现，夏代的漆器不仅用于日常生活，也用于祭祀.

3.The craftsmanship of ancient Chinese lacquerware has appeared as early as the Neolithic Age. The lacquerware of the Xia Dynasty was used not only in daily life, but also in sacrifices.--Liu Yi (talk) 15:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

4.总之，刀法就是雕刻家用来体现自己创作构思的技术手法，也是形象地揭示艺术内容的手段。

4.To conclude, the knife technique is a kind of skill used by the sculptor to show his creative ideas, and it is also a means to reveal the artistic content vividly.--Liu Yi (talk) 15:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Lou Cancan 娄灿灿

1 苏绣是流传于苏州及其周边地区的民间刺绣工艺，形成于三国时期，与粤绣、湘绣、蜀绣并称中国四大名绣，至今已有2000余年的历史。明清时期，苏绣开始成熟并且逐渐形成了精细、雅洁的风格，它的传承完整且没有断代。

Su Embroidery used to be a popular folk craft in the Yangtze River area around Suzhou City. Together with Yue, Xiang, and Shu embroideries, they are called the Four Famous Embroideries of China. Emerged in the Three Kingdoms Period, Su Embroidery has a history of more than 2000 years. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it prospered and generally developed its delicate and elegant styles. The legacy of Su Embroidery is consistent without any discontinuities.--Lou Cancan (talk) 12:11, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

2 景泰蓝（Cloisonne），中国的著名特种金属工艺品类之一，到明代景泰年间这种工艺技术制作达到了最巅峰，这一期间制作出的工艺品最为精美，故后人称这种金属器为“景泰蓝”。

Cloisonne is one of China's famous special metal handiworks. This kind of craft reached its peak in the Jingtai period of the Ming dynasty when craftsmen produced the most exquisite cloisonnes, so the later generations called this kind of metal ware "Cloisonne".--Lou Cancan (talk) 12:11, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

3 漆器起源于中国，千百年来一直与中国人的生活息息相关，从王侯贵族到平民百姓，漆器始终是生活的日用器物。

Lacquerware originate in China and have been closely related to the life of Chinese people for thousands of years. From the aristocratic to common people, lacquerware have always been daily-used articles.--Lou Cancan (talk) 12:11, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Lacquerware originated in China and has been closely related to the lives of Chinese people for thousands of years. From princes and nobles to common people, lacquerware has always been a daily utensil of life.--WuQiong (talk) 14:57, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

4 众所周知，玉雕是中国最古老的雕刻品种之一。早在新石器时代晚期，中华民族就有了玉制工具。商周时期，制玉成为一种专业，玉器是礼仪用具和装饰佩件。在中国古代，玉被当作美好品物的标志和德行的象征。

It is universally acknowledged by the world that jade carving (玉雕) is one of the oldest carving arts in China. Crude jade tools appeared in China as early as in the late Neolithic Age (新石器时代). And in the primitive society, our ancestries began to make manufacturing jade tools such as knife, shovel, ax and lance and the jade ornaments. Jade carving became an industry in the Shang (商) (16th century BC- 11th century BC) and Zhou (周) (11th BC- 221 BC) dynasties. Jade wares were used in rituals or as decorative pendants. In ancient China, jade was also regarded as a symbol of refinement and moral ethics. --Lou Cancan (talk) 12:11, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Mo Ling 莫玲

1.北京是中国景泰蓝的发祥地，也是最为重要的产地。北京景泰蓝以典雅雄浑的造型、繁富的纹样、清丽庄重的色彩著称，给人以圆润坚实、细腻工整、金碧辉煌、繁花似锦的艺术感受，成为驰名世界的传统手工艺品。

Beijing is the birthplace and the most important producing area of Chinese cloisonne.It is known for its elegant and magnificent shapes,manifoid patterns as well as comely and dignified colors,leaving people an artistic impression of solidity,fineness,magnificence and affluence. Thus it gains world fame as Chinese traditional handicraft.

2.湘绣作品以国画为题材，与绘画相结合，具有构图章法严谨，形象生动逼真，色差鲜明，质感强烈，形神皆备，远观气势宏伟，近看出神入化的效果。曾有"绣花花生香，鸟能听声，绣虎能奔跑，绣人能传神"的美誉。

Hunan embroidery draws materials from Chinese painting and integrates painting into itself.It embodies strict composition,vivid image,dinstinct color divergence and intense texture.If seen from afar,it shows an magnificent momentum,while if observed closely,it becomes spiritualized.The flowers，birds,tigers and people in Hunan embroidery are so vivid as if viewers can smell the flower fragrance,hear the bird chirping，see the tiger running and people coming to life.Thus,Hunan embroidery has won a wide reputation.

3.陕西、河南、山西等地出土的与真人等高的石雕菩萨立像，敦煌莫高窟第159、194等窟的彩塑菩萨像，都女性化了，造型以当时贵族妇女形象为参照，丰颐长目，体态婀娜，缨络遍体，表现出超出了宗教氛围的富贵气息。

Feminine traits are conspicuous about the stone statues of Bodhisattvas at the same height as real people unearthed in Shaanxi, Henan, Shanxi and other places, and the colored statues of Bodhisattvas in caves 159 and 194 of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang. The models are based on the images of aristocratic women at that time. They are gorgeous,graceful and full of tassels, showing a rich and noble atmosphere beyond the religious atmosphere.

4.古漆者，光泽华，似乌金而非寒，明丽堂皇，有着庄重富贵的气质，古之时多为皇亲贵族所用。

Ancient lacquerwares were quite glossy, similar to black gold yet not cold.Besides being bright in appearance ,they sent out an solemn and affluent temperament,thus used by royal relatives and nobles in most cases in ancient times.--Mo Ling (talk) 02:09, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

Si Yu 司妤

1.宋代刺绣之发达，由于当时朝廷奖励提倡之故。为使作品达到书画之传神意境，绣前需先有计划，绣时需度其形势，乃趋于精巧。构图必须简单化，纹样的取舍留白非常重要，与唐代无论有无图案之满地施绣截然不同。

Owning to incentives and advocacy of the official government, The Song Dynasty saw thriving embroidery. In order to attain the spirit of calligraphy and paintings, one has to make a plan before working on it and exquisiteness can be achieved if one pays attention to all details. Totally different from embroidery of the Tang Dynasty , that of the Song Dynasty requires simplified patterns and strengthens the importance of leaving space when choosing patterns.--Si Yu (talk) 02:30, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

2.北京是中国景泰蓝的发祥地，也是最为重要的产地。北京景泰蓝以典雅雄浑的造型、繁富的纹样、清丽庄重的色彩著称，给人以圆润坚实、细腻工整、金碧辉煌的艺术感受，成为驰名世界的传统手工艺品。

Beijing is not only the birthplace of Chinese cloisonne, but also is home to it. It is renowned for its elegant shapes, exquisite patterns and superb colors, allowing people to appreciate the roundness, delicacy and glamour of artistic work. Consequently, it is a traditional art that enjoys world fame. --Si Yu (talk) 02:30, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

3.用漆涂在各种器物的表面上所制成的日常器具及工艺品、美术品等，一般称为"漆器"。中国古代所用漆，是漆树分泌的一种汁液，经日晒脱水后，即成为可作涂料的熟漆。 Usually, lacquerware refers to daily tools, crafts and artistic work being painted by lacquer. In the ancient times, lacquer came from sap of lacquer trees. It became ripe lacquer after sloarization and dehydrating.--Si Yu (talk) 02:30, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

4.在最常见的雕刻方法中，一只手拿着凿子，另一只手拿木槌，然后用木槌将凿子敲入木头或石头中。尽管一些金属加工技术例如焊接和装配，在过去的一个世纪中逐渐变得重要，但是雕刻和制模仍是两种主要的雕塑技法。

Among all carving methods, the commonest way is to use mallet to chip chisel into woods or stones with mallet in one hand and chisel in the other hand. Though some metal processing technologis such as welding and assembling has became more important over the past century, carving and modelling are still two major engraving techniques. --Si Yu (talk) 02:30, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛

1.瓯绣是中国出口名绣之一，不仅被国家珍藏，还被作为国礼赠送，有“发绣外交”之说。

Ou Embroidery is one of China's famous embroidery exports.It is not only treasured by the country,but also presented as a national gift.There is a saying of " embroidery diplomacy".--Tan Yuanyuan (talk) 15:29, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

2.作为一种宫廷艺术，景泰蓝是明清宫中高贵的装饰艺术品，是皇室权力与地位的象征。

As a palace art,cloisonne is a noble decorative artwork in Ming and Qing palaces,and a symbol of royal power and status.--Tan Yuanyuan (talk) 15:29, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

3.在湖北曾侯乙墓出土的漆器有220多件。这些漆器是楚墓中年代最早也是最为精彩的，而且品类全，器型大，风格古朴，这些精美的漆器体现了楚文化的神韵。

There are more than 220 lacquer wares unearthed from the tomb of Zenghouyi(the lord of Zeng state in the Western Zhou Dynasty) in Hubei. These lacquer wares are among the earliest and most exciting things in the Chu tombs, and they have a wide range of types, simple styles and large in size.These exquisite lacquer wares reflect the charm of Chu culture.--Tan Yuanyuan (talk) 15:29, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

4.木雕是以各种木材及树根为材料进行雕刻，是以传统雕刻工艺中的重要门类。木雕的历史非常悠久，在浙江余姚河姆渡文化遗址就有木雕鱼出土，这是我国木雕史上最早的实物。

Wood carving is based on a variety of materials such as wood and tree roots.It is an important category in traditional carving crafts. Wood carving has a very long history. Wood carving fish were unearthed at the Hemudu Cultural Site in Yuyao,Zhejiang province. This is the earliest physical object in the history of wood carving in my country.--Tan Yuanyuan (talk) 15:29, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Wood carving is an important category in traditional carving craftsis based on a variety of materials such as wood and tree roots.It has a very long history. The shape of fish of wood carving were unearthed at the Hemudu Cultural Site in Yuyao,Zhejiang province. This is the earliest physical object in the history of wood carving in China.--Yang Hairong (talk) 02:55, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

Tang Bei 汤蓓

1.苏绣色彩清新高雅，织工精巧细腻，以晕染和色与色之间留空线为其特色。其图案主题丰富多样，有庆祝丰收，丰衣足食，龙凤呈祥，健康长寿，美好邂逅，人丁兴旺等主题。

The characteristics of Su embroidery include elegant colors, fine needling, the application of halo dyeing, and the vacant lines left between colors. Its pattern themes vary from "the celebration of harvest", "wealthy family", "dragon and phoenix symbolic of the propitious" to "well-being through hundreds of years", "happy encounter", and "abundance in family".--Tang Bei (talk) 02:41, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

2.景泰蓝有500多年的历史，是一种以雕塑，绘画，瓷器制作和铜作独特结合的艺术，起源于元朝北京。现存最古老的一块景泰蓝制于元朝，但是景泰蓝在明朝发生了重大变化，约1450年至1456年，人们发现了一种新的蓝色颜料，由于中文“蓝”代表了蓝色，所以人们命名其为景泰蓝。景泰蓝的制作是一个相当复杂的过程，其所有的成品造型优雅，色彩耀眼，设计优美。其大部分成品用于出口，且驰名于国内外。

Cloisonne(Jingtailan) has a history of over 500 years. Its art is a unique combination of sculpture, painting, porcelain making and copper-smithing that is said to have originated in Beijing during the Yuan Dynasty(1271-1368). The oldest extant piece was made during the Yuan Dynasty, but Cloisonne underwent a major change during the Ming Dynasty when a new blue pigment was discovered at about 1450 to 1456, and gave Jintailan its current name based on the Chinese word "lan" for blue. The making of Cloisonne requires rather elaborate and complicated processes; all the products are elegant in molding, dazzling in color and graceful in design. It enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad with most of its products for export.--Tang Bei (talk) 02:41, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

Tang Yiran 汤伊然

1.湘绣强调写实，质朴而优美，形象生动，结构上虚实结合，巧妙地将中国传统的绘画、刺绣、诗词、书法、金石各种艺术融为一体。

Xiang embroidery focuses on authenticity and boasts vivid and exquisite designs. With the combination of the real and the virtual, it integrates many other Chinese traditional arts including painting, embroidery, poetry, calligraphy and epigraphy.--Tang Yiran1 (talk) 04:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

The Xiang embroidery focuses on authenticity and boasts simple, exquisite and vivid designs. With the combination of the real and the virtual, it integrates many other Chinese traditional arts ingeniously including painting, embroidery, poetry, calligraphy and epigraphy.--Lou Cancan (talk) 12:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

2.清代的景泰蓝工艺比明代有提高，胎薄，掐丝细，彩釉也比明代要鲜艳，并且无砂眼，花纹图案繁复多样。

The technology of cloisonné further developed in the Qing Dynasty over that of the Ming Dynasty, with thinner body, finer wire inlay and brighter glaze. Besides, Qing’s cloisonné was free from sand hole and had intricate and varied patterns.--Tang Yiran1 (talk) 04:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

The technology of cloisonné further developed in the Qing Dynasty over that in the Ming Dynasty, with thinner body, finer wire inlay and brighter glaze. Besides, Qing’s cloisonné was free from sand holes and had intricate and various patterns.--Lou Cancan (talk) 12:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

3.漆器在收藏时应注意避免阳光曝晒、烟熏。收藏室的湿度和温度不宜急剧变化，避免忽干忽湿，最好把漆器放在温度和湿度比较恒定的房中。

Sun and smoke should be avoided for storing lacquerware and the temperature and humidity of the collection room better need to be sustained.--Tang Yiran1 (talk) 04:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Be careful not to expose the lacquerwares to strong sunshine and smoke when storing them. The humility and temperature in collection room should be steady. To avoid the abrupt change in external environment, it would be better to the lacquerwares in room with sustained temperature and humidity. --Lou Cancan (talk) 12:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

4.宗教雕塑主要保存于寺庙和石窟寺之内，由于寺庙毁损严重，石窟寺雕塑便成为宗教雕塑遗存的主要代表。

Religious sculptures were preserved in temples and grottoes. Due to severe damage of the former, the remains of these sculptures were mainly housed by the latter.--Tang Yiran1 (talk) 04:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Religious sculptures were mainly preserved in temples and grottoes. Due to severe damage to the former, the remains of these sculptures were primarily housed by the latter.--Lou Cancan (talk) 12:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Religious sculptures were mainly preserved in temples and grottoes. Due to the severe damage to the temples, the cave temple sculptures became the main representative of the remains of religious sculptures.--WuQiong (talk) 14:53, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Wang Meiling 王美玲

1.苏绣为苏州刺绣之简称，它以产生之地命名，历史上曾广泛存在于苏州城乡。近十年来苏绣行业逐渐萎缩，现主要集中于苏州市区和高新区东渚镇、镇湖街道一带。苏绣技艺的起源不详。现存的宋代以来苏绣实物显示了不同历史时期苏绣技艺的发展状况和实际水平，如元代苏绣残片表明，当时已有一件作品运用9种刺绣针法；明代绣品多采用文人画稿，开始形成精细雅洁的独特风格；清代苏绣成为行业，商品绣极为发达，苏州因此有“绣市”之称。 Suzhou embroidery is the abbreviation of Suzhou embroidery,which is named after the place where it came into being.In history, itt once existed widely and spreadly in Suzhou urban and rural areas . In recent ten years, Suzhou embroidery industry has gradually shrunk off, now being mainly distributed in urban areas, Dongzhu county and Zhenhu street of Gaoxin District in Suzhou. The origin of Suzhou embroidery remains unknown to public. The existing Suzhou embroidery in kind since the Song Dynasty showcase the development status and practical level of Suzhou embroidery skills in different historical periods. For example, in the Yuan Dynasty,the fragments of Suzhou embroidery indicates that there was a work made by nine kinds of embroidery needle techniques; in the Ming Dynasty, most embroidery adopoted literati drawings, and began to form a unique style of refinement and delicacy; for the Qing Dynasty,Suzhou embroidery came to be an industry ,whose commodity embroidery was extraordinarily developed. Due to these,Suzhou was well-known as "Embroidery Market".--Wang Meiling (talk) 02:34, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

2.景泰蓝并非我国本土工艺，而是在元代从阿拉伯传入我国的特殊工艺。经过明朝和清朝两代的发展，这项有着异域风情的工艺有了非凡的成就。景泰蓝的华美在于它几乎集合了当时几大工艺品的艺术优势，在匠师们的潜心研制之下形成了属于自己的风格。将金属制品和珐琅工艺的结合本身就是一项艺术的挑战，而它借鉴了瓷器和青铜器的制作技艺，又融合和绘画和雕刻工艺，几乎集合了当时金银镶嵌工艺的最精华部分，可以说是封建手工艺的集大成者，也是宫廷内饰最精美的存在。 Cloisonne is not a native craft in China, but a special one introduced from Arabia during Yuan Dynasty. After its development of Ming and Qing Dynasties, this exotic craft has made remarkable achievements. The gorgeous beauty of Cloisonne lies in that it almost gathered the artistic edges of several major crafts at that time, and formed its own style under the painstaking efforts made by craftsmen. The combination of metal products and enamel technology is an artistic challenge in itself, which not only draws on the production techniques of porcelain and bronzes, but integrates painting and carving techniques.Due to this,gathering the most essential part of the gold and silver mosaic process at that time,it can be much well of the master of feudal handicraft and of the most exquisite existence of court interior decorations.--Wang Meiling (talk) 02:34, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

3.中国现代考古发掘实物证明，中国是世界上最早发现并使用天然漆的国家。七千年前的浙江余姚河姆渡原始文化遗址中已经出土了木胎涂漆（自然生漆）碗。夏、商、西周三代已逐渐从单纯使用天然漆到使用色料调漆。人们不断熟悉、了解漆的性能，改造、利用漆所特有的经久耐牢、不退色、不怕潮湿、鲜亮美观等性能，为美化自己的生活服务。 Modern archaeological excavations in China have proved that China is the first country worldwide to discover and utilize natural lacquer. Seven thousand years ago, wooden painted (natural lacquer) bowls have been unearthed from the Hemudu primitive cultural site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province. During the period of Xia, Shang and Western Zhou dynasties,the single use of natural lacquer was gradually changed to the use of pigment.To make their lives better,people are constantly familiar with and understand the properties of the paint, transform and utilize the unique ones, such as durability, not being afraid of color fading and moisture, brightness and good look.--Wang Meiling (talk) 02:34, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

4.温州乐清的黄杨木雕始于宋元，流行于明清，受清末文人画的影响，刀法纯朴圆润，细腻流畅，人物刻划形神兼备，众多人物的长卷式作品结构虚实相生，市井万象、仕女美人，各有韵味，是中国四大主要木雕流派中最深入细腻，也是东方古典主义的象征之一。The boxwood carving in Yueqing, Wenzhou, began in the song and Yuan Dynasties and bacame popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Due to the influences of the literati paintings at late Qing Dynasty, its techniques of knives are of simplicity, roundness, delicacy and smoothness. The characters are characterized by unity of shape and spirit, most of whose structures of the long scroll works showcase both virtuality and reality. For example, phenonmenons in evey nook and cranny of the city, ladies and beauties have their own special charm.The boxwood carving is the most profound and exquisite among the four major wood carving schools in China, and is also one of the symbols of oriental classicism.--Wang Meiling (talk) 02:30, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

Wu Qiong 吴琼

1.刺绣在渭南世代相传，遍及全市。 Embroidery has been passed down from generation to generation in Weinan and spread throughout the city.--WuQiong (talk) 14:48, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

1.Embroidery has been passed on from generation to generation in Weinan, pervading the whole city.--Xiao Shuangling (talk) 02:27, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.因其在明朝景泰年间盛行，制作技艺比较成熟，使用的珐琅釉多以蓝色为主，故而得名“景泰蓝”。 As it was popular in the Jingtai period of the Ming Dynasty, the production skills were relatively mature, and the enamel glaze mainly was blue, hence owned the name "cloisonne".--WuQiong (talk) 14:48, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

2.The name "Cloisonne" is derived from the fact that it was popular during the Jingtai Period of the Ming Dynasty, its production techniques were relatively mature and the enamell glaze was mostly blue.--Xiao Shuangling (talk) 02:27, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

3.用漆器作涂料，有耐潮、耐高温、耐腐蚀等特殊功能，又可以配制出不同色漆，光彩照人。 Using the lacquerer with special functions such as moisture resistance, high temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance as a coating, it can also be used to formulate different color paints with brilliance.--WuQiong (talk) 14:48, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

3.Using lacquerware as paint, it has special functions of moisture resistance, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance. It can also be used to prepare different colors of paints with brilliant luster.--Xiao Shuangling (talk) 02:27, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

4.刀法就是雕刻家用来体现自己创作构思的技术手法，也是形象地揭示艺术内容的手段。 The way the sculptors carve embodies their technique skills with creative ideas, and it is also a way to vividly reveal the artistic content.--WuQiong (talk) 14:48, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

4.Knife technique is a technique used by sculptors to embody their creative ideas, as well as a means to reveal artistic content vividly.--Xiao Shuangling (talk) 02:27, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲

1.刺绣作为一个地域广泛的手工艺品，各个国家、各个民族通过长期的积累和发展，都有其自身的特长和优势。

1.Embroidery, as a wide range of regional handicrafts, has its own specialties and advantages through long-term accumulation and development of various countries and nationalities.--Xiao Shuangling (talk) 02:09, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.景泰蓝见于实物，以明宣德年间（1426年～1435年）为最多。这个时期，工艺的风格特点已经形成，接近成熟时期。

2.Cloisonne can be seen real objects, most of which were be found in Xuande Period of Ming Dynasty(1426～1435). During this period, the style and charactereistics of the craft have been formed, approaching the mature stage.--Xiao Shuangling (talk) 02:09, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

3.中国古代漆器的工艺，早在新石器时代就已经出现，夏代的木胎漆器不仅用于日常生活，也用于祭祀。

3.The craft of ancient Chinese lacquerware appeared as early as the Neolithic age. The wooden lacquerware of Xia Dynasty was used not only in daily life, but also used for sacrifice.--Xiao Shuangling (talk) 02:09, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

4.牙雕、玉雕等工艺由于材料昂贵，做工又十分的精细，所以逐渐从实用品转变为欣赏品，因此被人们称为“特种工艺”。

4.Because of the expensive materials and exquisite workmanship, ivory carving and jade carving have gradually changed from practical products to appreciation products, so they are called "special crafts".--Xiao Shuangling (talk) 02:09, 9 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

Yang Hairong 杨海容

1.湘绣在配色上善于运用深浅灰及黑白色，加上适当的明暗对比，增强了质感和立体感，结构上虚实结合，善于利用空白，突出主题，形成了湘绣水墨画般的素雅品质。 Hunan Embroidery is good at using shades of gray, black and white in color matching, plus appropriate contrast between light and dark, which enhances the texture and three-dimensionality. The structure combines virtual and solid, and is good at using blanks to highlight the theme, forming Hunan embroidery a simple and elegant quality like ink painting.--Yang Hairong (talk) 02:50, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

2.如果说瓷器像茉莉花一样清新高雅，那么景泰蓝一定是美艳的牡丹花高贵大气，虽然他们各有千秋，但不同于瓷器的是景泰蓝的制作工序更为复杂，造型也更多变。 If porcelain is as fresh and elegant as jasmine, then cloisonne must be noble and generous just like pretty peony . Although they have their own merits, what is different from porcelain is that the production process of cloisonne is more complicated and the shape is more varied.--Yang Hairong (talk) 02:50, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

3.古语云：“滴漆入土，千年不坏。”说的就是漆器。漆器是一种用生漆涂敷在器物胎体表面作为保护膜制成的工艺品或生活用品。表面被涂过漆的胎体经过反复多次的髹涂后，不仅坚固耐用，多样的装饰使器物色泽华丽。 The old saying goes: "Drip lacquer into the soil will not be bad for a thousand years." It talks about lacquerware. Lacquerware is a kind of handicraft or daily necessities made by coating raw lacquer on the surface of the carcass as a protective film. The lacquered surface of the carcass has been painted repeatedly for many times, and it is not only sturdy and durable, but also a variety of decorations make the color gorgeous.--Yang Hairong (talk) 02:50, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

4.东阳木雕的雕刻以平面浮雕为主，内容多为历史故事和民间传说，图案采用满花手法，画面布满纹饰，形成一种独特的艺术风格。 The woodcarvings of Dongyang are mainly flat reliefs, and the content is mostly historical stories and folk legends. The patterns are full of flowers and the picture which are covered with patterns, forming a unique artistic style.--Yang Hairong (talk) 02:49, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

You Yuting 游雨婷

1.刺绣是针线在织物上绣制的各种装饰图案的总称。它是用针和线把人的设计和制作添加在任何存在的织物上的一种艺术。刺绣是中国民间传统手工艺之一，在中国至少有二三千年历史。 Embroidery is the general term for various decorative patterns embroidered on the fabric with needle and thread. It is the art of utilizing needles and threads to add human design and fabrication to any fabric that exists. Embroidery, one of the traditional Chinese folk handicrafts, has a long history of at least two or three thousand years in China.

2.景泰蓝一直在藏家的心中占有重要地位，自古就有“收藏若无景泰蓝，藏尽天下也枉然”之说，明清两朝的景泰蓝、珐琅彩等尤为受追捧。 Cloisonne has always held an important position in the hearts of collectors. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "if you don't collect cloisonne, it is useless to collect it at all." Cloisonne and enamel from the Ming and Qing dynasties were particularly popular.

3.历经商周直至明清，中国的漆器工艺不断发展，达到了相当高的水平。中国的炝金、描金等工艺品，对日本等地都有深远影响。漆器是中国古代在化学工艺及工艺美术方面的重要发明。 Throughout the Shang, Zhou and Ming dynasties, Chinese lacquer craft continued to develop and reached a very high level. Chinese live gold, painted gold and other arts and crafts have a profound influence on Japan and other places. Lacquer ware is a significant invention in chemical technology and arts and crafts in ancient China.

4.雕刻技法，就是在雕刻创作中，作者对雕件的形象和空间的处理手法。这种手法主要体现在削减意义上的雕与刻。确切的说，就是由外向内一步步通过减去废料，循序渐进一步步讲形体挖掘显现出来的技艺和手段。 Carving technique is the treatment of the image and space of the carved piece by the author in the creation of carving. This technique is mainly embodied in the sense of cutting carving. To be exact, it is the art and means of body excavation by subtracting wastes step by step from the outside in.--You Yuting (talk) 04:12, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

Zhang Hui 张慧

1.宋代时期崇尚刺绣服装的风气，已逐渐在民间广泛流行，这也促使了中国丝绣工艺的发展。 In the Song Dynasty, the trend of advocating embroidery clothing has gradually become popular among the people, which also promoted the development of Chinese silk embroidery technology.--Zhang Hui (talk) 15:46, 8 October 2020 (UTC) In the Song Dynasty, the trend of advocating embroidery clothing had gradually become popular among the people, which also promoted the development of Chinese silk embroidery technology.--Zhao Xiaoyan (talk) 15:54, 8 October 2020 (UTC) 2.景泰蓝，中国的著名特种金属工艺品类之一，到明代景泰年间这种工艺技术制作达到了最巅峰，制作出的工艺品最为精美而著名，故后人称这种金属器为“景泰蓝”。 Cloisonne, one of the famous special metal crafts in China, reached its peak during the Jingtai period of the Ming Dynasty, and the crafts produced were the most exquisite and famous, so later generations called this metalware "cloisonne".--Zhang Hui (talk) 15:46, 8 October 2020 (UTC) Cloisonne, as one of the famous special metal crafts in China, reached its top peak during the Jingtai period of the Ming Dynasty, and the crafts produced in this period were the most exquisite and famous, so it is called this metalware "cloisonne" by later generations .--Zhao Xiaoyan (talk) 15:54, 8 October 2020 (UTC) 3.漆器的发明和使用是中华民族对人类文明的杰出贡献，是我国古老的优秀传统手工艺品，在商周时期漆器的品种和工艺水平登上了高峰。 The invention and use of lacquerware is an outstanding contribution of the Chinese nation to human civilization. It is an excellent ancient traditional handicraft in China. The variety and craftsmanship of lacquerware reached a peak during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.--Zhang Hui (talk) 15:46, 8 October 2020 (UTC) The invention and use of lacquerware is an outstanding contribution made by the Chinese nation to human civilization. It is an excellent ancient traditional handicraft in China. The variety and craftsmanship of lacquerware reached a peak during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.--Zhao Xiaoyan (talk) 15:54, 8 October 2020 (UTC) 4.微雕施工面积极小，没有相当高的书法功底和熟练运用微雕工具的技能是难以完成的，且刻作时，要屏息静气，神思集中，一丝不苟。 The construction surface of micro-engraving is so small. It is difficult to complete without a high calligraphy skill and proficiency in the use of micro-engraving tools. When carving, it is necessary to hold your breath, concentrate and be meticulous.--Zhang Hui (talk) 15:46, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

The construction surface of micro-engraving is so small. It is difficult to complete without a fairly high foundation of calligraphy skills and proficiency in the use of micro-engraving tools. When carving, it is necessary to hold your breath, concentrate and be meticulous.--You Yuting (talk) 04:15, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕

1.早在秦汉时期，刺绣的工艺技术就发展到较高的水平，它和丝绸是汉代封建经济的重要支柱。 Early in Qin and Han Dynasties,the embroidery, as an craft and technology, had developed in a high level, which is the key support for the feudal economy of Han Dynasty besides silk.--Zhao Xiaoyan (talk) 15:46, 8 October 2020 (UTC) Early in the Qin and Han Dynasties,the embroidery, as an craft and technology, had developed in a high level, which is the key support for the feudal economy of Han Dynasty besides silk.--Zhang Hui (talk) 15:53, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

2.中国是瓷器的故乡，瓷器是古代劳动人民的一个重要创造。 China is the hometown of china, which is an important creation by ancient Chinese people.--Zhao Xiaoyan (talk) 15:46, 8 October 2020 (UTC) China is the hometown of china, which is an important creation by ancient Chinese people.--Zhang Hui (talk) 15:53, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

3.漆器文化历史悠久，兴于秦汉，建于明清，风格独特，蜚声全球，是中国传统的特种工艺宝库 。 The culture about lacquerware has a long history, which originated from Qin and Han Dynasties and formed in Ming and Qing Dynasties.As the traditional special craft treasury of China,lacquerware is well -knowned by the world with unique style.--Zhao Xiaoyan (talk) 15:46, 8 October 2020 (UTC) The culture about lacquerware has a long history, which originated from Qin and Han Dynasties and formed in Ming and Qing Dynasties.As the traditional special craft treasury of China,lacquerware is well-knowned by the world with unique style.--Zhang Hui (talk) 15:53, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

4.雕刻，是发自内心的，玉雕师本着对玉器的喜爱和敬仰而雕刻。 Carving needs to be done with heart, which requires the craftsman to do it with reverence and passion for the jade. --Zhao Xiaoyan (talk) 15:46, 8 October 2020 (UTC) Carving needs to be done with the heart, which requires the craftsman to do it with reverence and passion for the jade.--Zhang Hui (talk) 15:53, 8 October 2020 (UTC)