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陈静 Chén Jìng 国别 女 202020080595

或因祖父昔日微嫌，追念旧恶，必图报复，……诚恐朕之宗室，日流日下，不知前鉴，深用为忧，是以亟筹保全之道。若非立学设教，鼓舞振兴，循循善诱，安能使之改过迁善，望其有成。（鄂尔泰等，1985：310）上谕中，雍正帝明确阐述了设立宗学的前因后果，将其当作鼓舞人心，劝善惩恶的手段。 Or because of grandfather ' s past suspicion, they will recall the bad memory and have the revenge plan …, I am in fear of the fact that the clan will worsen with the unknowing of the past and the concern of use, thus hoping to pose a solution to it for the preservation. If we do not teach by school, encourage revitalization, follow the good temptation, we could not make it better to change the situation. ( Eertai and so on., 1985 : 310 ) In the oracle, Emperor Yongzheng clearly stated the causes and consequences of the establishment of the sect as a means of encouraging people and encouraging good and punishing evil.--Chen Jing (talk) 02:00, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

Or because my grandfather was a little suspicious in the past, he remembered the old enmity and would try to revenge,... I sincerely fear that my clan will flow day by day. I don't know what to learn from the past and worry about using it deeply. This is the way to save it urgently. If we don't set up learning and teaching, encourage and revitalize, and give good guidance, we can’t make it change its ways and change it to be good, and hope it will succeed. (ertai etc.1985:310) in the Oracle, Emperor YongZheng clearly expounded the causes and consequences of the establishment of patriarchal school as an inspiring means to advise to be good and penalize the vicious.

--Cai Zhufeng (talk) 02:04, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 日语语言文学 女 202120081477

其二，清代的旗学教育名目繁多，机构林立，其中不少仅教习满语、骑射等维护民族特质的科目，但教习满、汉翻译或者满、蒙翻译者也有不少，为国家培养了不少语言人才。创设八旗官学，令八旗弟子学习语言（满文、蒙文和汉文）、翻译和骑射等，既不失满洲特色，又增进民族交流，对呈现满洲特色的统治特征，扩大政权的参与基础等，皆有意义。众所周知，顺治时期，虽然清军已经入关，满清王朝渐趋形成，但有碍统治的许多问题仍未解决，如溃散以后的李自成余党、盘踞各地的地方势力、南明政权的继续存在，以及社会秩序的恢复与重建，种种难题使得满洲统治者不得不与汉人合作，与后者共同参与国家治理与制度重构。

Second, there were many sorts and institutions of Manchu education in the Qing Dynasty, many of which only taught Manchu, riding and shooting and other subjects to maintain national characteristics, but there were also many Manchu, Chinese translation or Manchu and Mongolian translators, which trained a lot of language talents for the country. The establishment of the Eight Banners official school enables the Eight Banners' disciples to learn languages (Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese), translation, riding and shooting, which not only does not lose the characteristics of Manchu,but also enhances national communications.It is of significance to present the ruling characteristics of Manchu and expand the participation foundation of the political power. As we all know, during the Shunzhi period, although the Qing army had entered the Han and the Manchu and Qing Dynasty were gradually formed, many problems hindering the rule remained unresolved, such as the collapse of the remaining Party of Li Zicheng, the local forces entrenched everywhere, the continued existence of the Nanming regime, and the restoration and reconstruction of social order. Various problems forced the Manchu rulers to cooperate with the Han people, and Participate in national governance and institutional reconstruction with them. --Cai Zhufeng (talk) 04:13, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

Second, the Qing Dynasty’s banner education had many titles and institutions. Many of them only taught Manchu, riding and shooting and other subjects that maintained national characteristics, but there were also many people who taught Manchu, Chinese translation or Manchu and Mongolian translators. Many language talents have been trained. The establishment of the Eight Banners Official School allows the Eight Banners disciples to learn languages ​​(Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese), translation and riding and shooting, etc., without losing the characteristics of Manchuria, but also enhancing ethnic exchanges, presenting the characteristics of Manchuria’s governance, and expanding the basis for participation in the regime, etc. , It makes sense. As we all know, during the Shunzhi period, although the Qing army entered the Pass and the Manchu and Qing dynasties gradually formed, many problems that hindered the rule of the government remained unresolved, such as the collapse of the Li Zicheng Yu party, the local forces entrenched in various places, the continued existence of the Nanming regime, and The restoration and reconstruction of social order and various problems made the Manchu rulers have to cooperate with the Han people and participate in national governance and system reconstruction with the latter.--Zeng Junlin (talk) 14:55, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别 男202120081478

为此，便需要八旗人等具备多语种能力，一则为沟通政事，二则为学习汉制，这一点与官学的功能高度契合。加之康熙中期以前，汉族知识分子中对于异族政权无法释怀者不在少数，这些人具有明确的使命感，虽然表面上对满洲政权采取合作态度，心中却希望在统治者的支持下，维护、发扬汉族文化。而统治者为了巩固统治，虽然不得已在满、汉之间寻找平衡点，考量汉族士子和汉民利益，以免因失去民心危及政权稳定，但为了维护统治集团的特殊地位，又不得不牺牲汉人利益，而旗、民分治，创办官学，倡导国语骑射，正可以保持满洲的民族特质，抵御汉文化冲击。

Therefore, it is necessary for the people of the eight banners to have multilingual ability, one is to communicate political affairs, the other is to learn the Han system, which is highly consistent with the function of the official school. In addition, before the middle of Kangxi, there were many Han intellectuals who could not let go of the alien regime. These people had a clear sense of mission. Although they ostensibly took a cooperative attitude towards the Manchu regime, they hoped to maintain and carry forward the Han culture with the support of the rulers. In order to consolidate their rule, the rulers had to find a balance between Manchu and Han, considering the interests of Han Scholars and Han people, so as not to endanger the stability of political power due to the loss of popular support. However, in order to maintain the special status of the ruling group, they had to sacrifice the interests of Han people. The national characteristics of Manchuria can be maintained by dividing the eight banners and the people, establishing official schools and advocating Manchu language, horse-riding and archery to resist the impact of Chinese culture.--Zeng Junlin (talk) 14:44, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, it is necessary for the people of the eight banners to have multilingual ability. One is to communicate political affairs, the other is to learn the Han system, which is highly consistent with the function of the official school. In addition, before the middle of Kangxi, there were not a few Han intellectuals who could not let go of the alien regime. These people had a clear sense of mission. Although they ostensibly took a cooperative attitude towards the Manchu regime, they hoped to maintain and carry forward the Han culture with the support of the rulers. In order to consolidate their rule, the rulers had to find a balance between Manchu and Han, considering the interests of Han Scholars and Han people, so as not to endanger the stability of political power due to the loss of popular support. However, in order to maintain the special status of the ruling group, they had to sacrifice the interests of Han people. The national characteristics of Manchuria can be maintained by dividing the eight banners and the people, establishing official schools and advocating Manchu language, horse-riding and archery to resist the impact of Chinese culture. --Chen Huini (talk) 15:31, 26 October 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081479

总之，旗学之兴，乃是睦族敦宗，加恩八旗之举，客观上促进了民族交流，为朝廷广育人才。3.顺治以前的翻译人才培养与使用。清太祖、太宗年间，朝中通晓满、蒙、汉语者，不乏其人，如达海、额尔德尼和希福等，这些人多来自归附的海西女真，即扈伦四部（哈达、乌拉、叶赫、辉发）。

In a word, the prosperity of Qi School is actually an act of the thriving of ancestry and the favor of Eight Banners, which objectively promotes the communication among nations so as to cultivate talents for the royal. 3. The cultivation and the employment of talented translators before Emperor Shuizhi. In the years of the Emperor of Qing Taizhu and Qing Taizhong, there were many people who got a good acquittance of the language of Man, Meng and Han in the imperial court, such as Da Hai, Etden, XiFu and so on. Most of them came from the affiliated Nuzhen of the west China sea, namely, the Four Horun tribes. (Hada, Wula, YeHe, and HuiFa).--Chen Huini (talk) 02:41, 24 October 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

In a word, the prosperity of Qi School is actually an act of the thriving of ancestry and the favor of Eight Banners, which objectively promotes the communication among nations so as to cultivate talents for the royal. 3. The cultivation and the employment of talented translators before Emperor Shuizhi. In the years of the Emperor of Qing Taizhu and Qing Taizhong, there were many people who got a good acquittance of the language of Man, Meng and Han in the imperial court. For example ,Da Hai, Etden, XiFu and so on, Most of them came from the affiliated Nuzhen of the west China sea, namely, the Four Horun tribes. (Hada, Wula, YeHe, and HuiFa).--Chen Xiangqiong (talk) 00:21, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081480

由于地理位置特殊，民族互动频密，这些人养成了多语种能力，其中多数在朝廷充任翻译、文书、外交之职。例如，来自扈伦哈达部的硕色和希福兄弟，因兼通满、蒙、汉文字，一个奉命在文馆行走，另一个奉命出使蒙古诸国。硕色的长子索尼也因早承家学，兼通满、蒙、汉文字，在文馆办事。

Because of special geographic location and frequent communication among nations, these people developed multilingual abilities and most of them worked as translator, amanuensis, and diplomatist in the imperial court. For example, Shuo Se and Xi Fu brothers from Hada were able to use Man, Meng and Han languages, so that one of them was recommended to work for the research institute of culture and the other was sent to visit Mongolia. Also, the big son of Shuo Se inherited his fathers job for the same linguistic ability.--Chen Xiangqiong (talk) 02:52, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Due to the special geographical location and frequent ethnic interaction, these people developed multilingual ability, most of them served as translators, clerks and diplomats in the imperial court. For example, Shuose and Xifu brothers from the Hulunghada tribe, because they were fluent in both Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese, one was ordered to work in the government office of the early Qing dynasty, and the other was ordered to go to the Mongolian countries. Shuose's eldest son Soni worked in the government office because of early family education and fluent in Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese. --Chen Xinyi (talk) 07:38, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学 女 202120081481

随着国家政权的逐步扩大，内政外交的日益繁复，翻译与文书工作大幅增加，仅仅依靠归附者群体中的语言人才已然不够，自行培养势在必行。于是，天聪年间，朝廷规定八旗子弟循例读书，并令汉人中的儒生俊秀入文馆肄业。即便如此，因文馆官员政事冗繁，管理不善，八旗笔帖式及文馆臣僚中，通晓翻译者仍不敷任用。

With the gradual expansion of state power and the increasing complexity of domestic and foreign affairs, translation and paperwork increased dramatically, relying only on the language talents of the subordinate groups was no longer enough, and it was imperative to cultivate them on their own. Therefore, during the Tiancong period, the court stipulated that the eight banners' children should study as a rule, and made the Confucian scholars among the Han population to enter the government office of the early Qing dynasty to study. Even so, because of the redundancy of the officials of the government office, the management was not good, and the one who is skilled in translating was still not enough to appoint among the eight banners and the bureaucrats of the government office.--Chen Xinyi (talk) 07:25, 25 October 2021 (UTC) With the gradual expansion of state power and the increasing complexity of domestic and foreign affairs, translation and paperwork increased dramatically. Relying only on the language talents of the subordinate groups was no longer enough, and it was imperative to cultivate them on their own. Therefore, during the Tiancong period, the court stipulated that the Eight Banners’ children should study as a rule, and made the Confucian scholars among the Han population to enter the government office of the early Qing dynasty to study. Even so, because of the redundancy of the affairs of government officials and mismanagement, the one who mastered translation was still not enough to appoint among the Eight Banners and the bureaucrats of the government office.--Cheng Yang (talk) 03:12, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081482

如天聪六年九月，书房（即文馆）秀才王文奎奏称：“至若翻译之笔帖式，在书房之通文理者，止恩国太一人。”（罗振玉，1989：329-330）礼部汉官王舜也以翻译人才不济为由，奏请“尽搜国中识汉字者”，“考其识见才调”，并“拣选实学秀才朝夕讲论”，认为只有这样才能使“今日之小榜什（笔帖式）”成为“后日之大榜什（巴克什）矣”。（同上：338）为缓解国家政务对于翻译人才需求的压力，太宗于天聪八年晓谕礼部考取举人十六名，从事满书、汉书、蒙古书的学习。 For example, in the sixth year of Tian Cong, the reign title of Qing Dynasty, a scholar of the study, that is, the government official, Wang Wenkui submitted memorials to the throne: “As for the mention of Bi Tieshi engaged in translation, who were low-level civilian officials of Qing Dynasty, only En Taiguo was the one who thoroughly understood the unity and coherence of writing.” (Luo Zhenyu, 1989: 329-330) The Han officials in the Ministry of Rites, Wang Shun, also took the reason of lack of translation talents submitting to the throne for “did their best to search people who could recognize chinese characters”, “tested their knowledge and experiences” and “selected government officials who owned real quality to discuss day and night”. And he held the view that only in these ways could we made “Small Bang Shi ( Bi Tieshi) today” turned into “Big Bang Shi later (Ba Keshi)”. (Id. :338) In order to alleviate the pressure of national government affairs on the demand for translation talents, in the eighth year of Tian Cong reign title, Taizong, emperor of Qing Dynasty, gave explicit instructions to the Ministry of Rites to examine and select 16 candidates in the empirical examination who would engage in the study of books of Manchu, Han and Mongol.--Cheng Yang (talk) 05:58, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

For example, in December, the sixth year of Tian Cong, the reign title of Qing Dynasty, scholar of the study and government official, Wang Wenkui submitted memorials to the emperor: “As for translation in Bi Tieshi, only En Taiguo was the one who thoroughly understood the unity and coherence of writing.” (Luo Zhenyu, 1989: 329-330) For lack of translation talents, the Han official in the Ministry of Rites, Wang Shun, also appealed to the emperor for “do their best to search people who could recognize chinese characters”, “test their knowledge and experience” and “select government officials who owned real quality to discuss day and night”. He also held the view that only in these ways could we made “Small Bang Shi ( Bi Tieshi) today” turned into “Big Bang Shi later (Ba Keshi)”. (Id. :338) In order to alleviate the pressure of national government affairs on the demand for translation talents, in the eighth year of Tian Cong reign title, Taizong, emperor of Qing Dynasty, gave explicit instructions to the Ministry of Rites to examine and select 16 candidates in the empirical examination to engage in the study of books of Manchu, Han and Mongol.--Ding Xuan (talk) 10:50, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081483

崇德三年、六年，又两次考取举人十七人、生员一百零五人。此两次考试虽系满洲、蒙古、汉军“同为一榜”，但内容上却是“互考汉文、满文”，其取士额数虽少，却是朝廷招募翻译、文书人员的重要来源。以《辽》、《金》、《元》史的翻译为例，三书的满文译本于顺治元年进呈，因此而受赏者达十六人。

In the third and sixth year of Chongde Emperor, 17 Ju Ren (a successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level) and 105 Xiu Cai (one woh passed the imperial examination at the county level) were enrolled. Though Manchu, Mongolia and soldiers of Han were on the same list in the two examinations, the content of examinations was mutual translation of language of Han ethnic and Manchu. The examination regime is the important means to recruit interpreters and clerical staff in despite of its few enrollment quota. Taking the translation of History of Liao Dynasty, History of Jin Dynasty and History of Yuan Dynasty for example, the Manchu version of these three books were submitted in the first year of Shunzhi and the 16 people participating in this translation project granted a reward. --Ding Xuan (talk) 03:36, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

In the third and sixth year of Chongde Emperor, holding two examinations, 17 Ju Ren (a successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level) and 105 Xiu Cai (one who passed the imperial examination at the county level) were enrolled. Though Manchu, Mongolia and Han all took the two examinations, the content of examinations was mutual translation of language of Han and Manchu.This examination regime is an important means to recruit interpreters and clerical staff in despite of its few enrollment quota. Taking the translation of History of Liao Dynasty, History of Jin Dynasty and History of Yuan Dynasty for example, the Manchu version of these three books were submitted in the first year of Shunzhi and 16 people participating in this translation project were granted a reward. --Du Lina (talk) 13:56, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

杜莉娜 Dù Lìnuó 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081484

《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》中，对此事的记载如下：赐大学士希福鞍马一匹、银四十兩；学士胡球、查布海、王文奎、员外郎刘弘遇、他赤哈比帖式能图、叶成格（又名宜成格）马各一匹、银三十兩；铿特、卜尔凱、卦尔察銀各四十兩；卞为凤、科尔科代、尼满銀各三十兩，硕尔格、刘朝卿、李允昌銀各二十兩。（鄂尔泰等，1985：49）上述十六人中，出身举人、生员者七人。

In Veritable Records of Qing Dynasty ·Veritable Records of Shunzhi Emperor, this event was reported as follows: Grand Secretary Xi Fu was awarded a side horse and forty taels of silver; secretaries like Hu Qiu, Cha Buhai and Wang Wenkui and vice directors like Liu Hongyu, Ta chi ha bi tie shi neng tu and Ye Chengge (also called Yi Chengge) were respectively awarded a horse and thirty taels of silver; Keng Te, Bo Erkai and Gua Ercha forty taels of silver; Bian Weifeng, Kolkoday and Ni Man thirty taels of silver, Shuo Erge, Liu Chaoqin and Li Yunchang twenty taels of silver.(E‘ertai,et al,1985:49) Sixteen people mentioned above include seven ones who were Juren (one who is a successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level)or Xiucai(one who passes the imperial examinations at the county level).--Du Lina (talk) 03:21, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

In Veritable Records of Qing Dynasty ·Veritable Records of Shunzhi Emperor, this event was reported as following: Grand Secretary Xi Fu was awarded a side horse and forty taels of silver; secretaries like Hu Qiu, Cha Buhai and Wang Wenkui and vice directors like Liu Hongyu, Ta chi ha bi tie shi neng tu and Ye Chengge (also called Yi Chengge) were respectively awarded a horse and thirty taels of silver; Keng Te, Bo Erkai and Gua Ercha forty taels of silver; Bian Weifeng, Kolkoday and Ni Man thirty taels of silver, Shuo Erge, Liu Chaoqin and Li Yunchang twenty taels of silver.(E‘ertai,et al,1985:49) Sixteen people mentioned above include seven ones who were Juren (one who is a successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level)and Xiucai(one who passes the imperial examinations at the county level).----Fu Hongyan (talk) 07:33, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081485

其中，查布海为天聪八年举人，胡球和王文奎为崇德三年举人，卞为凤为崇德六年举人，铿特为崇德三年生员（列二等），叶成格和科尔科代则为崇德六年生员，分列三等和一等。由于汉书翻译向来任重道远，朝廷格外重视，因而一部书籍译成之后，受赏者往往众多。如《洪武宝训》于顺治三年译成之后，受赏者更是多达一百零九人，受赏对象从大学士、学士、侍读，到笔帖式、他赤哈哈番、中书舍人，再到编修、检讨和誊录官不等，可见翻译职责之重。（中国第一历史档案馆，1989：308） Among them, Cha Buhai was the successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level in the eighth year of Tiancong, Hu Qiu and Wang Wenkui being the same candidate in the third year of Chongde, Bian Weifeng being the same as above in the sixth year of Chongde, Clante being scholar in the third years of Chongde (listed in the second class), Ye Chengge and Korkodai being the scholar in the sixth year of Chongde,(ranked in the third and first class). Because the work of translating Chinese classics has always been a great enterprise to run, the imperial court attached extra importance. Therefore, a book , the having been translated, many involed officers would receive the reward. Hongwu Baoxun, a historical book of Ming Dynasty, for instance having been translated in third year of Shunzhi, the people being rewarded was up to one hundred and nine, the rewarded object from the bachelor, scholar, royal tutor, bithesi clerk, the Chinese sherpa, to the editor, review and transcription officer, etc, from which we can see how heavy the translation duties was.(The First Historical Archives of China, 1989: 308)--Fu Hongyan (talk) 13:37, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Among them, Cha Buhai was the successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level in the eighth year of Tiancong; Hu Qiu and Wang Wenkui , the same candidate in the third year of Chongde; Bian Weifeng, the same as above in the sixth year of Chongde; Kengte, the scholar in the third years of Chongde (listed in the second class); Ye Chengge and Keerkedai, the scholar in the sixth year of Chongde,(ranked in the third and first class). Because the work of translating Chinese classics has always been a great enterprise to run, the imperial court attached extra importance. As a result , the book ,having been translated completely, many involed officers would be rewarded. Hongwu Baoxun, a historical book of Ming Dynasty, for instance having been translated in third year of Shunzhi, the number of people being rewarded was up to one hundred and nine, the rewarded object from the bachelor, scholar, royal tutor, bithesi clerk, the Chinese sherpa, to the editor, review and transcription officer, etc, from which we can see how heavy the translation duties was. (The First Historical Archives of China, 1989: 308)--Fu Shiyu (talk) 08:50, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学 女 202120081486

清军入关后，朝廷对翻译人员，或者兼通满、汉文的官吏需求显著增加，旗人教化刻不容缓。为此，政府既允许宗室、大臣子弟在家读书，也鼓励其入国子监八旗官学肄业。然而，旗学教育虽系正途，但国家方举，用人之事如同在弦之箭，透过旗学培养翻译人才，缓不济急。

After the Manchu army entered the Shanhaiguan Pass, the imperial court's needs of translators, or officials familiar with both Manchu and Chinese, increased significantly. The education of Manchu had become an urgent task. To this end, the government not only allowed the imperial clan and grand ministers’ children to study at home, but also encouraged them to enter the Imperial University "Guozijian", the highest educational administration in Qing dynasty. However, although the education of Manchu was the orthodox way to be an official, training translators through the education of Manchu was a slow remedy that could not meet the urgency of selecting officials for the new regime.--Fu Shiyu (talk) 07:00, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

After the Manchu army had entered the Shanhaiguan Pass, the imperial court saw a marked increase in the need of translators and officials proficient in both Manchu and Chinese. An education for the Manchus became urgent. Therefore, the government not only allowed homeschooling for the children of the imperial clan and ministers, but also encouraged them to study in the Imperial College. However, the Eight-Banner Official school, though being the official way of receiving education, failed to cultivate in a short term translators who were desperately needed by the new regime.--Gao Mi (talk) 14:24, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学 女 202120081487

在此情形下，朝廷又允许八旗士子以荫生（类似汉代以来的“任子”制度，分恩荫、难荫，由皇帝特赐）、监生等资格，参加各部院衙门组织的职缺考试，如他赤哈哈番、笔帖式哈番、中书、库使等。顺治朝以后，由于世祖更加重视旗人教育，如顺治元年颁布圣谕，令京城满洲八旗各觅空房，立为书院，翌年又令四品以上京畿官员，以及在外三品以上官员子弟入国子监读书，并于九年设立宗学，教养宗室子弟，旗人读书风气日盛，知识储备渐趋完善，可充任用者随之增多，因而考试选才不可避免。

Under the circumstances, the imperial court then approved that students of the Eight-Banner Official school could attend, as Jiansheng(students of the Imperial College) and Yinsheng(granted by the emperor, similar to the hereditary system by which the children of ministers succeed to the father’s post in Han dynasty), tests for vacancies in Yamen(government offices in ancient China), including such posts as Tachiha, Bitieshi, Zhonshu(different civil afficials) and Kushi. Shunzhi Emperor paid more attention to the education of bannermen during his reign. At the first year, an imperial dree was issued demanding that Eight-Banner Official schools across the nation set a room as the academy. And at the second year, he demanded that children of officials in the Capital and its Environs above the fourth rank and those of provincial officials above the third rank attend the imperial college. What’s more, at the ninth year, he set up education institutions for royal clansmen. As the education for bannermen was thriving and becoming more comprehensive, those who can be employed were on the rise. Hence selective tests became unavoidable. --Gao Mi (talk) 14:26, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Under the circumstances, the imperial court then approved that students of the Eight-Banner Official school could attend, as Jiansheng(students of the Imperial College) and Yinsheng(granted by the emperor, similar to the hereditary system by which the children of ministers succeed to the father’s post in Han dynasty), tests for vacancies in Yamen(government offices in ancient China), including such posts as Tachiha, Bitieshi, Zhonshu(different civil afficials) and Kushi. Shunzhi Emperor paid more attention to the education of bannermen during his reign. At the first year, an imperial dree was issued demanding that Eight-Banner Official schools across the nation set a room as the academy. And at the second year, he demanded that children of officials in the Capital and its Environs above the fourth rank and those of provincial officials above the third rank attend the imperial college. What’s more, at the ninth year, he set up education institutions for royal clansmen. Because reading atmosphere of bannermen gradually prosperous, and their knowledge reserve gradually perfect. The number of who can be employed is rising. Thus select talented people is inevitable.--Gong Boya (talk) 10:34, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学 女 202120081488

顺治八年，经礼部议准，规定嗣后凡遇应考之年，均由内院会同礼部办理，分童试、乡试、会试，定生员额数一百八十人（满洲一百二十、蒙古六十），举人额数一百二十人（满洲五十、汉军五十、蒙古二十），进士额数六十人（满洲二十五、汉军二十五、蒙古十），并另由顺天府学政考取汉军生员一百二十人。考试内容上，无论乡试、会试，满洲、蒙古中的识汉字者均以考试翻译为主，即翻译汉字文一篇。（鄂尔泰等，1985：457）

In the eighth year of Shunzhi, after the consultation of the Ministry of Rites, it was stipulated that the inner Court and the Ministry of Rites jointly handled the examination whenever there was an imperial examination year. The tests are divided into Boy trial, provincial examinations, and metropolitan examination. The number of students admitted by the examination is 180 (120 manchurians, the Mongolian people 60), the number of provincial graduate admitted by the examination is 120 (50 manchurians, Han 50 people, the Mongolian people 20), the number of Jinshi admitted by the examination is 60 (25 manchurians, Han 25 people, the Mongolian people 10). In addition, 120 han students were admitted by Shuntianfu. In terms of the content of the test, regardless of Boy trial, provincial examinations, and metropolitan examination, the people who know Hanzi in the Manchu and Mongol nationality mainly take the translation test, which is to translate an article of Hanzi.(Ortai etc., 1985: 457)--Gong Boya (talk) 03:38, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

In the eighth year of Shunzhi’s reign, it was discussed and approved by the Ministry of Rites that hereafter, whenever there was an Imperial Examination, the inner Court and the Ministry of Rites would jointly hold it. It was divided into Boy Trial, Provincial Examination, and Metropolitan Examination. 180 candidates (120 Manchurians and 60 Mongolians) could pass the Boy Trial; 120 candidates (50 Manchurians, 50 Han people, and 20 Mongolians) could pass the Provincial Examination; 60 candidates (25 Manchurians, 25 Han people, 10 Mongolians) could pass the Metropolitan Examination. In addition, 120 Han students were admitted via Shuntianfu Academy. In terms of the content, whether in Provincial Examination or Metropolitan Examination, those who knew Chinese character as Manchurians and Mogolians would mainly take the translation examination, which means they need to translate a Chinese text.(Ortai etc., 1985: 457)--He Qin (talk) 09:53, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学 女 202120081489

虽然本次办理的翻译考试并非后来的翻译科考，但其却是清初以来首次通过考试翻译，选拔旗人官员，为旗人提供了另一种进身、入仕之途。鉴于政权的性质和政治的现实，对旗人而言，无论是八旗满洲，还是八旗蒙古，要想留任京畿官职，往往必须兼通满、汉，或者满、蒙，以充翻译、缮写文书之用，这一点正是乡、会二试中考试翻译的缘由所在。顺治九年，礼部议准办理壬辰科会试，通过考试翻译的满洲、蒙古进士共计五十人，这些人比照汉人科举之例，被分别授予修撰、编修等职。

Though it was not the translation examination in the Imperial Examination, yet the first time translation had been used to select Eight Banner officials since the beginning of Qing dynasty, which offered them another channel into authorities. In view of the nature of the regime and political reality, for Eight Banners, whether they were Manchuria or Mongolia, if they wanted to retain their official posts in the Capital and its Environs, they must know both Manchu and Chinese, or Manchu and Mongolian, so as to do translation and paperwork, which account for why translation was a subject in both the Provincial Examination and Metropolitan Examination. In the ninth year of Shunzhi’s reign, a total of 50 Manchurian and Mongolian scholars passed the translation examination in the Renchen Metropolitan Examination approved and held by the Ministry of Rites. These people were designated as compilers, editors and so on, according to the convention of Han Imperial Examination.--He Qin (talk) 08:50, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Though this translation exam was different from that of the Imperial Examination, it was the first time the Eight Banner officials were elected by examine translation, which offered them another way to authorities. Viewing the nature of the regime and political reality, for the Eight Banners, whether Manchuria or Mongolian, if wanting to retain their official posts in Beijing, they had to know any two languages among three languages to translate and write out paperwork, which was the reason of examine translation in both the Provincial and Metropolitan Examination. In the ninth year of Shunzhi’s reign, a total of 50 Manchurian and Mongolian scholars passed the examination. These scholars were honored with compilers, editors and so on respectively, according to the convention of Han Imperial Examination.--Hu Shuqing (talk) 02:22, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081490

同年四月，吏科给事中高辛允具折，建议朝廷慎选庶吉士（翻译职官之一），以重名器。此事经内院议覆并奏准，决定从进士及第者中拔取汉人四十名、满洲与蒙古各二名，以及汉军四名，一体入“馆”（内弘文院庶常馆）读书。其中，汉进士中的部分学生被要求学习清文、清书，满洲、蒙古进士则需要学习汉书、汉语，其目的是为了应对“奏对讲读”，以及在兼晓满、蒙、汉文字之后，提升翻译能力。

In April of that year, the officer Gao Xinyun prepared the memorial which suggested that the court should select officers of translation deliberately to emphasize the reputation. It was discussed, answered, and finally approved by the Adytum( the predecessor of the Cabinet), who decided to elect 40 Han scholars, 2 Manchurian scholars and 2 Mongolian scholars from those passing the he imperial examination, with 4 Han soldiers, to study at Guan together. Among these people, a part of Han scholars were asked to study Manchu language and books, and those of Mongolian and Manchurian scholars to study Chinese language and books, which aimed to deal with the emperor’s questions and lectures, and to improve their ability to translate after knowing three languages.--Hu Shuqing (talk) 07:30, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

Later in April, the supervising secretary Gao Xinyun presented an amanuensis to the court emphasizing the importance of Shu Jishi(a kind of translator) thus suggesting a strict selection. After discussion, the Adytum ( the predecessor of the Cabinet) decided to elect 40 Han scholars, 2 Manchurian scholars and 2 Mongolian scholars from those passing the he imperial examination, with 4 Han soldiers, to study at Guan together. Bedsides, some Han scholars were required to learn Manchu characters and books, while Mongolian and Manchurian scholars to study Chinese language and books. It was an reaction to the Emperor’s questions and lectures, and aimed at improving translation ability after grasping those characters.--Huang Jinyun (talk) 14:49, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081491

在顺治朝两科翻译考试（八年、十一年乡试，以及九年、十二年会试）中，虽然出身旗学的举人和进士人数已无从详考，但中式者中确有供职于各部院衙门，职掌翻译和处理满、汉文书者，如乙未科满洲进士伊桑阿，初由礼部六品笔帖式授主事，后于康熙年间累迁至文华殿大学士兼吏部尚书。由于顺治年间亦如太祖、太宗时期一样，统治者亟需了解汉族文化，汲取治国理政经验，同时安抚汉族民众，伊桑阿等经考试翻译获得进身者往往被分派至内三院，或其后改制的内阁与翰林院，或经皇帝钦定，或由部院议决，担任翻译汉籍的工作。如顺治十一年十月，大学士宁完我进呈《洪武大诰》，世祖遂命内院诸臣翻译进览。

In two kinds of translation examinations (provincial examination in 1651 and 1654, metropolitan examination in 1652 and 1655)in the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, the number of the selected scholars from Qi culture was hard to verify. But some of them worked for different government offices, taking charge of translating and handling official dispatches. For example, Yi Sanga, Jinshi(a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations) from Manchu, was firstly an officer appointed by the sixth-grade leader in theMinistry of Rites; then during the reign of Emperor Kangxi he was transferred to Wenhua Palace as a garde secretary and minister of Board of Personnel. Like the early period of Qing Dynasty, Emperor Shunzhi was eager to know Han culture and learn some arrangement strategies, comfort Han’s people at the same time. Therefore all the successful candidates passing translation examinations like Yi Sanga, were sent to translate Han classicals in Three Houses, or later established cabinet and Hanlin Academy by the Emperor or official apartments. In november of 1654, Ning Wanwo, grade scholar, presented the translation “Hong Wu Da Gao”. And the Emperor soon ordered all officials to read it. --Huang Jinyun (talk) 08:33, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

In two kinds of translation examinations (Provisional Examination in 1651 and 1654, Metropolitan Examination in 1652 and 1655)in the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, the number of the selected scholars from Qi culture was hard to verify. However, some of them worked for different government offices, taking charge of translating and handling official documents. For example, Yi Sanga, Jinshi(a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations) from Manchu, was firstly an officer appointed by the sixth-grade leader in the Ministry of Rites; then during the reign of Emperor Kangxi he was transferred to Wenhua Palace as a garde secretary and minister of Board of Personnel. Like the early period of Qing Dynasty, Emperor Shunzhi was eager to learn Han culture and experience in governance, comfort Han’s people at the same time. Therefore all the successful candidates passing translation examinations like Yi Sanga, were sent to translate Han classics in Three Houses, or later established cabinet and Hanlin Academy by the Emperor or official apartments. In November of 1654, Ning Wanwo, grade scholar, presented the translation “Hong Wu Da Gao”. And the Emperor soon ordered all officials to read it.--Huang Yiyan1 (talk) 14:52, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081492

又如顺治十五年五月，“九卿”（清代上谕中常用“六部九卿”之称，虽无明确规定，但通常指都察院、大理寺、太常寺、光禄寺、鸿胪寺、太仆寺、通政使司、宗人府，以及銮仪卫等九个机构的行政长官）等会同议决国子监书籍一事，要求将《十三经》、《二十一史》等书各印一部，收藏于国子监内，并要求将其“俱翻译清书，以昭同文之盛”，虽然此二者的翻译在动因上明显不同，但由此可知朝廷对于翻译之重视。（同上：915）4.康熙年间的译才取用与汉书翻译。

For example, in May of the fifteenth year of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, "nine ministers" (Though there was no explicit rules, "six departments and nine ministers" referred to nine institutions and their chief executives in accordance with practice and the nine institutions included Department of Supervision, Dali Temple（today's Supreme Judicial Court）, Taichang Temple(in charge of rituals passed from ancestors )Guanglu Temple(in charge of sacrifice)Honglu Temple(in charge of foreign affairs and protocols)，Taipu Temple(in charge of carriages and horses), Office of Transmission(in charge of conveying suggestions or appeals from people and officials to the emperor), Zongrenfu (in charge of the register of the emperor's nine generations of relatives) and the Imperial Procession Guard) and et al discussed and decided on matters about books in the Imperial College. The officials required that the Thirteen Confucian Classics and the Twenty-one Books of History be printed and collected in the Imperial College. They also requested that all translators should translate the books of Qing Dynasty, showing the unity of language. It can be seen that the royal court attached great importance to translation in spite of the obviously different motives of the two requirements. (ditto:915) 4. It was not until the reign of Emperor Kangxi that books of Han Dynasty were tranlated.--Huang Yiyan1 (talk) 14:11, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

For another example, in May of the 15th year of Shunzhi, the "Jiuqing" (commonly known as "six Jiuqing" in the imperial edict of the Qing Dynasty, although there is no clear provision, it usually refers to the chief executives of nine institutions, such as the ducha academy, Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Honglu Temple, Taipu Temple, the general political envoy, the Zongren mansion, and Luan Yiwei), and others jointly decided on the issue of the books of the Imperial College and requested that the thirteen classics Twenty one histories and other books were printed respectively and collected in the Imperial Academy, and it was required to "translate all the Qing books to show the prosperity of the same text". Although the two translations were obviously different in motivation, it can be seen that the imperial court attached great importance to translation. (ibid.: 915) 4. The translation in Kangxi period was similar to that in Chinese.--Huang Zhuliang (talk) 07:40, 29 October 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别 男 202120081493

有清一代，由于“翻译之事，大有关系”，统治者都很重视。（马齐等，1985：275）如康熙帝认为，旗人供职于各部院衙门，如兼通满、汉文义，精通翻译，则料理部院事务时，便无不能。而挑选内阁、翰林院官员，也需“博通汉文，善于翻译之人，方为有用。”（中国第一历史档案馆，2009：1297，1329 ）During the Qing Dynasty, the rulers attached great importance to translation because they think that "if the translation has been well done, the whole country can also be well ruled". (Ma Qi et al., 1985:275) For instance, Emperor Kangxi thought that the Manchu officials worked in various ministries and offices all around the country, if he was proficient in both Manchu and Chinese, and was proficient in translation, he could handle all the affairs of ministries and offices. The selection of Cabinet and Imperial Academy officials also requires "people who are proficient in Chinese and good at translation." (Chinese First Historical Archives, 2009:1297,1329)--Huang Zhuliang (talk) 07:38, 29 October 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang Since the Qing Dynasty, the emperors attached great importance to translation because they think that "if the translation has been well done, the whole country can also be well ruled". (Ma Qi et al., 1985:275) For instance, Emperor Kangxi thought that the Manchu officials worked in various ministries and offices all around the country, if they were proficient in both Manchu and Chinese, and excelled in translation, they could handle all the affairs of ministries and offices. The selection of officials of Cabinet and of Hanlin Academy also requires "people who are proficient in Chinese and good at translation."--Jin Xiaotong (talk) 11:54, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494

既然翻译公文尚且如此，翻译汉籍更毋庸说。如康熙四十五年十月，圣祖对《清太宗实录》纂修过程中朝鲜表文的翻译颇为不满，认为其满、汉文义皆不相符，因而差员苦心寻释，两年后终于“将文义完美”。（马齐等，1985：275）康熙五十一年三月，圣祖再次提及此事：昔太宗皇帝时， 朝鲜国进表，原无不恭之语，翻译官意欲啟衅，故将表文翻错，以致问罪往征。 Since the translation of official documents is so important,let alone the translation of Chinese works.For example,in October of the 45th year of the reign of Emperor Kanfxi,the Emperor was very dissatisfied with the translation of the North Korean memorial in the compilation of the Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty.He thought that the translation was not consistent with the meaning of Manchu and Chinese characters,so he sent members to look for the interpretation and finally ‘prefect the meaning of the text’after two years.(Ma Qi and others, 1985:275).In March of the 51st year of Emperor Kangxi’s Reign,the emperor mentioned this matter again:During the reign of Emperor Taizong,there was no disrespectful words when the North Korean submitted a memorial,but the translator deliberately mistranslated the memorial in order to provoke a quarrel.As a result,he was published.--Jin Xiaotong (talk) 08:10, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

The translation of official documents is so important,let alone the translation of Chinese books.For example,in October of the 45th year of Kangxi,the Emperor was very dissatisfied with the translation of Korean memorial during the process of editing Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, and he thought that ithe translation was not consistent with the meaning of Manchu and Chinese characters. So he sent people to seek the interpretation and finally ‘prefected the meaning of the translation” after two years.(Ma Qi and others, 1985:275).In March of the 51st year of Kangxi, the emperor mentioned this matter again:During the period of Emperor Taizong,there was no disrespectful words when the North Korean submitted a memorial,but the translator deliberately mistranslated the memorial in order to provoke a quarrel.As a result,he was published.--Kuang Yanli (talk) 07:49, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081495

后纂修《实录》，见彼表內汉文，与所翻满文，大不相同，始知当时翻译有弊。（同上：470）康熙时期的汉书翻译主要包括两部分，其中一部分是整理、刊行前朝译本，另一部分则是新译其它汉籍。而康熙帝对于旗人教育，以及翻译人才培养的重视，更是超越前人。

Authentic Records was later edited. At that time people began to find out the errors in the translation, for wether literal or deep meanings of Chinese text are different from what is translated into Manchu language. (Ditto: 470) In Kangxi period, the translation of Chinese books mainly consists of two parts, one of which is to arrange and publish the versions by the former dynasty, the other one of which is to translate other Chinese books. Meanwhile, the Emperor Kangxi did a better job than previous emperors in terms of educating Manchu people and attaching importance on fostering translators.--Kuang Yanli (talk) 07:27, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Authentic Records was later edited. At that time people began to find out the errors in the translation, for either literal or deep meanings of Chinese text are different from what is translated into Manchu language. (Ditto: 470) During the reign of Kangxi, the translation of Chinese books mainly consists of two parts, one of which is to arrange and publish the versions by the former dynasty, the other one of which is to translate other Chinese books. Meanwhile, the Emperor Kangxi did a better job than previous emperors in terms of educating Manchu people and attaching importance on fostering translators.--Li Aixuan (talk) 11:58, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081496

康熙年间，朝廷设立的旗学颇多，不仅有康熙二十五年设立的景山官学，也有分设于不同时期的各地官学与义学。如康熙三十年，圣祖御设八旗义学，其后又将义学的设学地域不断扩大，并出台章程制度，规范义学的生员、教习、教学内容和考核方式等。虽然八旗义学的主要目的只是为朝廷培养初级人才，但翻译教学和翻译人才培养仍是其重要内容，因而义学中常设翻译教习，主要由笔帖式和翻译生员等担任。

During the reign of Kangxi, the imperial court established many flag schools, including not only Jingshan official school established in the 25th year during the period of Kangxi, but also local official schools and free schools in different periods. For example, in the 30th year during the period of Kangxi, the emperor set up the Eight Banners free school, and then expanded the area of free school, and issued the constitution system to standardize the students, teaching, teaching content and assessment methods of free school. Although the main purpose of the Eight Banners free school is only to train primary talents for the imperial court, translation teaching and translation talent training are still its important contents. Therefore, the permanent translation teaching in the free school is mainly held by clerk and translation student.--Li Aixuan (talk) 15:05, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the imperial court initiated many Banner schools, including not only Jingshan Official School established in the 25th year during the Kangxi period, but also local official schools and free private schools at different times. For example, in the 30th year of reign, Emperor Kangxi set up the free private schools of Eight Banners, gradually expanded the scope of it and issued the constitution system to standardize the students, teachers, course contents and examination methods. The main purpose of these schools was only to train primary talents for the court, but translation teaching and talent training were of great importance. Therefore, the regular translation teachers in free private schools were mainly selected from clerical officials and translation students.--Li Ruiyang (talk) 15:49, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081497

至乾隆时期，甚至对义学翻译教习的考选方式予以明确规定，要求考取八旗义学翻译教习，“由该旗将举、贡生员咨送”，并要求“择其年逾三旬，行无匪僻者。”（昆冈等，1963：23；柳海松，2017：24）学生学习的内容上，既有语言课程，也有文化课程，但汉文典籍的满文、蒙文译本也是必学内容，如《四书解义》、《性理精义》等，此外学生有时也需要翻译经义。又如康熙三十四年，应黑龙江将军萨布索奏请，圣祖同意在墨尔根设立旗学，从现任笔帖式中考选翻译明通、品行端方者，充当教习。

During the reign of the Emperor Qianlong, the selection of translation teachers in free private school was explicitly stipulated, requiring earning relevant certifications in the Eight Banners. Candidates would be nominated by the Banner and finally recommended by senior licentiates. They were required to be over 30 and commit no crime.(Kungang, 1963: 23; Liu Haisong, 2017:24) In terms of learning content, there were both language courses and cultural courses, but Mongolian and Manchu translations of Han Classics were also compulsory courses, such as Comprehension of the Four Books, Introduction of Neo-Confucianism, etc. In addition, students sometimes needed to translate argumentation on Confucian classics. Another example was that in the 34th year of reign, at the request of General Sabuso of Heilongjiang, Emperor Kangxi agreed to set up a Banner school in Moergen and select from current clerical officials those who were proficient in translation and behaved with good morals to serve as teachers.--Li Ruiyang (talk) 14:59, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of the Emperor Qianlong, the selection of translation teachers in free private school was formally stipulated, requiring relevant learning experiences in the Eight Banners. Candidates should be nominated by the Banner and finally recommended by senior licentiates. And priority should be given to those who were over 30 years old and committed no crime.(Kungang, 1963: 23; Liu Haisong, 2017:24) In terms of learning contents, there were both language courses and cultural courses, but Mongolian and Manchu versions of Han Classics were also compulsory courses, such as Comprehension of the Four Books, Introduction of Neo-Confucianism, etc. In addition, students sometimes were required to translate argumentation on Confucian classics. Another example was that in the 34th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign, at the request of General Sabuso of Heilongjiang, the Emperor agreed to set up a Banner school in Moergen and select from current clerical officials those who were proficient in translation and behaved well to serve as teachers.--Li Shan (talk) 02:29, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081498

由于朝廷对于东北旗学向来格外重视，要求其确保民族特色，因而清语、骑射尤为重要。但即便如此，黑龙江八旗义学仍以翻译笔帖式教习汉书、汉字，由此可见旗学中翻译教育与人才培养的普遍性。虽然康熙中期以前，旗学学生的清语能力普遍较好，但欲使其精通翻译，以堪翻译汉籍资用，不能只是加强汉语能力，而令满语能力废弛。

The teaching of Manchu language and riding and shooting was of great importance as a result of the fact that the central government paid immence attention to the schooling of the northeast flags. Despite that, the eights flags in Heilongjiang area were still committed to the instruction of Chinese books and characters by the way of translating. This showed that the training of translation and the cultivation of related talents prevailed among flags. During the first half of Emperor Kangxi' reign, students in flag schools were commonly equipped with excellent Manchu language. However, as for the translation of Chinese books, it was not enough merely to improve their Chinese, but also should enhance their own language.--Li Shan (talk) 13:39, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

The teaching of Manchu language and riding shot was of great importance as a result of the fact that the central government paid immence attention to the schooling of banner system in northeast China. Despite that, the gratuitous schools of banner system in Heilongjiang were still committed to the instruction of Chinese books and characters by the way of translating. This showed that the training of translation and the cultivation of related talents prevailed among banners. During the first half of Emperor Kangxi's reign, students in banner schools were commonly equipped with excellent Manchu language. However, as for the translation of Chinese books, it was not enough merely to improve their Chinese, but also should enhance their own language.--Li Shuang (talk) 09:56, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学 女 202120081499

康熙中期以来，随着民族交流显著增多，旗人子弟习汉书的风气日盛，不仅妨碍了其习清书的意愿，而且也因其清语能力的消退影响了翻译。事实上，早在康熙十二年四月，圣祖便常常告诫侍臣，表达对于旗人学习清语的忧虑。圣祖所担心的并非此时的满人不知清语，而是嗣后因为满洲渐习汉语，可能会将满语遗忘。

Since the middle term of Kangxi’s reign, more and more bannermen study Chinese as there has been a marked increase in ethnic exchanges. But this not only hampers the inclination for the study of Manchu language, but also affects the translation because of the decline of their Manchu language level. In fact, in the twelfth April of Kangxi’s reign, the emperor often admonished his courtiers and showed his concern about bannermen’s Manchu learning. What worries him is not that bannermen at this time don’t understand Manchu, but is that their descendants may forget Manchu for usual practice of Chinese in Manchuria.--Li Shuang (talk) 07:19, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Since the middle term of Kangxi's reign, more and more bannermen studied Chinese as there had been a marked increase in ethnic exchanges. But this not only hampered the inclination for the study of Manchu language, but also affected the translation because of the decline of their Manchu language level. In fact, in April 1673, Kangxi often admonished his courtiers and showed his concern about bannermen's Manchu learning. What worried him was not that bannermen at this time didn’t understand Manchu, but was that their descendants may forget Manchu for usual practice of Chinese in Manchuria.--Li Wenxuan (talk) 10:32, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081500

圣祖认为，满、汉文义不乏相似，即便照字翻译，可通用者仍然很多，因而不致给今天的译者造成困难，但随着世易时移，后世子弟未必知晓，因而“差失大意”或“言语欠当”或许在所难免。（中国第一历史档案馆，2009：93）康熙的担心到了晚期以后得到应验，此时的八旗子弟清语能力普遍下降，不仅后生子弟“竟忘满语”，而且“老成旧耆”者，也有语音不正、字句失落的情况，导致翻译中误译、错译丛生，与“先年老人所翻之语不独恰当，（而且）真有奇处”的局面，已不可比拟。（张玉书、允禄等，1983：7 ；中国第一历史档案馆，2009：2271）

Kangxi thought that the meaning of Manchu language and Chinese has similarities, even translating these words word by word, the universal word had occupied a lot, therefore, it won’t cause any problems to the translators at that time. However, with the time went on, the later generation won’t be fully know these words, so that the lack of meaning or the improper words couldn’t be avoided. ( The First Historical Archive of China, 2009:93) Kangxi’s worry had been confirmed in his later days. At that time, Snuff Pots’ ability of knowing Manchu language had been decreased. Not only did their following generation forget the Manchu language, but also some of the old people had wrong pronunciation and the lack of words and sentences. Both of the two situations had led into the mistranslation, which didn’t suit the translation of the former people, and had an odd situation. The whole translation couldn’t be compared with the former one. ( Zhang Yushu, Yunlu, 1983:7; The First Historical Archive of China, 2009:2271) --Li Wenxuan (talk) 07:24, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Kangxi thought that the meaning of Manchu language and Han language has similarities.Even translating works word by word, the universal words had occupied a lot.Therefore, it won’t cause troubles to translators now. However, as time flied, the later generation won’t be fully know these words, so that the misunderstanding of meaning or the improper translation couldn’t be avoided. ( The First Historical Archive of China, 2009:93) Kangxi’s worry had been confirmed inthe later period. At that time, Snuff Pots’ Manchu language ability had been decreased to a great extent. Not only did their following generation forget the Manchu language, but also some of the old people had wrong pronunciation and lacked words and sentences. Both of the two situations had led into the mistranslation, which didn’t suit the translation of the former people,causing a strange situation. The whole translation couldn’t be compared with the former one. ( Zhang Yushu, Yunlu, 1983:7; The First Historical Archive of China, 2009:2271) --Li Wen (talk) 12:36, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081501

5.雍、乾二朝关于翻译人才培养的调整与改革。雍正朝初期，礼部遵圣谕拟调整旗学的办学方针，强化学生的满、汉语等多语种能力，即是因应时势之举。如《大清会典（雍正朝）》中说，雍正二年，朝廷对国子监八旗官学的管理进行改革，要求依学生的学习科目，调整其学习重点。

The adjustment and reformation about translation talents in Yong Dynasty and Qian Dynasty :In the early Yong Dynasty ,Li Apartment created some measurements to strengthen students’ multilingual abilities according to Emperor’s command, which are called policies conforming to the historical trend of time.For example,Qing Reign said that government reform management of Eight Banners Academic in the Imperial College in YongZheng 2th year, which change the major points of studying according to student’s subjects.--Li Wen (talk) 12:29, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

5. Adjustment and reform of translation talent training in The Yong and Gan dynasties. In the early years of Yongzheng Dynasty, the Ministry of Rites decided to adjust the educational policy of banner learning and strengthen the students' multilingual abilities such as Manchu and Chinese in accordance with the situation. As stated in the Qing Dynasty (Yongzheng Dynasty), in the second year of Yongzheng, the imperial court reformed the management of the eight Banners of the Imperial Academy, requiring students to adjust their learning priorities according to their learning subjects.--Li Xinxing (talk) 05:29, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学 女 202120081503

具体来说便是，习满文者，以书写本折字画为主；习文章者，以讲论圣贤经传为主；习翻译者，则以熟翻《古文渊鉴》、《大学衍义》等书为主。教育方式的分流发展，既可以令培养目标更趋明确，也可以强化培养的专业性与针对性。然而，鉴于翻译科目自身的特殊性，学习者不宜为“幼稚之人”，而必须是年龄稍长，且资性聪敏者，如此才能保证学习效果。 To be specific, those who are proficient in writing Chinese calligraphy and painting are given priority to writing this calligraphy and painting; Xi article, to talk about the sages mainly; For those who are familiar with translation, they mainly read guwenyuan Jian and Xueyan Yi. The diverging development of educational methods can not only make the goal of training more clear, but also strengthen the professionalism and pertinence of training. However, in view of the particularity of translation, learners should not be "naive", but should be older and intelligent in order to ensure the learning effect.--Li Xinxing (talk) 05:27, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Specifically, those who study Manchu mainly write calligraphy and paintings; Those who study articles mainly give lectures on the scriptures of sages; As a translator, he is mainly familiar with books such as guwenyuanjian and University Yanyi. The diversion development of educational methods can not only make the training objectives more clear, but also strengthen the professionalism and pertinence of training. However, in view of the particularity of the translation subject itself, learners should not be "naive", but must be older and intelligent, so as to ensure the learning effect.--Li Yi (talk) 05:34, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学 女 202120081504

于是，经国子监祭酒孙嘉淦条奏，并经康亲王崇安、果郡王允礼议覆，朝廷决定嗣后选取官学生，需以年龄区隔，令年幼者学满文，年龄稍长者学汉文。随后，又规定官学生中如有愿清书者，可由助教视其年岁稍长，且文义粗通，准其该学翻译，但若要拨入翻译馆，则必须“读过汉书”。（铁保等，1983：16 ）乾隆年间，朝廷进一步调整国子监八旗官学的培养方式，明确将其分为清、汉两途。 Therefore, after sun Jiagan of imperial College made a toast to the wine, and after wang Chongan of Kangqin and Wang Yunli of Guojun, the court decided to select the official students according to their age, so that the younger students learn Manchu, while the older ones learn Chinese. Later, it was stipulated that if any official student was willing to study Chinese calligraphy, he or she could be allowed to study translation by the teaching assistant according to his or her age and rough meaning. However, if he or she wanted to be assigned to the translation library, he or she must have "read Chinese calligraphy". (Tie Bao et al., 1983:16) During the Reign of Emperor Qianlong, the imperial court further adjusted the cultivation mode of the eight Banners of the Imperial Academy, explicitly dividing it into qing and Han dynasties.--Li Yi (talk) 02:24, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, after the memorial was proposed by sun Jiagan, headmaster of Imperial Academy and approved by prince Kangqin wang Chong'an and prince Guojun inaccordance with the law, the court decided to select the official students according to their age, so that the younger students learn Manchu, while the older ones learn Chinese. Later, it was stipulated that any official student who was willing to study Chinese calligraphy could be allowed to study translation by the teaching assistants when he was getting mature and had a rough understanding of meaning of Chinese passages. However, if student wanted to be assigned to the translation college, he must have "read books written in Chinese". (Tie Bao etc, 1983:16) During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the imperial court further adjusted the cultivation mode of the Imperial Academy of Eight Banners, explicitly dividing it into two majors of Manchu and Chinese.--Liu Peiting (talk) 08:22, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081505

《钦定八旗通志》中说，八旗子弟选入国子监八旗官学后，前三年并不分途，而是一体专习经书，朝夕讲课。三年后，经监臣稽考，“材质聪颖、有志力学者”归入汉文班，分隶教习，而“年齿已长，愿学翻译者”则归入满文班，分隶助教，以专习翻译。（同上：10）国子监八旗官学的清、汉分途教学固然有其影响，但就清代旗学整体的翻译人才培养而言，亦谈不上冲击。

It is said in the General Annals for Imperial Eight Banners that the descendants of the Eight Banners, after being selected into the imperial Academy of The Eight Banners, did not have separate courses in the first three years, but studied the classics together and gave lectures every day. Three years later, after an examination by the supervisor, "intelligent and ambitious students" were assigned to the Chinese language class and assisted in lecturing, while students who were "mature and willing to learn translation" would be assigned to the Manchu Class and acted as teaching assistants to specialize in translation. (Ibid:10) The separate teaching of Chinese and Manchu in the Imperial Academy of Eighth Banners had its significance but did not construct a shock toward the overall training of translation talents in the Qing Dynasty.--Liu Peiting (talk) 06:51, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

It is said in the General Annals for Imperial Eight Banners that the descendants of the Eight Banners, after being selected into the Eight Banners official school of Directorate of Imperial Academy, had no separate way in the first three years, but studied the classics together and attended classes every day. Three years later, after an assessment by the supervisor, "intelligent and aspiring students" were assigned to the Chinese class and assisted in lecturing, while students who were "mature and willing to learn translation" would be assigned to the Manchu Class and acted as teaching assistants in order to specialize in translation. (Ibid:10) The separate teaching of Chinese and Manchu in the Eight Banners official school of Directorate of Imperial Academy certainly had its significance but constructed no shock toward the overall training of translation talents in Qing Dynasty.--Liu Shengnan (talk) 01:21, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学 女 202120081506

然而，乾隆帝接受孙嘉淦的奏议，同意改变官学之旧例，即官学中研习翻译者往往只是应考笔帖式，允许八旗官学生之归入汉文班者，不必专习《四书》，也可讲求经、史等有用之学，并每三年一次对其进行考试，“取其明通者，授为监生，由官学而升之太学。”（同上：10- 11）这一做法尽管可以拔擢旗学汉文班中的秀异者，获得入国子监深造的机会，却与旗学设立的初衷一定程度上相悖。《大清会典（雍正朝）》中说，八旗官学之设，“原欲清、汉兼优，精通翻译，备部院衙门补用，可任职事”，而孙嘉淦所奏不仅会造成旗学教育资源的浪费，而且会造成国家教育的制度扞格，容易诱使官学学生竞相钻研汉文，从而背离旗人根本。（叶高树，2012：141-142）

However, Emperor Qianlong accepted Sun Jiagan's proposal and agreed to change the old practice of the official schools, that is, students in official schools of the eight banners were allowed to enter the Chinese class because students who studied translation were bithsis often by passing the examination in the official school. They did not have to study the Four Books, but could focus on useful classics about Confucianism and history. They took an examination every three years, and “those who were proficient would be awarded as the Imperial College Students and would be promoted from the official school to the Imperial College." (ibid.: 10 - 11) Although this measure could promote the outstanding students in the Chinese class of the Eight Banners School who could obtain the opportunity to further study in the Directorate of Imperial Academy, it was contrary to the original intention of the establishment of the Eight Banners School to a certain extent. According to Record of Laws and Systems of Qing Dynasty (Yongzheng Dynasty), the establishment of the official school for Eight Banners "originally wanted to cultivate talents excellent in both Manchu, Chinese and translation, who could be the candidates for government employees.”However, Sun Jiagan's proposal would not only cause a waste of educational resources of the Eight Banners School, but also make the system of national education incompatible. What’s more, his proposal easily induced students in the Eight Banners School to delve into Chinese competitively, which was deviating from the foundation of the Eight Banners. (Ye Gaoshu, 2012:141-142)--Liu Shengnan (talk) 02:01, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

However,the Emperor Qianlong accepted Jiagan Sun's proposal and agreed to change the precedent of the official school,Which means in the official school, the students who study Manchu-Chinese translation often only take the examination of the bithsis,but when it comes to the students of the Eight banners belong to the Chinese literature class,They did not have to study The Four Books , but can also focus on practical studies such as Confucian classics and history, and take an examination every three years,“those who are proficient will be awarded as the Imperial College Students, and they will be promoted from the official school to the Imperial College.”(ibid.: 10 - 11) Although this practice can promote the outstanding students of the Eight Banners in the Chinese literature class, and they will obtain the opportunity to further study in the Imperial College, it is contrary to the original intention of the establishment of the Eight banners school in a way. According to The Qing Code(the Emperior of Yongzheng period), the establishment of the Eight flag official school “originally in order to cultivate outstanding talents in Manchu and Chinese, and be proficient in translation, so as to be used by the Ministry and the Academy”.Jiagan Sun's proposal will not only cause a waste of educational resource of the Eight Banners School, but also make the system of national education incompatiblely, which is easy to induce official students to study Chinese, thus deviating from the foundation of the Eight Banners. (Gaoshu Ye, 2012:141-142) --Liu Wei (talk) 02:38, 30 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别 女 202120081507

与放宽八旗官学生学习汉书不同，乾隆时期对于八旗清文学学习翻译之事，则提高了要求。清文学专以汉军为对象，主要教授清书、骑射和伦理，它的开设是衡量旗学教育普及程度的重要参数。雍正十二年，为了对清文学教习从严管理与考核，以形成教学压力，督促汉军子弟更好地学习清文和翻译，经部议准，出台了满教习考核之规定。

Different from relaxing the rules for students of the eight Banners to study Han literature, the requirements for learning the Qing wen-Chinese translation of Qing literature were raised during the reign of the Emperor Qianlong period. Taking the Han Army as the object, the Qing Literature College mainly taught Qing books, horsemanship and archery and ethics. Its establishment was an important parameter to measure the popularity of banner education. In the twelfth year of the Emperor Yongzheng, in order to manage and assess the teaching of Qing literature strictly, so as to form teaching pressure and to urge the han Army to better learn Qing literature and the Qing wen-Chinese translation, the ministry approved the regulation of on manchu's teaching and learning assessment. --Liu Wei (talk) 10:02, 25 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

Different from relaxing the rules for students of the Eight Banners to study Chinese literature, the requirements for learning Manchu literature and the Manchu-Chinese translation were raised during the reign of the Emperor Qianlong period. Taking the Chinese soldiers as its object, the Manchu Literature mainly taught Manchu works, horsemanship and archery and ethics. Its establishment was an important parameter to measure the prevalence of Banner education. In the twelfth year under the reign of the Emperor Yongzheng, the ministry introduced regulations on strict teaching and examination assessment of Manchu learning, so as to form teaching pressure, urging Chinese soldiers to better learn Manchu literature and the Manchu-Chinese translation.--Liu Xiao (talk) 00:29, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081508

满教习的考核以三年为限，有头等、二等、三等之分，考核标准主要与教习子弟的考课有关。乾隆三年，朝廷对现行标准进行修订，出台了更为严格的规定。以“头等”为例，在雍正十二年的考核标准中，但凡子弟能考中翻译外郎、笔帖式者，其清书教习便能位列头等，其奖励方式与内容交部议叙。

The assessment was limited to three years, ranking the first class, the second class and the third class. Its criteria were mainly related to the courses taken by the students. In the third year under the rein of Qianlong, the imperial court revised the current standards and issued more stringent regulations. Taking the "first-class" as an example, in the assessment criteria of the twelfth year under the reign of Yongzheng, students who could obtain the position of interpreter and bithesi in the examination, would be ranked first, the reward method and content discussed by the ministry.--Liu Xiao (talk) 01:47, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

The assessment is limited to three years, including first class, second class and third class. The assessment criteria are mainly related to the examination courses of the students. In the third year under the rein of Qianlong, the imperial court revised the current standards and issued more stringent regulations. Taking the "first-class" as an example, in the assessment criteria of the twelfth year under the reign of Yongzheng, students who could obtain the position of interpreter and bithesi in the examination, their Qing Shu teaching will be ranked first, and the reward method and content will be discussed by the ministry.--Liu Yue (talk) 00:06, 25 October 2021 (UTC)-

刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学 女 202120081509

至乾隆时期，头等的考核标准在先有的基础上增加了“翻译生员”一项，但奖惩规定不变，仍为“交部议叙”。雍正年间关于“二等”清书教习的考核标准明显低于“头等”，其具体规定是“子弟虽未有考试之人，有能写清字楷书，并粗通翻译者”，其奖励则是“再留学三年”。但同样的是，这一标准经乾隆三年的修订之后，变成了“虽无考中之人，尚有能写清字楷书，并粗通翻译，及通晓清话者”。

During the Qianlong period, the "translator" was added to the first-class assessment standard on the basis of the previous one, but the reward and punishment provisions remained unchanged, which were still "submitted to the ministry for discussion". During the reign of Yongzheng, the assessment standard of "second-class" Qing Shu teaching was obviously lower than that of "first-class". The specific provision was that "Although the children did not have an examination, those who could write regular script and are proficient in translation", and the reward was "Study abroad for another three years". But the same is that after the revision of this standard in the third year of Qianlong, it has become "Although no one has passed the exam, there are still people who can write regular script, and are proficient in translation and Qinghua".--Liu Yue (talk) 23:59, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Qianlong, the “translation student” was added to the first-class assessment standard on the basis of the previous one, but the provision of rewards and punishments remain "upon the decision of the ministry". During the reign of Yongzheng, the assessment standard of "second-class" teachers of Manchu language were significantly lower than that of the "first-class". It is specifically regulated that for those whose “students did not take the examination, but could write regular script of Manchu language and know a bit of translation”, the reward was “studying abroad for another three years”. However, the same assessment standard of the second-class developed into “no students had passed the exam, but could write regular script of Manchu language, know a bit of translation and are proficient in Manchu language” after revision in the third year of Qianlong. --Liu Yunxin (talk) 05:09, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081510

二者对比，增加了“通晓清话”的内容，明显较之雍正朝更严。如果说雍、乾两朝关于“头等”、“二等”的考核标准只是些微调整的话，那么关于“三等”的考核标准则存在明显不同。其中，雍正朝的说法是“弟子止能写清字，并粗通清语者”，到了乾隆年间则成了“弟子并无粗晓翻译、清话，又不能缮写清字楷书”，后者再次凸显了对于翻译的重视。

Compared with the former one, the mastering of Manchu language was added to the assessment criteria making them stricter than those in the era of Yongzheng Emperor. If the adjustments to Yongzheng's assessment criteria of the first class and the second class made during the reign of Qianlong were minor, then the adjustments to the criteria of the third class significantly differed from the former one. For instance, the third-class was referred as teachers whose students can only write and speak little Manchu language in Yongzheng's era. The criteria developed during the reign of Qianlong that the students of the third class know nothing about translation or Manchu language, and cannot write Manchu regular script. The latter assessment criteria once again highlighted the importance attached to translation.--Liu Yunxin (talk) 12:34, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

In contrast, the addition of the 'knowledge of the Qing language' is clearly more stringent than in the Yongzheng period. If the assessment criteria for 'first-class' and 'second-class' were only slightly adjusted in the Yong and Qian periods, then the assessment criteria for 'third-class' were markedly different. For instance the term ’disciples who can write in Manchu and have a rough understanding of the Manchu‘ In the Yongzheng reign was changed to 'disciples who do not have a rough understanding of translation and Manchu, and who cannot write in regular script in Manchu' during the Qianlong reign, the latter again highlighting the importance attached to translation.--Luo Anyi (talk) 04:59, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081511

而且，关于“三等”清书教习的奖惩规定也有明显不同，其中雍正年间的规定只是轻描淡写的“拨回原处”，而乾隆时期则是“系现任笔帖式、闲散官充当者，即时交部查议，系废员充当者，即时驳回，永不叙用”，后者的惩处力度显然更大。值得注意的是，上述关于清书教习的考核标准及奖惩规定等，在雍、乾两朝的适用性并不一致。其中，雍正朝时期的办法是清文学教习一体适用，乾隆朝时期则特别针对汉军清文教习，其中原因与汉军清语能力普遍低下有关。

Moreover, there is a clear difference in the regulations on the rewards and punishments for the "third-class” of Qing Shu teaching staff, of which the Yongzheng period was lightly "set back to the original place", while the Qianlong period was "idle officials in the bithesi should be instantly investigated by the Ministry. For those who were ousted former staff should instantly be dismissed, and never to be used". The latter punishment was obviously more severe. It is worth noting that the above-mentioned assessment standards and regulations of rewards and punishments to the Qing book teaching were not consistent in applicability for the two reigns. Among them, the approaches of Yongzheng period were applicable to Qing literature teaching as a whole. While Qianlong' s particularly directed at the Qing language teaching to the Han army, for which was related to the generally low ability of the Han army in Qing language.--Luo Anyi (talk) 01:21, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Moreover，there was a great difference about the rewards and punishments for the "third-class” of Qing Shu teaching staff between the reign of emperor Yong Zheng and the reign of emperor Qian Long，while the regulations of the former was just touch on lightly as“allocate to the original place”，the latter was“ idle officials in the bithesi should be instantly investigated by the Ministry. For those who were ousted former staff should instantly be dismissed, and never to be used"，which was obviously more severe.It is worth mentioned that the test standard of the teachers of Qing books and the punishment and reward regulations were not in consistency about the adaptation between Yong and Qian dynasties.The method in Yong Zheng period was applicable to Qing literature teaching as a whole，while in Qian Long period，the method was aimed to the Qing language teaching to the Han army，the reason for which is related to the generally poor Qing language ability of the Han army --Luo Xi (talk) 03:02, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081512

乾隆帝对待八旗官学和清文学的态度明显不同，他鼓励前者学习汉文，却要求后者保持满洲的民族本特质，这种政策的两面性说明统治者在旗学的问题上，尚未真正做到通盘考虑，因而政策缺乏一致性。但作为“夙善国语，于翻译深所讲习”的“十全”皇帝，乾隆帝既能洞悉旗学教育的不足，又能从落实清语与翻译教学的立场出发，对旗学教育的方针进行修改与完善。乾隆七年十二月二十一日，高宗御阅宗学试卷，发现汉文教习宗室子弟虽然已历数年，但“翻译诸卷亦属平常”。（中国第一历史档案馆，1998：827）

Emperor Qian Long showed distinctly different attitudes toward royal official study and the literature in Qing dynasty，he encouraged the former to study Han language，but asked the latter to keep the national instinct of Man Zhou，and the two-sides policy showed that，the ruler didn‘t have a well- rounded consideration on the issue of the royal study，so the policy was lack of consistency.However，emperor Qian Long，as a versatile who is good at national language and is engaging in the translation institutions， he not only can discern the shortcomings of royal education，but also can he revised the policies of royal education at the aim of carrying out the teaching of Qing language and translation study.On December 21rst in the sevemth year of Qian Long‘s throne，when the emperor checked the test paper，he found that though the royal students had studied for years，they still had a “normal translation” when translating the books.（the first Chinese history archive，1998:827）

Emperor Qianlong had showed quite different attitudes toward the official institutions in Eight Banners and the study of Manchu by encouraging the former to study Han language, while commanding the latter to keep ethnic traits of Manchu. The dual character of policy itself had manifested that the ruler did not have a well-rounded consideration on the issue of Manchurian education, hence it was lack of consistency. But as an Emperor who was "always excellent in national language and had high attainments in tranlsation", Qianlong could not only discern the shortcommings in the education for Manchu, but also revise and improve the policy for it at the aim of carrying out the education of Manchurian language and translation. On December 21th, 1742, the 7th year under the reign of Qianlong, Qing emperor Gaozong checked the test papers of royal clan and found that the royal students had been educated in Han language for many years, yet their translation were still mediocre judged on those testing papers. (the First History Archives of China, 1998: 827)--Ma Xin (talk) 10:16, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081513

乾隆十七年，上谕敕设世职官学，原因即是八旗世袭官荒怠清语和骑射。为了落实旗学设立之初衷，即以“清、汉兼优，精通翻译”为要，朝廷调整了部分旗学的教学重点，如乾隆二十一年裁减宗学汉教习九人，该设为翻译教习，并从翻译生员中选取适任者，担任圆明园学教习。（铁保等，1983：7；托津等，1994：6417）乾隆三十一年，朝廷在议准八旗官学的修业年限时，一并对官学生的考课做了要求，规定习翻译和清语者如不能在学习期满时，考取中书、库使、笔帖式等，都必须咨回本旗，并另挑差使。（铁保等，1983：12）

In 1752, the 17th year under the reign of Qianlong, the Emperor had commanded to set up hereditary official institutions due to the fact that hereditary officials had neglected the study of Manchurian language, equitation and toxophily. The original intention of the education for Manchu is to train talents “excellent in both Manchurian and Han language, proficient in translation”. In order to achieve this, the court of Qing government had adjusted some academic focuses in Eight Banners. For instance, nine instructors who taught Chinese for royal clan were laid off in 1756, the 21th year under the reign of Qianlong, and replaced them with translation instructors selecting from translation students to teach in the Summer Palace. (Tie Bao et al., 1983:7; Tuo Jin et al., 1994: 6417). In 1765, the 31th year under the reign of Qianlong, the court had stipulated the length of study for imperial institutions in Eight Banners after discussing, and staked a claim to royal students’ tests--stipulating that those who learned translation and Mauchuria and failed to pass examinations for Zhongshu (cabinet minister), Kushi (storehouse commissioner-in-chief), Bithesi, etc. during the study period must be sent back to their own banners and took on other errands. (Tie Bao et al., 1983:12)--Ma Xin (talk) 02:27, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

Another version: In 1752, the 17th year under the reign of Qianlong, the Emperor had ordered to set up hereditary official institutions because of the fact that hereditary officials in the Eight Banners neglected the study of Manchurian, equitation and toxophily. With the initial intention of implementing the Banner education, that is, to train talents “excellent both in Manchurian and Han languages, proficient in translation”, the court of government in Qing Dynasty had adjusted some academic focuses in the Eight-Banner educational system. For instance, nine instructors who taught Chinese for royal clan were laid of in 1756, the 21st year during the reign of Qianlong, and replaced them with translation instructors who were selected from translation students to teach in the Summer Palace. (The Bao et al., 1983:7; Tuo Jin et al., 1994:6417). In 1756, having discussed the issue of the length of study and staking a claim to royal students’ tests, the court stipulated that those who learned translation and Manchurian and failed to pass examinations for Zhongshu (cabinet minister), Kushi (storehouse commissioner-in-chief), Bithesi (clerical staff), etc. during the study period, must be sent back to their own banners and took on other errands. (Tie Bao et al., 1983:12)--Mao Yawen (talk) 11:59, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081514

至于学习的具体年限，则规定十八岁以下者以十年为期，这一规定为嗣后沿用。乾隆朝关于旗学教育的另一项改革便是“进学”。所谓“进学”是指旗学中的汉文班官学生经过一定的稽核或者考试之后，成绩优异者可升入国子监的办法。

As for the specific period of study, it was stipulated that those under the age of 18 would have a 10-year-period study, which was also used in succeeding generations. Another reform of education in the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty under the reign of Emperor Qianlong was “Jinxue” or “Entering School”, a special selection system. The so-called “Jinxue” referred to the method that the official students, with outstanding academic achievements, in Chinese Language Class in Banner education system, can be promoted to the Imperial Academy ( the highest educational administration in feudal China), after a certain audit or examination.

As for the specific period of study, it was stipulated that those under the age of 18 would have a 10-year-period study, which was also used in succeeding generations. Another reform of the Qianlong dynasty on the education of banner school is "into the school".（a special selection system） The so-called “Jinxue” referred to the method that the official students, with outstanding academic achievements, in Chinese Language Class in Banner education system, can be promoted to the Imperial Academy ( the highest educational administration in feudal China), after a certain audit or examination.--Mao You (talk) 06:38, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学 女 202120081515

毫无疑问，“进学”办法的出台与朝廷一贯强调民族特质的政策颇有龃龉，但其所以成行，与统治者放宽八旗大臣子弟参加科试不无关系。如乾隆三十年，上谕内阁，指出八旗三品以上大臣子弟如国语娴熟，练习弓马，则遇考试之期时，可由其父兄自行奏明，一体入闱考试。但上谕同时规定，如果他们不潜心力学，于国语骑射又不专攻娴习，自然不如兼习文艺，兼收并进。（中国第一历史档案馆，1998：568）

There is no doubt that the introduction of "into the school" approach and the court's consistent emphasis on the policy of national traits are quite at odds, but it has become a line, and the ruler relaxed the eight banners minister's children to participate in the examination is not unrelated. For example, the Qianlong 30 years, the bull cabinet, pointed out that the eight banners above the third grade minister's children such as skilled in the language, practice bow and horse, when the examination period, by their fathers and brothers to present themselves, one into the examinations. But the bull at the same time, if they do not concentrate on mechanics, in the national language riding and archery and not specializing in mastery, it is naturally better to learn both arts and culture, both into. (The First Historical Archives of China, 1998: 568)--Mao You (talk) 06:34, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

There is no doubt that the introduction of "into the school" approach and the court's consistent emphasis on the policy of national traits are quite at odds, but it has become a line partly because the ruler relaxed the rules on the eight Banners ministers’ children’s participation in the examination. For example, in the 30th year of Qianlong, the emperor talked to the cabinet, pointing out that ministers' children above the third grade in the eight Banners if skilled in Chinese language and practicing bow and horse, when encountering examination periods, by their fathers and brothers presenting their conditions, can take the examinations as well. But the imperial edict also stipulated, if they do not concentrate on study, and not specialize in the national language and riding and archery, it is naturally better to learn both letters and skills. (The First Historical Archives of China, 1998: 568)--Mou Yixin (talk) 01:47, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081516

换言之，在旗人学习清语、骑射的意愿低落时，朝廷采取“进学”的办法，希望旗人通过兼习文艺而“犹可为造就之资”。（同上：568）朝中尚且如此，驻防自不待言。如乾隆四十至四十一年间，西安将军傅良条奏，指出满营官员内，熟练稿案且兼通满、汉文义者，已“甚难其人”。

In other words, when the Banner people's willingness to learn Qing language and riding and shooting was low, the imperial court adopted the method of "recruiting scholars", hoping that the Banner people could "be trained to be talents" through concurrent study of letters and skills. (Ibid.: 568) Even so this is true in the court, the situation at the garrison is self-evident. For example, during the 40th to 41st years of Qianlong, Xi'an General Fu Liangtiao pointed out that among the Manchu camp officials, those who were skilled in manuscripts and understood both Manchu and Chinese texts were "very difficult to find."--Mou Yixin (talk) 05:28, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

In other words, when the Banner people's willingness to learn Qing language and riding and shooting was low, the imperial court adopted the method of "recruiting scholars", hoping that the Banner people could "also be trained to be talents" through concurrent study of letters and skills. (Ibid.: 568) The court had already done so, and the garrison understood naturally what to do. For example, during the 40th to 41st years of the Qianlong Reign, Xi'an General Fu Liangtiao proposed to the court, pointing out that among the Manchu camp officials, those who were familiar with official paperwork and could understood texts written in both Manchu and Chinese were "very difficult to find."--Peng Ruixue (talk) 07:27, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学 女 202120081517

乾隆年间，满洲入关日久，满汉交流频密，旗人使用汉语阅读汉书的机会大增，使用清语的场合自然减少，这一点自会影响其学习清语和翻译的意愿。6.嘉、道以后翻译人才培养的颓废。嘉庆以后，有关旗学教育的许多做法都是沿袭前朝规定。

During the reign of Emperor Qianlong where the Manchus had entered into Shanhaiguan for a long time, the exchanges between Manchus and Han people were frequent. The opportunity of using Chinese and reading Chinese books increased greatly, and the occasions of using Manchu decreased naturally, which will naturally affect the willingness of the Banner people to learn Manchu and translation. 6. After the reign of Jiaqing and Daoguang, the cultivation of translators was decadent. After the Jiaqing reign, many of the practices concerning the education of banner scholars followed the rules of the previous dynasty.--Peng Ruixue (talk) 07:00, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Emperor Qianlong when the Manchus had entered into Shanhaiguan for a long time, the exchanges between Manchus and Han people were frequent. And the Manchus’ opportunities of using Chinese and reading Chinese books increased greatly. Meanwhile, the occasions of using Manchurian decreased naturally, which would correspondingly affect the willingness of the Banner people to learn Manchurian and translation. 6. After the reign of Jiaqing and Daoguang, the cultivation of translators was decadent. After the reign of Jiaqing , many of the practices concerning the education of banner scholars followed the rules of the previous dynasty.--Qing Jianan (talk) 01:56, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081518

例如，在有关官学生肄业的具体年限上，便接续了乾隆三十一年的要求，规定年龄在十八岁以下者，仍须以十年为限，并将这一规定应用至咸安宫官学和景山官学。《钦定大清会典事例（光绪朝）》中对此事的记载是：咸安宮官学成材者众，体制较优，……嗣后凡由官学生及闲散人等挑选者，定以十五岁以上二十岁以內入学，至十年限满，不能考中生员， 即行出学。

For example, the schools accepted the requirement in the 31st year of Qianlong (1736) on the aspect of the specific length of study of official students who failed to meet the graduate standards. The requirement claimed that the delay in graduation for students under the age of 18 was still ten years and it would be applied to Salt palace official Ann and Jingshan official study. According to the record on book called Hui Dian Case of the Qing Dynasty, it was written that there were many talents in Salt palace official Ann which indicated superiority of study system. Hereafter, these candidates selected by official students and common people were required to matriculate at age from 15 to 20 with ten years full. During the ten years, these candidates couldn’t be allowed to join the imperial examination for the position of scholar until leaving school.--Qing Jianan (talk) 02:28, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

For example, the schools accepted the requirement in the 31st year of Qianlong period (1736) on the aspect of the specific length of study of official students. The requirement claimed that the length of study for students under the age of 18 was still ten years and it would be applied to Salt palace official Ann and Jingshan official study. According to the record on book called Hui Dian Case of the Qing Dynasty, it was written that there were many talents in Salt palace official Ann which indicated superiority of study system. Hereafter, those candidates selected from official students and common people were required to be enrolled at age from 15 to 20. At the end of the ten years, if candidates couldn’t be chosen to study in Taixue(the highest seat of learning in ancient times in China), they wil be asked to drop out of school.--Qiu Tingting (talk) 09:45, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081519

如由举、贡、监生挑选者，亦以十年为率，核计已经正科三屆乡、会试不能取中者，一并出学。其景山官学，……即照八旗官学之例，将十岁以上十八岁以下者入学肄业，至十年限满无成者，拨回本旗，另行挑差。（昆冈等，1963：273）道光年间，官学生的学习仍以十年为限，一方面是为了延长学生学习时间，更重要的是为了体现朝廷对旗学教育质量的重视。

If it is selected from Ju, Gong and Jian students, it will also be based on the rate of ten years. Those who have failed to be elected in the Xiangshi and Huishi for three sessions will be released together. The Jingshan official school, that is, according to the example of the Eight Banners official school, people over the age of ten and under the age of eighteen enrolled in school failing to be elected at the end of ten years shall be pulled back to their own Banners and choose a job. ( Kungang et al., 1963:273) During the Daoguang period, the study of official students was still designated to ten years. On the one hand, it was to extend students’ learning time, and more importantly, it was to reflect the importance the court attached to the quality of Banner’s education.--Qiu Tingting (talk) 09:44, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

If being selected from Ju, Gong and Jian students, it will also be based on the rate of ten years. Those who have failed to be elected in the Xiangshi and Huishi for three sessions will be released together. The Jingshan official school, that is, according to the example of the Eight Banners official school, people between ten years old and eighteen years old who were dropouts in school fail to be elected at the end of ten years shall be pulled back to their own Banners and choose a job. ( Kungang et al., 1963:273) During the Daoguang period, the study of official students was still designated to ten years. On the one hand, it was to extend students’ learning time, and more importantly, it was to reflect the importance the court attached to the quality of Banner’s education.--Rao Jinying (talk) 12:41, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081520

如道光三年，礼部议准：嗣后八旗官学生留学，亦以十年为断。其有考取文生员、翻译生员者，以考中之日为始，留学十年。如再考中副榜、拔贡、优貢等项，复以中式之日为始，扣满十年，俾得底于有成。 For instance, Daoguang three years, after consultation, the Ministry of rites approved that descendants of the “Eight Banners” officials could studied abroad for ten years. Among them, those who have been admitted as government students or translation students could study abroad for ten years from the day they were admitted. If anyone was admitted to the additional notice, Ba Gong, You Gong and so on, ten years would be deducted from the day of they were admitted, so as to achieve great success.--Rao Jinying (talk) 12:32, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

For instance, in the third year of Emperor Daoguang, after consultation, the Ministry of Rites approved that descendants of the “Eight Banners” officials could study abroad for ten years. Among them, those who have been admitted as clerk students or translation students could study abroad for ten years from the date of the admission. If anyone was admitted to Deputy Ranking, Ba Gong, You Gong, etc. , ten-year period would be deducted from the day of their enrollment, so as to achieve great success. --Shi Liqing (talk) 13:04, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081521

如中式举人，则以有铨选之路，不得再行留学。由上可知，所谓十年的年限适用于所有八旗官学生，不论其是否考取文生员，或翻译生员，皆是如此。即便是考取副榜、拔贡和优贡等，也是从其中式之日起，计满十年。这么做的目的仅在于使学生能学有所成。

For example, if a person was admitted as Juren in the Imperial Examination, he could use his talents to usher in such a path in politics that he was not allowed to study abroad. It could be seen from the above that the so-called ten-year period was applicable to all Eight Banners official students, no matter whether they were enrolled as clerks or translators. The ten-year period was also calculated from the date of admission even if they were admitted to Deputy Ranking, Bagong, Yougong, etc. The purpose simply lied in enabling students to succeed in their studies. --Shi Liqing (talk) 06:03, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

For example, if a person was admitted as Juren in the Imperial Examination, he could be selected to participate in politics that he was not allowed to study abroad. It could be seen from the above that the so-called ten-year period was applicable to all Eight Banners official students, no matter whether they were enrolled as clerks or translators. The ten-year period was also calculated from the date of admission even if they were admitted to Deputy Ranking, Bagong, Yougong, etc. The purpose simply lied in enabling students to succeed in their studies.--Sun Yashi (talk) 07:44, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081522

与此同时，由于乾隆后期推行“讲学”制度，八旗子弟学习清语和翻译的意愿明显减退，对嘉、道年间的旗学教育也产生了影响。如嘉庆十三年闰五月，仁宗曾颇有感慨地对大臣说，开国之初，风气淳朴，朝中满洲大臣教诫八旗，因而“如清语、骑射，尚能勤加练习，远胜今日。”（曹振镛等，1986：601）又说：“从前满洲，尽皆通晓清文，是以尚能将小说、古词翻译成编”，而“今满洲非惟不能翻译，甚至清话生疏，不识清字。

At the same time, due to the implementation of the "lecture" system in the late Qianlong, the willingness of the Eight Frag People to learn Qing language and translation decreased significantly, which also had an impact on the flag learning education during the reign of Jia and Taoism.For example,in the leap May of the thirteenth year in Jiaqing,Renzong once said to the minister with emotion that at the beginning of the founding, the atmosphere was honest, and the minister of Central Manchuria taught the Eight Frag People. Therefore, " Qing language, riding and shooting can be practiced,which is far better than today.”(Cao Zhenyong et al., 1986:601) And he also said: "In the past Manchuria, everyone knew the Qing language, so we could translate novels and ancient words". However," People in Manchuria can not translate now, or even isn't familiar with Qing language and don't know the Qing words.--Sun Yashi (talk) 01:51, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

At the same time, due to the implementation of the "lecturing" system in the late Qianlong period, the children of the Eight Banners showed a significant decline in their willingness to learn Qing language and translation, which also had an impact on the banner learning education during the Jia and Tao period. For example,in the leap May of the thirteenth year in Jiaqing, Renzong once said to the ministers with emotion that at the beginning of the founding, the atmosphere was honest, and the Manchu ministers in the imperial court enlightened and educated the Eight Banner People. Therefore, "such as Qing language, horsemanship and archery can be practiced, which is far better than today.”(Cao Zhenyong et al., 1986:601) Then he added: "In the past Manchuria, everyone was familiar with the Qing language, so they could compile the translation of novels and archaic words". However," People in Manchuria are incompetent to translate now, and even aren’t familiar with Qing language and cannot understand the Qing words. --Wang Lifei (talk) 14:49, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081523

其粗晓汉文者，又以经、史正文，词义深奥，难于诵习，专取各种无稽小说。”（中国第一历史档案馆，2000：370）由是观之，傅良所奏并非虚言，但事实上，即便是在乾、嘉年间，虽然旗人的清语能力普遍衰退，导致翻译能力普遍欠佳，但朝廷中仍不乏精通翻译之才。如笔帖式出身，并累迁至武英殿大学士兼军机大臣的舒赫德，便向来以“善译”出名。

Among them, those who have a little knowledge of Chinese, write a lot about scriptures and historical texts which have profound meanings and are difficult to chant and study, especially in all kinds of nonsense novels.” (The First Historical Archives of China, 2000:370) From this point of view, what Fu Liang prensented is not a dead letter. But in fact, even during the Qian, Jia period, although the general decline in the Banner‘s people’s ability of Qing language results in poor translation quality, the imperial court is still crowded with talented translators. Such as Shu Hede, bitheshi born, then transferred and promoted to the Hall of Martial Valor Bachelor as well as the Military Planning Minister, has always been known for his “skillful translation”. --Wang Lifei (talk) 13:54, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

First:From the point of view What Fu Liang wrote was not empty. Second:there were still many people in the court who were proficient in translation.--Wang Yifan21 (talk) 09:03, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学 女 202120081524

《钦定翻译五经四书》的完成，也“皆八旗精翻译者所成”。（铁保等，1983：4 ）且政府制定大规模翻译工程时，包含翻译官、誊录、纂修在内的各种参与人员，也都是从国子监八旗官学，以及八旗各学学生中加以考选。各部院衙门中兼事翻译、文书的笔帖式、中书、库使等，也多由旗人构成。

The completion of the King James Translation of the Five Classics and Four Books was also "the work of the eight banner translators". (Tie Bao et al., 1983:4) In addition, when the government formulated a large-scale translation project, all the participants, including translation officers, transcription and compilation, were also selected from the official schools of the Eight Banners of the Imperial Academy as well as the students of the eight Banners. The ministry courtyard yamen concurrently translation, clerical pen post type, book, library, etc., are also composed of flagmen.--Wang Yifan21 (talk) 02:24, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

The completion of the Imperial Translation of the Five Classics and Four Books was also made by the eight banner translators. (Tie Bao et al., 1983:4) When the government formulated a large-scale translation project, all the participants, including translators, transcribers and compilers, were also selected from the official schools of the Eight Banners of the Imperial school as well as the students of the eight Banners. The ministry courtyard concurrently translation, clerical pen post type, book, library, etc., are also composed of flagmen. edited by Wang Zhenlong

王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学） 男 202120081525

凡此种种，只能说明满人的清语学习出现了部分问题，而非全部。但问题既已造成，必须加以解决。因而嘉庆六年三月，原礼部主事尹壮图奏请将十五、六岁前的满洲子弟专读经书，待心性成熟，精力完固之后，再学习骑射与翻译。尹壮图的本意是为了提振满人学习骑射与翻译的效率，但由于他本末倒置，将翻译学习建立在汉族经史，而不是满文学习之上，无异于戕害清初以来历代君主倡导的满洲主体性，自然无法获得嘉庆帝的认可。

All this can only show that there are some problems in Manchu's Qing language learning, not all of them. However, since the problem has been caused, it must be solved. Therefore, in March of the sixth year of Jiaqing, Yin zhuangtu, the former head of the Ministry of Rites, asked Manchu children who are younger than 16 to read scriptures. After their hearts and minds are mature and their energy is solid, they can learn riding, shooting and translation. Yin zhuangtu's original intention was to promote the efficiency of Manchu people's learning riding, shooting and translation. However, because he put the cart before the horse and based the translation learning on the classics and history of the Han nationality rather than the Manchu language learning, it was tantamount to harming the Manchu subjectivity advocated by successive monarchs since the early Qing Dynasty, which naturally could not be recognized by Emperor Jiaqing.

All this can only show that there are some problems in Manchu's Qing language learning, but not all of them. However, since the problem has been caused, it must be solved. Therefore, in March of the sixth year of Jiaqing Emperor, Yin zhuangtu, the former head of the Board of Rites, asked Manchu children who were younger than 16 to read scriptures. After their hearts and minds got maturer and more vigorous, they can learn riding, shooting and translation. Yin zhuangtu's original intention was to promote the efficiency of Manchu people's learning riding, shooting and translation. However, because he put the cart before the horse and based the translation learning on the classics and history of the Han nationality rather than the Manchu language learning, it was tantamount to harming the Manchu subjectivity advocated by successive monarchs since the early Qing Dynasty, which naturally could not be recognized by Emperor Jiaqing.--Wei Yiwen (talk) 12:43, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081526

尹壮图所奏是否合理暂且不论，但事实是道光以后，旗人清语、翻译荒废的情形日益严重。如道光十五年六月，宣宗敕令满洲五品以上至侍郎以下京堂，分日考试清文。令道光帝所料未及的是，本次考试中翻译通顺，以及尚能翻译但偶有讹错者，也只不过在十分之三、四之间，其中半数甚至不能落笔。

Though whether Yin Zhuangtu’s presenting a memorial to the emperor made sense or not was not being discussed, the fact was that after Daoguang emperor, the situation of eight banners clear their language and translation disuse was becoming serious. For example, in the June of Daoguang fifteenth year, Xuan Zong gave an imperial order to the Manchu ministers from Jing Tang to vice-president of one of the Six Boards to take a test on Manchu for several days. Out of Daoguang emperor’s expectation, only three or four of ten of the ministers do this translation smoothly with some small mistakes, and half of them could not even write. --Wei Yiwen (talk) 12:06, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Whether Yin Zhuangtu’s presentation to the emperor made sense or not, the fact was that after the rule of Daoguang emperor, the situation that eight banners did not master Manchu language and Manchu translation was becoming serious. For example, in the June of Daoguang fifteenth year, Xuanzong emperor gave an order to the ministers in Manchuria from officials of the Six Boards to Shilang to take a test on Manchu knowledge. Out of Daoguang emperor’s expectation, only three or four of ten of the ministers could do the translation smoothly or do it with some small mistakes, but half of the ministers could not even write anything. --Wei Chuxuan (talk) 03:28, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081527

为此，道光帝特降旨训诫，强调清语乃满洲根本，无论出身如何，满人皆应熟习。道光帝尤其针对宗室、觉罗子弟做出训诫，令其务必勤修本业，勉绍家声，断不可因不晓清语、不识清字，而辜负了朝廷“务本成全”的用意。（穆彰阿等，1986：109）至清末年间，旗人清语、翻译能力的衰退一如既往，甚至出现了国子监课士官不知清语的怪异现象。

So, Daoguang emperor gave an order to admonish and emphasized that Manchu language was the root of Manchuria. Therefore, whatever your family background was, if you were a Manchu people you should master Manchu language. Daoguang emperor especially admonished royal children and ordered them to study hard and pass on family reputation. They should not fail to accomplish the willing of the court that aksed them to work hard to get success because of their lack of the knowledge of Manchu language. (Muzhanga and so on, 1986:109) In the late Qing dynasty, Manchu people's mastery of Manchu language and Manchu translation was as declining as before. Even the strange phenomenon that teachers in Guozijian(imperial academy) knew nothing about Manchu language occurred.

For this purpose, Daoguang emperor has purposely given an order to admonish and emphasized that the Qing language was fundamental to Manchuria. As a result, whatever your origin was, as long as you were a Manchu people you should master this language. Daoguang emperor especially admonished the children of the imperial family and Jueluo in particular, ordering them must to study for their work diligently, carry on and develop their family reputation. They should not fail to live up to the court’s intention of “working in a practical way and getting success” on account of not knowing the Qing language and words. (Mu Zhang’a and so on, 1986:109) During the late Qing dynasty, bannermen's mastery of Manchu language and translation was in decline as usual. There has even emerged a strange phenomenon that teachers in the Directorate of Imperial Academy knew nothing about the Qing language.--Wei Zhaoyan (talk) 09:57, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081528

如咸丰四年，苏勒布因新授国子监满洲司业具折谢恩，但皇帝在御览此折时，发现其竟不能用清语缮写自己名字，更不用说讲解折内字句，于是饬令将其降为编修，以示惩戒。为了使八旗人等一体加强清语、翻译的训练，咸丰帝降旨：八旗人员，骑射、清文是其本务，即使于清文义理不能精通，亦岂有不晓清语、不识清字，遂得自命为旗人之理？

For instance, Suleb was given the new title of Manchu Department of Imperial College during the 4th year of Xianfeng, so he has written a memorial to express his gratitude to the emperor for his gift. However, when the emperor inspected this memorial, he unexpectedly found that Suleb couldn't write his own name in Qing Language, let alone explaining the words and sentences in the memorial. So as a punishment, the emperor ordered him to be demoted to compiler. Then in order to enhance the Eight children's training of Qing Language and translation, the emperor Xianfeng issued a decree: riding and archery, Qing Language are the primary tasks for the Eight children. Even if one was not proficient in the argumentation of Qing Language, was there a reason for someone who even didn't know the Qing Language and Qing words, but then called himself a member of the Eight children?--Wei Zhaoyan (talk) 05:42, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

For example, Suleb was given the new title of Manchu Department of Imperial College during the 4th year of Xianfeng, so he has written a memorial to express his gratitude to the emperor for his gift. However, when the emperor inspected this memorial, he unexpectedly found that Suleb couldn't write his own name in the Qing Language, let alone explaining the words and sentences in the memorial. So as a punishment, the emperor ordered him to be demoted to compiler. Then in order to enhance the Eight children's training of Qing Language and translation, the emperor Xianfeng issued a decree: riding and archery, Qing Language are the primary tasks for the Eight personnel. Even if one was not proficient in the argumentation of Qing Language, was there a reason for someone who even didn't know the Qing Language and Qing words, but then called himself a member of the Eight personnel?--Wu Jingyue (talk) 07:07, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学 女 202120081529

道光年间特奉谕旨，停止驻防文试，专考翻译，原期返朴还淳，俾我八旗子弟咸知本业。乃近日八旗人员，仍有专习汉文，于清语、清字全不讲求，沾染习气，徒骛虛文，实堪痛恨。嗣后无论何项出身人员，均宜练习清文，通晓讲解，即由文乡、会试入仕之员及兵丁子弟，亦应一体练习，不准怠惰偷安，以务根本。（中国第一历史档案馆，1998：89）

During the reign of Daoguang, he stopped the trial of defense literature, specialized in translation, and returned to the original state, so that the children of the “Eight banners” would know his career. But in these days, the eight banners personnel are still specialized in learning Chinese literature, but pay no attention to studying the Qing language. What’s more, they are gradually acquiring the bad habits, and writing with unnecessary words. And that is the biggest problem! No matter what the successor, they should practice the Qing literature and be well speaking, that is, by the township, the official and the soldiers should also practice, don’t be idle and at the same time should do the fundamental. (The First Historical Archives of China, 1998:89)--Wu Jingyue (talk) 07:03, 23 October 2021 (UTC) During the reign of Daoguang, I was ordered to stop the garrison literary examination and specialize in translation. I returned to park and returned to Chun in the original period, so that my children of the Eight Banners could know their own business. Recently, there are still eight banners who specialize in learning Chinese. They don't pay attention to the language and characters of the Qing Dynasty. They are infected with the habit and concentrate on empty words. It's really hateful. Later, no matter what kind of background personnel, they should practice Qingwen and be proficient in explanation, that is, those from Wenxiang, those who will try to become officials and the children of soldiers should also practice as a whole. Laziness and safety are not allowed, so as to be fundamental.--Wu Yinghong (talk) 13:01, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学 女 202120081530

虽然咸丰帝对于部院衙门僚属，以及八旗官员荒废清文，不能翻译的情形忧心忡忡，或谆谆善诱，或严词斥责，但无论何种，终究未能阻止旗人清语和翻译能力的废弛。逮清末之际，虽然朝廷仍规定各地官员遇有奏事折件时，采用满汉合璧的形式，由此说明满语仍占一定地位，且旗学培养语言人才的功能并未完全消失，但随着时势推移，民族融合日盛，旗人清语荒疏的情形已不可逆，翻译能力随之凋敝。

Although various departments and officials of the Eight Banners could not translate Manchu language, the Manchu language was abandoned. Emperor Xianfeng was very worried about CI. On the one hand, he taught people to learn the characters of the Qing Dynasty, on the other hand, he also scolded people to urge people to learn the characters of the Qing Dynasty. However, no matter which method is used, it can not stop the decline of Manchu people's mastery of Manchu language. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the court stipulated that local officials should report in Chinese and Manchu. This shows that Manchu still has a certain importance, and Manchu speakers have not completely disappeared. However, with the development of the times, the integration between ethnic groups is becoming stronger and stronger. Manchu people neglect Manchu more and more, and their translation ability is gradually declining. This is the general trend and cannot be avoided.

Although Emperor Xianfeng was very worried about the phenomenon that departments and officials of the Eight Banners neglected the learning of works of Qing Dynasty and people were unable to translate, for which he had gave them advice and also scolded them. However, no matter which method is used, it can not stop the decline of Manchu people's mastery of Manchu language. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the court stipulated that local officials should report in Chinese and Manchu. This shows that Manchu still has a certain importance, and Manchu speakers have not completely disappeared. However, with the development of the times, the integration between ethnic groups is becoming stronger and stronger. Manchu people neglect Manchu more and more, and their translation ability is gradually declining. This is the general trend and cannot be avoided.--Xiao Yiyao (talk) 10:53, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081531

5.结语。清代旗学是统治阶级共享政治利益的特殊体制，既面向八旗设学，又面向皇族和宗室设学，虽然客观上振兴了文教，养育了人才，促进了民族融合，主观上却是统治者用以巩固统治的保全之道。为教育旗人，改善治理，政府从初级而进阶，由贵族而惠及弱势，依次推进旗学教育，设想不可谓不周，成效不可谓不甚。

Conclusion. The School of Banners is a special system for the ruling class to share political interests, which is not provided for the eight banners but also for the royal family and other imperial kinsman. Such a system objectively does promote the cultural education , talent cultivation and fusion of ethnic groups, but subjectively, it is a method to consolidate the governer’s rule. To educate the people of banners and improve their governance, the government successively promote banner education from lower level to upper level, from the nobility to the disadvantaged. How comprehensive and effective the proposal is.--Xiao Yiyao (talk) 07:16, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Conclusion. The School of Banners in Qing Dynasty is a special system for the ruling class to share political interests together, which is not only provided for the eight banners but also for the royal family and other imperial clansman. Although it objectively revitalized culture and education, nurtured talents and promoted national integration, it was subjectively the way for the rulers to consolidate their rule. To educate the people of banners and improve their governance, the government successively promote banner education from lower level to upper level, from the nobility to the disadvantaged. How comprehensive and effective the proposal it is.--Xie Jiafen (talk) 06:33, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081532

有清一代，促成旗学兴起、改革、发展与完善的因素颇多，其中既有皇帝个人的支持与投入，也有汉族官员的鼓吹，另有满洲大儒的力倡，使得旗人读书渐成风尚。而旗学对于翻译人才的培养，依其名目主要有两种不同的途径，其一为普通旗学中的翻译教育，其二为翻译官学、翻译义学等专门机构。上述机构在办理翻译教育，培养翻译人才时，往往皆有详细具体的典章制度，其内容涉及教习的延聘、学生的录取、教材的选用、课业的形式、考课的评定，以及奖惩的规定等，使翻译办学合乎规范。

In the Qing Dynasty, there were many factors that contributed to the rise, reform, development and improvement of the school of banners, including the personal support and investment of the emperor, the advocacy of Han officials, and the strong advocacy of Manchu Confucianism scholars, which gradually had a hit among people of banners. According to its name, there are two different ways for the school of banners to cultivate translation talents. One is translation education in ordinary banner school, and the other is specialized institutions such as translation official school and free private translation school. When dealing with translation education and training translation talents, the above institutions often have detailed and specific laws and regulations, which involve the employment of teachers, the admission of students, the selection of teaching materials, the form of schoolwork, the evaluation of examination, as well as the provisions of rewards and punishments, so as to make the translation school run in line with the norms.--Xie Jiafen (talk) 06:20, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

In the Qing Dynasty, there were many factors that contributed to the rise, reform, development and improvement of the school of banners, including the personal support and investment of the emperor, the advocacy of Han officials, and the strong advocacy of Manchu Confucianism scholars, which gradually had a hit among people of banners. According to its name, there are two different ways for the school of banners to cultivate translation talents. One is translation education in ordinary banner school, and the other is specialized institutions such as translation official school and free private translation school. When dealing with translation education and training translation talents, the above institutions often have detailed and specific laws and regulations, which involve the employment of teachers, the admission of students, the selection of teaching materials, the form of schoolwork, the evaluation of examination, as well as the provisions of rewards and punishments, so as to make the translation school run in line with the norms.--Xie Qinglin (talk) 05:19, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学 女 202120081533

翻译教学在旗学教育中并非权宜之计，而是着眼长远的高瞻之举，其目的是培养德行纯正，谙悉汉书，兼通满、汉双语的语言人才，以飨治国理政之需。事实上，旗学中培养的翻译人才也的确成为嗣后处理文书，办理翻译的重要来源与支柱。虽然旗学的初衷是为了教导旗人崇实黜华，专心向学，固守民族根本，但实际操作中亦不乏与民族特质龃龉者，如“进学”政策即属此类，最终导致旗人学习意愿低落，旗学教育废弛，并殃及旗人的翻译能力与翻译人才培养，以致翻译之事难观其成。

Translation teaching in the school of banners is not a stopgap measure, but a long-term forward-looking move, the purpose of which is to cultivate virtuous and pure, know the Chinese book, as well as bilingual Manchu and Chinese language talents, in order to serve the needs of governance and administration. In fact, the school of banners in the training of translators did become an important source and pillar of the subsequent processing of documents, for translation. Although the original purpose of banner school was to teach the banners to be more realistic and less flamboyant, to concentrate on learning, and to hold on to the fundamentals of the nation, there were many cases of disagreement with the national characteristics in actual operation, such as the policy of "entering school", which eventually led to the low willingness of the banners to learn, and the neglect of banner school education, and affected the translation ability of the banners and the cultivation of translation talents, so that the translation matter It was difficult to see the success of translation.--Xie Qinglin (talk) 03:08, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Translation teaching in the school of banners is not a temporary expedient , but a far-sighted move, the purpose of which is to cultivate virtuous talents, who skill in Chinese culture, as well as bilingual talents in Manchu and Chinese, in order to serve the needs of governance and administration. In fact, in the school of banners, the training of translators did become an important source and pillar of the subsequent processing of documents, for translation. Although the original purpose of banner school was to teach the banners to be more realistic and less flamboyant, to concentrate on learning, and to hold on to the fundamentals of the nation. There were many cases of disagreement with the national characteristics in actual operation, such as “admission policy”, which eventually led to the low willingness of the banners to learn, and the neglect of banner school education, and affected the translating ability of the banners and the cultivation of translation talents, so it’s difficult to see the improvements in translation.--Xiong Min (talk) 06:15, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081534

译才培养几近废置，与“开国之初，风气淳朴”、“从前满洲，……尚能将小说、古词翻译成编”相比，早已不可同日而语。（中国第一历史档案馆，2000：370）*基金项目：① 教育部人文社科基金项目“清代中前期翻译政策研究”；② 湖南省社会科学基金项目“清代中前期翻译政策的具体形态与变化轨迹研究”，项目批准号：20YBA131；③ 湖南省教育厅重点项目“清代中前期翻译政策研究”，项目批准号：20A222。

The cultivation of translator was almost abandoned. Compared with the atmosphere in the beginning of the foundation of Republic of China and compilation of the translation of novels and poems, it had already been different. (The First Historical Archives of China, 2000: 370) * Fund Project: ① MOE(Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Project “Research on translation policy in the early and mid Qing Dynasty”; ② Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Hunan Province “specific pattern and development of the translation policy in the early and mid Qing Dynasty”, Project batch number:20YBA131; ③Key Project of the Ministry of Education “Research on translation policy in the early and mid Qing Dynasty”, Project batch number: 20A222.

The cultivation of translator was almost abandoned. Compared with “the simple atmosphere in the beginning of the foundation of country” and “Manchuria translators used to be able to translate novels and ancient words into compilations” it had already been different. (The First Historical Archives of China, 2000: 370) * Fund Project: ① MOE(Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Project “Research on translation policy in the early and mid Qing Dynasty”; ② Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Hunan Province “specific pattern and development of the translation policy in the early and mid Qing Dynasty”, Project batch number:20YBA131; ③Key Project of the Ministry of Education “Research on translation policy in the early and mid Qing Dynasty”, Project batch number: 20A222.--Xu Minyun (talk) 06:49, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究 男 202120081535

清代翻译科缘起考——顺治八年还是雍正元年？

摘要：翻译科是清代特设之科目，及八旗科举制度之独特构成，它创设于雍正元年，而非顺治八年。顺治八年，礼部遵圣谕办理首科八旗科举考试，对应试者分别考试清字文章与翻译，为翻译科的创设提供了制度雏形。

The Origin of Translation Studies in Qing Dynasty -- The Eighth Year of Shunzhi or the First Year of Yongzheng?

Abstract: Translation was a special subject in Qing Dynasty and a unique component of the Eight Banners Imperial Examination System. It was established in the first year of Yongzheng, not the eighth year of Shunzhi. In the eighth year of Shunzhi, the Ministry of Rites conducted the first Eight Banners imperial examinations in accordance with the instructions of Emperor, and the corresponding candidates were separately tested for Manchu articles and translations, which provided a prototype for the establishment of the translation subject.--Xu Minyun (talk) 09:32, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

The Origin of Translation Studies in Qing Dynasty -- The Eighth Year of Shunzhi or the First Year of Yongzheng?

Abstract: Translation was a special subject in Qing Dynasty and a unique component of the Eight Banners Imperial Examination System. It was established in the first year of Yongzheng, not the eighth year of Shunzhi. In the eighth year of Shunzhi, the Ministry of Rites conducted the first Eight Banners imperial examinations in accordance with the instructions of Emperor, which separately tested the corresponding candidates' Manchu articles and translations, having provided a prototype for the establishment of the translation subject.--Yan Jing (talk) 10:27, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究 女 202120081536

然而，此时的翻译考试虽在内容上与翻译科相似，性质和意义上却与后者颇为不同，它既未独立成科，又缺乏独立、自主的制度设计。《清史稿》、《雍正会典》及两部《会典事例》（嘉庆、光绪）中，均将顺治八年视作翻译科之缘起，明显属于误记，其说法不仅见岐于《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，而且与《八旗通志》、《钦定国子监志》等也有较大出入。翻译科的创设有着丰富的政治文化意涵，其根本目的在于维护“国语骑射”的满洲旧制。

However, although the content of the translation examination at this time was similar to that of the translation subject, it was actually different from the latter in nature and significance. It was not an independent subject and was also lack of an independent system design. In The Draft of Qing History, The Yongzheng Congress and two Examples of the Congress (Jiaqing and Guangxu), the eighth year of Shunzhi was regarded as the origin of the translation subject, which is obviously a misrecording. Its statement not only differs from The Records of the Qing Dynasty Emperor, but also from The Records of the Eight Banners and the Records of the Imperial Academy. The creation of translation section had rich political and cultural implications, and its fundamental purpose was to maintain the old Manchu system of "national language and horsemanship and archery".--Yan Jing (talk) 10:50, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

The Records of the Imperial Academy The creation of translation subject --Yan Lili (talk) 08:41, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别 女 202120081537

关键词：翻译科 八旗科举 顺治八年 雍正元年 政治文化意涵

导论：古代科举取士分“文”、“武”两类，其中文举兴于隋，武举始于唐，二者在公为求人才，在私为求入仕，此后虽经宋、元、明、清等朝，仍相沿不替。清代的科举制度因袭明制，虽在细节上与后者存在不同，但整体上仍以正途为重，而以异途为轻，并与明朝一样，仍以“养士”、“取士”并重，成为国家任贤取士与成就治道的重要途径。

Key words:Translation subjects Imperial Examinations of Eight banners The eighth year of Shunzhi dynasty The first year of Yongzheng dynasty Political and cultural implications

Introduction:In ancient times, imperial examinations were divided into two categories, namely "wen" and "wu". The Chinese examination originated in Sui Dynasty, and the martial examination began in Tang Dynasty. For the imperial court, the two kinds of examinations were to seek talents, and for the imperial examination people were to seek the position of an official. After that, although the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, they were still in succession.The imperial examination system of the Qing Dynasty was based on the Ming system. Although it was different from the Ming system in details, the imperial examination system of the Qing Dynasty still paid more attention to the right path than to the informal path. Like the Ming Dynasty, it still paid equal attention to training and selecting talents, which became an important way for the state to appoint and select talents and achieve political achievements.--Yan Lili (talk) 14:19, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

The ancient imperial examination was divided into "Wen" and "Wu". The Chinese imperial examination flourished in the Sui Dynasty and the martial arts examination began in the Tang Dynasty. The two sought talents in the public and officials in the private. After that, the imperial examination still existed in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system. Although it was different from the latter in details, it still focused on the right path than the wrong path as a whole. At the same time,like the Ming Dynasty, it still paid equal attention to "cultivating scholars" and "selecting scholars", which has become an important way for the country to appoint talents and achieve governance.--Yan Zihan (talk) 01:52, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别 女 202120081538

清代之科举取士不但袭用前朝旧制，使旗人、汉人同场竞技，而且另辟蹊径，创制满洲特色之翻译科，为旗人入仕、进身提供专途。清代的翻译科举制度是清代翻译政策的重要形态，后者则是清代政治、文化事业的重要组成部分。翻译无疑是文化和历史的产物，其对特定社会历史阶段的时空条件有着极其强烈的依附性。

The imperial examination in the Qing Dynasty not only adopted the old system of the previous dynasty to make the banner people and Han people compete together, but also found a new way to create a translation department with Manchu characteristics, so as to provide a special way for the banner people to enter the official . The translation imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty was an important form of translation policy in the Qing Dynasty, and translation policy was an important part of the political and cultural undertakings in the Qing Dynasty. Translation is undoubtedly the product of culture and history. It has an extremely strong dependence on the space-time conditions of a specific social and historical stage.--Yan Zihan (talk) 02:40, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

In the Qing dynasty, the imperial examination not only followed the old system of the previous dynasties to make the Han people and the banner men compete in the same field, but also found new ways of creating a translation department with Manchurian characteristics to provide a special way for the banner men to engage in politics or promote. The imperial system of translation examination was an important form of translation policy in the Qing Dynasty, and the latter was a significant part of political and cultural undertakings in the Qing Dynasty. It is undoubted that translation is the product of culture and history, and it is highly dependent on the space-time conditions of a specific social and historical stage.--Yang Jiaying (talk) 02:37, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别 女 202120081540

就其整体而言，翻译主要不是译者的个体行为，而是有条件、有组织、有指向、有作用的集体行为，乃至国家意志行为。固然，翻译是文化更新或演进的重要途径，它可以促进宿语文化的新陈代谢，但文化作用显然不是翻译功能的全部。（袁帅亚，2020：124）以清代翻译科为例，它的创制便具有十分明显的政治动因与意涵。

Translation considered as a whole is not an individual behavior of the translator, but a collective action with conditions, organization, direction and effect, and even the will of state. To be sure,translation is an important way of cultural renewal or evolution, it can promote the metabolism of ancient culture, but obviously the role of culture is not the whole function of translation . (Yuan Shuaiya, 2020:124) Taking translation studies in the Qing Dynasty as an example, its creation had clear political motivations and implications.--Yang Jiaying (talk) 12:17, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

As a whole, translation is not the translator's individual behavior, but a conditional, organized, directed and effective collective behavior, and even the will behavior of a state. Of course, translation is an important way of cultural renewal or evolution. It can promote the metabolism of host culture, but the cultural function is obviously not the whole function of translation. (Yuan Shuaiya, 2020:124) Taking the "Translation Subject" of the Qing Dynasty as an example, its creation has very obvious political motivation and implication.--Yang Aijiang (talk) 09:49, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081541

众所周知，清代翻译科的创制缘起于雍正年间。雍正帝即位伊始，即对传统科举制度进行改革，不仅改革了考官的选派，而且变更了考试的重点与内容，放宽了考生的资格审查。同时，为了表示对于翻译事业的重视，雍正即位之初即在传统八旗科举考试中增设翻译科目，并将其从后者中单列出来，形成自行独立的制度形式，即今之所谓“翻译科”。

As we all know, the creation of Translation Subject in the Qing Dynasty originated in the Yongzheng period. At the beginning of Emperor Yongzheng's accession to the throne, he reformed the traditional imperial examination system, which not only reformed the selection of examiners, but also changed the focus and content of the examination, and relaxed the qualification examination of examinees. At the same time, at the beginning of Yongzheng's accession to the throne, he added translation subjects in the traditional eight banners imperial examination in order to show the importance of translation. Moreover, Yongzheng also listed translation subject separately from the traditional eight banners imperial examination, forming an independent institutional form, which is now the so-called "Translation Subject". --Yang Aijiang (talk) 13:32, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

As is known to all, the creation of Translation Department in the Qing Dynasty originated in the Yongzheng period. At the beginning of Emperor Yongzheng's accession to the throne, he reformed the traditional imperial examination system, which not only reformed the selection of examiners, but also changed the focus and content of the examination, and relaxed the qualification examination of examinees. At the same time, at the beginning of Yongzheng's period, he added translation department in the traditional eight banners imperial examination in order to show the importance of translation. Moreover, Yongzheng also listed translation subject separately from the traditional eight banners imperial examination, forming an independent institutional form, which is now the so-called "Translation Department"--Yang Kun (talk) 12:22, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学 女 202120081542

雍正帝创设的翻译科包括满洲、蒙古二科，分童试、乡试和会试三级，由八旗满洲、蒙古根据相关规定报名应试。翻译科自雍正元年（1723年）始设，至光绪三十一年（1905年）和文科举一并废止，前后历时一百八十二年。作为一种教育制度，以及官员选拔制度，翻译科既为清廷选拔了大量翻译人才，又为八旗满洲、蒙古和汉军提供了进身之阶，它的存在尽管有其自身缺陷，却在相当程度上弥补了门阀制度的不足，为研究清代政治与文化提供了独特视角与价值。

The Translation Department created by the emperor YongZheng includes Manchuria and Mongolia II and divided into Boy trial, provincial examinations, and metropolitan examination. Eight Banners Manchuria and Mongolian should register for the examination according to relevant regulations . The Translation Department , which lasted 182 years, was established in the First Year of YongZheng (1723) and was abolished with Literary Imperial Examination in the 31st of GuangXu(1905). As an educational system, as well as the selection system of officials, the Translation Department not only selected a large number of translation talents for the Qing Dynasty, but also provide a step forward for Eight Banners Manchuria, Mongolia and the Han Army. Despite its own shortcomings, the Translation Department, to a considerable extent, made up for the deficiency of the System of Dominant Family and provides a unique perspective and value for the study of Qing Dynasty politics and culture.--Yang Kun (talk) 15:50, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

The Translation Department was created by the emperor YongZheng including Manchuria and Mongolia. It was divided into Boy trial, provincial examinations, and metropolitan examination. Manchuria and Mongolian should register for the examination according to relevant regulations. The Translation Department lasting for 182 years was established in the First Year of YongZheng (1723) and was abolished with Literary Imperial Examination in the 31st of GuangXu(1905). As an educational system, as well as the selection system of officials, the Translation Department not only selected a large number of translation talents for the Qing government, but also provided a step forward for Eight Banners Manchuria, Mongolia and the Han Army. Despite its own shortcomings, the Translation Department, to a considerable extent, made up for the deficiency of the System of Dominant Family and provided a unique perspective and value for the study of Qing Dynasty politics and culture. --Yang Liuqing (talk) 05:51, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081543

一、翻译科的制度雏形：清初八旗科考中的翻译考试

翻译科乃清代特设之科目，及八旗科举之独特构成，其渊源可远溯至太宗皇太极时期。天聪三年，太宗诏令更易明例，以考试分别优劣，振兴文治。

Fisrt. The institutional rudiment of Transaltion: The Translation Examination in the Eight Banners Imperial Examination in the early Qing Dynasty Translation was a special subject set in qing Dynasty and a unique composition of the Eight Banners Imperial Examination. It can be traced back to the period of Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji. In the third year of Tiancong period, Taizong edicted the revision of the Ming's law to distinguish good from bad by examination for revitalization of culture.--Yang Liuqing (talk) 06:08, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

Fisrt. The institutional rudiment of Transaltion: The Translation Examination in the Imperial Examination of Eight Banners in the early Qing Dynasty. Translation was a special subject set in Qing Dynasty and a unique composition of the Imperial Examination of Eight Banners. It can be traced back to the period of Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji. In the third year of Tiancong period, Taizong ordered to the revise the regulations of Ming's law to distinguish good from bad by examination for the great purpose of cultural revitalization.--Ye Weijie (talk) 15:04, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别 男 202120081544

八年，太宗命礼部“考取通过满洲、蒙古、汉书文义者为举人。”（范文程、刚林等，1985：73）崇德三年和六年，朝廷遵太宗圣谕再次办理考试，分举人、生员进行取用，授以官职。上述举措的推出使清初的考试任官得以朝着制度化的方向发展。

In the eighth year of Tiancong period, Taizong gave order to the Ministry of Rites that he who passes the translation examination of Manchurian, Mongolian and Chinese shall be elected a successful candidate.(Fan Wencheng, Gang Lin et al.1985:73). In the third and sixth year of Chongde period, the imperial court organized the great examination again under the order of Taizong emperor, employing and appointing candidates and scholars seperately. The successful implement of above-mentioned actions had made the appointment by examination in the early period of Qing Dynasty develop as a institutionalized system possible.--Ye Weijie (talk) 14:49, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

In the eighth year, Emperor Taizong ordered the Ministry of Rites to "take those who passed the Manchurian, Mongolian, and Chinese literary examinations as jurists." (Fan Wencheng, Ganglin, et al., 1985: 73) In the third and sixth years of Chongde, the court followed the imperial edict of Emperor Taizong to conduct the examination again, divided into jurists and students for appointment and granted official positions. The introduction of the above initiatives enabled the early Qing Dynasty to institutionalize the development of the examination and appointment of officials.--Yi Yangfan (talk) 07:15, 1 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081545

崇德八年，太宗猝崩，世祖继位，由睿亲王多尔衮摄政。为吸纳汉族士子，多尔衮于顺治元年十月颁布诏谕，循明制开科考。至顺治八年，世祖亲政，谕礼部研议八旗科举则例，并首开八旗科举，分乡试与会试两种，满洲、蒙古和汉军皆可参加，一时间令旗人崇文之风盛行。

In the 8th year of Chongde, emperor Taizong died suddenly, Shizu succeeded to the throne, by Prince Dorgon acted as regent. In order to recruit the Han scholar, Dorgon in the first year of Shunzhi promulgate a law in October, according to the Ming dynasty to open the imperial examination.To the 8th year of Shunzhi, Shizu took over the reins of government upon coming of age, ordained the Ministry of Rites to study and discuss the Eight Banners of of rules and regulations. And opened the first Eight Banners of imperial examination, divided into two kinds of examinations, provincial examination and metropolitan examination, Manchurian, Mongolian and Han military could participate, a wind of learning culture and literature between banners people prevailed at that time.--Yi Yangfan (talk) 02:13, 23 October 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

In the eighth year of Chongde, Emperor Taizong died suddenly, and Emperor Shizu succeeded to the throne, Prince Dorgon acting as regent. In order to recruit the Han scholars, Dorgon promulgated a law that imperial examination followed the tradition of the Ming dynasty in October, the first year of Shunzhi. Till the eighth year of Shunzhi, Emperor Shizu took over the reigns of government, ordaining the Ministry of Rites to study and discuss the Eight Banners of of rules and regulations. It was the first time that opened the first Eight Banners of imperial examination, including two kinds of examinations, provincial examination and metropolitan examination. Manchurian, Mongolian and Han military could participate, a wind of learning culture and literature between banners people prevailed at that time.--Yin Huizhen (talk) 08:08, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081546

然而，由于清廷担心旗人汉语能力不及汉族，故在考试中对应试者进行区分，要求识汉字者翻译汉文，不识汉字者则作清字文。（鄂尔泰等，1985：457）在考试中加入翻译内容，并将取中情况分榜公布，此举乃太宗时期所未见，实为八旗科目之肇始。（福格，1997：187）本次始设的翻译考试继承了金朝女直进士科的传统，并在后者基础上对考试的程序和体制进行改革，旨在选取通晓满、蒙、汉语的八旗翻译人才。

However, due to the officials of Qing Government worried about that Manchu Bannerman were inferior to the Han people in terms of the proficiency of Chinese, they differentiated the examination candidates. Those who spoke Chinese were required to translate the Chinese, while those who were unable to read Chinese were required to translate Manchu. (Ortai, etc. , 1985：457)Translation became a part of the examination, and the result would be published. This was something that did not happen during the Reign of Hong Taiji, and it was actually the beginning of the Eight Banners Subject. (Forge, 1997: 187)This first translation examination inherited the tradition of Jurchen the highest imperial examination in the Jin Dynasty, and reformed the examination procedures and system on the basis of the later generations, aiming at selecting the eight banners translation talents who were familiar with Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese.--Yin Huizhen (talk) 07:38, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

However, officials of Qing Government worried that Manchu Bannerman were not as good as Han people in terms of the proficiency of Chinese,so they differentiated the examination candidates. Those who could speak Chinese were required to translate the Chinese scripts, and those who couldn't were required to translate Manchu language. (Ortai, etc. , 1985：457)Translation became a part of the examination, the result of which would be published. This was something that did not happen during the Reign of emperor Taizong, and it was actually the beginning of the Eight Banners Subject. (Forge, 1997: 187)This first translation examination inherited the tradition of Jurchen the highest imperial examination in the Jin Dynasty, on which the reform of the examination procedures and system was based, with the aim of selecting the Eight Banners translation talents who were proficient in Manchu, Mongolian and Mandarin languages.--Yin Meida (talk) 14:52, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081547

然而，旗人崇尚文学，并经考试“即得陞用”，此举又容易导致其怠于武事。因而顺治十四年，世祖敕谕礼部、吏部和兵部，宣布停止八旗科举。（鄂尔泰等，1985：832）可是，停止旗人考试，使汉人独占科举仕途，又会造成八旗士子失去进身之阶。 However, Banner People's act of advocating literature and the move of "getting promoted" through examination resulted in idleness in military affairs. Therefore, in the fourteenth year of the reign of emperor Shunzhi, the emperor ordered the Ministry of Rites,the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Military Affairs to terminate the Eight Banners imperial examination. Nevertheless, the termination of the exam would lead to the Han people's monopolization in official careers and the Eight Banner people's loss of opportunities for promotion.--Yin Meida (talk) 14:37, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

However, Banner People's act of advocating literature and "getting promoted" through examination resulted in idleness in military affairs easily. Therefore, in the fourteenth year of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, the Emperor ordered the Ministry of Rites,the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Military Affairs to terminate the Eight Banners imperial examination. Nevertheless, the termination of the exam would lead to Han people's monopolization in official careers but the Eight Banner people's loss of opportunities for promotion.--Yin Yuan (talk) 11:17, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081548

于是康熙二年，圣祖上谕，令八旗乡试复行，并应御史徐诰武奏请，拟定于康熙六年起令满洲、蒙古、汉军与汉人一体参加会试。（马齐等，1985：328）康熙十二年，三藩之乱起，为避免旗人专心习文，致使武备松懈，朝廷遵圣谕决定效法世祖旧例，自康熙十五年起停办科举，此举维系至康熙二十六年，虽停办时间不长，影响却较为深远。世宗即位后，对康熙后期以来的八旗弊政进行反思，其中即包括旗人的清语学习。

Therefore, in the second year of Kangxi, Emperor issued the order to resume the provincial examinations of the Eight banners. At the request of censor, Xu Gaowu,it was planned that the armies of Manchuria, Mongolia, and Han and Han people would participate in the examinations in the sixth year of Kangxi. (Ma Qi et al., 1985:328) In the twelfth year of Kangxi, the chaos of the three feudatories broke out. To avoid that the people of Eight Banners would concentrate on the study literature, leading to the lax military preparations, the court decided to follow the old principles of Emperor of Shizu and stopped holding the imperial examinations from the 15th year of Kangxi and lasted the stopping to the twenty-sixth years of Kangxi. Although the suspense time was not long, this measure produces far-reaching influence. After Emperor Shizong ascended the throne, he reflected the drawbacks of the Eight Banners politics since the late Kangxi period, including the learning of Qing language.

Therefore, in the second year of Kangxi, Emperor issued the order to resume the provincial examinations of the Eight banners. At the request of imperial censor, Xu Gaowu,it was planned that the armies of Manchuria, Mongolia, and Han and Han people would participate in the examinations in the sixth year of Kangxi. (Ma Qi et al., 1985:328) In the twelfth year of Kangxi, the chaos of the three feudatories broke out. To avoid that the people of Eight Banners would concentrate on learning, leading to the slackening of military, the court decided to follow the old practices of the Emperor Shizu ,stopping holding the imperial examinations since the 15th year of Kangxi and lasting the stopping to the twenty-sixth years of Kangxi. Although the suspense time was not long, this measure has produced far-reaching influence. After the Emperor Shizong ascended the throne, he reflected the drawbacks of the Eight Banners politics since the late Kangxi period, including the learning of Qing language.--Zhan Ruoxuan (talk) 06:52, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081549

由于当时的旗人普遍不谙清语，每遇翻译、说写之时，“字句偶有失落，语音或有不正”的情况比比皆是，世宗为此多次晓谕八旗，令八旗兵丁务必以学习清语为要。（张玉书、允禄等，1983：8）雍正初年，世宗降旨总理王大臣，命其会同礼部、兵部研议翻译科之事，目的正在于激励旗人勤习国语，专精骑射。 毫无疑问，顺治年间增设的翻译考试系清初以来科举取士的接续与发展，它既是统治者因应时势的积极创举，也是长期以来铨选翻译考试传统的自然产物。

As the banners were generally unfamiliar with the Qing language, whenever they translated、talked or wrote, there were many cases of "occasional loss of words and incorrect speech", and for this reason, the Emperor Shizong repeatedly instructed the eight banners to make sure that the soldiers had to learn the Qing language in the first place. (Zhang Yushu, Yunlu et al., 1983: 8) In the early years of Yongzheng, the Emperor Shizong decreed the Prime Minister, ordering him to work with the Ministry of Rites and the Ministry of War to discuss the matter of translation, and the purpose was to encourage the banners to study the national language and specialize in archery. There is no doubt that the Shunzhi years of the additional translation examination is the continuation and development of the imperial examinations since the early Qing Dynasty, it is not only a positive initiative of the ruler in response to the current situation, but also a natural product of the long tradition of the civil service translation examination.--Zhan Ruoxuan (talk) 06:40, 27 October 2021 (UTC) At that time, the people of the eight banners were generally unfamiliar with the Qing language. When translating, speaking and writing, the situation of "occasional loss of words and sentences, or incorrect pronunciation" was everywhere. --Zhang Qiuyi (talk) 16:27, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学 女 202120081550

事实上，通过铨选翻译考试选拔官吏，此法并非始于满清。如蒙元时期，朝廷便已有蒙古学考试，其中的一项重要内容即是翻译。《元典章》卷 31《礼部卷之四·学校一》中说，元世祖至元八月之际，朝廷在京师开设蒙古国子学，要求包括诸王在内的相关官员参与学习，并以《通鉴节要》的蒙语译本为教本，从习学生员中“选择俊秀，出策题试问，观其所对，精通者为中选，约量授以官职。”（陈高华等，2011：1081—1082） In fact, the selection of officials through the civil service translation examination did not begin in the Manchu and Qing Dynasties. For example, in the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court had Mongolian examinations, one of which was translation. According to the book of rites IV. school I, Volume 31 of the laws and regulations of the Yuan Dynasty, from the emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty to August of the Yuan Dynasty, the Imperial Court opened a Mongolian sub school in the capital, requiring relevant officials, including kings, to participate in the study. Taking the Mongolian translation of Tongjian jieyao as the teaching material, the students "choose Junxiu, make policy questions, judge what they are right, those who are proficient in it will be the winner, and they will be awarded official positions." (Chen Gaohua et al., 2011:1081-1082)--Zhang Qiuyi (talk) 08:47, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

In fact, the selection of officials through the civil service translation examination did not begin in Manchu Qing Dynasty. For example, in the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court already had Mongolian examinations, one important of which was translation. According to the book of rites IV. school I, Volume 31 of the laws and regulations of the Yuan Dynasty, from the emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty to the eighth month of the Yuan Dynasty, the Imperial Court opened a Mongolian sub school in the capital, requiring relevant officials, including every lord, to participate in the study. Taking the Mongolian translation of Tongjian Abstract as the teaching material, the students "choose Junxiu, make policy questions, judge what they are right, those who are proficient in it will be the winner, and they will be awarded official positions." (Chen Gaohua et al., 2011:1081-1082)--Zhang Yang (talk) 06:09, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别 男 202120081551

顺治年间的翻译考试继承了隋唐以来科举取士的基本特点，以及铨选翻译考试的任官传统，正所谓“兼备金元之制而加盛焉”。（汪师韩，1996：473） 作为多民族融合的统一国家，满清政权的政治特点之一便是语种林立，文化与习俗各不相同。出于统治需要，清初以来便在各级政府衙门设置专司文书的翻译和撰拟。

The translation examination in the reign of Shunzhi inherited the basic characteristics of selecting scholars in the imperial examination since Sui and Tang Dynasties and the official tradition of the civil service translation examination. It is the so-called " more prosperity with both Jing and Yuan ruling system". (Wang Shihan, 1996:473) As a unified country with multi-ethnic integration, one of the political characteristics of the Manchu Qing Dynasty was that there were many languages and different cultures and customs. In order to meet the needs of reigning, since the early Qing Dynasty, special departments have been set up in government offices at all levels to translate and write documents.--Zhang Yang (talk) 06:03, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

The translation examination in the reign of Shunzhi emperor inherited the basic characteristics of selecting scholars in the imperial examination since Sui and Tang Dynasties and the official tradition of the civil service translation examination. It is the so-called " more prosperity with both Jing and Yuan ruling system". (Wang Shihan, 1996:473) As a unified multi-ethnic state, one of the political characteristics of the Manchu Qing Dynasty was that there were many languages and different cultures and customs. In order to meet the needs of reigning, since the early Qing Dynasty, special departments have been set up in government offices at all levels to translate and write documents.--Zhang Yiran (talk) 07:09, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学 女 202120081552

其中，除最具代表性的笔帖式之外，内阁侍读、中书以及各部院主事等职官中，也有相当一部分人员担当翻译之责。同时，汉文典籍的翻译，以及满、蒙文字史籍的撰述等也需要大量翻译人才。所有这些人员的铨选、考核和派充等，都必须经过严格的翻译考试，择优录用。

Among them, in addition to the most representative of the bithesi, the Cabinet, the Central Secretariat and the various ministries and other officials, there is also a significant part of the staff to play the responsibility of translation. At the same time, the translation of the Chinese canon, as well as the Manchu and Mongolian texts of history, such as the compilation of a large number of translators are also needed. All of these personnel are selected, assessed and sent to fill, must go through a rigorous translation examination, the merit of the recruitment.--Zhang Yiran (talk) 02:36, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Among them, in addition to the most representative of the bithesi, the Cabinet, the Central Secretariat and the various ministries and other officials, there is also a significant number of staff to take the responsibility of translation. At the same time, the translation of the Chinese canon and the compilation of Manchu and Mongolian history books also need a large number of translators. All of these personnel who are selected, assessed and sent to fill must go through a strict translation examination, recruiting the better.--Zhong Yifei (talk) 08:42, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081553

虽然这样的铨选翻译考试并不具备翻译科的性质，取中者往往不能获得科名，但翻译考试的结果仍是官员晋升、罢黜的重要依据，同时也为嗣后创制翻译科提供了制度雏形。

二、《雍正会典》等关于顺治八年翻译科的误记

关于清代翻译科的创设时间，主要有两种观点：一种认为是雍正元年，另一种则认为是顺治八年。

Although such a translation examination used for selecting officials does not have the nature of translation department and the winner often cannot obtain the title . But the results of the translation examination are still an important basis for the promotion and dismissal of officials, and also provide an institutional prototype for the subsequent creation of the translation department. Misinterpretation of the translation department in the eighth year of Shunzhi, such as the Yongzheng Canon There are mainly two views on the establishment time of the translation department in the Qing Dynasty: one is the first year of Yongzheng, the other is the eighth year of Shunzhi.--Zhong Yifei (talk) 01:22, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Although such a translation examination used for selecting officials does not have the nature of translation department and the winner often cannot obtain the scholarly honor, the results of the translation examination are still an important basis for the promotion and dismissal of officials, and also provide an institutional prototype for the subsequent creation of the translation department. Misinterpretation of the translation department in the eighth year of Shunzhi, such as Yongzheng Canon There are mainly two views on the time of the establishment of the translation department in Qing Dynasty: one is the first year of Yongzheng, the other is the eighth year of Shunzhi.--Zhong Yulu (talk) 15:18, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081554

雍正元年世宗诏谕举办满洲翻译乡试，而顺治八年出现了翻译进士麻勒吉与麻祐，两种说法各自有文献依据，互不能说服对方。如《清史稿》卷273《麻勒吉传》中，明确提及麻勒吉曾经参加翻译乡试，并于会试中取中第一。（赵尔巽，1976：10038）《清史稿》关于此事的记注源于《国朝耆献类征初编》，后者在卷十五中也指出麻勒吉“以翻译取中举人”。（周俊富，1986：767）

In the first year of Yongzheng, the Emperor Shizong issued imperial edicts to hold Manchu translation examination, whereas in the 8th year of Shunzhi, it appeared two translation Chin-Shihs, Ma Leji and Ma You. Both claims were based on documentation and couldn’t convince each other. For instance, in the 273 volume of Qing History Draft—Biography of Ma Leji, it explicitly mentioned that Ma Leji had taken the translation examination and got the first in metropolitan examination of translation. (Zhao Erxun, 1976:10038) The notation of this matter in Qing History Draft originated in A Collection of Biographies of Qing Dynasty Figures, which also mentioned that Ma Leji won the translation provincial graduate in Volume 15. (Zhou Junfu, 1986:767)--Zhong Yulu (talk) 15:07, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

In the first year of Yongzheng, the Emperor Shizong issued imperial edicts to hold Manchu translation examination, whereas in the 8th year of Shunzhi, there appeared two translation Chin-Shihs, Ma Leji and Ma You. Both claims were based on documentation and couldn’t convince each other. For instance, in the 273 volume of Qing History Draft—Biography of Ma Leji, it explicitly mentioned that Ma Leji had taken the translation examination and got the first in metropolitan examination. (Zhao Erxun, 1976:10038) The notation of this matter in Qing History Draft originated in A Collection of Biographies of Qing Dynasty Figures which also mentioned that Ma Leji won the translation provincial graduate in Volume 15.--Zhou Jiu (talk) 09:24, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081555

虽然上述两处记载中，均没有出现“翻译会试”字样，而只是说“以翻译举人举会试第一”，以及“明年会试第一名”，但支持者仍以顺治年间为翻译科的起始时间。将顺治八年的翻译考试视作清代翻译科的缘起，这种观点主要见诸于商衍鎏（2014：231）、王庆云（2001：34）和张杰（2007：193-194）等。在这些研究中，商衍鎏的观点尤其值得注意。

Though in two above-mentioned recordations, there were no “Metropolitan Examinations of Translation”, but appeared “the First-degree Scholar of translation is the champion of Metropolitan Examination” and “the champion of the Metropolitan Examination of the second year”. Supporters still regarded the translation section of Shun Zhi Period as the starting point. They believed that the translation examination during the eight years of Shun Zhi Perid is the origin of Qing’s translation, which was primarily held by Shang Yanliu (2014: 231), Wang Qinyun (2001: 34), Zhang Jie (2007: 193-194) and so forth. Among these researches, the opinions of Shang Yanliu in particular were worth paying close attention to.--Zhou Jiu (talk) 04:54, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

There were no “Metropolitan Examinations of Translation”, but rather “the First-degree Scholar of translation is the champion of Metropolitan Examination” and “the champion of the Metropolitan Examination of the second year” in two above-mentioned recordation. Supporters still regarded the translation section in Shun Zhi Period as the starting point. The viewpoint that the translation examination during the eighth years of Shun Zhi Period is the origin of Qing’s translation was primarily held by Shang Yanliu (2014: 231), Wang Qinyun (2001: 34), Zhang Jie (2007: 193-194) and so forth. Among these researches, the opinions of Shang Yanliu in particular were worth paying close attention to.--Zhou Junhui (talk) 07:04, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学 女 202120081556

商衍鎏乃清代末科八旗会试探花，先后授翰林院侍讲、国史馆协修，以及实录馆总校官等，他的看法具有代表性。《清代科举考试述录》中，商衍鎏对清代翻译科的阐述并不详实，仅论及翻译科的三个层次，即翻译童试、乡试与会试，但明确提及翻译科创设于顺治八年，指出这一年“定考试满洲、蒙古翻译”，而雍正时只是“复行考试”。（商衍鎏，2014：231）与商衍鎏等人不同，更多的人则是将翻译科之缘起归于雍正年间，如石桥崇雄（1988：5）、村上信明（2002：307）、屈六生（1993：229）、叶高树（2013：51）和邹长清（2013：145）等。

Shang Yanliu won the third place in the eight banners examination at the end of qing Dynasty，and he successively served as a lecturer in the Academician Academy, an official in charge of typesetting and printing in the Imperial Scholar Hall, and a general verification officer in the Record Hall, etc. So His views are representative. In Reference Recorded about Imperial Examination in the Qing Dynasty，Shang Yanliu's explanation of translation in Qing Dynasty is not detailed and true. He only talks about three levels, namely, the children's test, the village test and the imperial examination. However, He explicitly mentions that the department of Translation was established in the eighth year of Shunzhi, pointing out that in that year, "Manchurian and Mongolian translation examinations were set up", while in Yongzheng's reign, only "repeated examination" was conducted. （Shang Yanliu, 2014: 231) Different from Shang Yanliu et al., more people, such as Taxio Ishibashi (1988:5), Nobuaki Murakami (2002: 307), Qu Liusheng (1993: 229), Ye Gaoshu (2013: 51) and Zou Changqing (2013: 145), attributed the establishment of the Department of Translation to the reign of Yongzheng.--Zhou Junhui (talk) 15:37, 22 October 2021 Shang Yanliu won the number three in the eight banners’metropolitan examination at the end of Qing Dynasty，and he successively served as a lecturer in the Imperial Academy, an official in charge of typesetting and printing in the National History Institution, and a general verification officer in the Record Hall, etc. So His views are representative. In Reference Recorded about Imperial Examination in the Qing Dynasty, Shang Yanliu's elaboration of translation in Qing Dynasty is not detailed and definite. He only discussed three levels, namely, the county examination, the provincial examination and the metropolitan examination. However, He explicitly mentioned that the department of Translation was established in the eighth year of Shunzhi, pointing out that "Manchurian and Mongolian translation examinations were set up", while in Yongzheng's reign, only "office-hunter examination" was conducted. （Shang Yanliu, 2014: 231) Different from Shang Yanliu and others, more people, such as Taxio Ishibashi (1988:5), Nobuaki Murakami (2002: 307), Qu Liusheng (1993: 229), Ye Gaoshu (2013: 51) and Zou Changqing (2013: 145), attributed the establishment of the Department of Translation to the reign of Yongzheng.--Zhou Qiao1 (talk) 13:40, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081557

另外，也有少数将翻译铨选考试视作翻译科缘起者。如康熙二十四年，清廷曾组织翰林院侍讲的考选，由圣祖仁皇帝钦试。此次考试的对象以各部院衙门中的无品笔帖式，以及旗人中的革职、闲散人员为主，含八旗满洲、蒙古及汉军，应试者必须通汉文，善翻译。 Besides , there are a few who regard the selecting officials test as the origin of the translation department. For example, in the 24th year of Kangxi's reign, the Qing government organized an examination of the imperial tutor of the Imperial Academy, which was conducted by Emperor shengzuren. The participant of this examination are mainly the non-rank officials of various ministries and institutes who are proficient in translating, as well as the dismissed and idle personnel among the people, including the Manchuria, Mongolia and Han army of the eight banners. The candidates must be familiar with Chinese and specialize in translation.--Zhou Qiao1 (talk) 12:37, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

In addition, there are a small number of people who regard the translation qualification examination as the origin of the translation department. For example, in the twenty-fourth year of Kangxi, the Qing court organized an examination for the attendants of the Hanlin Academy, and the emperor Shengzuren tested it. The subjects of this examination are mainly the unskilled pen-post styles in various ministries and institutions, as well as the dismissed and idle personnel from the banner people, including the Eight Banners Manchuria, Mongolia and Han forces. The candidates must be proficient in Chinese and good at translating.--Zhou Qing (talk) 12:49, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

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周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学 女 202120081558

由于清代政书中对于此类考试并无统一命名，故多称之为“铨选”，即“选才授官”之意。简单来说，所谓“铨选”即是指各部院衙门通过考试翻译，从应试考生中选取成绩优异者，授官或派充至各部衙门，负责行政文书的翻译和撰拟，其主要的形式包括笔帖式、内阁侍读与侍讲、中书、通事、监贡等。正是由于铨选翻译考试的自身特点，有人便将其与翻译科考等而视之，不加区分。

Since there was no uniform name for this type of examination in the political books of the Qing Dynasty, it was often called "Quan Xuan", which meant "selecting talents and conferring officials". To put it simply, the so-called "selection" refers to the translation and translation of various ministries, colleges, and offices, and select candidates with excellent grades from the candidates, appoint officials or assign them to various ministries and offices, and be responsible for the translation and writing of administrative documents. Its main form is Including pen-and-post style, cabinet reading and lectures, Zhongshu, Tongshi, Jian Gong, etc. It is precisely because of the characteristics of the translation test that some people regard it as the translation test and so on, without distinguishing it.

Since there was no uniform name for this type of examination in the political books of the Qing Dynasty, it was often called "Quan Xuan", which meant "selecting talents and conferring officials".In short, the so-called "Quan Xuan" refered to various ministries and institutes selected outstanding students from the examinees through the examination translation，then awarded them with a title and office or assigned them to various ministries and offices, and be responsible for the translation and writing of administrative documents. It mainly involved pen-and-post style, cabinet reading and lectures, Zhongshu, Tongshi, Jian Gong, etc. It is precisely because of the characteristics of "Quan Xuan", that some people regarded it as translation test.--Zhou Xiaoxue (talk) 03:09, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学 女 202120081559

那么，清代翻译科是否滥觞于顺治八年？或者说，顺治八年出现的翻译考试是否具备翻译科的正式形态？欲回答此问题，务必先对《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》中的一段记载进行摘引与分析，其中写道：顺治八年六月壬申，礼部议：八旗科举例，凡遇应考年分，内院同礼部考取满洲生员一百二十名、蒙古生员六十名，顺天学政考取汉军生员一百二十名。

So, did translation department in the Qing Dynastystarted in the eighth year of Shunzhi? or did the translation examination in the eighth year of Shunzhi had the formal form of the translation department? To answer this question, we need to analyze the passage from the book named In Veritable Records of Qing Dynasty ·Veritable Records of Shunzhi Emperor. In this book, it said in June of the eighth year of emperor Shunzhi, The Ministry of Rites made the examination regulations of the Eight Banners. In the year of examination,The Cabinet and The Ministry of Rites would admit 120 students from Manchuria, 60 students from Mongolia, and120 Chinese Banners would be admitted by Shuntianfu Academy.--Zhou Xiaoxue (talk) 10:50, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

So,did Translation Department of Qing Dynasty started in the eighth year of Shunzhi? Or in other words, did the translation examination in the eighth year of Shunzhi have the formal form of the Translation Department? To answer these questions, we must first cite and analyze a record of the book named Factual Record of Qing Dynasty ·Factual Record of Shunzhi Emperor. In this book, it said in June of the eighth year of emperor Shunzhi, The Ministry of Rites made the examination regulations of the Eight Banners. As long as in the year of examination,The Cabinet and The Ministry of Rites would admit 120 students from Manchuria, 60 students from Mongolia, and 120 students of Han military army would be admitted by Shuntian school administration.

annotation: Renshen壬申）：One of the main branches in Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, the ninth in order. 学政：1. education; 2. abbreviation of supervising school administraton. --Zhu Suzhen (talk) 05:34, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081561

乡试取中满洲五十名、蒙古二十名、汉军五十名。各衙门无顶带笔帖式亦准应试，满洲、蒙古识汉字者，翻汉字文一篇；不识汉字者，作清字文一篇，汉军文章篇数如汉人例。会试取中满洲二十五名、蒙古十名、汉军二十五名。

The country-level examination took 50 from Central Manchuria, 20 from Mongolia and 50 from the Han military army. Each yamen which doesn't set up Dingdai Bithesi is also allowed to take the examination.Those who knew Chinese characters in Manchuria and Mongolia have to translate a Chinese character eaasay; Those who did not know Chinese characters had to write one article in Qing characters, and the number of articles in Han military army was as same as that of Han people. The metropolitan examination will take 25 from Central Manchuria, 10 from Mongolia and 25 from the Han military army.

annotation：

• Dingdai（顶带）: the official cap button in the Qing Dynasty with the meaning of being thankful and saluting.It shows various ranks by button of precious stone on top.
• Bithesi（笔帖式）：official name. Translated from Manchu.During the Kangxi period, the Yamen of each department set up Bithesi,including translation,coping writing and other titles.
• Han military army（汉军）: Han soldiers who defected to the Manchu invaders
• The metropolitan examinatiion(会试）: In the imperial examination era, it gathered the examiners from all provinces in the capital.

The country-level examination took 50 from Central Manchuria, 20 from Mongolia and 50 from the Han military army. Each yamen which didn't set up Dingdai Bithesi was also allowed to take the examination.Those who knew Chinese characters in Manchuria and Mongolia had to translate a Chinese character eaasay; Those who did not know Chinese characters had to write one article in Qing characters, and the number of articles in Han military army was as many as that of Han people. The metropolitan examination will take 25 from Central Manchuria, 10 from Mongolia and 25 from the Han military army.

annotation：

• Dingdai（顶带）: the official cap button in the Qing Dynasty with the meaning of being thankful and saluting.It shows various ranks by button of precious stone on top.
• Bithesi（笔帖式）：official name. Translated from Manchu.During the Kangxi period, the Yamen of each department set up Bithesi,including translation,coping writing and other titles.
• Han military army（汉军）: Han soldiers who defected to the Manchu invaders
• The metropolitan examinatiion(会试）: In the imperial examination era, it gathered the examiners from all provinces in the capital.--Zou Yueli (talk) 12:05, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学 女 202120081562

各衙门他赤哈哈番笔帖式、哈番俱准应试，满洲、蒙古识汉字者，翻汉字文一篇，作文章一篇；不识汉字者，作清字文二篇，汉军文章篇数如汉人例。报可。（鄂尔泰等，1985：457） 上文中，礼部所奏涉及八旗乡、会试的额数与形式等。

Each yamen held a written examination, and Hafan asked them to take the exam. People who know Chinese characters in Manchuria and Mongolia translate a Chinese character article and write a composition; Those who do not know Chinese characters write two Qing characters, and the number of articles written by the Han army is as many as that of the Han people. Yes. (ertai et al., 1985:457) In the above, the Ministry of rites involves eight flag Township and the amount and form of examination.--Zou Yueli (talk) 11:31, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Each government office holds two kinds of tests. Those who understand the characters in Manchuria and Mongolia translate one passage in Chinese characters and write an article; those who do not are required to finish two passage in Qing language; the number of articles for the Han army are as many as those of the Han people. Just as it is reported. ( Ertai et al., 1985 : 457 ) In the above, the Ministry of Rites are in charge of the region of the Eight Banners and the number and form of examination.--Chen Jing (talk) 02:12, 31 October 2021 (UTC)