Difference between revisions of "Culture loaded words"

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=1 羊叶 The Analysis of Culture-loaded Words of English Subtitle Translation in Chinese Movies-Taking Farewell to My Concubine as an Example 电影中英译字幕文化负载词的翻译分析——以《霸王别姬》为例=
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=Chapter 1: The Analysis of Culture-loaded Words of English Subtitle Translation in Chinese Movies-Taking Farewell to My Concubine as an Example =
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_1]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_1]]
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=== Abstract ===
 
  
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=== Key Words ===
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羊叶Yang Ye, Hunan Normal University, China
  
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=== 摘要 ===
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=2 谢庆琳 The Analysis of the Chinese Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Russian =
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=== 关键词 ===
 
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=== Introduction ===
 
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=== Analysis of Tranlation Strategies ===
 
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=== Discussion ===
 
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=== Conclusion ===
 
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=== References ===
 
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=2 谢庆琳 An Analysis of the Chinese Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Russian —— Taking the Russian TV Series “Interns” as an Example =
 
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_2]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_2]]
  
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=== Abstract ===
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=3 罗曦 Gary Snyder’s Translation of the Culture-loaded Words in Han Shan’s Poems from the Perspective of the Functionalist Skopos Theory =
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Language is a product of culture, an integral part of it and a condition of its existence, and an important factor in the formation of cultural codes. Since the 21st century, linguistics has actively studied a direction that sees language as a code for understanding the culture of a nation, not just as a tool for communication and cognition. As we all know, there are certain cultural differences among various ethnic groups influenced by factors such as geographical environment, political system, religious beliefs, living habits, moral values and aesthetic interests. These factors together contribute to the creation of culture-loaded words.
 
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=== Key Words ===
 
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Russian TV Series “Interns”; Culture-loaded Words; Translation Principles; Translation Strategies
 
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=== 题目 分析俄语文化负载词的中文翻译 —— 以俄罗斯电视剧《实习医生》为例===
 
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=== 摘要 ===
 
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语言是文化的产物，是文化的组成部分和存在条件，也是文化密码形成的一个重要因素。 21世纪以来，语言学积极研究一个方向，即把语言看作是了解一个民族文化的密码，而不仅仅是一个交流和认知的工具。众所周知，各民族受地理环境、政治制度、宗教信仰、生活习惯、道德价值、审美情趣等因素影响，其间存在一定的文化差异。这些因素共同促使了文化负载词的产生。
 
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=== 关键词 ===
 
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俄罗斯电视剧《实习医生》；文化负载词；翻译原则；翻译策略
 
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=== Introduction ===
 
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After the 1970s, cultural factors were gradually incorporated into the scope of linguists' studies, and cultural studies became a topic of common concern for linguists and translators. Susan Bassnett (1990), the core representative of the cultural translation concept, believes that translation is an exchange between cultures, and the reciprocity of translation should not only realize the reciprocity of language forms, but also pursue the reciprocity of cultural functions between the original text and the translated text. Therefore, translation is not only an act of purely linguistic conversion, but also a reflection of the cultural meaning of language. Language is a means of communication of human thoughts and feelings, and it is both a carrier and an important part of culture. In the process of historical development, countries around the world have formed large or small cultural differences due to different geographical environments, political rule, religious beliefs, traditional customs, lifestyles, value orientations and aesthetic interests. These factors have together contributed to the creation of a large number of cultural-loaded words. Each language has its own cultural vocabulary with cultural color and connotation, and these words reflect the cultural values of each nation. Because they are loaded with special national cultural connotations, cultural-loaded words often constitute the focus and difficulty of translation as an act of intercultural communication, and even become a barrier to the transmission of information.
 
  
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Guided by American translator and translation theorist Eugene Nida's theory of functional equivalence, this paper takes the Russian TV series "Intern" as an example to explore the cultural information carried by the cultural-loaded words in its subtitles and summarize its translation method. The translation of cultural-loaded words requires the translator to accurately and appropriately understand the beliefs, customs, aesthetics and values of the foreign culture, while faithfully transmitting the essence and soul of the translated culture to the readers of the translated language, so as to truly communicate with different cultures. The study of Chinese subtitles of Russian TV series from the perspective of cultural-load words not only promotes the communication between Chinese and Russian languages, but also has great significance in deepening the cultural understanding between Chinese and Russian people.
 
  
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The paper consists of an introduction, three chapters and concluding remarks. The introductory part firstly describes the feasibility, theoretical significance and practical significance of this research, and then clarifies the novelty of this research. The first chapter briefly outlines the concept of cultural-loaded words, and classifies cultural-loaded words according to Eugene Nida's functional equivalence theory, laying the foundation for the translation study of cultural-loaded words later on. Chapter 2 analyzes in detail the cultural-loaded words appearing in “Intern”, and discusses the translation principles and translation strategies of cultural-loaded words. The third chapter analyzes the causes of mistranslation and difficult-to-understand cultural-loaded words in “Intern”. The concluding remarks summarize the content of the whole text.
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功能主义目的论视角下加里斯奈德对寒山诗的英译研究
  
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=== Culture-loaded Words ===
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罗曦 Luo Xi, Hunan Normal University, China
  
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==== Definition of Culture-loaded Words ====
 
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Culture-loaded words are also called culturally connotative words. In the language system, culture-loaded words are the vocabulary which can best embody the cultural information that a language carries and they also reflect the social life.
 
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Behind each vocabulary are deeply imprinted the cultural, geographical and historical characteristics of a society. Vocabulary is the basic element of language,and the formation of each vocabulary is inseparable from culture. It carries a largeamount of "national cultural accumulation", that is, cultural connotation. This article is an analysis of Russian cultural-loaded words, reflecting mostly about the Russian national culture.
 
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Language is the carrier of culture, so cultural differences must also be reflected in language. Translation means the spread of culture, and words that carry culture are words that express culture. Therefore, the translator focuses on the cultural-loaded words that appear in the source text, and on this basis. The words containing language and culture reflect the development, progress and change of the language of a country's dynasties, as well as the accumulation of various activities that are completely different from other countries (Liao, 2002). Translating social cultural terms and ecological cultural terms can truly understand the living conditions and social conditions of a country in a specific period.
 
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==== Classification of Culture-loaded Words ====
 
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=== Translation Principles and Strategies of Russian Culture-loaded Words ===
 
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==== Translation Principles of Russian Culture-loaded Words ====
 
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==== Translation Strategies of Russian Culture-loaded Words ====
 
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=== The Translation Difficulties of Russian Culture-loaded Words ===
 
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=== Conclusion ===
 
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=== References ===
 
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=3 罗曦 The Translation of Culture-loaded Words from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence：Take Ezra Pound’s ''The Cathay'' for Example =
 
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_3]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_3]]
  
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===Abstract===
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=4 何芩 The Translation of Cultural-loaded words in ''Jiu Zhang'' in ''Chu Ci'' Translated by Xu Yuanchong 《九章》许渊冲译本文化负载词的翻译=
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===Key Words==
 
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Culture-loaded Words；Functional Equivalence；The Cathay；Ezra Pound
 
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=== 题目 功能对等视角下的文化负载词翻译——以庞德《华夏集》为例 ===
 
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=== 摘要 ===
 
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=== 关键词 ===
 
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文化负载词；功能对等理论；华夏集；庞德
 
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=4 何芩 The Translation of Cultural-loaded words in ''The Nine Elegies'' in ''Elegies of the South'' Translated by Xu Yuanchong=
 
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_4]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_4]]
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=== Abstract ===
 
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=== Key Words ===
 
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Translation；Culture-loaded Words；Chinese Clasics；HuXiang Culture
 
  
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=== 题目 《九章》许渊冲译本文化负载词的翻译 ===
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=5 孙雅诗 Study on the translation of culture loaded words under the ecological translation theory——Take the English translation of Dou E Yuan as an example 生态翻译学视域下文化负载词翻译研究——以《窦娥冤》英译本为例 =
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=== 摘要 ===
 
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=== 关键词 ===
 
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翻译；文化负载词；中国典籍；湖湘文化
 
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=== Introduction ===
 
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==== Research Background ====
 
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==== Purpose of the Research ====
 
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==== Structure of the Research ====
 
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=== Literature Review ===
 
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==== Introduction of Qu Yuan ====
 
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Qu Yuan (340 BC-278 BC) was a poet and statesman of the State of Chu during the Warring States period. His surname was Mi (芈姓), Qu (屈氏), his name was Ping (平), and his “zi” was Yuan (原). He was born in Danyang, Chu (now Zigui, Hubei) in about 340 B.C. He was a descendant of Qu Xie, son of King Xiong Tong of Chu.
 
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Qu Yuan was the first great patriotic poet in Chinese history, the founder of Chinese romantic literature, and is known as "the progenitor of Chinese poetry" and "the progenitor of rhetoric". He is the founder and representative author of the "Chu rhetoric" and started the tradition of “herb and beauty”.
 
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According to Si Ma Qian's words in “The Records of the Grand Historian”, there is also “The Invocation of the Soul”.
 
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In the form of language, Qu Yuan's works break through the pattern of the four-character stanzas of the Book of Songs, with five, six, seven, eight, or nine characters per stanza, as well as three-character and cross-stanzas, with a varied and flexible syntax; the word "兮" is used at the end of the stanzas, as well as "之," "于," "乎," "夫," "而," and other imaginary words to harmonize the syllables and create a rhythm of ups and downs and three sighs. In short, his works have great creativity from content to form.
 
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Qu Yuan's Chu rhetoric is the most imaginative, and his words are very beautiful. In "Li Sao", he used a lot of myths and legends, and brought the sun, moon, wind and clouds into the poems, making the rhetoric very splendid, and he also prominently depicted the story of three times of seeking a woman to express his own persistence and comparison. He is good at using beauty and herbs as a metaphor for a gentleman, and evil wood and filthy grass as a metaphor for a villain. Through the technique of simile, he writes to the fullest extent the scene where the king believes in slander, treacherous people are in power, and patriotic people have no way to serve the country.
 
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The emergence of Qu Yuan marked a new era in Chinese poetry, from collective singing to individual creation. In his early years, Qu Yuan was trusted by King Huai of Chu and served as a left apprentice and a great official of Sanlu, who was also in charge of domestic and foreign affairs. After Wu Qi, Qu Yuan was another advocate of law change in Chu. He advocated the "beautiful government", and advocated the appointment of virtuous people and the revision of laws internally, and the alliance with Qi against Qin externally. He was exiled to the north of Han and the Yuan-Xiang valley because he was ostracized and slandered by the nobles. In 1953, the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan's death, the World Peace Council adopted a resolution to identify Qu Yuan as one of the world's four cultural celebrities to be commemorated that year.
 
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==== Introduction of Chu Ci ====
 
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Chu Ci is the earliest collection of romantic poetry and the source of romantic literature. The name "Chu Ci" was first mentioned in “The Records of the Grand Historian - Cool Officials”. It is evident that this name existed at least in the early Han Dynasty. Its original meaning was a general reference to the songs and rhetoric of the Chu region, but only later did it become a specific term for the new poetic style represented by the compositions of Qu Yuan of the State of Chu during the Warring States period.
 
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At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled the works of Qu Yuan and Song Yu, as well as those of Huainan Xiaoshan, Dongfang Shuo, Wang Bao and Liu Xiang in the Han Dynasty, into a collection of sixteen poems, which was named “Chu ci”. This is the ancestor of the collection. Later, Wang Yi added his own work "Jiu Si", which became 17 pieces. The seventeen chapters are: "Li Sao", "Jiu Ge", "Tian Wen", "Jiu Zhang", "Yuan You", "Bu Jv", "Yu Fu", "Jiu Bian", "Zhao Hun", "Da Zhao", "Xi Shi", "Zhao Yinshi", "Qi jian", "Ai Shiming", "Jiu Huai", "Jiu Tan" and "Jiu Si". The structure of these seventeen chapters became the common text in later times.
 
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The book uses the dialects and rhythms of the Chu region to describe the mountains, rivers, people and history of the Chu region, and has a strong regional cultural color. The entire book is based on the works of Qu Yuan, and the rest of the poems also inherit the form of Qu Fu, with spirited feelings and strange imagination. Compared with the simple quatrain poems of the Book of Songs, the stanzas of the book are more lively and sometimes use the dialect of the state of Chu, which is unique in terms of rhythm and rhyme, making it more suitable for expressing rich and complex thoughts and feelings.
 
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Body.....
 
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=== References ===
 
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《楚辞：英汉对照》许渊冲译. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2011 Elegies of the South
 
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万丽.《楚辞》香草美人意象翻译策略[J].黑河学院学报,2021,12(06):126-128.
 
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白成亮,田传茂.《楚辞》神话意象的文化内涵及翻译方法研究[J].译苑新谭,2021,2(01):40-46.
 
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张艺格.《楚辞》西译本中原型意象的翻译策略研究[J].运城学院学报,2021,39(02):59-65.
 
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钱梦雨.文化适应论视角下《楚辞》文化意象的英译——以许渊冲译本为例[J].文教资料,2021(02):55-57.
 
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吴斐,龙卓,罗芸慧.“深度翻译”观下湖湘典籍《楚辞》英译传播研究[J].今古文创,2021(09):120-121.
 
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=5 孙雅诗 Study on cultural loaded word translation under the ecological translation horizon——Take the English translation of Dou'e injustice as an example=
 
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_5]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_5]]
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=== Abstract ===
 
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Based on the ecological translation theory, this article take the translation of cultural loaded words in Dou’e injustice, one Yuan Dynasty drama, as the research object, and analyze how the translators deliver the cultural information to the target audiences in terms of language dimension, culture dimension and communication dimension to promote the valid dissemination of drama culture in English-speaking countries. Also this article hopes to provide an effective reference for the current drama translation so as to make more foreign audiences appreciate Chinese drama and promote Chinese drama culture to go out better.
 
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=== Key Words ===
 
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Culture-loaded Words；Ecological translation；Chinese Classics
 
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=== 题目 生态翻译学视域下文化负载词翻译研究——以《窦娥冤》英译本为例 ===
 
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=== 摘要 ===
 
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本文基于生态翻译学理论，以元代戏剧《窦娥冤》文化负载词的翻译为研究对象，探究译者如何从语言维、文化维和交际维对戏剧中文化负载词进行翻译，并把这些词所承载的文化信息有效地传递给目标受众，促进元代杂剧文化在英语国家的有效传播，从而为当前戏剧的外宣翻译提供有效借鉴，促进中国戏剧文化更好地走出去，为外国受众欣赏。
 
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=== 关键词 ===
 
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文化负载词；生态翻译学；戏剧；翻译
 
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=== Introduction ===
 
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==== Research Background ====
 
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Chinese drama is the artistic treasure of Chinese classical culture and an important part of Chinese culture. In order to make the Chinese drama culture go out and let more foreign audiences understand and appreciate it, translation plays a very key role as a communicating bridge. However, due to the complexity of drama language and its historical culture, drama translation is difficult. To convey its original cultural connotations as much as possible, an appropriate translation strategy is required. At present, there are many theories of translation, this article chose to study Yang Xianyi and Dai Naidie’s translation of Dou’e injustice based on the ecological translation theory for two reasons. First, drama translation readers are not only the text readers, but also the directors, actors and audiences, so the translator needs to consider how to properly deal with the drama translation elements in the ecological environment. Second, in terms of domestic research situation, there is not much translation research on Dou'e injustice. We search the theme "Dou’e injustice translation" on CNKI, only to find 13 related papers. And there is only one paper related to the ecological translation. However, it just does the research in terms of cultural dimension and doesn’t fully use the ecological translation, so the study on English translation of Dou’e injustice based on ecological translation theory has a value of reference in some degree.
 
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==== Purpose of the Research ====
 
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==== Structure of the Research ====
 
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=== Body ===
 
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1.Relevant basic concepts
 
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1.1 Cultural loaded word
 
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Cultural loaded words, also known as unique cultural words and cultural connotation words, are the words or phrases that indicates things and concepts which belong to a certain culture. It "only exists in a certain culture, while in another culture, it is blank ".According to the cultural classification of Eugene A. Nida, cultural loaded words can be roughly divided into five types, which are the ecological words, material words, social words, religious words and linguistic cultural words.
 
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1.2 Ecological translation
 
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Ecological translation was put forward by Professor Hu Gengshen of Tsinghua University. He combined Darwin's basic principles of "natural selection" with the translation research work, and creatively put forward the view that "translators should adapt to the translation ecological environment and accept the control of the translation ecological environment". He believes that "translation is an activity in which translators should adapt to and select the translation ecological environment". This definition of the translation makes the translators be in the center during the translating process. He also advocates that translators should give full play to their subjective initiative and focus on the three dimensions, which are language, culture and communication. Here are the detailed introduction of these three important dimensions in ecological translation.
 
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1) Language adaptability
 
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The language dimension translation of cultural loaded words requires the real translation environment to be included into the target translation text. Translators should make effective conversions between the word pronunciation and semantic, word collocation, grammar structure and discourse layout to ensure that the translation can accurately convey the real meaning of the culture loaded words from the source language, and make them adapt to the expression habits of the target language utmost。
 
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2) Cultural adaptability
 
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The cultural dimension translation of cultural loaded words requires the translator to compare and analyze the cultural backgrounds and connotations of the source language and target language to realize the effective conversions between cultural connotations which are from different cultural backgrounds and to prevent the occurrence of cultural misunderstanding or cultural ambiguity phenomenon.
 
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3) Communication adaptability
 
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The communication dimension translation of cultural loaded words requires the translator to translate in terms of objective, true and accurate translation principles and effectively convey what the original author or discourse speaker intends to express emotional attitude and communication information to achieve the real communication utility.
 
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From the introduction above, we can see that ecological translation requires the translator, also the center, to make a comprehensive analysis of translation adaptation conditions and conduct valid conversions between the three dimensions to achieve a good effect in translation[1 ], which is challenging but meaningful.
 
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1.3 Dou'e injustice
 
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Dou 'e injustice is a representative Yuan miscellaneous drama written by Guan Hanqing, and it’s also a model of Yuan miscellaneous drama tragedies. It is based on the folk story of "Filial Women in the East China Sea" in the Eastern Han Dynasty. And it is of high value in the cultural aspect with a broad mass base. About 86 dramas have adapted and performed it. In the aspect of art, it reflects the integration of realism and romantic style. With rich imagination, bold exaggeration and the design of the surreal plot, it shows the huge power of justice, embodies the author's distinct love and hate, and reflects the people’s desire to punish the evildoers and fulfill the justice.
 
  
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=== References ===
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=6 杜莉娜 On the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Tourism Texts from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication—Exemplified by Zhangjiajie=
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阳赟.适应与选择——《窦娥冤》英译文化维适应性探究[J].辽宁医学院学报(社会科学版),2012,10(04):128-130.
 
  
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亢连连,刘思齐,姜华.浅析生态翻译学视角下陕西文化负载词的翻译策略[J].英语广场,2020(30):26-28.
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'''跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英译研究--以张家界为例'''
  
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曹雅琴,李延林 .生态翻译学视角下文化负载词口译——基于译者的适应与选择[J].青年时代,2020(4):17-18.
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杜莉娜 Du Lina, Hunan Normal University, China
  
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蒋晓萍,罗云 .生态翻译学视域下中国饮食文化负载词翻译研究——以《世说新语》英译本为例[J].广州大学学报(社会科学版),2020,19(5):54-61.
 
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=6 杜莉娜 On the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Tourism Texts—An Intercultural Communication Perspective =
 
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_6]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_6]]
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=== Abstract ===
 
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Culture-loaded words are special in vocabulary for all kinds of language. Being different from general words, the strong local traits of these words are concealed behind the language form, which leads to the untranslatability and difficulties of translating. The translation of culture-loaded words is a big challenge for a translator since he/she needs to master both the source language and the target language as well as be familiar with the local culture. The translator needs to keep the translation accurate and advoids to lose cultural identities of a term. A study of translating culture-loaded from an international communication perspective is practical for that taking communication as purpose it focuses on culture behind a language and tries to find an alternative expression, which makes the recievers fully understand the target language and its culture. In the light of intercultural communication, this paper takes tourism texts as example to analyze the translation principles and strategies of culture-loaded in tourism texts, deeply discussing some problems in the translation of tourism texts and providing some practical solutions for it.
 
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=== Key Words ===
 
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Intercultural Communication; Tourism;Culture-loaded words;Translation
 
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=== 题目 跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英译翻译研究 ===
 
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=== 摘要 ===
 
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对于任何一种语言来说，文化负载词都是词汇中一种特殊存在形式。与普通词汇不同，它借用语言外形将自己浓厚的当地色彩包裹起来，使其不可译或难以翻译。文化负载词的翻译是对译者对源语和译入语精通度和当地文化熟悉度的一种高挑战，这不仅需要译者考虑翻译的准确性，还不能丧失词汇本身的文化烙印。从跨文化交际的角度来翻译文化负载词不失为一种可行的办法，跨文化交际以交际为目的，注重保留语言的文化性，试图找到一种合适的替代性表达让语言接受者完全理解源语言以及其背后的文化因素。本文从跨文化交际角度出发，以旅游文本为例，分析其中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，进而分析旅游文本翻译存在的某些问题，并提供一些较为可行的解决办法。
 
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=== 关键词 ===
 
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跨文化交际，旅游，文化负载词，翻译
 
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=== Introduction ===
 
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Chinese culture runs a long history about 5,000 years. With the overall national strength is improving, China plays an important role in the whole world. Confucianism and Taoism is embodied in such political ideas as Belt and Road Initiative, Five Principles of Peaceful Coeixstence, socialism with Chinese characteristics and so on. Therefore, it is quite necessary to preserve Chinese culture heritage and carry forward Chinese culture in the current culture communication. Research on translation of culture-loaded words is such a important way culture topromote the indigenous cultrue. Culture-loaded words refers to some items that implies cultural background and connotations, and passing through the long-term historical precipitation these expression with culture character like words, proverbs, allusions and name of special figures have been produced. And the existing common phrases and idioms are part of culture-loaded words( Fang Mengzhi,2011).
 
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New Mark (2001)classified culture-loaded words as all kinds of types in ecology, material culture, social culture, society, politics, economy, administrative institutions and gesture. It is therefore of wide range of cultural expression, and these items have emerged endlessly with the changes of the times.In the communication, these words can best embody cultural information and social values and reflect the social life of human.Tourism texts relate to a variety of areas among mountains and rivers, museums, architecture,delicious food, animals and plants, which provide abundant and propor data for reaserch on culture-loaded words. The most direct way to realize domestic culture is travel for foreigners. Especially, there are magnificent mountains and rivers, splendid scenery and numerous delicious food, attracting many travelers around the whole world. In China, scenic spots essentially provide English translation, and now many of them also have Japanese, Korean and others translation. Tourism is crucial in making the first Chinese impression to foreigners and carrying on Chinese culture. It is the key language data in studying culture-loaded words as well as the critical way in cross-communication.So the importance of tourism texts is obvious. This paper chooses the intercultural communication perspective to analyze the English translation principles and strategies in tourism texts, deeply discussing the interrelations among language, culture and translation.
 
−
 
−
=== Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Tourism texts from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication ===
 
−
==== Principles of Tourism Translation in the Light of Intercultural Perspective ====
 
−
跨文化交际的根本目的在于语言和文化交流，在旅游文本的文化负载词的翻译中，首先应该保证意思准确，不能歪曲文化词汇的词意，在文化负载词的理解上应结合文化来理解，所以要求译者本身要有良好的中文素养；其次，保证简单、清晰。旅游文本的翻译应该简单明了，让游客一目了然，很快能够抓住中心；在把握住这两方面的基础上，再同时兼顾其中的文化和美学表达。
 
−
The fundamental aim of cross-communication is language and cultural exchanges. In the translation of culture-loaded in tourism texts, the first is keeping the meaning accurate without misunderstanding the meaning of cultural words. Translators should grasp the meaning of a culture-loade term combining with the native culture, which requires their Chinese literary at a high level.Secondly, keeping clear and simple. The translation of tourism should be so brief and clear that people can grasp the key point at a glance; then based on the two aspects, giving consideration to cultural transmission and aesthetic expression.
 
−
 
−
===== Accuracy =====
 
−
===== Clarity =====
 
−
===== Culture Transmission =====
 
−
===== Aesthetic Expression  =====
 
−
 
−
===Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Tourism texts ===
 
−
===== Foreignizatiom Strategy=====
 
−
====== Literal Translation ======
 
−
====== Transliteration ======
 
−
====== Amplification ======
 
−
===== Domestication Strategy=====
 
−
====== Free Translation ======
 
−
====== Omission ======
 
−
 
−
=== Conclusion ===
 
−
Bla, bla, bla
 
−
 
−
=== References ===
 
−
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona Muenster: LIT
 
  
 
=7 宫博雅 An analysis of the Chinese translation of culture-loaded words in Russian Idioms =
 
=7 宫博雅 An analysis of the Chinese translation of culture-loaded words in Russian Idioms =
−
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_7]]
 
−
 
−
===Abstract===
 
−
Language is the carrier of culture, and the characteristics of language also reflect the characteristics of culture. Culture is closely related to language. In-depth understanding and exploration of culture is conducive to language learning and better use of language for communication. Idiom as a fixed structure in language expression, with profound cultural connotation, is an important part of a national culture. Russian idioms are the concentration of the essence of Russian national culture, including Russian history, religion, national thinking, cultural customs, local customs and other unique national characteristics. In the process of language development, each nation has accumulated its own unique culture-loaded words. These words are loaded with the unique cultural connotation of this nation and express the rich cultural color of this nation. Due to different cultural backgrounds and historical development tracks, Russian contains many words, phrases and idioms that represent unique things in Russian culture. From the perspective of Nida's cultural classification, this paper analyzes the Chinese translation of culture-loaded words in Russian idioms, which is helpful to promote the study of Russian language and deepen the understanding of Russian traditional culture and Russian national psychology.
 
−
 
−
===Key words===
 
−
Culture-loaded Words; Russian idioms; Russian culture
 
−
=== 题目 ===
 
 
俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析
 
俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析
−
=== 摘要 ===
 
−
语言是文化的载体，语言的特性同时也体现了文化的特性，文化与语言紧密相关。对文化的深入了解和探究有助于语言的学习和更好的运用语言进行交际。成语作为固定的结构存在于语言表达中，具有深刻的文化内涵，是一个民族文化的重要表现部分。俄语成语是俄罗斯民族文化精华的浓缩，其中包含俄罗斯历史、宗教、民族思维、文化习俗、风土人情等特有的民族特点。语言发展的进程中，每个民族都积累了本民族特有的文化负载词。这些词语负载着本民族独特的文化内涵，表现本民族丰富的文化色彩。由于不同的文化背景和历史发展轨迹，俄语中包含许多代表俄罗斯文化中特有事物的词、词组和习语。本文以奈达的文化分类为视角，分析俄罗斯成语中文化负载词的中文翻译，有助于促进对俄罗斯语言的学习，进一步加深对俄罗斯传统文化及俄罗斯民族心理的了解。
 
−
=== 关键词 ===
 
−
文化负载词；俄语成语；俄罗斯文化
 
−
===Introduction===
 
  
−
===1.The meaning of culture-loaded words===
+
宫博雅 Gong Boya, Hunan Normal University, China
−
Liao Qiyi said, "Culture-loaded words refer to words, phrases and idioms that mark things unique to a certain culture. These words reflect the unique activities of a particular ethnic group that have gradually accumulated in the long course of history and are different from other ethnic groups."
 
  
−
===2. Classification of culture-loaded words===
+
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_7]]
−
According to Nida's classification of cultural factors, culture-loaded words can be divided into five categories. The first category is ecological culture-loaded words, which usually refer to the plants and animals, geographical environment, climate change and other related words in a specific region. The second category is material culture-loaded words, which refer to the specific material products in different cultures. Generally, they refer to words including food, clothing, housing and transportation. The third category is the social culture-loaded words, which usually involve the words of social etiquette, social identity, leisure and entertainment, such as local conditions and practices, traditions, social rules, religious beliefs, moral standards, historical background, ideology and so on. For example, different cultures have different festivals and celebration customs, and people give different meanings to color words. The fourth category is religious culture-loaded words, which generally reflect the cultural beliefs of a certain nation. The fifth category is language culture-loaded words. Different nations have different speaking ways and habits, which are reflected in pronunciation, vocabulary, syntax and other aspects.
 
−
 
 
−
===3. Translation methods of culture-loaded words===
 
−
 
 
−
===4. Culture-loaded words in Russian idioms===
 
−
 
 
−
====4.1 Ecological culture-loaded words in Russian idioms====
 
−
 
 
−
====4.2 Material culture-loaded words in Russian idioms====
 
−
 
 
−
====4.3 Religious culture-loaded words in Russian idioms====
 
−
 
 
−
====4.4 CultureSocial culture-loaded words in Russian idioms====
 
−
 
 
−
====4.5 The linguistic culture-loaded words in Russian idioms====
 
−
 
 
−
===Conclusion===
 
−
===Reference===
 
−
[1]于建华.俄语成语与俄罗斯民族文化研究[J].散文百家,2019(11):222.
 
−
[2]王发金.俄语成语文化的研究[J].旅游纵览(下半月),2017(22):237.
 
−
[3]袁顺芝.俄汉翻译中的语言文化现象及其处理方法[J].中国俄语教学,2014,33(04):40-44.
 
−
[4]司道权.浅析俄语成语的特点及翻译方法[J].品牌,2015(03):113.
 
−
[5]裴晓明.俄语成语翻译中的几个问题[J].科技信息,2012(30):212.
 
−
[6]王金凤.俄语成语的意义及其翻译[J].中国翻译,2008,29(05):72-74.
 
−
[7]张莹.俄语成语翻译中的文化伴随意义[J].佳木斯大学社会科学学报,2006(02):157-158.\
 
−
[8]鞠海娜.俄汉成语蕴含的民族文化比较研究[J].黑河学院学报,2021,12(04):174-175.
 
−
[9]廖七一 .当代西方翻译理论探索 [M]. 南京 :译林出版社 , 2000
 
  
−
=8 周小雪《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究=
+
=8周小雪 The Translation of Culture Loaded Words in English and Japanese Versions of Medicine =
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_8]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_8]]
−
 
−
===Abstract===
 
−
Translation of culture-loaded words has been a difficult problem for translators.The culture behind culture-loaded words made translator hard to find words that are coherent to the sauce text. For the same culture-loaded word, different languages have different translation methods. This paper takes the novel Medicine as an example exploring the contrast of English and Japanese translation of culture-loaded words in the same text.
 
−
 
−
===Key words===
 
−
Culture-loaded Words; Medicine; The Comparison of English and Japanese Translations
 
−
=== 题目 ===
 
−
=== 摘要 ===
 
−
=== 关键词 ===
 
−
===Introduction===
 
−
 
−
===1.Introduction of Culture-Loaded Words===
 
−
 
−
Translation is not the direct conversion of two languages. In the process of translating from one language to another, we should not only get faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance, but also understand the culture concepts behind each word in the original. Culture-loaded words have always been a difficult problem in translation. Due to cultural differences, it is difficult for translators to find words that are coherent to the sauce text. In the process of translation, if the translation work in a comparatively mechanical manner, it is hard for us to understand the true meaning of the original. Therefore, it is very important to do a good job in translating culture-loaded words.
 
−
 
−
====1.1 The Definition  of Culture-loaded Words====
 
−
Before now, scholars abroad and home had paid attention to culture-loaded words. Different people have different definitions of culture loaded words. Mona Baker put forward the the concept of “culture-specific” (Baker 1992:222). The meaning of a word in the source language is often different in the target language, which often makes readers from the target language culture at a loss. Culture-loaded words are sometimes abstract, involving religious beliefs or cultural customs, and sometimes they are specific.Spanish translator Javier Franco Aixela put forward the definition of "cultural-specific item). It tells us that "There are some items in the text, and the translation difficulties will occur when its function and meaning are transferred from the source language to the target language. There is no coherent item in the cultural system of the target language.In China, He Yuanjian put forward the concept of “indegineuous information”, which refers to the unique concept bred by a language in the development of its own history, culture, society and way of thinking. It is alien to another language.Bao Huinan viewed culture-loaded words as a kind of vocabulary vacancy,means that the cultural information carried by the source language vocabulary has no counterpart in the target language. (Bao Huinan, 2004:10) He think that"Every language is the product of the cultural development of a country and nation, and has its long historical background and rich cultural connotation. Every country and nation has its unique development history, social system, ecological environment, religious belief and national customs. Therefore, each language has its own specific vocabulary, idioms and allusions "Culture loaded words" reflect these concepts and things. "(Bao Huinan 2004:10) Liao Qiyi, a famous translation expert in China, summarized the above two parts of the discussion on culture loaded words, he thought that culture loaded words are "Words, phrases and idioms that mark the unique things in a culture. These words reflect the unique activity mode gradually accumulated by a specific nation in the long historical process, which is different from other nations."(Liao qiyi 2000:230)
 
−
 
−
====1.2 The Classificationof Culture-loaded Words====
 
−
 
−
===2. Introduction of Medicine ===
 
−
 
−
===3. The Comparison of Culture-loaded words'Translation between English and Japanese of Medicine===
 
−
 
−
===Conclusion===
 
−
 
−
===Reference===
 
  
 
=9 付诗雨 On Translating Chinese Culture-loaded Words in Cultural Relics Commentaries into Japanese——A Case Study of Hunan Museum =
 
=9 付诗雨 On Translating Chinese Culture-loaded Words in Cultural Relics Commentaries into Japanese——A Case Study of Hunan Museum =
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_9]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_9]]
  
−
===Abstract===
+
=10 丁旋 On the Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory =
−
Museum has served as an indispensable platform for cross-cultural communication. The commentaries translation of cultural relics provided by museums, affecting the acceptability of the target text receiver directly, has a crucial impact on the inter-cultural understanding and communication. In the process of cultural relics commentaries translation, it is still an important academic subject needing further research that how to deal with the incompatibility of linguistic signs and cultural concepts between the source language and the target language, and how to accurately convey the characteristics, meanings and cultural implications of culturally-loaded words inside. Nevertheless, the academic studies on the translation of cultural relics commentaries in Chinese museums started relatively late, among which especially the researches focused on the Japanese version are not abundant enough both in quantity and content, and the intelligibility and acceptability need to be strengthened.Therefore, this thesis takes the Japanese version of the cultural relics commentaries from Hunan museum’s basic display as the research objects, adopting Eugene Nina’s translation equivalence theory as the theoretical guidance. In this thesis, culturally-loaded words with different cultural meanings are analyzed through comparing with the source text, and then the translation skills are concluded, expecting to provide some reference for future translation of cultural relics commentaries. 
 
−
 
 
−
===Key words===
 
−
Cultural Relics Commentaries; Culturally-loaded Words;Translation Equivalence;Chinese-Japanese Translation Skills;
 
  
−
=== 题目 ===
 
−
文物解说词中的文化负载词的日译研究——以湖南博物馆为例
 
−
=== 摘要 ===
 
−
博物馆是跨文化交际的重要窗口。其所藏文物解说词的翻译质量直接影响着目标受众对译文的接受度，制约着异文化的理解和交流。在文物解说词的翻译过程中，如何对待和处理源语言和目标语言在语言符号和文化观念不对等问题，怎样才能使其中的文化负载词的特点、含义和文化意蕴得以准确的传达，是一个亟待深入研究的重要课题。然而，中国国内博物馆文物解说词的翻译研究起步较晚，特别是日译研究在数量和内容上都不够丰富，可读性和接受性等诸多方面还亟待加强。本文选取湖南省博物馆基本陈列的文物解说词作为考察对象，以尤金·奈达的翻译等值论为理论指导，逐一对具有不同文化含义的词汇进行原、译文对照分析与改进，归纳出这类文化负载词的翻译技巧，以期为文物解说词日译提供些许参考。
 
−
=== 关键词 ===
 
−
文物解说词;文化负载词;翻译等值论;日译技巧;
 
−
===Introduction===
 
−
Under the background of globalization, translation has become an important bridge of cross-cultural communication and transmission, rather than merely a simple conversion of language signs. With the further development of China's opening up, Chinese museums have gradually become one of the main channels for foreign tourists to know about Chinese culture, among which the translation of cultural relics commentaries play an indispensable role. Owing to their own characteristics, the cultural relics commentaries often contains numerous vocabularies carrying abundant information of history, culture, customs, habits and so on, what is called culturally-loaded words. The translation quality of culturally-loaded words directly affects the target text receiver’s acceptability of Chinese culture, influencing the intercultural communication. In order to make a better use of translation versions of cultural relics commentaries and better display Chinese culture, it is crucial to take further studies on the translation and introduction of culturally relics commentaries, especially culturally-loaded words inside. 
 
−
 
−
In recent years, foreign translations of cultural relics commentaries have appeared successively in museums at different levels in China, on which more and more academic studies have been made. Whereas researches on Japanese version have a relatively later start comparing with English version, so outcomes are not abundant enough both in quantity and content. However, Japan belongs to the cultural circle of Chinese characters as well, whose culture has been also deeply influenced by Chinese traditional culture since ancient times, so there must be its own uniqueness in the translation skills of cultural-loaded words. So as to improve the display of Chinese culture to Japanese tourists, the expression selected is supposed to be understood and accepted by them, especially the Japanese translation quality of culturally-loaded words. The translation equivalence theory represented by Eugene A. Nida holds that the seek of translation is rather than the mechanical correspondence on the text superficially, but the relationship between the target text receiver and the target text information be basically the same as that in the source text. This theory is in line with the fundamental mission of commentaries translation as external propaganda, which has a practical guiding significance for the research and practice of Japanese translation of cultural relics commentaries. Therefore, based on the similarities and differences between Chinese and Japanese languages and cultural values under the background of cross-cultural communication, this thesis discusses the Japanese translation skills of Chinese culturally-loaded words in cultural relics commentaries under the guidance of translation equivalence theory and the reference of specific translation skills.
 
−
 
−
===1. The Theory of Translation Equivalence and Specific Translation Skills===
 
−
 
−
===2. The Definition and Classification of Culture-loaded Words===
 
−
 
−
===3. Approaches Applied in Translating Chinese Culture-loaded Words in Cultural Relics Commentaries into Japanese===
 
−
====3.1 Culture-loaded Words Related to Material Culture====
 
−
 
−
====3.2 Culture-loaded Words Related to Social Culture====
 
−
 
−
====3.3 Culture-loaded Words Related to Religious Culture====
 
−
 
−
====3.4 Culture-loaded Words Related to Linguistic Culture====
 
−
 
−
===Conclusion===
 
−
 
−
===References===
 
−
 
−
<nowiki>--~~~~Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>
 
−
 
−
=10 丁旋 从纽马克翻译理论看林语堂版《扬州瘦马》中文化负载词的翻译 Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' ofLin Yutang's version from the perspective of Newmark’s translation theory =
 
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_10]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_10]]
  
−
===Abstract===
+
=11 高蜜On the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in ''Lao Can You Ji'' from the Perspective of Cultural Schema Theory 从文化图式理论看《老残游记》中文化负载词的英译=
−
 
 
−
===Key words===
 
−
Newmark’s Translation Theory; Culture-Loaded Words; ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow''; Lin Yutang
 
−
===Introduction===
 
−
 
 
−
===1. Introduction of Zhang Dai and ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow''===
 
−
====1.1 Introducation of Zhang Dai ====
 
−
Zhang Dai(1597-1684), ci poet and historian of the late Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty, born in Shaoxing city, Zhejiang province. He came from a scholarly family for three generations of successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations in his family. In the first half of his life, he indulged in entertainments, living in an extravagant life and doing himself proud for his well-to-do family. He described himself as “I was a dude in early times and I liked prosperity, delicate houses, beautiful maids, clever children, new clothes and delicious food, fine horses, colorful lanterns, fireworks......(Timothy Brook 43)”. When Zhang Dai was 48 years old, Ming dynasty fell and his hometown destructed. He lost everything, went to a mountain temple and lived in a poor life. Because of this huge contrast, he wrote a lot of classical works such as ''Pottery Recall by Buddhist Nunnery Dreams'' and ''Seeking Dreams in West Lake''. Besides, he also went to a lot of brothels and Chinese theatrical places in Jiangnan region. However, he acted as a spectator in these places, observing the scene and situation carefully. Especially ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow'' discussed here, he accompanied his friends to select and buy "lean horse" many times so that he could write a passage about it, which won universal praise(Zhang Zetong 19).
 
−
 
 
−
====1.2 Introduction of ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow''====
 
−
''Concubine market'' refers to some people bought beautiful girls from poor family, taught them skills of women and courtesy, cultivated them how to be good wives and sold them to the rich as concubine. "Lean horse" refers to these girls. In the dialect of Yangzhou, "marry a horse" means "marry a wife", which is the origin of the call of "breed lean horse"(Wang Yuanhua 80). "Horse" is a humiliating word to women and "lean" manifests the low status of women in ancient time.
 
−
Ancient Yangzhou, a crucial harbor for canal transportation of salt, is a prosperous city which attracts a large number of scholars and businessmen to come. As a city of Jiangnan region, the weather is suitable and scenery is beautiful. The green willows, warm breeze, bright moon, delicate buildings and colorful lighting were very attractive with songs and music throughout the night. The laughter and sound of wine glasses spread over the city and lasted all night. The wandering scholars often indulged in this prosperity and went to the entertaining places such as brothels, however, the rich businessmen despised these places. But they also had the requirement of beauties so that the "lean horse" industry began to operate to satisfy this need. This is the origin and history of "concubine market".
 
−
''The Concubine Market of Yangchow'' is written by Zhang Dai after observing the transaction of "lean horse" many times. So he wrote this transaction in detail which is regarded as a classical work in later time.
 
−
 
 
−
===2. Introduction of Culture-Loaded Words ===
 
−
====2.1 Definition of Culture-Loaded Words====
 
−
In Linguistics, Spair-Whorf Hypothesis puts forward that the relationship between language and culture. Language mould our thinking patterns and expresses the unique ways of understanding the world. It is divided into two versions: strong version and weak version. Strong version refers to that language determines our thinking patterns but weak version thinks that the similarities of language are relative. The greater the structural differentiation is, the more divers the conceptualization of the world will be. Therefore, culture is encoded and transmitted by the language which influences the way of thinking and viewing of the world and embodies cultural realities. On the contrary, language is the product of culture which influences language and makes language change to fit the development of culture. Language loads a large amount of culture such as political system, living condition, religion belief and social custom and so on. Culture-loaded words are some terms, idioms and collocations full of national culture. Many masters put forward the definition of culture-loaded words. It was initially put forward in ''Culturally Loaded Words and English Language Teaching'' by Xu Guozhang in 1980. Some other satements: “Culture-loaded words are words within a specific cultural range, and are a direct and indirect reflection of national culture in language vocabulary(Hu Wenzhong, 1999:64)”; “Culture-loaded words refer to words, phrases, and idioms that mark a particular cultural thing. These words reflect the unique activities of a particular nation that are gradually accumulated in the long historical process and are different from other nations(Liao Qiyi, 2000:232)”. We can see that culture-loaded words as a language carrier are the specific words of one nation, which loads rich national information of culture.
 
−
 
 
−
====2.2 Categorization of Culture-Loaded Words====
 
−
 
 
−
===3. The Translation Theory of Mewmark===
 
−
====3.1 Interlingual Translation====
 
−
====3.2 Intralingual Translation====
 
−
 
 
−
====4. Analysis of the Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow'' ====
 
−
====4.1 Interlingual Translation Theory in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow'' ====
 
−
====4.2 Intralingual Translation Theory in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow'' ====
 
−
 
 
−
===Conclusion===
 
−
 
 
−
===References===
 
−
 
 
−
<nowiki>--~~~~Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>
 
−
 
 
−
=11 高蜜=On the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in ''The Travels of Lao Ts'an'' from the Perspective of Cultural Schema Theory
 
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_11]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_11]]
  
−
===Abstract===
+
=12 殷慧珍 A study on the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in ''The Spring Festival'' written by Fang Huawen Based on Domestication and Foreignization Strategies =  
  
−
===Key words===
+
殷慧珍 Yin Huizhen, Hunan Normal University, China
−
''The Travels of Lao Ts'an''; Cultural Schema Theory; Culture-Loaded Words;
 
−
===1 Introduction===
 
−
====1.1 Research Background====
 
−
====1.2 Research Methodology and Purpose====
 
−
====1.3 Research Significance====
 
−
====1.4 Structure of the Thesis====
 
  
−
===2 Literature Review===
 
−
====2.1 Previous Studies on the Translation of Cultural-loaded words ====
 
−
====2.2 Previous Studies on Cultural Schema Theory====
 
−
 
−
===3 Theoretical Framework===
 
−
====3.1 Introduction to Schema====
 
−
====3.2 Cultural Schema Theory====
 
−
====3.3 Application of Cultural Schema on Translation====
 
−
 
−
====4  Translation of Culture-loaded Words in The Travels of Lao Ts’an from the Perspective of Schema Theory====
 
−
====4.1 Words with Corresponding Cultural Schema ====
 
−
====4.2 Words with Divergent Cultural Schema ====
 
−
====4.3 Words with Vacant Cultural Schema  ====
 
−
 
−
===Conclusion===
 
−
 
−
===References===
 
−
 
−
=12 殷慧珍A study on the English Translation of Culture Loaded Words in ''The Spring Festival'' written by Fang Wenhua Based on Domestication and Foreignization Strategies=
 
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_12]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_12]]
  
−
===Abstract===
+
=13 程杨 Translation of Cultural-loaded Words in ''Border Town'': A Case Study of Gladys Yang’s English translation =
−
===Key Words===
 
−
===1. Introduction===
 
−
 
 
−
===2. Fang Wenhua and ''The Spring Festival''===
 
−
 
 
−
===3. Domestication and Foreignization Strategies===
 
−
===4. Culture Loaded Words===
 
−
===5. A study on the English Translation of Culture Loaded Words in ''The Spring Festival'' written by Fang Wenhua Based on Domestication and Foreignization Strategies===
 
−
===Conclusion===
 
−
===References===
 
−
 
 
−
=13 程杨 《边城》中文化负载词的翻译—以戴乃迭英译本为例 Translation of Cultural-loaded Words in ''Border Town'':A Case Study of Dai Naidie’s English translation =
 
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_13]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_13]]
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===Abstract===
 
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===Key Words===
 
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===Introduction===
 
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===1.Introduction of ''Broder Town''===
 
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====1.1 Background of ''Broder Town''====
 
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====1.2 Introduction of the Author Shen Congwen====
 
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===2. Cultural-loaded Words===
 
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====2.1 Definition of Cutural-loaded Words====
 
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====2.2 The Necessity of Cultural-loaded Words Study====
 
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===3. Analysis of Translation of Cultural-loaded Words in ''Border Town'':A Case Study of Dai Naidie’s English translation===
 
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====3.1 The Introduction to Dai Naidie====
 
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====3.2 Lexical Analysis====
 
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=====3.2.1 Analysis on Character Names=====
 
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=====3.2.2 Analysis on Place Names=====
 
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=====3.2.3 Analysis on Cultural-loaded Words=====
 
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===Conclusion===
 
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===Reference===
 
  
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《边城》中文化负载词的翻译—以戴乃迭英译本为例
  
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=14 胡舒情 浅谈中医典籍中文化负载词的翻译策略——以《伤寒论》为例Discussion on Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Traditional Chinese Medical Classics: A Case Study of ''Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold''=
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程杨 Cheng Yang, Hunan Normal University, China
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[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_ 14]]
 
  
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=== Abstract ===
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=14 胡舒情 On Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Traditional Chinese Medical Classics: A Case Study of ''Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold''=
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''Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold'', written by Zhang Zhongjing in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, is one of the "four Classics" of Traditional Chinese medicine which uses ''six channels'' as guiding principles of syndrome differentiation and treatment. The book concentrates the traditional Chinese medical wisdom, which is both scientific and literary. The writing is smooth and simple, and the language is straightforward and vivid. A large number of rhetorical devices such as reduplication of words are used to reflect the beauty of Classical Chinese. Its multiple values have led more and more scholars to devote themselves to research, study and even translation and promotion, and a number of outstanding scholars have emerged at home and abroad to devote themselves to the translation work of this book. However, it is not easy to translate this book. China has an excellent history and profound culture, and the book contains many culture-loaded words. The translation quality of such words directly affects the translation quality, so it is necessary to adopt appropriate translation strategies. Therefore, the author chooses the version translated by Professor Luo Xiwen as the research blueprint to study the translation strategy of culture-loaded words in traditional Chinese medicine classics, in order to promote the translation of this book to a higher level.
 
  
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=== Key Words ===
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浅谈中医典籍中文化负载词的翻译策略——以《伤寒论》为例
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cultrue-loaded words; Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold; Tranditional Chinese medicine classics; translation strategies
 
  
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=== 题目 浅谈中医典籍中文化负载词的翻译策略——以《伤寒论》 ===
+
胡舒情 Hu Shuqing, Hunan Normal University
  
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=== 摘要 ===
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[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_14]]
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《伤寒论》为东汉末年的张仲景所著，是以六经作为辩证论治的纲领，荣列为中医“四大经典”之一。该书浓缩了中国传统医学智慧，兼具科学性与文学性，行文流畅朴素，语言直白形象，其中大量运用叠词等修辞手法，体现了中国文言文之美。其多重价值致使越来越多的学者致力于研究、学习、甚至是翻译推广，国内外皆涌现出一批优秀学者投身该书的翻译工作中。但翻译此书并非易事，中国历史优秀、文化精深，书中包含众多文化负载词，这类词的翻译质量直接影响译文质量，采取合适的翻译策略必不可缺。因此，笔者选择了罗希文教授所翻译的版本，作为中医典籍文化负载词翻译策略的研究蓝本，以期推进该书翻译工作更上一层楼。
 
  
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=== 关键词 ===
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=15 陈静 The Translation of Culture-loaded Words From the Perspective of Skopos Theory: A Case Study of ''Xi Jinping: The Governance of China''=
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文化负载词，《伤寒论》，中医典籍，翻译策略
 
−
 
 
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===1. Introduction===
 
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In recent years, China's international influence and national soft power have gradually improved, and the country has consciously pushed Chinese culture to all over the world. Traditional Chinese medicine culture, as an indispensable part of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation, has a long historical tradition and unique theories and technical methods. Rich classic materials and humanistic spirit of TCM are amazing, and the external dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine culture is becoming more and more important. Under this background, the translation of traditional Chinese medicine in China has been gradually carried out, and the culture-loaded words in the classics of traditional Chinese medicine are important features that reflect their rich cultural color and humanistic connotation, and the translation of culture-loaded words is the key to the translation of traditional Chinese medicine. Culture-loaded words are parts of the construction of traditional Chinese medicine culture and have basic research value. They cannot be unilaterally regarded as completely untranslatable because of the differences between Chinese and Western cultures. Facing the problems of translation, it is particularly important to put forward feasible translation strategies. A large number of translators of traditional Chinese medicine classics have also emerged in China, facing difficulties and striving to show the world the classics’ cultural accumulation and research results. Among them, the translator Luo Xiwen has translated a series of traditional Chinese medicine classics such as Condensed Compendium of Materia Medica, Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber, Huangdi Neijing, and Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold. As one of China's historical medical works, Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold is a classic work of traditional Chinese medicine written by Zhang Zhongjing in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It plays an important role in the development of medical history in the cultural biography of traditional Chinese medicine. This article will discuss the translation strategies of culture-loaded words in traditional Chinese medicine classics through Luo's translation of Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold.
 
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===2. TheDefinition and Classification of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Medical Classics ===
 
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====2.1 The Definition====
 
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Different scholars have different interpretations of culturally loaded words, but a widely accepted definition is that words, phrases and idioms which mark the unique things in a certain culture. These words are deeply imprinted by the region and times of a language society. They only exist in one culture but are blank in another culture.
 
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In recent years, many scholars have begun to pay attention to culture-loaded words in traditional Chinese medicine classics. Some scholars have tried to give a definition of traditional Chinese medicine culture-loaded words, but there is no clear definition yet. However, scholars Zhang Miao and others put forward a recognition step and word selection standard for traditional Chinese medicine culture-loaded words. First of all, read through the full text and divide the semantic groups. Secondly, judge whether the semantic group belongs to the shared vocabulary of all human culture, that is, to express one concept of things as a vocabulary in the context of one language and culture, and words that indicate the corresponding concept in another language and culture background. For example, the words "apple", "pear" and "fire" in Chinese express the same concept and corresponding words in English. If it does not belong to part of speech, then determine whether each semantic group belongs to the following three categories. First, the basic terminology of traditional Chinese medicine. Such terms are usually divided into basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine, diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine, diseases of traditional Chinese medicine, treatment of traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and moxibustion, and prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine. Second, words unique to Chinese material culture, such as unique characters and things. Third, the unique language phenomenon of ancient Chinese. Such as ancient and modern synonymous words, common false words, word polysemy, etc. If it belongs to, and there is no obvious English corresponding word in the above semantic group, it is a culturally loaded word. According to this method, this paper selects the culture-loaded words in Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold in the following article for analysis.
 
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====2.2 The Classification====
 
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After framed the culture-loaded words of traditional Chinese medicine, it is often necessary to classify and discuss them. Different scholars have different classification methods. Xu Xueyuan divided the culture-loaded words in the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classics into basic philosophical concepts of traditional Chinese medicine, place names, traditional Chinese medicine medical terms and organs. Zhang Xuan divided the culture-loaded words in Su Wen into people's names, traditional Chinese medicine terminology, traditional Chinese medicine-related philosophical concepts, and other descriptive cultural load parts of speech. Song Conghui and others divided the words of cultural load into: symptoms of traditional Chinese medicine, symptoms of traditional Chinese medicine, etiology and pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine, treatment of traditional Chinese medicine, basic philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine, etc. Chen Zinuo and others divide the culture-loaded words of traditional Chinese medicine into five categories: syndrome, symptom, prescription, philosophy and rhetoric. The latter includes the classification mentioned in the first three, and also opens up a rhetorical class to make the classification more detailed and clear. Therefore, this paper adopts Chen's classification method.
 
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===3. Translation Strategies Used for Culture-loaded Words in ''Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold''===
 
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====3.1 Translation Strategy of Culture-loaded Words of Syndrome====
 
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The translation of the disease name affects the readability of the whole translation. Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold has been written for a long time, and the simple structure of disease name carries a lot of information, so there are few modern terms that can be matched with ancient disease names. According to the methods mentioned above, most of the terms of traditional Chinese medicine diseases belong to culture-loaded words. The author selected the disease-type cultural load words in Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold translated by Professor Luo Xiwen to study the translation strategies of these words.
 
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====3.2 Translation Strategy of Culture-loaded Words of Symptom====
 
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====3.3 Translation Strategy of Culture-loaded Words of Prescription====
 
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====3.4 Translation Strategy of Culture-loaded Words of Philosophy====
 
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====3.5 Translation Strategy of Culture-loaded Words of Rhetoric====
 
  
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===4. Conclusion===
+
目的论视阈下文化负载词的翻译研究——以习近平《治国理政》为例
  
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===References===
 
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=15 陈静 The Translation of Culture-loaded Words From the Perspective of Skopos Theory: A Case Study of ''Xi Jinping: The Governance of China''=
 
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_15]]
 
[[Cult_Load_Words_EN_15]]
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===Abstract===
 
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===Key words===
 
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===Introduction===
 
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===1. Introduction===
 
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====1.1 Research Backgrounds====
 
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Culture refers to all the activities of a nation, including clothes, food, production, education, law, politics, customs, historical allusions, temperament and emotion, modes of thinking, values, religious mentality and many other factors. Language is one of the most fundamental systems of culture, with the function of storing, describing, expressing and spreading cultural information. Vocabulary, as the basic unit of language, is the most direct reflection of the cultural factors. Culture-loaded words are words, phrases and idioms that signify things unique to a certain culture. These vocabularies reflect the unique activities of a particular nation that have been gradually accumulated in the long historical process and are different from other nations. Culture-load words have strong national colors and distinctive cultural personalities, and in the language system they can best reflect the cultural information carried and inherited by language and the social life of human beings. Culture-loaded words are important carriers to reflect national culture, and they are a special kind of information text, which has both textual meaning and rich cultural connotation.
 
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Cultural differences lead to difficulties in translation, so how to manage cultural differences has become the focus of many researchers. Aixela (1996) proposed a translation classification strategy for culture-specific items. Culture-loaded words are defined as words that have no equivalents in the target culture, hence difficulties in translation emerged. Wang (1997:55) defined cultural default as “the emitted part as shared cultural background by both sides” and summarized five approaches to deal with cultural default. The following year, Qiu (1998) proposed seven methods of cultural equivalence.
 
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The year 2021 is the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China. At this critical moment, Xi Jinping: The Governance of China (Volume III) was published. This is a major event in the historical and political development of China and the ruling party. In the third version, Xi Jinping’s political vision is further expanded. Many comments on China’s exchanges with other countries, including China, the BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, African countries, and ASEAN countries, are included in the book. This book is a window for foreign readers to understand China’s leadership and insight into China’s unique governance. Therefore, the book plays a crucial role in helping foreigners understand China’s political position in domestic affairs and international relations. This article aims to study the translation strategies of culture-loaded words in  Xi Jinping: The Governance of China (Volume III) and analyze them through the framework of the skopos theory.
 
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====1.2 Research Significance====
 
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===2. Literature Review ===
 
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====2.1 Culture-loaded Words====
 
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====2.2 The Skopos Theory====
 
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Skopos Theory, the core of Functionalist Translation Theory, was put forward by Vermeer who is Reiss's student. “Skopos”in Skopos Theory is a Greek word which means “purpose”. Skopos Theory holds that the purpose of translation activities is the primary principle deciding the translation process.
 
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According to Vermeer, there are three possible types of purposes. Firstly, a general purpose that a translator strives for, such as translating as a source of professional income. Secondly, a communicative purpose of a target text in a target circumstance, such as to instruct the audience. Thirdly, the purpose of a translation strategy or approach, such as to exhibit the structural traits of the source language. In the case of the term ‘skopo’ in skopos theory, it refers to the second type of purpose. The theory treats the source text as an "offer of information in a target culture" and this view is seen as a consequence of constructivist comprehension theories.
 
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There are three terms associated with skopos(purpose): aim, function and intention. “Aim" means the final result that an agent intends to achieve through an action (Vermeer,1986:239). “Purpose”is defined as a temporary stage in the process of achieving an aim (Nord,2001:28). “Function” refers to what the meaning or intention of the text is from the perspective of the receiver, while the aim is the purpose for which it is needed or supposed to be needed ( Vermeer, 1989:95). “Intention” is understood as “aim-oriented action plan” (Vermeer, 1983:4), which points to an appropriate way in both sender and receiver to produce or understand text. It is also synonymous with the function of action (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 98).
 
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According to the Skopos Theory, there are three basic rules:
 
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First of all, the skopos rule. It represents the top-ranking rule for any translation which means that translation activities are decided by the translation purpose. Vermeer(1989)'s explanation of this rule is as follows. Each text is written for a specific purpose and should be served for that purpose. In this sense, the skopos rule thus reads as follows: “translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function”(Nord, 2001:29). Nonetheless,the skopos rule does not provide any general principles or strategies that can be applied to guide any certain translation process. Instead, they can only be determined in accordance with the specific purpose that the translation is prepared to reach. Translation behavior is determined by the translation purpose, so the skopos rule is the principal rule for all kinds of translation.
 
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The second one is the coherence rule. This rule states that target text must be coherent enough to be comprehensible, given the background and context of the intended receivers. The starting point for translation is the text as part of the word continuum, written in the source language. The word continuum embodied in the source language should be inherited into the target language. At the very least, the translator should make sure that the translation makes sense to recipients of the target culture. Furthermore, only when the target text conforms to the standard of being intratextually coherent can it play a presupposed role in the communicative situation and culture in which it is received and the audience will have no trouble understanding it. A communicative interaction is successful only if receivers think it is compatible enough with their situation. Hence,as another significant rule of Skopos Theory，the “coherence rule” stipulates that translation should be acceptable,and in a sense, it is consistent with the situation of receivers(Nord, 2001:32).
 
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The third one is the fidelity rule. Vermeer (1989) refers to the relationship between translation and the corresponding source text “intertextual coherence” or “fidelity” which is another hypothetical principle known as the “fidelity rule”. This rule focuses on the intertextual coherence between the translation and the original text,which is not the same as intertextual coherence. The former is thought to be subordinate to the latter, and both are subordinate to the skopos rule. When the purpose needs to change the function, the standard will no longer be intertextual coherence with source language, but the adequacy or appropriateness regarding the purpose (Reiss and Vermeer,1984). It is important that intertextual coherence in translation should exist between the source text and the target text, and its form depends on both the translator's understanding of the original text and the translator's translation purpose. Maximum fidelity to the original text is only one possible intertextual coherence.
 
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Finally, the three basic rules of Skopos Theory are designed to guide the translator in the whole translating process. In most situations, the translation cannot meet these three rules at the same time, for doing so often makes it deviate from the original intention of the source text.. Generally speaking, the hierarchical order of abidance of the three rules should be the skopos rule first, the coherence rule second and last comes the fidelity rule, or in another way, the need for loyalty is considered to be subject to intratextual coherence,both are subject to the skopos rule. When a translation that is faithful to the original text cannot be effectively understood by receivers of the target text, the translator should abandon the fidelity rule and follow the coherence rule, that is, to make the translation meaningful in the communicative context and culture of the target language. If the purpose needs to change the function, the required standard will no longer be intertextual consistence with ST,but the adequacy or appropriateness in terms of the purpose (Nord, 2001).If the purpose requires intratextual incoherence, the criterion of intratextual coherence is no longer valid.
 
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====2.3 The Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words====
 
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===3. Analysis of Translation of Culture-loaded Words in ''Xi Jinping: The Governance of China''===
 
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====3.1 Translation Strategy of Social Culture-loaded Words====
 
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====3.2 Translation Strategy of Material Culture-loaded Words====
 
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====3.3 Translation Strategy of Linguistic Culture-loaded Words====
 
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====3.4 Translation Strategy of Ecological Culture-loaded Words====
 
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===4. Conclusion===
 
  
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===References===
+
Chen Jing, 陈静, Hunan Normal University, China

Latest revision as of 17:55, 29 December 2021

Culture Loaded Words

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Cult_Load_Words_EN_1 Cult_Load_Words_EN_2 Cult_Load_Words_EN_3 Cult_Load_Words_EN_4 Cult_Load_Words_EN_5 Cult_Load_Words_EN_6 Cult_Load_Words_EN_7 Cult_Load_Words_EN_8 Cult_Load_Words_EN_9 Cult_Load_Words_EN_10 Cult_Load_Words_EN_11 Cult_Load_Words_EN_12 Cult_Load_Words_EN_13 Cult_Load_Words_EN_14 Cult_Load_Words_EN_15 Cult_Load_Words_EN_16 Cult_Load_Words_EN_17 Cult_Load_Words_EN_18 Cult_Load_Words_EN_19 Cult_Load_Words_EN_20 Cult_Load_Words_EN_21 Cult_Load_Words_EN_22 Cult_Load_Words_EN_23 Cult_Load_Words_EN_24 Cult_Load_Words_EN_25 Cult_Load_Words_EN_26 Cult_Load_Words_EN_27 Cult_Load_Words_EN_28 Cult_Load_Words_EN_29 Cult_Load_Words_EN_30 ...

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Chapter 1: The Analysis of Culture-loaded Words of English Subtitle Translation in Chinese Movies-Taking Farewell to My Concubine as an Example

Cult_Load_Words_EN_1

羊叶Yang Ye, Hunan Normal University, China

2 谢庆琳 The Analysis of the Chinese Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Russian

Cult_Load_Words_EN_2

3 罗曦 Gary Snyder’s Translation of the Culture-loaded Words in Han Shan’s Poems from the Perspective of the Functionalist Skopos Theory

功能主义目的论视角下加里斯奈德对寒山诗的英译研究

罗曦 Luo Xi, Hunan Normal University, China

Cult_Load_Words_EN_3

4 何芩 The Translation of Cultural-loaded words in Jiu Zhang in Chu Ci Translated by Xu Yuanchong 《九章》许渊冲译本文化负载词的翻译

Cult_Load_Words_EN_4

5 孙雅诗 Study on the translation of culture loaded words under the ecological translation theory——Take the English translation of Dou E Yuan as an example 生态翻译学视域下文化负载词翻译研究——以《窦娥冤》英译本为例

Cult_Load_Words_EN_5

6 杜莉娜 On the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Tourism Texts from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication—Exemplified by Zhangjiajie

跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英译研究--以张家界为例

杜莉娜 Du Lina, Hunan Normal University, China

Cult_Load_Words_EN_6

7 宫博雅 An analysis of the Chinese translation of culture-loaded words in Russian Idioms

俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析

宫博雅 Gong Boya, Hunan Normal University, China

Cult_Load_Words_EN_7

8周小雪 The Translation of Culture Loaded Words in English and Japanese Versions of Medicine

Cult_Load_Words_EN_8

9 付诗雨 On Translating Chinese Culture-loaded Words in Cultural Relics Commentaries into Japanese——A Case Study of Hunan Museum

Cult_Load_Words_EN_9

10 丁旋 On the Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in The Concubine Market of Yangchow of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory

Cult_Load_Words_EN_10

11 高蜜On the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Lao Can You Ji from the Perspective of Cultural Schema Theory 从文化图式理论看《老残游记》中文化负载词的英译

Cult_Load_Words_EN_11

12 殷慧珍 A study on the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in The Spring Festival written by Fang Huawen Based on Domestication and Foreignization Strategies

殷慧珍 Yin Huizhen, Hunan Normal University, China

Cult_Load_Words_EN_12

13 程杨 Translation of Cultural-loaded Words in Border Town: A Case Study of Gladys Yang’s English translation

Cult_Load_Words_EN_13

《边城》中文化负载词的翻译—以戴乃迭英译本为例

程杨 Cheng Yang, Hunan Normal University, China

14 胡舒情 On Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Traditional Chinese Medical Classics: A Case Study of Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold

浅谈中医典籍中文化负载词的翻译策略——以《伤寒论》为例

胡舒情 Hu Shuqing, Hunan Normal University

Cult_Load_Words_EN_14

15 陈静 The Translation of Culture-loaded Words From the Perspective of Skopos Theory: A Case Study of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China

目的论视阈下文化负载词的翻译研究——以习近平《治国理政》为例

Cult_Load_Words_EN_15

Chen Jing, 陈静, Hunan Normal University, China

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