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Chapter 13 History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union

苏联时期的翻译理论史

Wu Jingyue 吴婧悦 Hunan Normal University

1. Abstract

As is well known, the history of the Soviet period and discusse the characteristics of the Soviet translation theory. written by --Wu Jingyue (talk) 13:02, 19 December 2021 (UTC) Firstly, we discuss about the overall situation of the development of the Soviet period, the history of the Soviet period and discusses the characteristics of the Soviet translation theory. Finally, we introduce the famous translation theorist like: S. G. Barkhudarov (С. Г. Бархуда́ров) and I. A. Kashkin (И. А. Кашки́н) and so on.

摘要

众所周知，苏联的翻译理论在世界翻译理论中占有十分突出的地位。本文首先从苏联时期翻译理论发展的整体状况出发，对苏联时期翻译发展史进行梳理；探讨了苏联翻译理论发展的特色；最后向读者介绍了著名翻译理论家S. G. Barkhudarov (С. Г. Бархуда́ров) 以及I. A. Kashkin (И. А. Кашки́н) 等人的翻译理论。written by --Wu Jingyue (talk) 13:18, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

2. Key words

Translation theories, Western translation theories, Soviet Translation theories

关键词

翻译理论；西方翻译理论；苏联时期翻译理论

3. Introduction

The Soviet translation theory play a pivotal role in the world translation theory. written by --Wu Jingyue (talk) 13:04, 19 December 2021 (UTC)This paper firstly introduces the historical evolution of the development of the Soviet translation theory, which divides the Soviet Union into two periods: the development history of translation theory before World War II and the development history of translation theory after World War II. In introducing the history of translation theory before World War II, the source of the history of Soviet translation theory, the development of Soviet translation theory, namely linguistics and the contribution of Kamisarov, Liubimov and others.Secondly, the representatives of the translation literature and art school and the translation language school are introduced specifically.When introducing the school of translation literature, the views of translator Kashkin and Gachzzeraz are introduced; in introducing the language school of translation, they are mainly introduced.

4.1 History of translation theory development before World War II

The Soviet translation theory occupies a very prominent position in the world translation theory.The Soviet study of translation theory began shortly after the October Revolution, began with literary translation.

In 1918, Gorky (А.М.Горький) founded the World Literature Press (Издательство "Всемирная литература") in conjunction with the help of Lenin(В.И.Ленин). The publisher's task is to introduce world classics, improve the translation art, and train translators.At this stage, nearly 100 professors and writers attended the work.In order to unify the thinking, discuss the theory of literary translation, and stipulate some clear rules, Gorky handed the burden to Chukowsky(К.И.Чуковский). Therefore, after making a lot of efforts, Chukowski wrote the book "The Principles of Literary Translation--written by Wu Jingyue (talk) 13:07, 19 December 2021 (UTC)("Прицины художественного перевода") in 1919.He first proposed that the translator of the novel should be an artist and a master of language.Chukowski believed that a good translation can reproduce the artistic characteristics of the original text in vivid and rich Russian.But at that time, there was a very popular view in literary and theoretical criticism that translation was essentially impossible work.

(Cai & Duan, 2000: 5)

In 1930, The Principles of Literary Translation was collected in Chukowski's "The Art of Translation" ("Искусство переводов").It suggests that translators must understand the social environment.In addition, the communication of the structural characteristics and rhetorical characteristics of the original text, as well as the principles of translation and expression, are also discussed.

In 1934 Translation theorist Smirnov (А.А.Смирнов) made the first proposal of the concept of "equivalent translation" in the term "Soviet Literature Encyclopedia", "translation" (Перевод).The "equivalent translation" here means "conveying the ideological content, feelings, and written structure of the original work", that is, "conveying the full creative intention of the original author". Smirnov suggested that not only can use the direct counterpart of the original in translation but also can use the functional approximation of the original in translation.

(Cai & Duan, 2000: 16)

In 1936, Loginski (М.Л.Лозинский) reported at the first National Conference of Translators, "The Art of the Translation of Poetry" ("Искусство стихотворного перевода"), and pointed out that poetry translation should be the same in aesthetics as the original poetry works, highlighting the equivalent aesthetic function of literary and artistic translation.

Also in 1936, Kashkin (И.А.Кашкин) proposed the theory and became the founder of the Soviet theory of realism. His translation method is: translators should try their best to reproduce the objective reality expressed in the original text, rather than words; they should see, experience, and perfectly reproduce the reality in the eyes of the author from behind the original text. He equated the realistic method of translation with the socialist realism in literary creation.In the Soviet Union, he was hailed as "a theorist representing a entire era in the history of Russian translation". He believes that translators should be loyal to the original, to their readers, to reality, and that the three are inseparable. Kashkin believes that without a theory, translators are just a craftsman, and can never become a translator or artist.

( Kashkin, 1977) (Cai & Duan, 2000: 25)

4.2 History of translation theory development after World War II

Since the 1950s, a new period of studying translation theory from the perspective of linguistics began. Its main characteristic is to link translation theory with comparative linguistics, and to reveal the law of the two languages based on the comparison of the phenomenon of the two languages.written by --Wu Jingyue (talk) 13:12, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

In 1950, "Theory and Methods of Translation Teaching" ("Вопросы теории и методики учебного перевода"), which played a considerable role in the development of translation theory. For example, in Gary Palin(И.Р. Гпльперии) 's article, "Translation and Rhetoric" ("Перевод и стилистика"), shares Shakespeare's original Othello with Morosov’s (М.М.Морозов) translation, noting the similarities and differences between English and Russian in terms of meaning and aesthetic functions. Meanwhile, the book Lezkel(Я.И.Рецкер) ’s article, "On the regularity and correspondence in Russia" ("О закономерных соответствиях при переводе на роднои язык"), divides the language regularity correspondence into three categories: equivalent, approximation and equivalent substitution.These three methods are applied to scientific and technological translation, the translation of political articles, and literary translation.

(Wu, 2006: 325)

1953 Feodorov (А.В.Фёдоров) 's book "An Introduction to the Translation Theory" ("Введение в теорию перевода") was published.The book discusses the translation theory from the perspective of the linguistics theory, and proposes that the translation theory is a branch of the linguistics, and the translation problem can only be solved in the field of linguistics. In addition, the book stipulates the content of the concept of "translation", the object of theoretical research, the content, etc., and discusses the vocabulary issues, grammar issues and stylistic issues of translation, respectively.The book made Feyodorov the founder of the language school of translation theory. In addition, the book received wide attention in the Soviet translation circle, especially the translation teaching circle, but it also caused a heated controversy in the literary and art school of translation theory.

However, translators from the school of literature and art believe that Feodorov studied translation problems almost completely from a linguistic perspective, ignoring that the first thing of literary translation should be involved in the problem of literature and art.

(Wu, 2006: 354)

In 1954, Kashkin put forward in "Methods and Genres of Soviet Literary Translation" ("О методе и школе советского художественного перевода") that the theory of literary translation should be a broad language discipline. That is to say, written by --Wu Jingyue (talk) 13:12, 19 December 2021 (UTC)the study of translation and literary problems should be combined.

In 1955 the collection of "Literary Translation" ("Вопросы художественного перевода") questions Feydorov's views, believing that studying translation theory from a linguistic perspective may lead to formalism and word-by-word dead translation in translation practice.

Since then, the Soviet theory of translation has gradually formed two major schools, namely, the school of literature and art and the language school.The two factions had long debated, culminating after the late 1950s and 1960s, with numerous papers and monographs each published."Translation Skills" ("Мастерство перевода"), published by the Soviet Writers Publishing House, focuses on the views of the literary school. The language school is based on the "Translation Worker Notes" ("Тетрадь переводчика") edited by Balhudarov, making comments and summarizing the translation experience.Most belong to the literary school are writers; the language school are linguists and college teachers.

( Kashkin, 1977: 163)

In 1958, Feodorov made some additions and modifications to the original book in the second edition of the Introduction to Translation Theory. Although he also admitted that the problems in the field of translation could not all be explained by linguistic methods, it was correct to study the translation problem from the perspective of linguistics, otherwise, there would be no real theory of translation art.He stressed that literary and artistic translation does have its own characteristics, and should highlight its aesthetic aspects, but literary images are created by language means, and must also be conveyed by another language means. Therefore, the study of translation and theory from the perspective of linguistics is the basis.

(Wu, 2006: 366)

In 1962, the collection of "Translation Theory and Review" ("Теория и критика перевода"), including two groups of translation theorists.Linguist Larin (Б.А.Ларии) In the preface to the collection, "Our Mission" ("Наши задачи"), proposed that the theory of literary translation must be established on the basis of linguistics and literature.He believes that it is impossible not to combine linguistics and literary methods organically, whether in linguistics, rhetoric, or translation theory. Any translation should begin with analysis, and finally finish with literary creation.

1963 Aitkin (Е.Т.Эткин) published the book "Poetry and Translation" ("Поэзии и перевод"), which analyzed and commented on a large number of foreign-language poems translated into Russian language in the early 19th century, concerning the translation of literary and artistic theory.He believes that the linguistic means of poetry translation are closely related to the reproduced artistic characteristics of the original poetry, and the two should not be opposed.In his opinion, translation is like rhetoric, which is both a problem of literature and art and linguistics, because rhetoric is a science of language synonymous, and it belongs to the two fields of linguistics. Ignoring the theory of the form of literary works will actually make the translator helpless.

(Tan，1991: 246)

In 1964, Gachzrazawa (Г.Р.Гачечиладзе) published the book "The Theory of Literary Translation" ("Вопросы теории художественного перевода"), in which he based on Lenin's reaction theory, proposing that the translator directly reflects the original text, namely the artistic reality of the original text, rather than the specific reality directly reflected by the original text.

That same year, Levzin (И.И.Ревзин) and Rosenzwig (В.Ю.Розенцвейг) has published "Principles of General Translation and Machine Translation" ("Основы общего и машинного перевода") to study translation issues from a structural linguistics perspective.It was the first work in the world to combine the concepts and principles of translational theory with the category of structural linguistics.

(Wu, 2006: 430)

In 1968, Feodorov made a new revision and supplement to the new situation, publishing the third edition of the book and renamed "Basic Translation" ("Основы общеи тоерии перевода").The rationale is that this can highlight the basic principles of translation theory —— studies various translation phenomena and various kinds of translation, revealing their commonalities and respective characteristics, comparing from a linguistic perspective.In the book, Feodorov makes it clear that it should never be forgotten that the ultimate task is to establish a common theory of philology.It is now outdated to insist that literary translation is studied only through literature and art, or only through linguistics. Contemporary era is an era of close cooperation between different disciplines. In philology, the distance between the two branches of literature and linguistics is not very large, and its differences are inevitable, but can be overcome, that is to say, the two can be combined all together.

The 1970s were called the "harvest years" of Soviet translation theory, and the debate entered a new stage.

In 1972, Gabriel's book "Literary Translation and Literary Exchange" ("Художественныи перевод и литературные взаимосвязи") can be regarded as a representative work of the school of literature and art, which more comprehensively expounded the translation theory views of the Soviet school of literature and art.Once published, the book immediately aroused widespread response from the Soviet translation theory community.In the book, he pointed out that literary and artistic translation belongs to the category of artistic creation, and studying literary translation from the perspective of linguistics inevitably leads to the dead translation of auxiliary words. As a result, the translation is linguistically correct and low in art. Because from a linguistic point of view, the decisive factor is not the translator's creative attitude towards the original text, but the linguistic correspondence principle.Thus, translation becomes some technical process, not creation. Literary and artistic translation should reproduce the aesthetic value of the original text.

1963 Komizarov (В.Н.Комиссаров) presents its unique theory of "equivalent levels" in his book on translation ("Слово о переводе").According to this theory, the meaning structure of discourse is a complex that can be divided into content, namely the level of language symbols, discourse level, notification structure level, scenario description level and the level of communication purpose.The principle of translation equivalence to the original text should be based on these levels during translation.

(Wu, 2006: 456)

The same year, Shvzel (В.Н.Комиссаров) published the book "Translation and Linguistics" ("Перевод и лингвистика"), suggesting that translation is not only the contact between two language systems, but also between two different cultures, and sometimes between two different civilizations.In addition, he raises questions about the invariant values of the translation function.Shvzel believes that translation functional invariant values include both semantic and grammatical aspects.

In 1974 Lezkel (Я.И.Рецкер) has published the book "Translation Theory and Translation Practice (An Introduction to the Theory of Linguistics of Translation)" ("Теория перевода и переводическая практика - Очерки лингвистическои теории перевода"), which discusses some key issues in the linguistics theory of translation, which are directly related to the translation practice.The book compares the lexical grammar and rhetorical characteristics of English with its functional counterpart in Russian, and reveals the logical semantic basis of using various translation techniques and methods in the translation process.

1975 Balhudarov (Л.С.Бархударов) published the book "Language and Translation" ("Язык и перевод"), which aroused widespread response in the Soviet translation community and was considered the representative work of the Soviet language school translation theory in the 1970s. The biggest characteristic of the book is to link the translation theory with the latest achievements in linguistics in the world, and put forward the linguistics theory of translation is comparing discourse linguistics, more specifically, is the semantic discourse in different languages, and the actual segmentation of the sentence is an essential condition of equivalent translation and a series of new arguments. Balhuduff makes it clear that translation changes the speech product of one language to another while keeping the content unchanged, that is, the translator does not deal with the language system, but with the language product.In addition, he discussed translationability, the nature of translation theory, semantics and translation, translation units, and translation methods.

(Balhudarov, 1975: 187)

In 1976, Chernhovskikaya (Л.А.Черняховская) published the book "Translation and the Semantic Structure" ("Перевод и смысловая структура"), the only Soviet work that conveys the logical focus and real semantic segmentation of sentences in translation.

That same year, Levitskaya (Т.Р.Леницкая) and Fejelman (А.М.Фетерман) published the book "translation problem" ("Проблемы перевода"), the book discusses English and Russian due to different vocabulary, grammar, rhetorical structure and the main translation problems, its focus is not the translation process itself and general translation methods and skills, but for the difficulty of English translation into Russian method.

In 1977 Lambimov (Н.М.Любимов) highlighted in "Translation is Art" ("Перевод - искусство") that literary translation is an art that pursues artistic accuracy rather than literal slave-style fidelity.At the same time, it is also proposed that words as language units can only be reflected in, or through words, so the objective reality of language existence is the overall —— discourse of the work. The basic category of translation is the discourse.

And 1978 Venogradov (В.С.Виноградов) pointed out in "The Lexical Problems of Literary Prose Translation" ("Лексические вопросы перевода художественнои прозы") that words are the basic unit of language, so, it is also the starting point of translation.

(Wu, 2006: 359)

In 1978, Komisarov edited and published the collection of "Translation Theory Issues in Foreign Linguistics" ("Вопросы теории перевода в зарубежнои лингвистике"), It fairly fully introduces the state of Western linguists studying translation theory, The book is divided into four themes, Both: the general linguistics problem of translation, Translation equivalent, translation process, Translational linguistics and Translational rhetoric; Translating the relevant discourse of some famous western linguists, For example, Jacobson (R.Jackbcon), one of the founders of the Prague School, British linguist J.R.Firch (J.R.Firch) and others.The influence of this collection is evident from the later writings of translation theorists of the Soviet language school.

In 1980, Komisarov published the book "translation linguistics" ("Лингвистика перевода"), which pointed out that the perspective of linguistics is entering a new stage, turned out to regard the linguistics translation theory as a part of applied linguistics, for the translation practice of service, its focus is on the translation process, its task is to study the linguistics mode of translation and determine the principle of translation. The results of studying translation from the perspective of linguistics show that translation is an integral part of linguistics, and the theoretical analysis of interlanguage communication phenomenon is necessary for the development of linguistics itself. Therefore, translation should be regarded as a special form of language function, which is a special method of its speech practice, and our knowledge of the essence and function of language is incomplete. That is, linguistic analysis of translation can not only serve translation practice, but also promote development of linguistics itself. It is under the guidance of this idea that the book discusses the general linguistics theory of translation, translation semantics, translation linguistics, translation rhetoric, translation mode, translation standards. Therefore, it provides a new perspective for the study of translation theory.

(Cai & Duan, 2000: 20)

In the same year, the Minyal. Bellolluchev (Р.К.Миньяр - Белоручев) published the book "Translation" ("Общая теория перевода и устныи перевод").The book regards translational science as an independent subject on the grounds that it has its own subjects, content and a complete set of terms; thinks that translation research is beyond the scope of linguistics. It written by --Wu Jingyue (talk) 13:12, 19 December 2021 (UTC)is a subject of linguistics, psychology, semiotics, sociology intersection, mainly applicable to translation between any two languages; proposes the discourse information theory, the main method of translation and the classification of language means in translation and so on.The book first used the interpretation as a research subject.

In 1981, Ratshev (Л.К.Латышев) published the "Translation Tutorial —— Translation equivalent and achieve the equivalent Method" ("Курс перевода: Эквивалентность перевода и способы ее достижения"), which divided the translation equivalent into formal and functional equivalent two types, and proposed the specific methods to achieve the translation equivalent.

In 1983, Feodorov published the collection of "Translation Art and Literary Life" ("Искусство перевода и жизнь литературы."), indicating from the preface entitled "A Window to Another World" ("Окнов другои мир") that Feodorov partially accepted the other's views through disputes with the school of translation theory and literature.At the same time, he argued that Gaczrazzer greatly limited the role of language in translation, seeing language as mere technical means.

(Cai &Duan, 2000: 22)

In 1985, Lvorskaya (З.Д.Львовская) published the book "Theoretical Issues of Translation"(Теоритическая проблема перевода”), which based on the theory of communicative function, believing that discourse meaning is divided into linguistic and verbal categories. The equivalent of translation is not the absolute invariance of the semantic, pragmatic, and environmental components in the meaning structure, but only the equivalence of pragmatic and environmental components. The 20th century school of literature in the translation theory of outstanding events is in the journal "literary review" ("Литературное обозрение") continuously on the discussion of translation problem, the content involves: the necessity of the translation theory, how to overcome the two extreme, how to treat the original aesthetics, time color, translation can really convey "the spirit of the original" and the creation of the translator, etc.

In 1988, Shvzzer, a translation theorist of the language school, published the book "Translation Theory: Status, Problems and Face"(“Теория перевода : Статус, проблема, аспекты”). The author combines the latest achievements in linguistics in the field of speech linguistics, sentence semantics, communication linguistics and psychological linguistics, the status of translation theory, the essence of translation, equivalent, similarities, interpretability, translation semantic, language, discourse and translation and other six issues, the language school translation theory research mentioned a new stage.

In 1990, Komisarov's book "Translation Theory (Linguistics)" ("Теория перевода (линвистические вопросы") clearly stated in his preface that translation theory is an important part of the training of future translators. As a textbook, the book aims to introduce the basic principles of translational linguistics theory. In the 1980s, the Soviet theory of scientific and technological translation developed rapidly, and published a lot of articles and monographs.

(Cai & Duan, 2000: 37)

In all, the Soviet theory of translation has been developed from scratch, from sporadic to systematic, constantly enriched, and constantly deepening step by step.

5.1 Realistic Translation pioneered by E.A.Kashkin

Kashkin Ivan Alexandrovich - literary critic, translator and critic. He brought up a significant group of translators from the English language. He translated J. Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales (1946, with O. Rumer). Promoter of the best achievements of modern English and American poetry (R. Frost, K. Sandberg) and prose (E. Hemingway, E. Caldwell, J. Wayne, etc.). Aslo, he is the author of historical and literary studies about J. Conrad, L. Stevenson, W. Faulkner, E. Hemingway and others.

Some translators believe that they must obey the "absolute authority" of the original text and translate the original text word by word in order to be completely faithful. Other translators advocate for loyalty to the original text. And Kashkin believes that realism in art is a complex and diverse phenomenon, which is restricted by history. Realism in art is real and poetic. Exactly, to feel and reflect world

( Kashkin, 1977: 177)

In order to accurately convey the ideological content of the original work and creatively reproduce the artistic characteristics and national characteristics of the original work, it must adopt the realistic translation method. The translator must respect the reality of the text and strive to reproduce the objective reality expressed by the text and give it life, not simply copying the text symbols of the original text.

Translators should understand the author of the original text's direct feelings of reality through the barrier of the syntactic structure of a foreign language. Only in this way could he reproduce the original in the same powerful and clear language, as did the original author did. The translator should see the phenomena, thoughts, things, behaviors and conditions through the words of the original work, and specifically reproduce this reality in the eyes of the original author. Reality in art is the image to reflect the essential characteristics in reality. written by --Wu Jingyue (talk) 13:14, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

( Kashkin, 1977: 185)

The truth in literary translation is not a final pursuit that the surface is similar to the original text, nor does it simply copy all the unimportant details.The truth in literary translation is based on the internal logic of the image, and first, to faithfully translate the essence of the original text.The translator should faithfully understand the author's conception and creative intention, and retain the artistic characteristics of the original work, the historical reality and the atmosphere of The Times.

Otherwise, Kashkin believes that there must be a strict distinction between artistic images that should be conveyed and verbal images that occasionally occur in translation.Because language is the basic means of expressing all literature, but the basic task and main difficulty of literary and artistic translation is not to copy the language of the original text, including the language structure elements, but in the artistic reproduction of the original image, considering the differences of the language system.

( Kashkin, 1977: 205)

5.2 Gaczilaser’s realistic view of translations

Professor Givi Razhdenovich Gaczilaser is one of the largest specialists in the field of literary translation theory, the author of the famous monograph "The Problem of Realistic Translation", a translator of Shakespeare, Byron, Shelley and other English poets into Georgian. In the book offered to the reader's attention, he continued to develop in depth the theory and practice of literary translation. Proceeding from Lenin's theory of reflection, G. Gachechiladze considers literary translation as a form of cognition, as a creative act that helps the reader approach not only a foreign language work, but also the living reality reflected in this work. Gaczilaser believes that the principles of literary translation have been swinging between the two extremes.One is word-by-word translation, and the other is artistically equivalent but written away from the original text. He thought it would be easy to combine the two principles, but it was impossible in practice. Because different means of expressing ideas are very different languages, word-by-word translation and artistic quality are always contradictory.

If the translator is limited to the original and not to reproduce what the author sees in the imagination, he is not a creative person. The translator should take the author's thoughts as the starting point, the original text serve the deep understanding of artistic reality. The translator should see the real life reflected in the original work behind the artistic reality, and it is not to create his own work.Realistic translation method refers to realists following the law of realistic art, reflecting the artistic reality of the original, and consistent with the original, more specifically, rhetorical consistency, only help to achieve linguistic loyalty, but should not let this affect their own will. Loyal to the author's artistic truth is the goal of the realistic translator.The artistic reality of the original includes both content and form, and even the unity of form and content.

(Gaczilaser, 1964: 120)

It is undoubtedly correct to compare the two language systems in the translation process.However, this contrast has certain limitations, as each language has its characteristic means of rhetoric.Just as there is no unified language, there is no unified rhetoric of all languages, nor the unified grammar of all languages. The application of rhetorical rules to any specific language would rise to a national, independent rhetorical system. Thus, the rhetorical rule can only be judged based on the character of some language.

6.1 Balhuadov’s Translation Concept

Balhuarov was a famous translation theorist in the Soviet Union in the 20th century, one of the representatives of the language school and a doctor of Soviet philology, and has been engaged in translation teaching and translation theory research for many years. It is represented as the Language and Translation ("Язык и перевод").

From the perspective of the research subjects of the translation theory, Balhudav believes that the task of the linguistics theory of the translation is to pattern the translation process and put forward some scientific diagram for the translation process, which can more accurately reflect the important aspects of this process. In the view, on the one hand, translation theory, like any other theoretical model, reflects only some of the most important features of its subjects, rather than all features. Translation theory studies not all the relationship between the original language and the translation language, but the regular relationship between the two, that is, the typical and recurrent correspondence.On the other hand, translation theory, like any other discipline theory, stipulates not only a pattern, but many patterns that reflect the translation process in different ways as well as various characteristics.

(Balhudarov, 1975: 250)

From the essence of translation, Balhuudaf believes that translation is the process of converting a speech product into another language while keeping the content level (i. e., meaning) unchanged. Among them, the term “meaning” refers to the various relationships of language units. Translation is a process of changing one language discourse into another language discourse. The object of translation is not a language system, but a discourse.For translation, it is not the equivalent of the individual word, but the equivalent of the full text.Thus, the semantic differences between the two languages are not an insurmountable barrier in translation. In addition, from the discussion of semantic problems of translation, Balhudv believes that the semantic problem of translation must be studied and conveyed from three aspects: meaning, pragmatic meaning and internal meaning.But on semantic issues, he presented no substantive content, with similar views mentioned by Jackson and Nida et al. in the late 1920s and early 1960s.But Balhudaf's interpretation is more detailed and fulfilling, and more generalized in some places.

Balhudaf also establishes equivalent translation from six levels: phonemic, phoneme, word, phrase, sentence, and discourse layer. The six levels are applied more systematically to translation theory.

(Balhudarov, 1975: 255)

7. Conclusion

To sum up, by introducing the historical evolution of the development of translation theory in the Soviet Union, we and the representatives of the school of translation literature and art and the translation language school can draw the following conclusions:

First of all, the developmental foundation of the Soviet translation theory was weak. At the beginning of World War II, the discussion of translation theory wasn’t systematic and comprehensive and they were all carried out from the perspective of literature and art. Only translation textbooks and translation instructional references are exceptional and are conducted from a linguistic perspective .After World War II, the Soviet Union began a new period of studying the translation theory from the perspective of linguistics. Its main feature was to connect translation theory with comparative linguistics, and to reveal the correspondence of the two languages on the basis of comparing the two languages.written by --Wu Jingyue (talk) 13:15, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

(Cai & Duan, 2000: 168)

(Wu, 2006: 325)

Secondly, from the perspective of the literary school of translation, Kashkin, the theorist of translation, founded the realistic concept of translation, believing that the translation should pay attention to understanding the feelings of the original author, and believing that we must strictly distinguish the artistic image that should be conveyed and the occasional language image in the translation. Translation theorist Gaczirze believes that the principles of literary translation have been swinging between the two extremes. One is word-by-word translation, and the other is artistically equivalent but written away from the original text. He thought it would be easy to combine the two principles, but it was impossible in practice.

Thirdly, from the perspective of the language school of translation, the translation theorist Balhudarov believes that the task of the linguistics theory of translation is to pattern the translation process and put forward some scientific diagram for the translation process, which can more accurately reflect the important aspects of this process.He made great contributions to the linguistic school of translation.

(Wu, 2006: 325)

All in all, the translation theory of the Soviet period has its own unique development path. The Soviet translation theorists in this period made great contributions to the history of Soviet translation, also, the translation theory of the Soviet period became an indispensable part of the world translation theory map.

8. References

Cai, Yi 蔡毅，Duan,Jinghua, 段京华. Translation Studies in USSR苏联翻译理论.湖北教育出版社，2000

Liu Miqing刘宓庆，Translation Basics 翻译基础.上海.华东师范大学出版社，2008

Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜.Translation Studies 翻译学.复旦大学出版社，2017

Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜.History of Western Translation 西方翻译简史.北京.商务印书馆，1991

Wu, Keli 吴克礼.The Translation Methods and Studies in USSR 俄苏翻译理论流派综述. 上海外语教育出版社，2006

Xu, Jun 许均. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社，2003

Balhudarov Бархударов Л.С. Language and Translation: Collation said Partial theory of Translation Язык и перевод: Вопросы общей и частной теории перевода, Международные отношения, 1975

Gaczilaser Гиви Гачечиладзе. Problems of Literary Theory Вопросы теории художественного перевода. Тбилиси: Литература да хлебовнеба, 1964

Kashkin Иван Кашкин. Articles and Studies Статьи и исследования. Москва. Советский писатель, 1977

--Wu Jingyue (talk) 08:41, 12 December 2021 (UTC)