Difference between revisions of "2021 Interview with Duan Yuanyuan"
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'''访谈提纲 Interview with Martin Woesler by Duan Yuanyuan''' | '''访谈提纲 Interview with Martin Woesler by Duan Yuanyuan''' | ||
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Revision as of 23:08, 4 March 2021
访谈提纲 Interview with Martin Woesler by Duan Yuanyuan
(Please compare this with the http://bou.de/u/longer_interview_version_dated_March_3_2021.)
1 让·莫内讲席教授
吴教授您好,非常感谢您拨冗接受我的访谈!首先恭喜您获得“让·莫内讲席教授”荣誉称号,此地位是欧盟对从事欧洲一体化教学与研究学者的最高学术承认!您真可谓是一位欧盟的学术大使!据悉,该项目申请难度颇大,中国今年只有湖南师范大学、四川大学和中国政法大学三所大学获得资助。您可否借此次获奖的机缘,说明你眼中中欧的学术交流呢?
不客气!的确,我有把自己看作为中欧之间的“文化大使”。这次获得“让·莫内讲席教授”称号, 我看作是我在华工作、学习、生活近三十年的一个阶段性的总结。许多西方人认为了解中国文化是一个极大的挑战,对此我并不否认,但是挑战之余,我还从中看到变化的必要性,中西交流的变化和互相理解的变化。而且变化只有通过接触和交流才能实现。中国应该有更多的欧洲学者,中国也应该成为德国每一所大学亟需讨论的议题。
You're welcome! Indeed, I regard myself as a "cultural ambassador" between China and Europe, and I regard winning the "Jean Monnet Chair" as an accumulation of nearly 30 years of working, studying and living in China. Many Westerners think that dealing with China is a great challenge, which I don't deny, but besides the challenge, I also see the necessity for change, change of the relations between China and the West as well as the understanding of each other. Change can only be realized through contact and communication. There should be more European scholars in China and China should also become a topic to be discussed at every German university.
欧盟委员会2020年在全球范围内授予了70个“让·莫内教席”,且每所大学最多可获得一个教席。中国境内大学上次被授予还是在2016年。“让·莫内讲席教授”传统上主要关注的是欧盟相关的研究。这次欧盟委员会把这个奖项授予给一位在中国任教的德国汉学家,这就说明欧盟委员会已经认识到了对比自己和其他国家的政治/发展模式的重要性。
The Jean Monnet Chairs traditionally deal with EU studies. The fact that the EU Commission is now awarding it to a German Sinologist at a Chinese university shows that it has recognized the need to critically examine other models in comparison with the EU.
我不想把欧盟在中国表现作为中国的反面典型,而是用自我批判性的眼光看待。中国学生正是通过批判性思维树立价值观。我曾做过调查,结果显示,很多中国学生认为欧盟的政治一体化还没有成功,英国脱欧反映了欧盟的软弱,但我想传达的知识是,欧盟已经在运作了,只是方式不同而已:即追求的不是快速而精干的决策过程,而是等待、讨论、参与和妥协。
I do not want to present the EU in China as a counter-model to China, but I want to present it self-critically. It is through critical thinking that Chinese students recognise values. I have done a survey, and the results show that many Chinese students think that the political integration of the EU has not been successful, and that Brexit reflects a weakness of the EU. However, the knowledge I want to convey is that the EU is already functioning, only in different ways than China: it is not a fast and lean decision-making process, but rather shows the virtues of patience, discussion, participation and compromising.
同时,英国脱欧正表明欧盟每个成员都有随时离开的自由,这被视为一种成就。所以欧洲未必比中国差,只是不同而已。而当中国学生乐于接受差别的时候,他们的个性就会发展,成熟起来,适合国际就业市场。因此,我很鼓励学生去欧洲交换学习一两个学期。
At the same time, Brexit shows that every EU member has the freedom to leave at any time, which is regarded as an achievement. Therefore, Europe is not necessarily worse than China, it is just different. When Chinese students are willing to accept differences, their personalities will develop and mature, become suitable for the international job market. Therefore, I encourage students to go to Europe for one or two exchange semesters.
申请“让·莫内讲席”项目时,我就在材料中表明该项目的落脚点在于中国和欧洲的比较,课题还囊括不同的教育体系、社会各领域的数字化以及对数据隐私的保护。通过该项目,我会推荐几名德国同事来中国短期或者长期全职工作,也会推荐中国同事去欧洲短期访学或者参加“世界汉学论坛”,跟来自亚洲、美国、欧洲的同事讨论不同观点。并针对该项目,设置课程专题对比中欧近来的对外政策,以期激励中国塑造更加完整的海外形象。
When applying for "Jean Monnet Chair", I indicated in the materials that the foothold of the project lies in the comparison between China and Europe, and the topic also includes different education systems, digitization in various fields of society and protection of data privacy. Through this chair position, I will recommend several German colleagues to work in China for a short or long time, and I also invited Chinese colleagues to visit Europe and to meet there with Asian, US and European colleagues to discuss their views on the "World Conference of Chinese Studies". In view of the Jean Monnet Chair at Hunan Normal University, a course topic is set up to compare the recent foreign policies of China and Europe, in order to encourage China to shape a more complete overseas image.
2 《红楼梦》首次全译本
2.您的代表作是《红楼梦》德语全译本,您是如何走上汉学之路的呢?可否谈谈与史华慈合译《红楼梦》的初衷?How did you begin to learn Chinese and how to stick to the path of sinology for so many years? Why did you choose to translate 红楼梦?
《红楼梦》的意义大于个人,是一件永恒的艺术品,应该提升到“世界遗产”的地位。目前,欧洲只有半数国家出版《红楼梦》译本。1989年我刚上大学的时候,德文版《红楼梦》也只有弗兰茨-库恩的节译本,共40章,只有原文体量的三分之一。与库恩的其他中国优秀小说译本在语言上几乎没有差别,带有浓厚的德国地方色彩。我也注意到了译文的不足之处。他把《红楼梦》书名中的“楼”翻译成“城堡”。这种译法也许比较适合欧洲读者的阅读口味,但就中国文化、中国历史、中国环境而言,我认为不太准确。这些不足之处也可解释为什么大卫-霍克斯和约翰-闵福德的译本在德国广受欢迎。
A Dream of Red Mansions is more meaningful than an individual. It is an eternal work of art and should be promoted to the status of "World Heritage". At present, only half of European countries have translated a Dream of Red Mansions. When I first went to college in 1989, the German version of a Dream of Red Mansions was only a flantz-Kuhn excerpt, with a total of 40 chapters, only one third of the original volume. There is almost no difference in language with Kuhn's other excellent Chinese novel translations, with strong German local color. I also noticed the shortcomings of the translation. He translated "Lou" in the title of A Dream of Red Mansions into "Castle". This translation may be more suitable for European readers, but I don't think it is accurate in terms of Chinese culture, Chinese history and Chinese environment. These shortcomings can also explain why the translations of David Hawkes and John Minford are so popular in Germany.
XX年/契机我开始重新翻译《红楼梦》。也是通过这个项目,我申请到了北京大学德意志学术交流中心(Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst,简称DAAD)奖学金。因此我也得以在北京大学学习X个月。[When did you study in Peking University? And for how long?]当时的选拔委员会主席是沃尔夫冈·顾彬(Wolfgang Kubin,中文名顾彬),他后来成为我的博士生导师之一。随后在北京,我多次参观了红楼梦研究所。参观之时张#送给我一本《红楼梦》辞典。后来回到德国,我与马汉茂(Helmut Martin)合作。从他那里我了解到,史华慈(Rainer Schwarz)已经将小说前80章翻译出来,并将自己的译文交给他出版,马汉茂让我审阅了史华兹的译本。不过译文暂未达到出版质量,[Can you give more details of why it can not be published yet? ]还需修订。
XX Year/Opportunity I began to retranslate A Dream of Red Mansions. It was also through this project that I applied for a scholarship from Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) of Peking University. So I was able to study at Peking University for X months. At that time, the chairman of the selection committee was Wolfgang Kubin (Chinese name Gu Bin), who later became one of my doctoral supervisors. Later in Beijing, I visited the Dream of Red Mansions Research Institute many times. During the visit, Zhang # gave me a dictionary of a Dream of Red Mansions. Later, when I returned to Germany, I cooperated with Helmut Martin. I learned from him that Rainer Schwarz had translated the first 80 chapters of the novel and gave him his own translation for publication. Ma Hanmao asked me to review Schwartz's translation. However, the translation has not yet reached the publishing quality and needs to be revised.
这次翻译尝试于我而言具有重大意义,我认为修改史华兹的译本使其达到出版水平比自己独立完成120章的翻译更重要。我花了几年时间修订史华兹的译文,随后自己翻译了后40回。然后按照前80回的风格重新修改我翻译的后40回,其中人名的翻译统一采用正式的拼音系统及其拼写方法,且并非采用标准的汉语拼音,而是按照德语书写方式,这样做的目的是尽可能地吸引更多读者的关注,且避免读者出现行文风格“跳脱”感受。
This translation attempt is of great significance to me. I think it is more important to revise Schwartz's translation to the publishing level than to complete the translation of 120 chapters independently. It took me several years to revise Schwartz's translation, and then I translated the last 40 times myself. Then I revised the last 40 times of my translation according to the style of the first 80 times, Among them, the translation of names adopts the formal Pinyin system and its spelling method, and does not adopt the standard Chinese Pinyin, but according to the German writing method. The purpose of this is to attract more readers' attention as much as possible, and to avoid readers' feeling of "jumping" in writing style.
现在,读者可获得完整、精细的译本,译本必要处附有注释。之后在XX年X月[When will the fifth edition be published? ]会出版第五版,该版本会根据读者意见和自己对原文的重新理解再进行改进。比如在我未出版的120章全译本中,很多人名的翻译也考虑到了名字的中文含义。[What amendments will you make in the fifth edition of the Chamber? Could you please list some? ]
Now, readers can get a complete and detailed translation, with notes where necessary. Then [when will the fifth edition be published? ] will publish the fifth edition, which will be improved according to readers' opinions and their own re-understanding of the original text. For example, in my unpublished full translation of 120 chapters, the translation of many names also takes into account the Chinese meaning of names. [What amendments will you make in the fifth edition of the Chamber? Could you please list some? ]
3 欧洲红学
3.您曾在国内红学权威刊物《红楼梦学刊》上发表过两篇文章,以德国人的视角叙述西方对《红楼梦》的了解,并介绍德译本情况以及西方学者的理解及评价。从这两篇文章可以看出,《红楼梦》在西方的传播已变换形式,由文本本身的传播向舞台剧等多模态形态发展。请问现今欧洲的红学研究、传播现状如何?您认为《红楼梦》对国内外读者有何影响?
小说是“时代精神”的体现。《红楼梦》于1791年首次出版,其创作背景是中国少数民族之一的满族统治下的清朝,曹家或受康熙宠信或备受雍正冷落以致抄家没落。囿于时代背景,作者在当时无法公开批判帝制皇权,但在小说中,他在家庭日益衰败(从事道教、闲暇、诗歌创作、艺术和音乐,而不是为了能够谋生而学习)和自己没有实现作为家族继承人的期望中,寻求被迫害的根源。这种对名家望族没落之路的描写使我们想起了契诃夫的小说。此外,《红楼梦》对清初社会各阶层生活的详细描写,与君特·格拉斯的纪实性历史小说《铁皮鼓》(1959年)非常相似。最值得一提的是《红楼梦》和托马斯·曼的《布登勃洛克一家》(1901年)。两部小说都描写了出生富贵的年轻一代人的颓废、没落、溃散,以及一个家族的社会地位和经济状况的逐渐没落与覆灭。托马斯·曼的小说是以资产阶级社会的巨大变革为背景,而曹雪芹的作品则选取了某个朝代的更迭时期作为时代背景,在其中帝王利益与家族利益发生了冲突! 有趣的是,两部作品中的主要角色都挑选了英年早逝的类似人物。《红楼梦》里林黛玉为情而亡,秦可卿因乱伦自尽,贾元春和妙玉也是突然死亡。在《布登勃洛克一家》里克拉拉在婚后不久即死于脑结核,托马斯在牙科手术后去世,汉诺死于伤寒。两部作品都在结构和主题上运用了影射等大量的艺术手法,以丰富的故事进展描绘出一幅衰败的景象。因此,这种并行发展令人惊讶,很难说《布登勃洛克一家》的创作没受到《红楼梦》的影响。
The novel is the embodiment of "the spirit of the times". A Dream of Red Mansions was first published in 1791. Its creation background was the Qing Dynasty under the rule of Manchu, one of China's ethnic minorities. The Cao family was either favored by Kangxi or neglected by Yongzheng, resulting in the decline of property ownership. Constrained by the background of the times, the author could not publicly criticize the imperial power at that time, but in the novel, he sought the root of persecution in the declining family (engaged in Taoism, leisure, poetry creation, art and music, instead of studying in order to make a living) and his failure to realize his expectation of being the heir of the family. This decadent description of declining families reminds us of Chekhov's novels. In addition, the detailed description of the life of all social strata in the early Qing Dynasty in A Dream of Red Mansions is very similar to Gunter Grass's documentary historical novel Tin Drum (1959). The most noteworthy ones are A Dream of Red Mansions and Thomas Mann's Budenbrock Family (1901). Both novels describe the decadence, decline and collapse of the wealthy young generation, as well as the gradual decline and collapse of a family's social status and economic situation. Thomas Mann's novels are set against the background of great changes in bourgeois society, while Cao Xueqin's works choose the change period of a certain dynasty as the background of the times, in which the interests of emperors and families conflict! Interestingly, the main characters in the two works have chosen similar characters who died young. In a Dream of Red Mansions, Lin Daiyu died of love, Qin Keqing committed suicide due to incest, and Jia Yuanchun and Miaoyu also died suddenly. In the Budenbrock Family, Clara died of brain tuberculosis shortly after marriage, Thomas died after dental surgery, and Hanno died of typhoid fever. Both works use a lot of artistic techniques such as innuendo in structure and theme, and depict a declining scene with rich story progress. Therefore, this parallel development is surprising. It is hard to say that the creation of the Budenbrook Family was not influenced by a Dream of Red Mansions.
4.您曾在欧洲多所学校任教,请问现今欧洲汉学的研究状况如何?
You have taught in many European schools. What is the current research status of Sinology in Europe?
5 为何从古典文学的翻译转向中国现当代文学的翻译?
除了《红楼梦》这一代表译作之外,您还翻译了包括鲁迅、许地山、郁达夫、朱自清、冰心、巴金、钱锺书、韩少功、贾平凹等在内的一批著名作家的优秀作品。可否谈谈为什么选择不同时代作家的作品?您又是如何再现他们不同的写作风格?
This question intends to know about why you choose to translate works of those writers. Is it because of personal interests or the publisher asking you to do so? I think the section of Xu Zechen serves as good interview answers. As Chinese readers, we are desperate to know what things are like from Westerners’ perspective.
为何从古典文学的翻译转向中国现当代文学的翻译?
Why did you shift from the translation of classical literature to the translation of modern and contemporary Chinese literature?
不同时代的作品反映出不同的时代背景,这些作品对我个人而言是很好的窗口,可以窥探不同时期中国的社会面貌,还可与同期的欧洲文学进行比较。贾平凹作为20世纪80年代以来中国最伟大的作家之一,英译本很少。究其原因,首先在于他的作品植根于山西农村,带有浓重的地域风俗习惯。首先读懂原文对译者来说就是一项挑战,更不用提在译入语中找到对应的表达。我在翻译贾平凹的XX中就遇到了这个问题。。。。。。。。[Can you list some difficulties when translating Jia Pingwa’s or any other author’s works? We like the details.]
The works of different times reflect different backgrounds of the times. These works are a good window for me personally. I can spy on the social outlook of China in different periods and compare them with European literature in the same period. Jia Pingwa, as one of the greatest writers in China since 1980s, has few English versions. The reason lies in the fact that his works are rooted in Shanxi rural areas and have strong regional customs. It is a challenge for translators to understand the original text first, not to mention finding the corresponding expression in the target language. I encountered this problem in translating Jia Pingwa's XX. . . . . . . .
对于译者来说,翻译不同作者的作品时面对的翻译难点不同。而不同的译者有着不同的处理方式,这也能解释为何同一部作品有几个翻译版本,且翻译策略各有不同。我深知译者的文化背景对译本翻译策略的选择有很大影响,所以有些作品即便存在译本,我还是选择重新翻译。从鲁迅的短篇小说中,我们可以读出作者内心的矛盾:文学能改变世界吗?难道一定要身体力行才能改变世界吗?难道连唤醒那些像阿Q一样任由自己被牵着走,任人宰割的昏昏欲睡的同胞们也能做到吗?当无法改变自己和社会的命运时,唤醒他们还有什么用呢?作为译者,我们如何再现这种矛盾心理,如何处理鲁迅在翻译中有些古板的早期白话,如何与他对日常政治事件的论述。这些都是翻译中必不可免的问题。目前已有的鲁迅作品德译本在这些方面的处理方式多样。巴金在受到批评后修改了三部曲之一的《家》,删除了缠足现象。在翻译这部作品的过程中,译者必须决定是翻译原版还是删减后的版本。
For translators, translation difficulties are different when translating works of different authors. Different translators have different ways of dealing with it, which can explain why there are several translated versions of the same work and the translation strategies are different. I know that the translator's cultural background has a great influence on the choice of translation strategies, so I choose to retranslate some works even if there are translations. From Lu Xun's short stories, we can read the author's inner contradiction: Can literature change the world? Do you have to practice to change the world? Can we even wake up those sleepy compatriots who let themselves be led and slaughtered like Ah Q? What's the use of awakening them when they can't change their own destiny and that of society? As translators, how do we reproduce this ambivalence, how do we deal with Lu Xun's rigid early vernacular in translation, and how do we communicate with his exposition of daily political events? These are all inevitable problems in translation. At present, the existing German versions of Lu Xun's works deal with these aspects in various ways. After being criticized, Ba Jin revised Home, one of the trilogy, and deleted foot binding. In the process of translating this work, the translator must decide whether to translate the original version or the abridged version.
我个人很喜欢徐则臣的作品。在2009年(北上2015年才出版)[Is this book called <北上>?]的法兰克福书展上,他的故事《北上》受到广泛好评。事实上,他的生活经历与我有些重叠部分。我们都在北京大学学习过,只不过他比我早入学一点(多久)。当时校园里有一种亚文化,博士生们住在餐厅旁边的闲置房间里,因为他们对大学里的人、办事流程了如指掌,而且在独立的诗歌和艺术界也有联系,所以每逢有聚会,他们都很抢手,大家竞相邀请他们参加聚会。那时的大学涌现着一股乐观主义的精神,起初门外涌现出私营商业市场,后来校园里传出“开公司”的口号。那时,毕业生不愿毕业就被分入特定的工作岗位,身上的自由和责任感促使他们闯一闯这个世界。故事里拿着盗版产品的街边小贩和软件开发产品的学生先锋也是这幅画的一部分。徐则臣将这种气氛真实地捕捉到,令人信服。他笔下的人物在我们心上扎根,爱上他们,学会在生活中打拼。也是这种情感体验上的共鸣促使我翻译《北上》这部作品。
Personally, I like Xu Zechen's works very much. At the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2009 (published in 2015), his story "Going North" was widely praised. In fact, his life experience overlaps with mine. We all studied at Peking University, but he entered school a little earlier than me. At that time, there was a subculture on campus. Doctoral students lived in idle rooms next to restaurants. Because they knew the people and procedures in the university like the back of their hand, and they also had contacts in independent poetry and art circles, they were very popular whenever there was a party, and everyone invited them to attend the party. At that time, there was a spirit of optimism in universities. At first, private commercial markets emerged outside the doors. Later, the slogan of "starting a company" came out on campus. At that time, graduates were assigned to specific jobs without graduating, and their freedom and sense of responsibility prompted them to enter the world. Street vendors with pirated products and student pioneers with software development products in the story are also part of this painting. Xu Zechen captured this atmosphere truly and convincingly. His characters take root in our hearts, fall in love with them and learn to work hard in life. It is also this resonance in emotional experience that prompted me to translate the work "North".
6 跨文化身份
6. 作为汉学家和翻译家,您的跨文化身份让你置身于东西方文明之间。当您从欧洲文化和文学背景来到中国的文化和文学背景中,在两种迥异的语言之间进行转换,是否感到自己的思维方式和行文风格发生了些许改变?
[This question asks you whether living in China for almost eight years affects your translating ideologies? Is there any difference if you only learned Chinese but never lived in China for such a long time? ]
7 中西合璧
有人认为中华文化走出去最好的译介模式是“中西合璧”,如葛浩文和林丽君的译作在国内外产生了较大影响。您对此有何看法?[I think this answer is rather insufficient. ]
什么是理想的译者?韦努蒂认为译者应该是隐身的,看不见的。如果读者没有注意到所读文本是一个译本,那么译者就达到了完美的境界。我认为,原语文化的译者在理解原文上的确更占优势,但是在传达上就不如来自目标语文化的译者,只有这样的译者才能向目标读者传达想要传达的形象。已经掌握了两种文化和语言的人来做译者是最合适不过的。当然,如果译者本身就是作家就更好了,这样翻译出来的译文想必更贴近原作。
What is an ideal translator? Venuti believes that translators should be invisible and invisible. If the reader doesn't notice that the text he reads is a translation, then the translator has reached a perfect state. In my opinion, the translator of the source language culture does have an advantage in understanding the original text, but he is not as good as the translator from the target language culture in conveying it. Only in this way can the translator convey the image he wants to convey to the target readers. People who have mastered both cultures and languages are the most suitable translators. Of course, it would be better if the translator himself was a writer, so the translated version must be closer to the original.
译文总是一种新的创造,它在文字上不能再模仿原文,而在功能、效果等方面却可以再现原文的特点,所以葛浩文和林丽君这样的“中西合璧”的组合在翻译极具中国特色的作品时应该会比较合适。
Translation is always a new creation. It can no longer imitate the original text in words, but can reproduce the characteristics of the original text in terms of function and effect. Therefore, the combination of "Chinese and Western combination" such as Ge Haowen and Lin Lijun should be more appropriate when translating works with Chinese characteristics.
8 中华文化外译传播
8. 根据您的实践经验和理性思考,中华文化外译传播有哪些成功因素?
首先,对于普通读者而言,接受《红楼梦》第一步就必须有可读的译本,因此《红楼梦》在其它没有译本的国家的传播有赖于译者的工作。我认为等待引进不如主动输出。这样成功的例子不是没有。20世纪80年代,杨宪益倡议出版熊猫丛书,意在向国外译介中国当代、现代和古代的优秀作品,所出版的杂志和从书在国外有相当大的影响,几乎成为很长时期内国外研究中国汉学、对中国文学有兴趣的人了解中国文学的唯一的窗口。因此,中国相关机构可借鉴当时的经验,在还没有译本的欧洲国家作出尝试。
First of all, for ordinary readers, the first step to accept a Dream of Red Mansions is to have a readable translation, so the dissemination of a Dream of Red Mansions in other countries without a translation depends on the translator's work. I think it is better to take the initiative to export than to wait for import. There are not no such successful examples. In 1980s, Yang Xianyi initiated the publication of Panda Series, aiming at translating and introducing excellent works of contemporary, modern and ancient China to foreign countries. The published magazines and books have a considerable influence abroad, and have almost become the only window for people who study Chinese Sinology abroad and are interested in Chinese literature to understand Chinese literature for a long time. Therefore, relevant Chinese institutions can learn from the experience at that time and try in European countries that have not yet translated them.
其次,西方尤其是美国的《红楼梦》研究开始用现代理论解读《红楼梦》,如 “感觉”、“同性恋”等。因此在每隔几年举办一次的红学会议上,整理以前的研究,撰写一部西方学术界与小说接触史就显得十分重要。
Secondly, the study of "A Dream of Red Mansions" in the West, especially in the United States, began to interpret "A Dream of Red Mansions" with modern theories, such as "feeling" and "homosexuality". Therefore, it is very important to sort out the previous research and write a history of contact between western academic circles and novels at the Redology Conference held every few years.
我很早就开始关注《红楼梦》在西方的接受情况。其刚进入西方世界之时并不是一片叫好,直至被列为世界文学的一部分,这一过程持续了很多年。一方面是因为完整的译本直至XX年才出现,另一方面是因为许多西方汉学家和译者的民族中心主义世界观,他们认为只有本土的文学才称得上世界文学,而对别国文学视若无睹。在我看来,跨越时间空间,对优秀作品的认同还是同样的,因此《红楼梦》应该成为世界文化遗产。
I began to pay attention to the acceptance of A Dream of Red Mansions in the West very early. When it first entered the western world, it was not applauded until it was listed as a part of world literature, which lasted for many years. On the one hand, the complete translation did not appear until XX years; On the other hand, it is because many western sinologists and translators have an ethnocentric world outlook. They think that only local literature can be called world literature and turn a blind eye to other countries' literature. In my opinion, across time and space, the recognition of excellent works is the same, so A Dream of Red Mansions should become a world cultural heritage.
最后,中国文化作品的译介研究不能仅仅依靠本土研究者、译者,还需要目标语国家的同人鼎力相助。就《红楼梦》而言,对其翻译的研究不在少数,但遗憾的是,其中研究者多为中国学者,他们研究时没有与本土学者交流。但我认为,为了提升学术质量,中国学者的学术成果在发表前应由本土学者审查。无论如何,无论在中国还是在西方,一个新的领域就是小说的跨文化研究。
Finally, the translation and introduction of Chinese cultural works can not only rely on local researchers and translators, but also need the full help of colleagues in the target language countries. As far as A Dream of Red Mansions is concerned, there are not a few studies on its translation, but unfortunately, most of the researchers are Chinese scholars, and they did not communicate with local scholars during their research. However, I think that in order to improve the academic quality, the academic achievements of Chinese scholars should be reviewed by local scholars before publication. In any case, whether in China or in the West, a new field is the cross-cultural study of novels.
9 提建议
您自1990年代来华留学,在华生活多年。作为中西文化的“摆渡人”,您是如何坚持翻译中国经典著作的?您对中德文化交流的未来发展前景有何预见?[What is the future of China-Germany Exchange in your opinion? ]是否可以给年青一代的汉学家、翻译家提出一些建议?
题中的“摆渡人”形象很好,“摆渡人”的形象历来是正面的,在欧洲也是俗称的“好听话”,这也是世界文学中的典型主题。在近5000年前(公元前2600年)的文学作品《吉尔伽美什史诗》就讲述了摆渡人乌尔-萨纳比带国王渡过死亡之水的故事。摆渡人是两个世界的纽带,起着至关重要的作用。其实,译者本身就是一个“摆渡人”,他/她将作者的思想境界、梦境、想象告诉读者,把读者带入目标语环境之中。
The image of "ferryman" in the title is very good. The image of "ferryman" has always been positive. It is also commonly known as "good obedience" in Europe, which is also a typical theme in world literature. Nearly 5,000 years ago (2600 BC), the literary work "Gilgamesh Epic" tells the story of ferryman Ur Sanabi who took the king through the water of death. The ferryman is the link between the two worlds and plays a vital role. In fact, the translator himself is a "ferryman". He/she tells the reader the author's ideological realm, dreams and imagination, and brings the reader into the target language environment.
学生时代时我就发现,中国学生都知道歌德、莎士比亚、海涅,而西方几乎没有人知道屈原、李白、苏东坡、曹雪芹,对此我感到非常震惊。尽管翻译工作在西方不被视为学术研究,没有受到高度重视,但我个人把中国文学作品,特别是名著和经典作品翻译成德文看作毕生的事业。我还在德国维藤建立了一个翻译工作坊,专门鼓励年轻一代的毕业生,为他们争取翻译项目,通常是将中国文学作品译成德语和英语,目前已经翻译出了。。。。。。。。
[What translations have been published/done in your translation workshop in Germany? ] When I was a student, I found that Chinese students all knew Goethe, Shakespeare and Heine, while almost no one in the West knew Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Su Dongpo and Cao Xueqin. I was very shocked. Although translation is not regarded as an academic research in the West and is not highly valued, I personally regard the translation of Chinese literary works, especially famous works and classic works, into German as a lifelong career. I also set up a translation workshop in Witten, Germany, to encourage the younger generation of graduates and strive for translation projects for them. Usually, Chinese literary works are translated into German and English, which have already been translated. . . . . . . .
当然,从翻译的本质上来说,这是一项语言服务。没有这种服务,研究就无法实现。多了解中国文化,对德国文化没有坏处。而德国民众通常不懂中文,因此通过翻译获得资讯似乎是唯一方式。不过对于专业从事中国文学创作的人来说,当然建议掌握汉语能力,因为读原著永远比读译著更真实。
Of course, translation is essentially a language service. Without this service, research cannot be realized. Knowing more about Chinese culture will do no harm to German culture. German people usually don't understand Chinese, so getting information through translation seems to be the only way. However, for those who specialize in Chinese literary creation, it is of course recommended to master Chinese ability, because reading the original works is always more authentic than reading the translated works.
10. 作为世界汉学研究会会长,您组织了多场与汉学相关的国际会议,包括一年一度的世界汉学研究大会(WACS),持续向世界展示中华文化的魅力。您既是译者,又是研究者,您如何看待这两个身份之间的转换?您对从事译研结合的学者有何建议吗?
在西方,学者的地位普遍高于译者。不过,就我而言,译者的工作还是很重要的,因为科学有赖于源头的发展(The work of the translator is nevertheless important, since science depends on the development of sources.)。最重要的是,如果没有翻译,大众就无法认识和了解外国语言与文化。因此,我既做翻译,也做学术研究,一方面是有时在翻译的过程中发现某个学术研究的选题或者已有选题再翻译中找到了一个突破点;另一方面,有时做学术研究需要阅读一些中国文学作品,但发现并没有德译本,所以干脆自己动手翻译。
In the West, the status of scholars is generally higher than that of translators. However, as far as I am concerned, the translator's work is still very important, because science depends on the development of the source. Most importantly, without translation, the public cannot know and understand foreign languages and cultures. Therefore, I do both translation and academic research; On the one hand, I sometimes find a breakthrough point in the process of translation when I find a topic of an academic research or in the re-translation of an existing topic; On the other hand, sometimes it is necessary to read some Chinese literary works for academic research, but it is found that there is no German translation, so I simply translate it myself.
翻译批评现在在中国是比较热门的学术研究方向,拿《红楼梦》为例。我个人认为,做相关翻译批评的学者首先自己也应该是作家,有自己的代表作,或者翻译过一定的作品。此外,做翻译批评时最好将对象锁定为译本语言是母语的作品。如果一个人对自己的源语言掌握得很好,就能够分辨出字里行间的引申义和细微的差别,更好地评估选词、文体等是否得当。但可惜的是,中国红学届或者翻译学届几乎没有人具备这样的条件。
Translation criticism is now a popular academic research direction in China. Take a Dream of Red Mansions as an example. Personally, I think that scholars who do relevant translation criticism should first be writers themselves, have their own representative works, or have translated certain works. In addition, when making translation criticism, it is best to target works whose translation language is the mother tongue. If a person has a good grasp of his source language, he can distinguish the extended meaning and subtle differences between the lines, and better evaluate whether the choice of words and styles are appropriate. However, unfortunately, few people in the Chinese Redology or Translation Studies have such conditions.
我每年邀请100多位学术届同仁讲授他们各自领域的知识,主要是觉得做学问贵在终身学习。可以通过课程和会议间隙的讨论拓宽视野,有时不同领域的知识可以提供更广阔的研究视角。
Every year, I invite more than 100 academic colleagues to teach their knowledge in their respective fields, mainly because I think lifelong learning is the most important thing in learning. The horizon can be broadened through discussions between courses and conferences, and sometimes knowledge in different fields can provide a broader research perspective.
另外,我还建议做翻译的同仁一定要去原语/目标语国家生活一段时间。截至目前,我在中国生活了八年,每隔一段时间,新的表达方式都会扑面而来,每天都在学习,自然对我研究和翻译都有帮助。
In addition, I also suggest that colleagues who do translation must live in the source/target language countries for a period of time. Up to now, I have lived in China for eight years. Every once in a while, new expressions come to me and I study every day. Naturally, it is helpful for my research and translation.
11 国际汉学中心
11. 您是湖南师范大学“潇湘学者”特聘教授,并担任国际汉学中心主任。请问:该中心主要从事工作?您未来计划开展哪些项目推动中德文化交流?
国际汉学研究中心是国内国学与海外汉学研究的桥梁。来自世界各地、不同背景的学者,可以依托这个平台进行交流合作。我们从香港引进了来自美国的Margaret Chu,她在2021年初刚被聘为澳门科技大学副教授。她作为中心的兼职高级研究员,负责联系各国学者,评估和审阅中心的研究成果。朱女士还负责引进了许多同仁,包括来自牛津、加州和马萨诸塞州的同仁。另外,四位来自德国的学者已经被聘为外国语学院教授,其中两名也将加盟国际汉学研究中心。来自卡尔斯鲁厄的哲学家Ole Döring和来自杜塞尔多夫的历史学家Cord Eberspächer,他曾在那里担任孔子学院院长。中心的研究员正在共同构思编写《中国研究史 》,包括有一卷总论和十卷单行本,该书预计将以英文、德文和中文同时出版。除此以外,中心正在研究四大名著,特别是《红楼梦》在西方的参与史。中心还正在积极翻译中国现当代文学作品和政治文献。
The International Sinology Research Center is a bridge between domestic Sinology and overseas Sinology research. Scholars from all over the world and from different backgrounds can rely on this platform for exchanges and cooperation. We introduced Margaret Chu from the United States from Hong Kong. She was just hired as an associate professor at Macau University of Science and Technology in early 2021. As a part-time senior researcher of the Center, she is responsible for contacting scholars from all over the world to evaluate and review the research results of the Center. Ms Zhu is also responsible for bringing in many colleagues, including colleagues from Oxford, California and Massachusetts. In addition, four scholars from Germany have been hired as professors of the Foreign Languages Institute, and two of them will join the International Sinology Research Center. Ole D ö ring, a philosopher from Karlsruhe, and Cord Ebersp ä cher, a historian from D ü sseldorf, where he served as the dean of Confucius Institute. Researchers at the Center are jointly conceiving the compilation of "History of Chinese Studies", including a general book and ten singles, which is expected to be published in English, German and Chinese at the same time. In addition, the center is studying the participation history of Four Great Classical Novels, especially A Dream of Red Mansions in the West. The Center is also actively translating modern and contemporary Chinese literary works and political documents.
12. 结语
12. 我们非常感佩您对中华文化的热爱、对推动中德文化交流做出的突出贡献!再次感谢您接受我的访问!祝您多结学术硕果!
谢谢你!的确,通过文化交往把人们团结起来,这是我们这个时代最重要的任务之一。许多国家都以自己的文化为荣。可是,没有任何一种文化逊色于其它文化,每种文化都有其独特的魅力,促进我们作为个人和整个人类的发展。我作为一个德国人,爱上了中国文化。如果其它国家的人也爱上了中国文化,中国人爱上了其它国家的文化,那么可以想见,整个人类文化必将绽放。这样,人们就能实现尊重和宽容。
Thank you! Indeed, uniting people through cultural exchanges is one of the most important tasks of our time. Many countries are proud of their own culture. However, no culture is inferior to other cultures, and each culture has its own unique charm, which promotes our development as individuals and as human beings as a whole. As a German, I fell in love with Chinese culture. If people from other countries also fall in love with Chinese culture and Chinese people fall in love with other countries' cultures, it is conceivable that the whole human culture will bloom. In this way, people can achieve respect and tolerance.
12. 《红楼梦》跟今天国内外的读者有什么关系?
Woesler: The novel is an embodiment of “Zeitgeist”.
吴漠汀:小说作为 "时代精神 "的体现。
According to Georg Lukács’ Theory of the Novel, while the Epos (like Homer’s Ilias, which like the Dream reasons the stories in the divine realm) displayed a holistic world experience, a complete, self-contained culture, the novel displays, that the modern world has become infinitely large and has lost its homely quality.
根据格奥尔格-卢卡奇的小说理论,虽然Epos(像荷马的伊利亚斯,它像梦理由神界的故事)展示了一个整体的世界经验,一个完整的,自足的文化,小说展示,现代世界已经变得无限大,已经失去了它的家的品质。
The novel as a genre is no longer documenting just one culture, but represents, with the words of Walter Benjamin, the Organon of History. So the understanding of the novel changed with Lukacs to historical-philosophically. A novel is understood as typical for its historical era, the novel embodies the spirit of the epoch (Zeitgeist).
小说作为一种文体,不再只是记录一种文化,而是用瓦尔特-本雅明的话说,代表了历史的有机体。所以,对小说的理解随着卢卡奇的改变,变成了历史哲学的理解。小说被理解为其历史时代的典型,小说体现了时代精神(Zeitgeist)。
The Red Chamber Dreams are written in front of the background of the Manchu minority having taken over the power in formerly Han-shaped Ming-China (which was a multi-ethnic and crosscultural society) and families suffering the changing favor of changing emperors, with the Cao family being fostered by Kangxi and being persecuted by Yongzheng.
《红楼梦》写的是满族少数民族在原汉字形的明中国(这是一个多民族、跨文化的社会)掌握了政权,家庭遭受换代皇帝的宠爱,曹家被康熙扶植,被雍正迫害的背景前。
While the author in his time could not criticize the system and power of emperors, in the novel he came to terms with this life by seeking the guilt for the persecution in the growing decadence of the family (engaging in Daoism, leisure, poetry-writing, arts and music instead of learning for being able to earn a living) and in himself not fulfilling the expectations as the family heir. This description of decadence of a declining family reminds us of the novels of Tschechov (and e.g. in the Buddenbrooks by Mann, including the turn to arts and music).
虽然作者在他的时代无法批判帝制和皇权,但在小说中,他为家族的日益衰败(参加道教、娱乐、诗歌、艺术和音乐活动,而不是为了谋生而学习)和自己作为家族继承人没有实现家族期望感到自责,通过这样做,他也对这种生活做妥协。这种对没落家族颓废状况的描写,让我们想起了契诃夫的小说(如曼恩的《布登布鲁克》,包括对艺术和音乐的转向)
Moreover, with the detailed description of life on all social levels in early Qing Dynasty, the Dream appears as a documentary historical novel very much like Günter Grass’ The Tin Drum 1959.
此外,《红楼梦》对清初社会各阶层生活的详细描写,与君特·格拉斯的《铁皮鼓1959》非常相似,《铁皮鼓1959》是一部纪实历史小说。
13 中德文化交流
我们非常感佩您对中华文化的热爱、对推动中德文化交流做出的突出贡献!再次感谢您接受我的访问!祝您多结学术硕果!
Woesler: Thank you very much! Indeed, I see it as one of the most important tasks of our time to bring people together. Many nations are proud of their culture. By now we know that no culture is better or worse than another. But it is fascinating, and it promotes our development as individuals and as humanity as a whole, to know about the different cultures. If, like me as a German, Chinese people fall in love with Chinese culture, and all over the world Chinese people fall in love with other cultures, and members of other cultures fall in love with Chinese culture, this leads to an enrichment and blossoming of human culture as a whole. In this way, people can realize the best that is within them: Respect and tolerance.
吴漠汀:非常感谢你! 的确,我认为这是我们这个时代最重要的任务之一,就是把人们团结起来。许多国家都以自己的文化为荣。现在我们知道,没有任何一种文化比另一种文化更好或更差。但它是迷人的,它能促进我们作为个人和整个人类的发展,了解不同的文化。当像我这个德国人一样,中国人爱上了中国文化,全世界的中国人爱上了其他文化,其他文化的成员爱上了中国文化,这就导致了整个人类文化的丰富和绽放。这样,人们才能实现自己内心的最佳状态:尊重和宽容。
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美国汉学家 白亚仁谈中国小说在英美的翻译与传播
□ 受访人:[美] 白亚仁(Allan H. Barr) 采访人: 杨 平
访谈按语: 白亚仁(Allan H. Barr),1954 年 4 月出生于加拿大,1977 年获得剑桥大学东方研究学士学位,1983 年获得牛津大学中国文学专业博士学位。现任美国波摩纳学院(Pomona College)亚洲语言文学系教授。早期主要从事中国古典文学尤其是明清小说的研究;目前主要从事中国当代文学的译介,翻译了余华的《在细雨中呼喊》《十个词汇里的中国》《黄昏里的男孩》《第七天》等作品,并编译了韩寒的 《这一代》。 2017 年 12 月 20 日, 白亚仁教授应邀来浙江外国语学院进行学术讲座,期间笔者对他进行了访谈, 就 白教授与中国文化的因缘、对《聊斋志异》的研究、对余华作品的翻译,及中国文学的海外传播等话题进行了愉快的交流。 中图分类号:H059 doi:10.19326/j.cnki.2095-9257.2019.04.002
杨平(下文简称“ 杨”): 白教授您好!非常感谢您接受我的采访。您是著名的汉学家,也是中国文学研究和翻译的专家,尤其是在明清小说家蒲松龄及其《聊斋志异》的研究方面和中国当代文学的翻译方面卓有成就。首先我想问一下,您当初为什么选择学习中文,研究、翻译中国文学?
白亚仁(下文简称“ 白”):我想家庭背景有一定的影响。我父母都研究外语,他们都在爱丁堡大学(University of Edinburgh)学习古典文学、希腊语和拉丁语。我父亲研究希伯来语,是《圣经》语言研究专家,也研究其他一些中东语言; 我母亲后来在中学教拉丁语和希腊语。我姐姐在大学学习法语,我自己在中学学习法语、拉丁语和希腊语。我不想重复我父母和我姐姐走过的路, 所以就选择了一个比较遥远的文化。我喜欢法语之类的现代语言,也喜欢古代的拉丁语和希腊语,中文刚好古代语和现代语兼而有之,从古文到现代汉语发展没有中断。如果学习中文,那就有机会同时接触古代汉语和现代汉语。我也可以选择日语,但是日本历史、日本文化没有那么吸引我,我觉得中国有更丰富、更悠久的文化传统。
我于 20 世纪 70 年代开始学习中文,当时是想更多地了解中国。那时还是“毛泽东时代”,中国好像是一个很神秘的国家。到了“文化大革命” 后期,中国开始恢复跟西方国家的交流,英国学生开始有机会到中国来留学或者进修,所以我觉得可能以后会有更好的学习环境。那时我没想到中国的变化会这么快、这么惊人,但就是预感中国会有变化。我高中就申请到剑桥大学去学中文, 那时中国现当代文学没有很吸引我,引起我兴趣的是中国古代文学,尤其是明清小说,我们本科时阅读的冯梦龙“三言”的一些短篇,还有《红楼梦》和《儒林外史》的一些篇章都很有趣。我研究生时的研究方向也是明清文学,尤其是明清小说。
我对翻译的兴趣是最近 20 年才开始的。一方面,翻译作为学术活动、学术成果在美国大学并不那么受重视。刚参加工作时,我没想过要做翻译。晋升教授以后,我享有更多的自由,可以做一些自己想做的事情,这才开始从事翻译。另一方面,20 世纪 90 年代后期,中国当代文学出现了一些比较出色的作品,这也是我尝试翻译中国文学的原因。我之所以喜欢翻译,因为它跟研究不一样。研究古典文学比较辛苦,翻译当代文学就相对轻松,还可以直接与作者交流,研究蒲松龄就没有这种乐趣。翻译带给我快乐,使我得以更多了解当代中国文学的动向,丰富了我的学术生活和精神生活。 杨:是什么原因使您决定研究明清文言小说, 如《聊斋志异》的?
白:我在大学四年级快毕业的时候开始阅读《聊斋志异》,觉得趣味十足。当时读的是中文原著,比较吃力,但依靠一些注释也基本可以读懂。剑桥大学中文系很重视传统文化和古典文学, 我们的中文口语可能不那么流畅,但是读古文还是有相当水平的。我喜欢研究别人不太研究的作家和作品。现在《聊斋志异》比较热门,但在 20世纪 70 年代末我作研究生时,从 1949 年到 1978 年,中国只出过两本有关《聊斋志异》的专著, 重要的论文也只有十几篇。为什么文言小说在唐朝达到一个高峰,在蒲松龄生活的清朝又达到另一个高峰?这是我当时感兴趣的问题。同时,蒲松龄从 30 多岁开始写《聊斋志异》,一直写到快70 岁,在这个漫长的过程中,他的写作发生了怎样的变化?这也是我想研究的问题。此外,《聊斋志异》中有些故事并不纯粹是虚构的,而是来源于现实生活,而我恰好也喜欢从历史的角度去研究文学。基于这些考虑,《聊斋志异》深深地吸引了我。后来《聊斋志异》逐渐成为很多人关注的作品,我的兴趣反而淡薄了,最近 20 年基本没有发表与《聊斋志异》相关的论文,转而研究一些没什么人研究的文言小说及作家。
杨:您是否关注过《聊斋志异》的英译本?
白:我阅读原著的同时也读了翟理斯(HerbertGiles,1845—1935)的译 本“Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio”(1)。翟理斯翻译了《聊斋志异》三分之一左右的故事,但他的本意是把译文分享给他的孩子,而《聊斋志异》本来是为成年人写的, 并不是儿童读物。为了满足儿童的阅读需求,他做了相应的修改或删除。比如说,原著中一个书生和一个美女相遇,二人可能很快发生了性关系, 但在翟理斯译本中他们就只是喝茶。在《红玉》等好几个故事里他都做了这样的改写。从其他方面来说他还是个优秀的译者,而且他使用了维多利亚时期的英语,跟我们现在使用的英语有所差别,很好地反映了《聊斋志异》使用的中文不是现代普通 白话文的事实。 杨:您为什么从中国明清文学的研究转向中国当代文学的翻译?
白:研究古典文学很吃力,古文很难懂,资料也难找,而且在图书馆借阅图书也有各种麻烦, 效率很低。相比之下,做翻译要轻松很多,一台电脑,几本词典,再加上一两个中国朋友就可以了。我自己投入翻译工作,一方面是想换换口味; 另一方面,我在教学过程中接触到一些中国当代文学的译本,对别人的译文往往不太满意,总觉得自己能够译得更好。做翻译给了我放开的机会, 可以暂时摆脱严谨的学术研究。翻译中国当代文学作品,好像去当下的中国街道上看风景、看人物;搞明清文学研究能去看什么呢?
杨:在现当代众多有名的作家中,您为何选择翻译余华的作品?
白:当初我看中了余华的《许三观卖血记》(Chronicle of a Blood Merchant),1996 年左右我读了原著,两天就读完了。这本书的可读性很强, 一些细节让我很感动,有些情节让我想哭,有些情节又令我想笑,我觉得很精彩,好像中国当代小说很少能引起这么一种反应;而且书的篇幅不长,语言简单,翻译不那么费力,这正是我想要翻译的那种书。但是很快我发现已经有人在翻译这本书,(2) 自己再翻译就不是很好的选择,所以我就决定翻译余华的短篇小说集《黄昏里的男孩》(Boy in the Twilight)(1)。这本书我也喜欢,篇幅比《许三观卖血记》还短,翻译更加容易。当时西方有很多反映“文化大革命”和“毛泽东时代”的著作及回忆录,我认为这些书很有价值,但如果外国人只读这样的书,就难以了解中国 1978 年以后的变化,还以为中国街上都是红卫兵呢。《黄昏里的男孩》的故事都发生在改革开放初期,与中国政治保持了一定的距离,更多反映的是普通老百姓的家庭问题,比如说父母和孩子的代沟、婚姻中的危机等,我觉得这是西方人比较容易认同和理解的题材,有译介的价值。 记得第一次跟余华见面是 2001 年,我利用学术假去北京拜访他。他同意我翻译这本书,从此我们开始了长达十几年的合作。无论是我来中国还是他去美国,我们都会见面。翻译了这本书后两三年,我又翻译了他的第一部长篇小说《在细雨中呼喊》(Cries in the Drizzle)(2),2007年,这本书在美国上市。后来余华写了《兄弟》(Brothers)(3),因为一些原因我没有承担这本书的翻译,但余华去美国为《兄弟》英文版做宣传时, 到我的学校做了讲座。因为这场讲座,他开始写《十个词汇里的中国》(China in Ten Words)(4),我也与他进行了第三次合作。《兄弟》之后,他写的《第七天》(The Seventh Day)(5) 也是我翻译的。目前美国已经出版了我翻译的四部余华作品,明年还有一个中短篇小说集出版,书名是《四月三日事件》(The April Third Incident)。
杨:您觉得余华小说有什么特点?您在翻译余华小说时遇到过哪些困难和挑战?
白:我喜欢余华的写作风格,简洁、朴实。余华的小说比较容易翻译,因为语言平实,没有方言,用的是标准普通话,句子往往也比较简短, 没有那么多中国特有的东西,很少有“这个外国文化没有,怎么翻译成英文”的困扰。但同时,简洁或简单也会造成翻译的困难,余华写得不一定很具体,如果不小心处理,平易近人有可能就会变成平淡无奇。比如说《活着》(To Live)(6) 中提到了“羊”,那是 sheep 还是 goat ?如果是sheep,会不会是 lamb ?是一岁的羊还是三岁的羊?书里没有清楚地交代。《活着》的译者可能没搞清楚这个羊是 sheep、goat 还是 lamb,译本里会看到一些不那么一致的提法。再比如我最近翻译的《四月三日事件》中,男主人公很关注一个叫 白雪的女子,有一天,他注意到 白雪穿着红衣服。“红衣服”不是很具体的说法,是什么红衣服?是裤子、衬衣、大衣还是外套?如果翻译成 red clothes,那不能让读者想到她长什么样,英语读者不太习惯这个说法。遇到这种情况,我会发邮件给余华: 在你心目中,那是什么样的红衣服?还有《在细雨中呼喊》中,故事发生在一个叫南门的乡村, 从南门村到县城有一条小路。“小路”也是比较难翻译的,是 small road 还是 little road ?是用泥土还是水泥铺的?他并没有说明,外国人难以想象那是什么样的小路。我问了余华,才知道是path, 而不是 road。余华小说的很多句子没有清晰的语法结构, 因为叙述者往往不是文学家,而是像《活着》中福贵那样的农民和《第七天》中 杨飞那样的普通职员。他们用很通俗的语言讲故事,可能一句话就包含了三四件事情,几件事情只是简单地连接在一起。如果直接翻译成英文,英美读者就会觉得这个句子没有什么逻辑,而是简单的拼凑。我阅读我的译文初稿时,每每觉得还要做一些工作才能让故事更容易为英语读者接受,为此,我会稍微增加一些逻辑词,比如说加上 and、although 等连接词,以符合英语读者的接受习惯。 所以翻译余华作品一方面似乎很简单,一个段落、一页、一章没有太多困难,但另一方面, 读自己译文时就会觉得还得下大力气进行完善。
杨:就您所知,余华作品在英美的接受和影响情况如何?
白:影响情况难以判断。影响表现为被别的作家模仿,他们发现一个同行写的东西很好,然后使用同样的写法。目前我还没发现哪位中国作家在西方有着这样的影响。但接受肯定是有的,一些重要的报纸、杂志会刊发书评。现在,余华、莫言、苏童和阎连科等作家在国外会有媒体关注, 也有一定的读者,但他们的作品到现在为止都没有成为畅销书。据说唯一畅销的是科幻小说《三体》,比较严肃、传统的文学作品可能都还没有取得突破。 余华的书在国外卖得不错,其中卖得最好的应该是《活着》。很多人喜欢这本小说,故事本身很有趣,同时呈现了中国几十年的历史,仿佛一本简明的历史教科书。而且还有电影,有些人会先看电影,然后再看原著。虽然《活着》的故事发生在中国,但故事本身比较具有普世性,外国读者即便不了解中国历史,也会被这个故事感动。福贵热爱生命,在苦难面前保持乐观,我想很多人会认同这种人生态度。 《十个词汇里的中国》也受到广泛的好评, 很多人给朋友推荐这本书。这本书可读性也很强, 有很多有意思的小故事,谈到“毛泽东时代”、改革开放时代,时间跨度大,却又不像严肃文学那么难懂。虽然是作者的主观视角,但故事真实、生动。读者一般都会很喜欢这本书。
杨:莫言小说在西方的反响和接受也不尽如人意吗?
白:莫言获得诺贝尔奖后,读者肯定是增加了,但我感觉他也没有一本书能够引起特别关注, 或者让人特别兴奋。莫言获奖后在西方引起了某种程度的“莫言热”,但我不知道有多少人真心喜欢他的作品。女性读者恐怕尤其不太容易接受莫言小说所描写的暴力和丑陋。每次诺贝尔文学奖评出后,有些读者可能觉得有责任去读一读获奖者的书,起码要读一本,但这并不意味着他们会读他全部的作品。
杨:余华或其他中国作家有没有可能获得诺贝尔文学奖?译者的作用是否重要?
白:莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖说明中国作家和中国文学的国际影响力提高了,其他中国作家能否获得诺贝尔文学奖很难预测。译者、编辑、出版社都是重要的因素,另外宣传和营销也起着关键的作用。莫言的成功在一定程度上要归功于他的英文译者葛浩文(Howard Goldblatt)。葛浩文翻译了四十多本中国小说,在美国、英国等以英文为母语的国家,他的贡献很大,没有他,很多中国小说根本无法进入英文读者的视野。
杨:中国作家的写作与西方读者的接受存在差异,翻译时译者如何去平衡?
白:中国作家希望他们的作品能够获得不同读者的喜爱和欣赏,尽量扩大作品的读者群,但 凡是有兴趣阅读中国小说英译本的英文读者,一 般都受过良好教育,文学品位较高,他们不一定 需要作者把事情说得很直 白,而更愿意自己去琢 磨,希望有独立思考的余地。在西方编辑看来, 作者不用那么直接地告诉读者,只需展示一下就 行了,只要展示得比较传神,读者自然能够明 白。译者还是要尊重原文,如果原著“告诉”比较多, “展示”比较少,也只能接受现实,而不能单方面改动原作。
杨:您对葛浩文译本中多处删改原文的翻译策略有何看法?
白:我曾把葛浩文的译文与原著进行对比, 确实有一些不一样的地方,我不确定是不是因为他用的中文版本跟正式出版的版本有所差异。 葛浩文可能有自己的理论考量,他认为中国缺乏编辑文化。西方国家的编辑一般是很有权威的,他们可以告诉哪怕是很著名的作家:这个地方写得不好,需要修改,或者我有建议希望你能考虑。这样修订稿跟交给编辑的初稿可能有相当大的改动。而中国的编辑没有这么高的权威,比较有名的作家完全可以告诉编辑:一点也不能更改!鉴于这种情况,葛浩文会觉得译本还是需要一定的编辑工作,既然中国编辑不承担这个责任, 那么这个责任就要由译者承担。比如,莫言一本书的中文版长达五百多页,翻译成英文可能有六百多页,那么出版社可能会告诉葛浩文,我们不会出版这么长的书,你要想办法把它缩短一点, 那他就会删除几章或者删除部分内容。
杨:您自己的翻译中有没有遇到这方面的问题?
白:我对《十个词汇里的中国》的个别地方进行了改动,其他译本基本上没有。《十个词汇里的中国》的编辑通过我把她的想法传达给余华,请他做出相应的修改,但是不多。我自己不太做大幅度的修改,可能是没有那么自信,不觉得自己能够判断什么是成功或不成功的写作,所以一般还是尊重原文。
杨:请您谈谈对《红楼梦》几个译本的看法。
白:我最熟悉的就是霍克斯(David Hawkes,1923—2009)和闵福德(John Minford)的版本 (1)。我还知道乔利(Henry B. Joly,1857—1898)的版本(2) 及 杨宪益的版本 (3),但没怎么读。霍克斯版本在1973 年出版第一册,当时我非常喜欢,现在也喜欢。我在英国长大,霍克斯是英国汉学家,当时感觉他的译文很通顺,很容易接受。后来搬到美国, 再翻阅他的译本,用来教学生,结果美国学生认为英国味道很浓,好像故事不是发生在 18 世纪的中国,而是发生在 18 世纪的英国。这是霍克斯译本的一个问题。当然这其实是英语本身的问题,要么是美国的口语,要么是英国的口语。美国的口语美国人很适应,英国人就不适应,反之亦然。另外《红楼梦》有同性恋的内容,霍克斯的翻译一般比较可靠地反映了故事的文化背景,但他翻译中国传统文化中同性恋的替代概念“龙阳之兴”(4) 时,没有忠实于中国文化传统。“龙阳之兴”在中文里没有贬义,“兴”就是 tendency 或者 interest,可是霍克斯把它翻译成 vice,就有明显的贬义。英国传统文化不接受同性恋,非常排斥,他采取了英国比较流行的态度翻译这个词,我想他对待同性恋的这种态度不适合《红楼梦》,因为清代还是比较接受同性恋的。这是他翻译中的一个美中不足之处吧。但是霍克斯的诗词翻译非常好,这些诗文翻译成英文后仍然是非常好的诗词。总体而言,霍克斯对《红楼梦》翻译的贡献是很大的。
杨:您在课堂上使用《红楼梦》哪个译本? 学生们对它评价如何? 白:我给学生讲课时用的是霍克斯译本,因为容易买到。我的学生总的来说不太喜欢《红楼梦》,他们记不住人名。霍克斯将人名对应为英文里的单词,读者可以较少面对那些外国名字,会觉得亲切一点,比如 Patience(平儿)、Aroma(袭人)等。另外,《红楼梦》很长,一般不能在一学期内讲完,最多只能学习第一册,还不到全书的四分之一,学生会为此感到沮丧:花了好几个星期读了那么多内容,结果还只是全书的一小部分。
杨:近五十年中国文学在英美的翻译与传播情况如何?
白:西方 20 世纪 60 年代以前比较流行一种看法,就是认为中国古代小说没有西方小说那么好。外国人不太容易欣赏中国的这些作品,因为西方翻译家认为中国小说有缺陷,没有必要把全部内容都翻译成英文,他们有理由、有权力删掉一些多余的诗词,或者删掉故事太长、情节无聊的内容。20 世纪 40 年代韦利(Arthur Waley, 1889—1966)把《西游记》的三分之一翻译成英文,书名是“Monkey”,(5) 他认为《西游记》有很多重复的内容,没有必要翻译全文。这在 20 世纪前半叶是一个比较普遍的态度。《红楼梦》也有一个缩写本,只有 300 页。一个转折点可能是霍克斯在 1973 年出版的《红楼梦》译本。霍克斯认为他有责任把《红楼梦》的所有内容翻译成英文,他的“企鹅古典系列”(Penguin Classics)版本是最流行的《红楼梦》英译本。自此,别的翻译家也大多采取了相同的态度,很认真地把中国古代小说完整地翻译成英文。芝加哥大学教授余国藩(Anthony C. Yu,1938— 2015)在 1977 年出版了《西游记》新译本的第一册,全书一共有四册,1983 年出齐。(6)《三国演义》的完整译本 (7) 于 1994 年出版,译者罗慕士(Moss Roberts)是纽约大学的教授。另外一个获得好评的译本是《金瓶梅》,译者芮效卫(David Tod Roy,1933—2016)也是芝加哥大学教授,他用了二十年来翻译这本书,第一册于 1993 年(1) 出版,一册有二十回,最后一册在 2013 年出版。《金瓶梅》译本的特点是芮效卫做了很多注释,《金瓶梅》英译本全五册的总页数是 2500 多页,注释多达 4400 多条。
最近 50 年来,把全部的原著呈现给读者好像是一个比较流行的现象,好像只有文言小说没有这么做,可能因为文言小说没有一个很整体的统一(unity)。现在的情况是,一方面,有些很完整且翻译得非常认真的译本,读者不一定很多, 因为他们读完这些作品要花很长的时间;另外一方面,有一些新的选集针对普通的学生,普通的读者。总的来讲,无论是全译本还是节译本,这些翻译家都是用比较同情的态度去翻译的,不像一百年以前的译者,总是对中国古典小说进行批评和指责。
如英国的蓝诗玲(Julia Lovell)、韩斌(Nicky Harman),美国的译者更多。80 年代生活在中国的几位译者做的一些翻译,外文出版社推出的“熊猫丛书”在国外发行有问题,没做什么宣传,很 难买到。现在一般是外国人把中文作品翻译成自己的母语,在国外的出版社出版,并且会做一定的宣传,因此提高了作品的知名度。
杨:现在翻译中国文学作品的译者有汉学家、外籍普通学者、外籍华人、中国本土学者等等, 您认为最为理想的译者是谁?
白:汉学家一般是大学教授,但教授不一定是好译者。有些人不是教授,但中文英文都很好, 也可以把中国作品翻译成英文。是不是汉学家是次要的,甚至有人认为教授不是最合适的翻译人选,因为他们可能读了太多的学术著作,比较严谨迂腐。较为口语化或生活化的书,博士学位可能无助于准确翻译。译者最好在中国生活过多年, 有较好的语言、文化感觉,知道中国人讲的话是什么意思。我想外国译者把中文作品翻译成自己的母语时比较有优势,因为他们对自己的语言有丰富的感觉和直觉,对于什么是好的翻译、怎样翻译比较成功,心里比较有数。
杨:目前在中国文化对外传播中强调中国声音和中国话语,提倡保留原汁原味。您对“中国作品走出去倾向于异化”的翻译策略和方法有什么看法?
白:我自己的翻译理论很薄弱,只是一个翻译实践者。我没有什么深厚的理念功底,更多靠自己的直觉和感觉,针对具体问题选择归化或者异化,不会一概而论。 我注意到有些译者遇到“山寨”等中国特色词汇时,认为无法用外语表达,最好用拼音。我自己觉得这个办法不好。虽然“copycat”还不能完全代表“山寨”,但比较简洁,比用拼音好,至少传达了原文的一部分味道。比如中国人打招呼说“吃饭了吗”“你回来了”,这些直接翻译成英文就不妥当,我们不这么讲话。虽然它们反映了中国文化,中国人这么说不奇怪,但看译文会觉得奇怪,所以我觉得这种情况直译不一定是个很好的策略。
杨:您为什么翻译中国“80 后”作家韩寒的作品?
白:西蒙与舒斯特公司(Simon & Schuster) 是美国的一家大型出版社,他们想出版韩寒的两本书,并找到了我。我本来没有很关注中国“80后”作家的作品,但认为通过翻译可以更多地了 解他们。出版社首先想出版韩寒的一些博客文章,我读了后觉得他的写作风格比较有趣,与传统的文学作品不同,值得翻译。出版社给我提供了韩寒杂文的台湾版,书名叫《青春》,但我只选了书中的一部分作品,更多的文章直接选自他的博客。我们选的文集书名是《这一代》(This Generation)(2)。他的很多文章写得犀利风趣,但考虑到美国读者的兴趣,有些文章不适合选择进来。例如他谈中国当代诗歌的文章,虽然文章本身很好,但因为美国人不了解中国当代诗歌,所以就放弃了。美国人更有兴趣的是他那些关于政治、社会、文化的杂文。出版社也希望我翻译韩寒的长篇小说《1988:我想和世界谈谈》,但我并不太看好这部在中国炒得很热的小说,所以就没有翻译。
杨:您如何评价韩寒及其作品?
白:他是一位特别的作家,是一代中国青年的代表。他善于独立思考,不会在意主流媒体怎么说、一般百姓怎么想,不肯人云亦云。韩寒的存在也让美国人看到,中国不仅仅有官方的声音, 还有个体自己的声音。 他文笔有趣,有讽刺,有比喻,很巧妙。他的幽默也很有特色,很多时候利用谐音调侃一些社会现象,翻译起来比较困难。我有时候想,如果找不到合适的对应的句子,我宁可舍弃,因为我不想在后边加个注解:这种做法在中文里是很好笑的。
杨:近年来您的翻译取向发生了改变,从小说转向随笔和杂文等非虚构作品,这是为什么?
白:这反映了美国相当一部分读者的兴趣。外国人阅读中国文学作品有一个重要动机,希望借此多了解中国,让他们通过小说接触一个虚拟的中国,还不如让他们接触一个离现实更近、非虚构的中国。曾经有人在《华盛顿邮报》上说:读完一部中国长篇小说之后,感觉与其用小说的形式去反映中国的一些不合理现象,不如干脆写非虚构作品。既然中国的某些现实已经让人眼花缭乱,何必要费尽心思去创造另一个虚拟世界呢?
杨:中国文学“走出去”需要克服哪些困难? 中国当代文学在西方的前景如何?
白:中国文学的翻译、出版和海外接受都不够理想,需要克服的困难很多,主要问题有:翻译质量、创作倾向、文化差异、版权代理、推广力度、营销手段等等。 由于中国经济实力的强大,外国人普遍认为应该加强对中国的了解,西方媒体非常关注中国的动向,海外出版社比过去更积极地推销与中国有关的书籍。读几本当代作家的小说好像是一个比较便利的办法,所以我对中国当代文学在西方的前景还是持乐观态度的。
杨:您最近在做什么翻译或研究工作?近期有什么打算吗?
白:翻译只是我的一部分工作,作品暂时不多,翻译量不大,一般两三年才翻译一本书,我对自己的翻译量没有太高的期待。我现在正在翻译一个回忆录,是艾青儿子艾未未写的一部非虚构作品,讲述他父亲和他自己的故事。他是一位重要的艺术家,我对他的回忆录饶有兴味。 我还会继续研究明清文学,也许会写一两篇跟《聊斋志异》有关的论文,谈谈书里涉及的谣言和传闻的故事,这些在明清社会还是很流行的。
杨:谢谢!白教授耐心细致的解答!
白:谢谢!我很高兴接受采访!