20210601 culture4

Final Exam Paper Page. Please write now here and improve until grading on 2021 06 15

• Link to return to Course Homepage.
• Link to the other Final Exam paper pages: Final Exams 1 Bào Qìnwén 鲍沁雯 - Dù Xīnyǔ 杜心语; Final Exams 2 Guō Yàbō 郭亚波 - Huáng Zǐlóng 黄梓龙; Final Exams 3 Lǐ Yìhào 李艺浩 - Sū Xiāo 苏潇; Final Exams 4 Tāng Huì 汤惠 - Wáng Qìnyú 王沁瑜; Final Exams 5 Wáng Zǐhán 王子涵 - Zhào Kē 赵轲.

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book. Please also make a comparisons to similar or different cultural phenomenons in Europe and/or the USA.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until May 25. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline June 1! Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

• You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
• In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
• For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
• Add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). 翻译基础 [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu`靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. 智库时代 Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
• Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
• Please add a "Questions" section.
• Please add a "Answers" section.

This is the the first page with the final exam papers.

Please write another chapter of the textbook on any cultural phenomenon in China.

Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick - Tāng Huì 汤惠

Tanghulu is a traditional Chinese snack, originated in the Southern Song Dynasty, it is a string of wild fruits with bamboo sticks dipped in maltose thin, the sugar thin quickly hard when the wind. A common snack in winter in northern China, it is usually made of hawthorn sticks. It tastes sour, sweet and very cold when it is frozen hard.

Tanghulu is a traditional Chinese snack. Originated in the Southern Song Dynasty, it is a string of wild fruits with bamboo sticks. Dipped in maltose, the sugar gets hard quickly in the wind.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

In the Song Dynasty years began the ancient practice, Yanjing Suishiji records: Tanghulu, is to use bamboo sticks, through the Haitangguo, Begonian fruit, grapes, Ma yam, walnut, bean paste, dipped in rock sugar, sweet crisp and cool. Teahouses, theaters, streets and alleys can be seen everywhere, has become a traditional Chinese snack. Ice-sugar gourd has appetizing, beautifying, enhancing intelligence, eliminating fatigue, clearing heat and other functions. (Xinhuanet, 2013-8-12)

In the Song Dynasty, people began their ancient practice of making Tanghulu.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

To make Tanghulu is to put Begonian fruit, grapes, Ma yam, walnut, and bean paste on bamboo sticks. The ingredients have been dipped in rock sugar in Haitangguoto so that they are sweet, crisp and cool.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

In teahouses, theaters, streets and alleys, Tanghulu can be seen everywhere, becoming a traditional Chinese snack.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Origin of Tanghulu

Emperor Guangzong of the Southern Song Dynasty was named Zhao Dun. During his reign, Emperor Guangzong's favorite concubine, Huang Guifei, fell ill. She has a sallow complexion and refuses to eat or drink. The physician used many expensive medicines, but none of them had any effect. The emperor saw the love concubine increasingly haggard, but also all day frowned. Finally had no choice but to seek medical advice. A quack came to the palace and felt her pulse. He said, "As long as you use rock sugar and red fruits (that is, hawthorn) to torment, eat five to ten before every meal, you will get well in half a month." At the beginning we are suspicious, but this kind of eating is also the taste of the imperial concubine, your imperial concubine according to this way, as expected, recovered from illness. The emperor was naturally delighted and began to frown. Later, this practice spread to the people, and people put it together to sell, it became Tanghulu.

The emperor saw his beloved concubine became increasingly haggard and was all unhappy all day.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Finally he had no choice but to seek medical advice.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

At the beginning they are suspicious, but this kind of eating also fits the taste of the imperial concubine. The imperial concubine followed this method and, as expected, recovered from the illness. The emperor was naturally delighted and finally stopped frowning.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Later, this practice spread to normal people, and they put the ingredients together to sell, which became Tanghulu eventually.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Famous Shops selling Tanghulu

The most famous shops selling Tanghulu includes "Fountain of Youth", "Nine Dragons Garden", "Xin Yuan Garden" and "Quan Fu De"(“不老泉”、“九龙斋”、“信远斋”、“全福德”). Xin Yuan Garden sells candied fruit, also sells Tanghulu, with the most outstanding candied gourd. The Beiping Tanghulu is divided into three types. One is made of maltose, which is called Tangxi in Beijing dialect. It can be made into strings of red Tanghulu, which can be more than five feet long. This kind of large sugar-coated haws sells most during the New Year. This kind of candied haws is made of apricots wrapped in maltose. Another kind of sugar-coated haws is pasted with white sugar and then cooled with a layer of white frosting. The most authentic is only a thin layer of sugar, a variety of materials, there are begonias, yam, yam beans, dried apricots, grapes, oranges, water chestnuts, walnuts, but the most authentic hawthorn. Hawthorn is abundant in the north, slightly sour, made into ice sugar haws is very delicious. Xinyuan Zhai is best made without bamboo sticks. Each hawthorn or begonia stands alone, and the fruit used is large and flawless.

Xin Yuan Garden sells candied fruit and also Tanghulu,...--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

The most authentic one is only a thin layer of sugar with a variety of materials including begonias, yam, yam beans, dried apricots, grapes, oranges, water chestnuts, walnuts, and so on.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Though it is slightly sour, it can be very delicious when made into ice sugar.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Steps of Making Tanghulu

Step 1 String fruit: select fresh, full and uniform hawthorn, wash it, remove the root and pedicel, cut the Hawthorn at the waist, dig out the core with a knife, and add some fillings like bean paste and mung bean paste. Then close the two pieces and string them with bamboo sticks.

Step 2 Boil sugar: pour sugar and water into the pan according to the amount of 2:1, boil it for 20 minutes or so, and stir it up. Notice that after 20 minutes, the water is very small, boiling is very strong, and sugar has already appeared small dense foam, like light golden beer. You can dip the syrup with chopsticks. If you can pull out the silk slightly, it means it's ready. If the time is too long, the color will turn brown, can obviously pull out the silk, it means that the sugar has been burnt, it will lose the original sweetness. Remember, try not to blow when making soup, so as to make the sugar transparent.

the water is very little--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

If you can pull out the silk, it means that the sugar has been burnt, so it will lose the original sweetness.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Step 3 Dip in sugar: tilt the pot so that all Hawthorn can be dipped in sugar. Put a good string of hawthorn on the boiling hot sugar and gently rotate it, and wrap it on a thin layer. The sugar dipping process seems simple, but it needs a lot of skill. If the sugar is wrapped too thick, you can't bite the fruit, which is a failure. A thin and even layer of sugar is success.

Step 4 Cooling: put the Hawthorn string dipped in sugar on the water board and cool for two or three minutes. The so-called water board, refers to the smooth wood, soaked in clean water for a long time, the temperature is low, at the same time, the wood has water absorption, can help sugar gourd cooling and shaping. When you make it at home, you can use the chopping board instead. Just soak the chopping board in clean water before use. Marble is also a good choice.

Put the Hawthorn string dipped in sugar on the water board and cool it for two or three minutes.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

The so-called water board refers to the smooth wood. Soaked in clean water for a long time, the temperature is low. At the same time, the wood absorb the water, which is helpful for the sugar gourd's cooling and shaping.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Nutritive Value

Tanghulu is rich in vitamin C, pectin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, hawthorn acid, oleanolic acid, quercetin, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, Hyperoside, epicatechin and other organic acids and nutrients. Using modern technology to remove the core, the color is red, no pigment, no food additives, good taste, is a natural nutritional food. Hawthorn has many medicinal effects. It can eliminate food accumulation, disperse congestion, drive tapeworms, stop dysentery, especially help digestion. It has been an important medicine for food accumulation since ancient times, especially for meat accumulation. Li Shizhen, an outstanding pharmacist in the Ming Dynasty, once said, "if you cook hard chicken meat and put a few Hawthorn into it, it will be easy to rot, then you can push it forward." In addition, hawthorn can reduce blood lipid and serum cholesterol.

Nowadays, people use modern technology to remove the core. The color of Hanghulu is red, and there is no pigment, no food additives. With a good taste, it is a naturally nutritional food.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Pay attention: Tanghulu is good, but not all people are suitable for long-term consumption. First of all, because of its sugar content, diabetes patients should be cautious. In addition, "Ben Cao Bei Yao" contains: "it's noisy and easy to be hungry to eat more hawthorn, but it's harmful to the spleen and stomach." Therefore, the weak spleen and stomach, pan acid heartburn, should not eat too much Hawthorn.

Therefore, people with a weak spleen and stomach or suffering acid heartburn should not eat too much Hawthorn.--Tang Qizhou (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Terms and Expressions

糖葫芦 Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws

山楂 haw

山里红 Shanlihong

海棠果 Haitangguo

山药 yam

核桃仁 walnut

豆沙 bean paste

维生素C Vitamin C

果胶 pectin

绿原酸 chlorogenic acid

咖啡酸 caffeic acid

山楂酸 hawthorn acid

齐菊果酸 oleanolic acid

槲皮素 quercetin

熊果酸 ursolic acid

齐墩果酸 oleanolic acid

金丝桃甙 Hyperoside

表儿茶精 epicatechin

Questions

1.How many famous Tanghulu selling shops are mentioned in the passage?

2.Is Tanghulu suitable for everyone to eat?

3.When did Tanghulu originate?

Answers

1.4 famous Tanghulu selling shops are mentioned, they are "Fountain of Youth", "Nine Dragons Garden", "Xin Yuan Garden" and "Quan Fu De".

2.No

3.Tanghulu originated in the Southern Song Dynasty.

References

Liang Shi Qiu 梁实秋《酸梅汤与糖葫芦》

Peng Juan 彭娟 《宋光宗和冰糖葫芦 皇室起源》2009-02-04

Zhang Shan Pei 张善培 《北京城冬季名吃 冰糖葫芦的历史》2008-11-10

豆果美食 《冰糖葫芦做法》2020-02-28

Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot - Táng Qǐzhōu 唐启洲 201930096006

Hotpot or hot pot, also known as soup-food or steamboat, is a cooking method that originates from China. While a hotpot full of flavored broth is kept simmering, raw ingredients are placed into the pot, which can be enjoyed without other separate courses like rice or noodles. The cooked food is often eaten with a dipping sauce for additional flavoring. Most raw foods can be cooked in a hot pot, although they may have different cooking times, and must be immersed in the soup and then removed accordingly. Typical ingredients include thinly sliced meat, leaf vegetables, mushrooms, seafood, and so on. At the conclusion of the meal, the broth has acquired many flavors from the added ingredients, and may be served to the diners after turning off the cooking heat source.

Hotpot or hot pot, also known as soup-food or steamboat, is a traditional cuisine that originates from China. --Teng Bixia (talk) 04:36, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

History of Chinese Hotpot

Hotpot is a traditional Chinese food with a long history. It was originated from the Shang and Zhou Periods, when diners among the nobility each had a personal pot made of bronze when offering sacrifices to gods or ancestors. Till Song Dynasty, hotpot had become rather popular among ordinary people. In Yuan Dynasty, because of the trade and the war, hotpot was spread to Mongolia. During the Qing dynasty, hotpot came into the palace as a royal court dish and became popular among the emperors. For example, the Qianlong Emperor and Empress Dowager Cixi were very fond of it and would eat it for almost every meal, especially in the winter months. (Bao 2021)

Categories of Chinese Hotpot

a mandarin duck hotpot in Chongqing (http://www.shuxiaola.com/huoguo/406.html)

According to the structure of the pots, there are monolithic hotpot, two-flavored hotpot (mandarin duck hotpot), nine-patch hotpot, and so on.

According to the regions, there are seafood hotpot in Guangdong, chrysanthemum hotpot in Zhejiang and Jiangsu , spicy hotpot in Chongqing and Sichuan, mutton hotpot in Beijing, and some other types of famous hotpot. (Cheng 2020)

Hotpot and Chinese Culture

A meal of Chinese hotpot not only brings us enjoyment, but also provides us with a glimpse into Chinese culture.

When having a hotpot, family members or friends usually gather together in a happy and intimate atmosphere. Chinese people believe having hotpot meals helps enhance friendship and unite family members or colleagues. Moreover, people usually talk loudly and enthusiastically while having a hotpot, which indicates Chinese people’s nature of enthusiasm and hospitality.

Chongqing Hotpot

Chongqing hotpot, also known as spicy hotpot or tripe hotpot, is the representative of "Southern style hot pot". It was believed to appear during late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. In 2016, Chongqing hotpot was rewarded as the most recognizable symbol of Chongqing culture, and in 2017, the title of “ the capital of hotpot in China” was rewarded to Chongqing.

According to its origin, it can be divided into two categories: the mountain hotpot and the river hotpot.

In legend, while a group of lost merchants were resting on the South Mountain, they tried to make some hot soup to keep them warm. However, a careless cook accidentally threw their bags of chili, pepper, and other spices into the boiling water. They did not dare to pick them out from the simmering water, so they just randomly added several other food into the broth. To their surprise, it turned out to be really delicious, and this was believed to be the origin of the mountain hotpot. (Zhang 2008)

For the river hotpot, it is said that the bank of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River used to be the place where butchers slaughtered the oxen. While the internal organs were unwanted, the boat trackers bought these them at a very low price and cooked them with chili and pepper in order to keep warm and to remove the moisture from their bodies, which was believed to be another origin of Chongqing hotpot. (Deng 2019,11-12)

What makes Chongqing hotpot so different from other hotpots is that it contains beef tallow and peppers, which are hardly used in the broth of hotpots in other regions. When having a Chongqing hotpot, you are supposed to add the ingredients into the pot following a certain order: the internal organs, the meat, and lastly the vegetables. A typical dipping sauce contains sesame oil and is mixed with crushed fresh garlic and chopped spring onions.

Overseas Hotpot

a cheese hotpot in Switzerland (http://www.cicitour.com/articlexq/4480.html)

Hotpot was invented in China but has been spread all over the world.

In Asian countries like Japan and Korea, hotpot has been adapted into Sukiyaki Pot and Budae jjigae in order to fit their local taste, which is very popular among the people. （Cheng 2020）

In European countries, people eat hotpot in a rather different way. In Switzerland, there are cheese hotpot (fondue au fromage), beef hotpot (fondue bourguignonne), and the newly invented chocolate hotpot. (fondue au chocolat). (Zai 2000,29)

Terms and Expressions

broth 浓汤

thinly sliced meat 肉片

royal court dish 宫廷菜

monolithic hotpot 连体式火锅

mandarin duck hotpot 鸳鸯锅

nine-patch hotpot 九宫格火锅

chrysanthemum hot pot 菊花火锅

tripe hotpot 毛肚火锅

the mountain hotpot 陆派火锅

the river hotpot 水派火锅

the South Mountain 南山

the Jiangling River 嘉陵江

boat trackers 纤夫

beef tallow 牛油

sesame oil 香油、芝麻油

crushed fresh garlic 蒜泥

spring onion 香葱

Sukiyaki Pot 寿喜锅

Budae jjigae 部队锅

fondue bourguignonne 勃艮第火锅

Questions

1.What are the typical ingredients for a hotpot?

2.When did hotpot become a royal court dish?

3.What nature of Chinese people can be shown in the culture of hotpot?

4.Chongqing hotpot can be divided into which two categories?

5.When taking food in a Chongqing hotpot, what order should be followed?

6.Where does the cheese hotpot come from?

Answers

1.Thinly sliced meat, leaf vegetables, mushrooms, seafood, and so on.

2.Qing Dynasty.

3.Enthusiasm and hospitality.

4.The mountain hotpot and the river hotpot.

5.The internal organs, the meat, and lastly the vegetables.

6.Switzerland.

References

Bao Yiyi 包祎祎 中华饮食文化研究——以火锅发展为例 《时代报告(奔流)》 2021(03) 44-45

Cheng Yu'ang 成宇昂 火锅文化的当代传播研究 《文化创新比较研究》 2020,4(15) 77-78

Deng Wei 邓炜《饮食人类学视域下的火锅象征研究》2019 11-12

Zhang Laokan 张老侃 重庆南山陆派火锅 《四川烹饪》 2008(12)

Zai Qing 再晴 瑞士火锅——欧洲人的御寒美食 《中国保健营养》2000（12）29

知乎 重庆火锅的「陆派」、「水派」是如何产生和区分的？有什么标志性特点？ *https://www.zhihu.com/question/39636924?from=profile_question_card

Téng Bìxiá 滕璧霞 Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal）

The Grand Canal culture, with the culture of the Yellow River basin as the core, is a unique river culture combined with Haihe River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, and closely inherited from the culture of the Central Plains. It refers to the special customs, rituals, and lifestyles that have developed along the route.（Li 2013）

Introduction

京杭大运河 (https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3&step_word=&hs=0&pn=16&spn=0&di=87560&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&cs=1708967579%2C794225317&os=1591411750%2C2323091533&simid=3464916998%2C31851317&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=1931&fr=&fmq=1623680661327_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined&copyright=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgimg2.baidu.com%2Fimage_search%2Fsrc%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fa4.att.hudong.com%2F04%2F65%2F01300001389655132886650635428_s.jpg%26refer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fa4.att.hudong.com%26app%3D2002%26size%3Df9999%2C10000%26q%3Da80%26n%3D0%26g%3D0n%26fmt%3Djpeg%3Fsec%3D1626272714%26t%3D2e13e9d5a13c4fe81cad6ef29708c258&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fooo_z%26e3Bkwthj_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3FothtAzdH3F%25E9%25BA%25AC%25Em%25lD%25AD%25Eb%25BF%25la%25Em%25Bd%25Bn%26r61%3Df5_8_rtv&gsm=11&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&nojc=undefined)

The Grand Canal also called Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, about 1794 kilometers, is the longest and largest man-made canal and also one of the oldest canals in the world. Together with the Great Wall and the Karez, it is known as the "Three great projects" in ancient China and is regarded as one of the symbols of Chinese culture. Stretching from Beijing in the north to Hangzhou in the south, the canal flows through 6 provinces and municipalities. The Grand Canal, a 'golden' waterway in China, second only to the Yangtze River, consists of numerous man-made channels, rivers and lakes which form seven canal cultural areas: Tonghui, North, South, Qilu, Middle, Li, and Jiangnan (an important river was dug under the rule of Qin Shihuang in Jiaxing, laying the direction of Jiangnan Canal in the future). （Shan 2010,51-52/An 2001，2384-2407）

The first establishment of the Grand Canal can be traced back to the Hangou Canal excavated by the State of Wu in the 5th century B.C. during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. By the Sui Dynasty over 1000 years ago, the canal had connected northern and southern China. The Grand Canal has made enormous contributions to the economic and cultural communication between the north and the south in Chinese history. Not only has this man-made river provided great transportation convenience, but also fertilized the extensive saline-alkali soil into fertile lands. Furthermore, the canal brings up countless cities, making them the lands of prosperity.（Wu 2013, 01-02)

History and Development

世界上最长的运河(https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3&step_word=&hs=0&pn=114&spn=0&di=140690&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=2&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=-1&cs=1589804530%2C61305011&os=2518727246%2C1580959145&simid=3054923928%2C3753027924&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=1931&fr=&fmq=1623682279401_R&fm=result&ic=&s=undefined&hd=&latest=&copyright=&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=&height=&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgimg2.baidu.com%2Fimage_search%2Fsrc%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.20ing.com%2Fhcybnqf%2Fnyyvzt%2F160910%2F2_160910112718_1.wct.jpg%26refer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.20ing.com%26app%3D2002%26size%3Df9999%2C10000%26q%3Da80%26n%3D0%26g%3D0n%26fmt%3Djpeg%3Fsec%3D1626274332%26t%3D7f4d2cbbdbc5072047dcd6f69f60673d&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fooo_z%26e3Bdatg2_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3Fgjr7et6uAzdH3F9l8_z%26e3B72zy_z%26e3Bip4s&gsm=76&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&nojc=undefined)

With a history of more than 2,500 years, The Grand Canal was firstly excavated in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Period, finished its cut-through in the Sui Dynasty, flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties, completed in the Yuan Dynasty and maintained in the Ming Dynasty.

1.Cut-through in the Sui Dynasty

By the Sui Dynasty, the economic center had gradually moved from the Yellow River basin to the middle and lower reaches regions of the Yangtze River. To meet the food supply of Central Plains and frontier armies, the Emperor Wen of Sui gave orders to excavate the canal to transport the materials from the Jiang-Huai Region to the capital. From 605 to 610, the Emperor Yang of Sui assembled a force of hundreds and thousands of people from all over the country and vast materials to excavate the canal. Over 6 million workers were levied in total, and during the construction, countless workers died for harsh time limitations and heavy work.

2. Prosperity in the Tang and Song Dynasty

The cut-through of the Grand Canal benefited the subsequent Tang and Song Dynasties. Instead of massively excavating canals like Sui Dynasty, the Emperors of the Tang Dynasty gave orders to dredge, clear, patch and expand the canal reserved for Song Dynasty. As the central government of Tang gradually being consolidated and the rapid expansion of the population, the government needed much more grain to solve the huge expenditure. The Emperor Xuanzong of Tang gave orders to repair the Guangtong Canal, enabling more ships and commodities to travel. The Emperor Taizu of Song paid great attention to the canal projects for economic and political reasons. （enabling commodities to travel可以这么说吗）--Wang Chuyi (talk) 05:43, 16 June 2021 (UTC) 3. Finalization in the Yuan Dynasty

Kublai Khan, the First Emperor of Yuan, gave an order to excavate the north-south Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, connecting the political center in northern China with the economic towns in River South together. By then, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was fully completed. The Canal possessed a short cruising range and connected the major economic zones over the country together in a more direct manner. It can be referred to as another rebirth of the canal. Marco Polo mentioned the Grand Canal of that time in his book, Marco Polo`s Travel Stories， This traffic line was constituted of many rivers, lakes and a deep canal according to Khan`s command for the convenience of the transportation from the southern provinces to the capital and avoiding the ocean shipping." He also praised the beautiful, prosperous and traffic convenient Hangzhou, the terminal city of the Grand Canal.

4.Maintainance in the Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty also fed on the fruits of the predecessor`s labor and created another 'Golden Age' of grain shipping. But with the northward moving of the regime`s political center, the court`s grain shipping largely changed. Grain shipping was an essential approach to connect Beijing and the River South economic center. However, as the Grand Canal constructed in Ming Dynasty had been silted up in many sections, the rebuilding was extremely urgent. Emperor Yongle took 15 years to fully bore through the nearly 1800 kilometers Grand Canal, making it an inland ship route with a deep wide channel and extensive shipping facilities. (Wu 2013, 02-68)

The Grand Canal and Its Major Cities （Regional Culture）

The Grand Canal has witnessed the over 2000 years` history of China and bred numerous prosperous ancient cities. It has also promoted the prosperity and development of the unique regional literature, art and folk custom.

江南水乡文化(https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3&step_word=&hs=0&pn=115&spn=0&di=179850&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=2&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=-1&cs=2262016002%2C1874770645&os=3765822838%2C3801778050&simid=4275124792%2C788853924&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=1931&fr=&fmq=1623682279401_R&fm=result&ic=&s=undefined&hd=&latest=&copyright=&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=&height=&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgimg2.baidu.com%2Fimage_search%2Fsrc%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fyangguangzaixian.com%2FUpLoadFiles%2FXYEditor%2F20145%2Fauto_2014512111935_20955.jpg%26refer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fyangguangzaixian.com%26app%3D2002%26size%3Df9999%2C10000%26q%3Da80%26n%3D0%26g%3D0n%26fmt%3Djpeg%3Fsec%3D1626274826%26t%3Ddce668b29e41de4f99d556e7e8fd3225&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fywg227wg2zwtxtwg_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3FstgjAzdH3FstgjDjpwts_z%26e3Bwfr%3Fb89&gsm=79&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&nojc=undefined)

1.Huai`an

Huai`an straddles on the Huaihe River, and is one of the 'Four Major Metropolises' by the Grand Canal together with Yangzhou, Suzhou, and Hangzhou in the history, possessing both the north and south cultural styles and has always been praised as" south boat and north horse". In ancient times, people from the southern provinces transferred from ships to horses in Huai`an and then set out again towards the north; the Northerners also dismounted from the horses and boarded ships to the south in this city. The dwelling styles in Huai`an were also cut in two half. The constructions on the north bank were quadrangle dwellings of the northern style while the buildings in the south bank were built with blue bricks and black tiles with typical southern features.

2.Zhenjiang

Zhengjiang is located in the eastern Jiangsu Province in the central area of the north Yangtze River Delta. Zhenjiang had gathered lots of scholars since ancient times. The first literary theory work of China The System of Literary Criteria was written by Liu Xie in Zhengjia. The folk legends like The Flooding of Jinsha Temple Waged by White Snake, Liang Hongyu Beating Drum and Fighting in Golden Mount and so on, have achieved universal praise and increased the legendary of this ancient town.

3.Wuxi

Wuxi is seated in the southern Jiangsu Province in the central area of the north Yangtze River Delta Plain. The Grand Canal bred the unique River South Water Culture for Wuxi, and the water alley is the most distinctive waterside view of Wuxi. The dwellings by the water are made of white walls and black tiles on different levels. It can be said that the house sleeps on the river. Kangxi compared it with the orchid in the water, and Qianlong praised it as the legendary 'Fairy Isle'.

4.Hangzhou

Hangzhou lies in the south end of the Grand Canal. The productive materials and convenient water traffic make it a rich commercial city since ancient times. As the old saying goes Up above there is Paradise, down here there are Suzhou and Hangzhou.（上有天堂，下有苏杭） The completion of the Grand Canal brought prosperity to the Hushu Region in Hangzhou and bred The unique canal-style folk art and custom, including the local musical theatres, acrobatics, magic, shadow play and so on folk forms of art, and the canal dragon boat race, mulberry festival, lantern show, silkworm praying and so on activities held on New Year's Day or other Festival. （Wu 2013, 78-105）

（这里的and so on activities ，activities是不是多余了~，还应该用逗号与held隔开吧）--Wang Chuyi (talk) 05:42, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Terms and Expressions

Yellow River basin culture黄河流域文化

Haihe River海河

Huaihe River淮河

Qiantang River钱塘江

The Central Plains中原

Karez坎儿井

Tonghui 通惠河区

North 北运河区

South 南运河区

Qilu 齐鲁运河区

Middle 中运河区

Li 里运河区

Jiangnan 江南运河区

Yangtze River Delta 长江三角洲

Hangou Canal邗沟

Guangtong Canal 广通河

grain shipping 漕运

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 唐玄宗 Emperor Taizu of Song 宋太祖 Kublai Khan 忽必烈

Marco Polo`s Travel Stories 《马可波罗游记》

blue bricks and black tiles青砖瓦黛 （青应该不是蓝色，可能是和黛（黑色）差不多的）--Wang Chuyi (talk) 05:35, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Huai`an 淮安

Zhenjiang 镇江

System of Literary Criteria 《文心雕龙》

Liu Xie 刘勰

The Flooding of Jinsha Temple Waged by White Snake 《白娘子水漫金山寺》

Liang Hongyu Beating Drum and Fighting in Golden Mount 《梁红玉擂鼓战金山》

Fairy Isle 蓬莱

Hushu Region 湖墅地区

acrobatics杂技

shadow play影子戏

mulberry festival 桑秧会

silkworm praying 祈蚕

Questions

1.How long is the Grand Canal?

2.What are known as three great projects in ancient China?

3.How long is the history of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal？

4.What do seven canal zones refer to？

5.When was the new Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal fully completed？

6.In which city did the folk legend The Flooding of Jinsha Temple Waged by White Snake happen? （传说是发生在这里么？还是想要表达这个传说在这里广为流传呢？）--Wang Chuyi (talk) 05:37, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Answers

1..It is about 1794 kilometers.

2..They are the Grand Canal, the Great Wall and the Karez.

3.It is more than 2500 kilometers.

4..They refer to Yanzhao Tonghui, North, South, Qilu, Middle, Li, and Jiangnan.

5.It was in Yuan Dynasty.

6.In Zhenjiang

References

[1] Li Quan 李泉. (2013) 运河文化 [The Culture of Canal] 山东大学出版社 （Shandong: Shandong University Press)：03

[2] Wu Shunming 吴顺鸣.(2013.04) 大运河 [The Grand Canal] 合肥黄山出版社 (Hefei: Huangshan Publishing House)：1-105

[3] An Zuozhang 安作璋.（2001） 中国运河文化历史 [History of Chinese Canal Culture]] 上册 山东教育出版社 (Shandong: Shandong Education Publishing House)：2384-2407

[4] Shan Jixiang 单霁翔.（2010) 大运河遗产保护 [Protecion on the Grand Canal Heritage] 天津大学出版社 (Tianjin: Tianjin Univerity Press): 51-52

Wáng Chǔyí 王楚仪201920096022 Xiang Embroidery

A. Introduction

Embroidery tiger, the most often-made silk embroidery in Xiang Embroidery (http://www.suembroidery.com/embroidery_blog/article/12-10/chinese_xiang_embroidery_introduction_history.html)

Xiang Embroidery, also known as Hunan Embroidery, refers to the handmade embroideries produced in Changsha, Hunan Province, China. Xiang Embroidery is world-famous for intricate embroidery techniques and a long history. Nearly half a century, archaeologists have found a lot of linen silk fabrics and textiles in Hunan, Hubei, etc., which provide rich and valuable information for us to understand the Chu culture and Chu silk embroidery. During the long process of development, Xiang Embroidery adopted the techniques used in traditional Chinese painting and formed its own unique style. (Yuan Xiaoqin,46)

B. History and Development

As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, the embroidery in the Hunan area had been already developed. Xiang Embroidery was a gift to the royal family during that time. The most persuasive evidence is the articles unearthed in Mawangdui Han Tomb. By the end of the Qing Dynasty (the early 20th century), the embroidery techniques of Xiang Embroidery reached their peak and even took the leading position and surpassed Su Embroidery which is now widely acknowledged as the finest silk embroidery in China. (Li Xiangshu, Li Lifang,2-13)

In the course of the Qing Dynasty, Xiang Embroidery spread throughout urban and rural areas. And women have been widely engaged in embroidery. According to Changsha County Chronicles (1810): “In the provincial capital districts, there are more women embroiders than weavers”. (Shao Xiaozheng,2011,22)

T-shaped silk painting of No. 1 Tomb of Mawangdui in Western Han Dynasty (https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B9%98%E7%BB%A3/300254?fr=aladdin)

After the founding of New China, the development of Xiang Embroidery has gone through three stages:

The "golden period" from 1950 to 1965

In 1949, as Hunan was liberated, Xiang Embroidery got new development. Chairman Mao carried a large number of Xiang embroideries such as "an embroidered portrait of Stalin" to visit the Soviet Union. Due to this, Xiang Embroidery ushered in the first export climax to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. After the breakdown of Sino-Soviet relations, the export of Xiang embroideries was greatly blocked, and production fell into a trough.(Li Xiangshu, Li lifang,124-125)

A period of “worship” from 1966 to 1979

At the period of the "Cultural Revolution" (1966-1976), Xiang Embroidery featured well-known model opera characters or stage photos distinctively, such as Guo Jianguang in Shajiabang, Li Yuhe and Li Tiemei in Red Lantern, and The Red Detachment of Women, etc., as well as Chairman Mao and the revolutionary events, such as Contemporary Heroes, Chairman Mao Goes to Anyuan, The Great Meeting, etc. (Li Xiangshu, Li lifang,167-178)

Li Yuhe embroidered portrait (https://gimg2.baidu.com/image_search/src=http%3A%2F%2Fbift.sres.bjedu.cn%2Fstatic%2Fresource%2F2013%2F40D55544A3%2FD952DF5891%2F2B50AF8EEA%2F53CF5F0FCE%2F402AF70677B58F9.jpg&refer=http%3A%2F%2Fbift.sres.bjedu.cn&app=2002&size=f9999,10000&q=a80&n=0&g=0n&fmt=jpeg?sec=1626334681&t=48b0b644f32e8750143e8660f20f8220)

People of this period admired Chairman Mao almost fanatically. Meanwhile, Xiang Embroidery adopted diverse methods to embroider portraits. For instance, a large number of random stitching skills were used in the embroidery of portraits. In terms of the huge cost and hard work, it is certain that such "red" Xiang embroideries could never be surpassed.(Xie Yanghui,11)

"Reform and opening-up" period since 1978

In the early 1980s, after the formation of the "Four Major Xiang Embroidery Manufacturers", Xiang Embroidery ushered in the second development climax. Until 1987, the Xiang embroidery industry was a major exporter, making an indelible contribution to Hunan's economic development at that time. At the beginning of 1990, it entered "the contention of a hundred schools of thought". Township and village enterprises and private businesses have risen steadily. Three of the“Four Major Xiang Embroidery Manufacturers” shut down, leaving only one to continue to develop. At this time, the ups and downs of various enterprises became the norm. Around 2012, the Hunan embroidery industry recovered again, but it lasted for a short time. (Bai Jia, Bian Jiahui, Wang Huixiu,402)

C. Artistic Features

There are three major factors that contribute to the vividness, lifelikeness, and strong texture of Xiang Embroidery.

Diverse types of stitches

The stitching methods of Xiang Embroidery are very rich, up to about 70 types. It is said that with different stitching methods, the same picture can take on a different appearance. Among the various needle methods of Xiang Embroidery, the most representative ones are mixed stitching and hyena hair stitching. The mixed stitching was initiated by the embroiderer Li Yihui, which was later promoted and spread by Hu Lianxian, the owner of Wu Caixia Embroidery Village, the first Xiang Embroidery Village in Changsha. (Yuan Xiaoqin,46)

stitching methods (https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=%E6%B9%98%E7%BB%A3%E9%92%88%E6%B3%95&hs=2&pn=0&spn=0&di=98670&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&cl=2&lm=-1&cs=2278688748%2C2508536438&os=2897424617%2C3278384351&simid=0%2C0&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=30&fr=ala&fm=&sme=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=%E6%B9%98%E7%BB%A3%E9%92%88%E6%B3%95&objurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgimg2.baidu.com%2Fimage_search%2Fsrc%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.chnxf.com%2Fuploads%2F180605%2F1-1P6051RJOM.jpg%26refer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.chnxf.com%26app%3D2002%26size%3Df9999%2C10000%26q%3Da80%26n%3D0%26g%3D0n%26fmt%3Djpeg%3Fsec%3D1626255123%26t%3D121cab4fb9611a1e6bb74094d9b585ca&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fooo_z%26e3Bvigxu_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3F15g2pwtAzdH3Fztx7gAzdH3Fda8bamacd88_z%26e3Bip4s&gsm=1&islist=&querylist=)

It is precisely because of the promotion of this stitching that Xiang Embroidery has set itself apart from the other embroideries and has become independent and outstanding embroidery art. Hyena hair stitching is developed on the basis of mixed stitching. Compared with mixed stitching, hyena hair stitching pursues changes in color and realistic texture. Therefore, hyena hair stitching is often used for embroidering lions, tigers or other beasts, which earns itself the reputation of "shocking thousands of mountains with a roar, and astonishing beasts with standing power".(Yuan Xiaoqin,46)

Unique silk-splitting skills

The most unique aspect of Xiang Embroidery is its silk-splitting skill, which means that the original silk thread is split by fingers to form a thinner one. The reason why it is necessary to split the silk is that the silk thread used in Xiang embroidery is easily-fuzzed velvet thread. Without splitting, the delicacy of Xiang Embroidery cannot be perfectly presented. As early as the period that Hu Lianxian lived, Xiang embroiders came up with the idea of splitting silk in practice. The silk thread obtained by splitting is more exquisite in terms of texture and color. (Yuan Xiaoqin,46)

Rich use of colors

Life is the source of inspiration for Xiang Embroidery. So in order to better show the beauty of life and to set people on the created “scene”, the color of embroidery thread must be well selected and properly matched. Through abundant investigation and research work, it can be easily found that Xiang Embroidery applies 745 different colors only in one piece of work. With the various use of threads in different colors, the product can be presented in different ways. (Yuan Xiaoqin,46)

D. Current Situation and Inheritance

At present, the country is vigorously supporting the inheritance and development of Xiang Embroidery. But meanwhile, there is still plenty of room for its improvement. First of all, the industrial scale of Xiang Embroidery is relatively small, and the production cost is much higher. Used to be composed of small family workshops, few Xiang Embroidery industries convened in a large zone. In addition, another reason that hinders the development of Xiang Embroidery is the lack of excellent craftsmen. Although some colleges have opened courses related to Xiang Embroidery design and crafts, many people are not familiar with them so that few choose this major. What's more, the salary of embroidery workers is not satisfying, which also caused the shortage of talents. Third, nowadays the society is impetuous and fast. Xiang Embroidery must not only grasp efficiency but also ensure each product is unique and charming. Lastly, publicity for it is not enough. We have hardly ever seen any advertisements for Xiang Embroidery, not to mention TV programs sponsored by Xiang Embroidery enterprises. (Bai Jia,Bian Jiahui,Wang Huixiu,403)

There are several ways to promote the development of Xiang Embroidery culture critically and creatively. First, attach great importance to industrial innovation. Second, cultivate more craftsmen. Third, boost fiscal support from government. Fourth, integrate with tourism. (Wu Na,103)

References

• Shao Xiaocheng 邵晓琤. (2011). 中国刺绣鉴赏宝典 [Appreciation of Chinese embroidery]. 上海科学技术出版社Shanghai：Shanghai Science and Technology Press
• Li Xiangshu, Li Lifang 李湘树，李立芳. (2009). 湖湘刺绣㊁湘绣卷[The second volume of ‘Hunan embroidery’: Xiang embroidery]. 湖南美术出版社Changsha: Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House

• Xie Yanghui谢洋慧.(2013).湘绣文化与工艺传承研究[Research on the Inheritance of Xiang Embroidery Culture and Crafts]湖南师范大学Hunan Normal University[D].1-55

• Yuan Xiaoqin袁晓勤.(2020)浅谈湘绣艺术与产业发展[On the art and industrial development of Hunan embroidery]轻纺工业与技术(Textile Industry and Technology)[J].49(07): 46-47

• Bai Jia, Bian Jiahui, Wang Huixiu.柏佳,边佳慧,王惠秀(2019) 湘绣的发展现状及未来传承思路[Ideas on the current situation and future inheritance of Xiang Embroidery].[J].现代经济信息Modern Economic Information. (07):402-403.

• Wuna 武娜. (2021). 湘绣文化创意产业存在的问题与对策 [Study on Problems and Countermeasures of Xiang Embroidery Cultural Creative Industry]. [J].轻纺工业与技术(Textile Industry and Technology) 50(01):102-103

Terms and Expressions

linen silk fabric 亚麻布丝织品

Mawangdui Han Tomb 马王堆汉墓

Changsha County Chronicles 《长沙县志》

Sino-Soviet relations 中苏关系

Guo Jianguang 郭建光

Shajiabang 《沙家浜》

Li Yuhe and Li Tiemei 李玉和、李铁梅

Red Lantern 《红灯记》

The Red Detachment of Women《红色娘子军》

Contemporary Heroes 《当代英雄》

Chairman Mao Goes to Anyuan《毛主席去安源》

The Great Meeting 《伟大的会见》

random stitching 乱针

Four Major Xiang Embroidery Manufacturers 湘绣四大厂家

the contention of a hundred schools of thought百家争鸣

mixed stitching 掺针

hyena hair stitching 鬣毛针

Li Yihui 李仪徽

Hu Lianxian 胡莲仙

Wu Caixia Embroidery Village吴彩霞绣庄

Shocking thousands of mountains with a roar, and astonishing beasts with standing power “一声啸震千山外，凛凛余威百兽惊”

silk-splitting 劈丝

Questions

1.Why is Xiang Embroidery world-famous?

2.When did Xiang Embroidery begin to develop?

3.How many stages has the Xiang Embroidery gone through after the founding of New China?

4.How many artistic features does Xiang Embroidery have?

5.How many ways to promote the development of Xiang Embroidery?

Answers

1.It is world-famous for complicated embroidery techniques and a long history.

2.As early as the Spring and Autumn Period.

3.Three.

4.Three.

5.Four.

Take Su Shi as an example: Relegation Literature in Ancient China - Wáng Jìngyí 王静怡 201930096012

Su Shi is one of the most celebrated giants all over the world but he is also a poet who had three relegated experiences. However, he is admired by descendants because of his very optimistic attitude toward his life and the world. During his relegation, he had created abundant masterpieces of which the style was different from his other works. In other words, Su Shi has made great achievements in relegation literature in ancient Chinese literary arts.

An Introduction of Relegation Literature in Ancient China

A. Definition

Relegation is a special cultural phenomenon in ancient China. Many relegated scholars and poets also made great achievements in the relegation literature of ancient China. In his Cultural Perplexity in Agonized Travel, Yu Qiuyu writes that one of the most glamorous parts of Chinese history can be called "Relegation Culture". When a disgraced official loses favor and is demoted, a sense of loneliness and tragedy creeps into his heart, and he is relegated to the outside world, walking here and there, only to make out with the landscape. In this way, articles and poems are available, and they are often well written.

The concept of "relegation literature" is a multifaceted one that includes a wide range of intertwined issues such as political systems, political events, literati identities, relegated regions, and relegated groups. Professor Shang Yongliang mentions in his article Relegation Culture and Relegation Literature: Focusing on the Deportation of the Five Great Poets and Their Writings in Yuan he period, the Middle Tang Dynasty: The so-called relegation literature is composed of three major parts. The first part is the literary works created by the relegated poets during their relegation, which is the main part of relegation literature; the second and third part is the literary works about relegation created by the relegated poets before and after their relegation, as well as by the non-relegated poets during their farewell and reminiscence, which is the flank of relegation literature." His definition of the concept of relegation literature takes into account both the time period as a dimension and the content as a dimension, and is more comprehensive and accurate in its conceptual definition. (Zhao Yajuan, 2016, 1)

B. Representatives and Their Relegated Works

Qu Yuan (340–278 BC) was a Chinese poet and politician who lived during the Warring States period. He is known for his patriotism and contributions to classical poetry and verses, especially through the poems of the Chu Ci anthology (also known as The Songs of the South or Songs of Chu): a volume of poems attributed to or considered to be inspired by his verse writing. During the early days of King Huai's reign, Qu Yuan was serving the State of Chu as its Left Minister. However, King Huai exiled Qu Yuan to the region north of the Han River, because corrupt ministers slandered him and influenced the king. During his exile, he created many masterpieces, such as The Lament or Encountering Sorrow, The Heavenly Questions or Questions to Heaven.

Liu Zongyuan (773 – 28 November 819) was a Chinese writer, politician, and poet who lived during the Tang Dynasty. Along with Han Yu, he was a founder of the Classical Prose Movement. He has been traditionally classed as one of the "Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song". In 805, he fell out of favor with the imperial government because of his association with a failed reformist movement. He was exiled first to Yongzhou, Hunan, and then to Liuzhou, Guangxi, where he eventually became the city Governor. A park and temple in Liuzhou are dedicated to his memory. His exile allowed his literary career to flourish: he produced poems, fables, reflective travelogues and essays synthesizing elements of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Liu's best-known travel pieces are the Eight Records of Excursions in Yongzhou. Around 180 of his poems are extant, of which five have been collected in the anthology Three Hundred Tang Poems. Some of his works celebrate his freedom from office, while others mourn his banishment.

C. Characters

Relegation is a common political phenomenon in ancient China. The phenomenon of relegation in China has continued throughout ancient history, but most frequently in the Tang and Song Dynasties.

The universality and multi-level nature of the target of relegation. Since ancient China entered the era of power and rule, the phenomenon of relegation and exile had been following. Then it became more and more frequent and widespread with the further development of society. "Throughout the Tang Dynasty, it was very common for officials to be aside the emperor in the morning but to be relegated to the wildness in the evening, and there were only a few officials had not been relegated. Therefore, "The banishment and exile of officials departing from the capital was one of the major events in the social and political life of the Tang Dynasty." The composition of the group of people who suffered relegation in the Tang Dynasty was far more extensive than any other era before or after, ranging from the royal family and its reletives, princes and sons, to officials and bureaucrats at all levels. The number of people who suffered from relegation is innumerable.

Uncertainty of the reasons for relegation. From the perspective of the causes of the phenomenon of relegation in ancient times, there are many people whose reasons for relegation are not sufficient and are with great arbitrariness. It can be said that "As the victims of political struggles, many literati were relegated to exile for reasons that were mostly excuses". For example, Jia Yi was expelled in the Han Dynasty because he was accused of "desires to trespass on power and disorderly affairs"; Wang Changling was relegated to the post of Lieutenant named Dragon's Bench because he "did not pay attention to surrounding details in his later years"; "Han Yu was relegated to Yangshan, Lianzhou in the 19th year of Zheng Yuan's reign.In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu was deported for "not repairing the curtain"; Su Shi got deported for "slandering the imperial government"; Huang Tingjian was accused of "falsely destroying the previous emperor" for his book "The True Records of Emperor Shen". ; Zhu Dunru was deported for his "exclusive dissenting views"; Xin Qiji was deported for his "gathering of wealth"; Lu You was deported in the 16th year of Chunxi for "mocking the wind and moon".

The neutral character in Chinese culture is reflected in the political punitive character of relegation. In essence, “Banishment was a form of punishment for guilty subjects, or an act of coercion against dissidents and rebels.” However, this coercive act was not aimed at their total elimination, but had a corrective intention, i.e., it was meant to be followed. The purpose was to punish those who were relegated by making them feel the great pain of survival, but more importantly, to make them learn a lesson for the future.

The inclusiveness of Chinese culture is reflected in the emotional responses of the deportees and the journey they took in their literary creations. The relegation deals a painful blow to the life of the relegated person, "On the one hand, he carries the burden of the past, and his past life accompanies him day and night; on the other hand, he must face the reality and adapt to the new environment. His survival depends on his ability to solve his dilemma". From the emotional reactions of the deportees, some remained committed to their political ideals, such as Qu Yuan and Jia Yi; some turned to Buddhism and Taoism, such as Bai Juyi, Wang Wei and Su Shi; some turned to secularism, and some turned to Buddhism and Zen. Of course, these turns were not complete, but more often than not, they were the interpenetration of different cultural contents and mutual influences, showing a gesture of mutual integration and unification. (Liu Tiefeng, 2009,54-56)

An Introduction of Literary Giant-- Su Shi

Su Shi (8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy name Zizhan, art name Dongpo, was a Chinese poet, writer, politician, calligrapher, painter, pharmacologist, and gastronome of the Song Dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, Su was an important figure in Song Dynasty politics, aligning himself with Sima Guang and others, against the New Policy party led by Wang Anshi.

The image of Su Shi

Su Shi is widely regarded as one of the most accomplished figures in classical Chinese literature, having produced some of the most well-known poems, lyrics, prose, and essays. Su Shi was famed as an essayist, and his prose writings lucidly contribute to the understanding of topics such as 11th-century Chinese travel literature or detailed information on the contemporary Chinese iron industry. His poetry has a long history of popularity and influence in China, Japan, and other areas in the near vicinity and is well known in the English-speaking parts of the world through the translations by Arthur Waley, among others. In terms of the arts, Su Shi has some claim to being "the pre-eminent personality of the eleventh century." Dongpo pork, a prominent dish in Hangzhou cuisine, is named in his honor.

Su Shi and His Relegated Experiences in the Southern Song Dynasty

A. Relegated to Huangzhou

In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi, who was forty-three years old, was transferred to the governorship of Huzhou. After he took office, he wrote a letter "Huzhou Appreciation Recommendation" to Emperor Song Shen Zong, which was a routine matter, but Su Shi was a poet, and his pen often carried his personal emotion, and even though he wrote an official article, he could not forget to add some personal color, saying that he was "foolish and untimely, and could hardly accompany the newcomers", and that "the old man did not cause any trouble or could shepherd the small people". These words were used by the New Party to say that he was "fooling the court, presumptuous and arrogant", "harboring resentment and anger", "rebuking the public opinion", and "harboring evil intentions". "He also satirized the government, was rash and disloyal to the emperor, and deserved to die for such a great crime. They picked out lines from Su Shi's numerous poems that they thought implied sarcasm, and for a while, the court was filled with voices of anti-Su. On July 28, Su Shi, who had only been in office for three months, was arrested by the officials of the imperial court and sent to the capital, and dozens of people were implicated. This is the famous "Wutai Poetry Case" of the Northern Song Dynasty (Wutai, that is, the imperial court, is called Wutai because of the cypress trees planted on it and the crows inhabiting it all year round).

This huge blow became the turning point of Su Shi's life. The new party was determined to put Su Shi to death, and rescue activities were launched simultaneously in the court and the field. Not only many patriarchs who shared Su Shi's political views wrote to him, but also some knowledgeable people of the Legal Reform School advised Shen Zong not to kill Su Shi. Wang Anshi, who was retired from Jinling at that time, also wrote a letter saying, "How can there be a holy world and kill a talented scholar?" With everyone's efforts, the poetry case was decided by Wang Anshi's "one word", and Su Shi was sentenced to a lighter sentence and relegated to the position of deputy minister of Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei), "to be resettled in this state" and monitored by local officials. Su Shi was imprisoned for 103 days and was nearly killed. Fortunately, Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin set the state policy of not killing the scholars, he was able to escape a disaster.

Therefore, Su Shi's first remote trip of exile (1080–1086) was to Huangzhou, Hubei. This post carried a nominal title, but no stipend, leaving Su in poverty. During this period, he began Buddhist meditation. With help from a friend, Su built a small residence on a parcel of land in 1081. Su Shi lived at a farm called Dongpo ('Eastern Slope'), from which he took his literary pseudonym. While banished to Hubei province, he grew fond of the area he lived in; many of the poems considered his best were written in this period. His most famous piece of calligraphy, Han Shi Tie, was also written there. In 1086, Su and all other banished statesmen were recalled to the capital due to the ascension of a new government.

During his first exile, he created several most famous pieces: the First and Second Chibifu (The Red Cliffs), Nian Nu Jiao: Chibi Huai Gu (Remembering Chibi, to the tune of Nian Nu Jiao).

B. Relegated to Huizhou

In the first year of Shaosheng (1094), Su Shi was again deported, but on the way, he was deported again and again. After being relegated, reappointed, and re-deported again, Su Shi was obviously more relegated to Huizhou than he was when he first arrived. The climate was hot and humid, and the weather was hot and humid. The climate was hot and humid. The climate of Lingnan, where epidemics are prevalent, is lovely under Su Shi's writing. He wrote about the scenery of Huizhou: "I eat 300 lychees a day, and I do not resign to be a long Southerners." He wrote about the temporary residence: "The sea and mountains are lush and beautiful, and the two rivers The two rivers merge and the vermilion building opens." He wrote about winter: "Luofu is moving in spring, and the clouds and sun have a clear light." On a spring day: "After the burning of the tea gun, the wheat waves are empty in front of the water." The fields of Huizhou In Su Shi's writing, it is even more beautiful: "The east wind shakes the waves and dances the net green, the first day The green of the water is sound and delicate yellow. The spring mud is already knee-deep in water, and the autumn cereals in Heihe are firstly divided into seedlings." While living in exile in Huizhou, Su Shi was still full of enthusiasm for life. He could not choose He could not choose where to live, so he quickly adapted and accepted the reality. With a pair of eye for beauty to look around the environment, and a young heart The time that will never come back. (Yang Yang, 2021, 98-99)

During his second exile, he wrote One Poem of Huizhou, Butterfly Lovers - Spring Scene and so on.

C. Relegated to Danzhou

In the fourth year of Shaosheng (1097), Su Shi, who was already sixty-two years old, was sent by a lone boat to Danzhou (now Danzhou, Hainan), a desolate place on the island of Hainan. It is said that in the Song Dynasty, the banishment to Hainan was a punishment only one degree less severe than the crime of beheading the whole family. He took Danzhou as his second hometown, "I am originally from Dan'er clan and was born in West Shuzhou". He ran a school here, mediating the learning style, so that many people traveled thousands of miles to follow to Danzhou, from Su Shi learning. In the Song dynasty more than 100 years, Hainan from no one into the scholarship. But Su Shi returned to the north soon, here Jiang Tang Zuo will raise township tribute. For this reason Su Shi inscribed a poem: "the sea has never broken the earth's pulse, the pearl cliff from now on break the sky." People have always regarded Su Shi as the pioneer and sower of Danzhou culture and have deep reverence for him. The Dongpo village, Dongpo well, Dongpo field, Dongpo road, Dongpo bridge, Dongpo hat and so on, which have been handed down in Danzhou, express people's feelings of remembrance, and even the language has a kind of "Dongpo language".

During his third relegation, he created Rainy Night Staying at Jokhang Temple, Entering the Temple.

Appreciation of Su Shi's One of Relegated Masterpieces

A. English Version

Here is an English version of Su Shi's relegated masterpiece, The Red Cliff, translated by Kenneth Rexroth，(1905-1982, Chinese name: Wang Honggong)

Jia Zhen thanked him warmly and promised, "When the mourning is over I shall bring my worthless son to kowtow his thanks.” And so they parted. Then runners could be heard clearing the way for the wife of Shi Ding, Marquis of Zhongjing.  Lady Wang, Lady Xing, and Xifeng welcomed her into the drawing-room. Then sacrificial gifts from the Marquises of Jinxiang and Channing as well as the Earl of Shoushan were displayed before the coffin. Presently these three nobles alighted from their palanquins and Jia Zhen ushered them into the main hall. So relatives and friends past counting came and went. Indeed, for forty-nine days the street outside the Ning Mansion was a sea of mourners in white interspersed by officials in their brilliant robes. At his father’s order, Jia Rong changed into court dress the next day to collect his commission, after which the funerary ware in front of the coffin as well as the insignia for the cortege was made to befit an official of the fifth rank. The obituary tablet and notice were inscribed: “Obsequies of Lady Qin, Spouse of the House of Jia, Granted a Rank by Imperial Decree off the Celestial Court.” The street gate in the Garden of Concentrated Fragrance was opened, and on platforms erected at both sides groups of blue-clad musicians played at appropriate times. The retinue stood in pairs in perfect symmetry, and two large vermilion boards set up outside the gate bore the bold gilt inscriptions “Imperial Guard and Defender of the Palace Roads in the Inner Court of the Forbidden City.” Across the road, facing each other, towered two altars for Buddhist and Taoist priests. The announcement on them read Obsequies of Lady Qin of the Jia Family, Consort of the Eldest Great-Grandson of the Hereditary Duke of Ningguo, Imperial Guard and Defender of the Palace Roads in the Inner Court of the Forbidden City. In this land of peace and empire ruled according to the will of Heaven, in the center of the four continents, we, Chief Buddhist Abbot Wan Xu, Controller of the School of the Void and Asceticism, and Chief Taoist Abbot Ye Sheng, Controller of the Primordial School of the Trinity, having reverently purified ourselves raise our eyes to Heaven and kowtow to Buddha. We humbly invoke all divinities to show their divine compassion and display their spiritual majesty afar in these forty-nine days of grand sacrifice, that the departed may be delivered from sins and absolved from retribution. There was more in the same vein. Now all that still troubled Jia Zhen was the fact that his wife was ill in bed again, unable to see to things. If any breach of etiquette occurred while so many nobles were calling, the family would be laughed at. 

The Red Cliff

The River flows to the East

Its waves have washed away all

The heroes of history.

To the West of the ancient

Wall you enter the Red Gorge

Of Chu Ko Liang of the

Days of the Three Kingdoms. The

Jagged peaks pierce the heavens.

The furious rapids beat

At the boat, and dash up in

A thousand clouds of spray like

Snow. Mountain and river have

Often been painted, in the

Memory of the heroes

Of those days. I remember

Long ago, Kung Ch'in newly

Married to the beautiful

Chiao-siao, shining in splendor,

A young warrior, and the other

Chu Ko Liang, in his blue cap,

Waving his horsetail duster,

Smiling and chatting as he

Burned the navy of Ts 'ao Ts’'ao.

Their ashes were scattered to

The four winds. They vanished away

In smoke. I like to dream of

Those dead kingdoms. Let people

Laugh at my prematurely

Grey hair. My answer is

A wine cup, full of the

Moon drowned in the River.

(Wang Jiaxin, 2021, 21-22)

B. Chinese version

念奴娇·赤壁怀古

大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。故垒西边，人道是：三国周郎赤壁。乱石穿空，惊涛拍岸，卷起千堆雪。江山如画，一时多少豪杰。

遥想公瑾当年，小乔初嫁了，雄姿英发。羽扇纶巾，谈笑间、樯橹灰飞烟灭。故国神游，多情应笑我，早生华发。人生如梦，一尊还酹江月。

C. Appreciation

We can see that such a creative translation can be said to produce another poem from the original. Rexroth is "bold" enough, for example He said that the original poem did not mention Zhuge Liang, but he put in "Zhuge Liang", probably because he knew that the main character of the Battle of Red Cliff in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms was none other than Zhuge Liang. In addition, for some Western readers, they may be more familiar with the mythical "Zhuge Liang" than with "Zhou Yu. Zhuge Liang" than "Zhou Yu. Chinese poets such as Du Fu, whom Rexroth himself admires, have also remembered this sage in verse. So he wants to Through the translation, he wants to bring the Western reader into the "Three Kingdoms era / Zhuge Liang's Red Fjord.

The differences between the translation and the original poem are obvious, but also intriguing. "You enter the age of the Three Kingdoms / Zhuge Liang's red fjord The "you" here is obviously absent from the original poem. This is the "I" of the poem looking at himself (the translated poem returns to the "I" later), which is more important than the original. This is a more important angle than in the original. We should pay attention to this change of personification and perspective in the translation, because it makes it possible to "step out of the self" and to make a We should pay attention to this change of personification and shift of perspective in the translation, because it makes it possible to "step out of the self" and make a self-examination, observation and dialogue of life possible.

As for the specific translation, Su Shi's "Nian Nu Jiao - Huai Gu at the Red Cliff" is a masterpiece for the ages, which poses a challenge to any translation, how to This is the challenge that Rexroth has to face in order to create a poem in English that "matches" the original poem. For example, the original poem In the original poem, for example, famous lines such as "The rocks pierce the sky, the waves beat the shore, and roll up a thousand piles of snow" are astonishing, and the expressive power of the Chinese language has reached an extreme.

In this regard, Rexroth translates "the rocks pierce the sky" as "the jagged peaks pierce the sky", which is more successful, as it also has a strange and powerful feeling, just like "transforming a Song-Yuan ink landscape into a Gothic painting", while aptly presenting the precipitousness of the Chibi mountains.

Of course, reading the English translation and comparing it with the original poem, we are sure that there are many unsatisfactory points. For example, the phrases "The eastward flow of the river, the waves panning out, the people of the past", "The river and the mountain are like a picture, how many great men and women of the past", "The feather fan and the spandex scarf, between laughing and talking, the boom is destroyed" are all famous lines. They have been recited in Chinese for thousands of years, and it is difficult to imagine any English translation that can convey their unique flavor and aphoristic effect. Rexroth has made the best translation he can. If what he has translated is only an "effective English poem", not yet a masterpiece of language, it may not be the translator himself. It may not be entirely the translator's own fault. (Wang Jiaxin, 2021, 22-23)

Terms and Expressions

relegation literature 贬谪文学

Cultural Perplexity in Agonized Travel 《文化苦旅》

Qu Yuan 屈原

The Lament (Encountering Sorrow) 《离骚》

Heavenly Questions (Questions to Heaven) 《天问》

Liu Zongyuan 柳宗元

Eight Records of Excursions in Yongzhou 《永州八游记》

Three Hundred Tang Poems 唐诗三百首

Jia Yi 贾谊

Wang Changling 王昌龄

Han Yu 韩愈

Ouyang Xiu 欧阳修

Huang Tingjian 黄庭坚

Zhu Dunru 朱敦儒

Xin Qiji 辛弃疾

Lu You 陆游

courtesy name: It is also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in the Sinosphere, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. 字…

Zizhan 子瞻

art name (pseudonym or pen name): It is also known by its native names hao (in Mandarin), gō (in Japanese), ho (in Korean), and hiệu (in Vietnamese), is a professional name used by East Asian artists, poets and writers. 号…

Dongpo 东坡

pharmacologist 药理学家

gastronome 美食家

Sima Guang 司马光

Wang Anshi 王安石

the New Policy 熙宁变法（王安石变法）

Dongpo pork 东坡肉

Wutai Poetry Case 乌台诗案

the First and Second Chibifu (The Red Cliffs)《赤壁赋》

Nian Nu Jiao: Chibi Huai Gu (Remembering Chibi, to the tune of Nian Nu Jiao) 《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》

One Poem of Huizhou 《惠州一绝》

Butterfly Lovers - Spring Scene 《蝶恋花·春景》

Rainy Night Staying at Jokhang Temple 《雨夜宿净行院》

Entering the Temple 《入寺》

Zhuge Liang 诸葛亮

Questions

1. What is the relegation literature?

2. When did the phenomenon of relegation happened most frequently?

3. Why was Liu Zongyuan exiled?

4. How many times was Su Shi exiled? And where were the relegated destinations respectively?

5. During Su Shi's first exile, what representative works did he create?

Answers

1. The concept of "relegation literature" is a multifaceted one that includes a wide range of intertwined issues such as political systems, political events, literati identities, relegated regions, and relegated groups.

2. In the Tang and Song Dynasties.

3. Because of his association with a failed reformist movement.

4. 3. Huangzhou, Huizhou, Danzhou.

5. The First and Second Chibifu (The Red Cliffs), Nian Nu Jiao: Chibi Huai Gu (Remembering Chibi, to the tune of Nian Nu Jiao).

References

• Yang Yang 杨洋. (2021) 从地域转换看东坡词的人间情怀 [The Human Sentiments of Dongpo's Chinese Lyric Poetry from the Perspective of Regional Transformation].汉字文化 Chinese Character Culture 2021(02):98-99.

• Wang Jiaxin 王家新. (2021) 翻译：重新开始的诗——以雷克思洛斯对苏轼的翻译为例 [Translation: The Poem of Starting Over - Take Rexroth's Translation of Su Shi as an Example].写作 WRITING 41(01):21-23.

• Zhao Yajuan 赵雅娟. (2016) 宋代贬谪文学研究述论 [A Study of Relegation Literature in Song Dynasty].汕头大学学报(人文社会科学版) Shantou University Journal (Humanities & Social Sciences Bimonthly) 32(09):43-47.

• Liu Tiefeng 刘铁峰. (2009) 中国古代贬谪现象的表现特点 [Characteristics of the Phenomenon of Relegation in Ancient China].大理学院学报 Journal of Dali University 8(07):53-56.

【Definition】 When a disgraced official loses favor of the emperor and is demoted, a sense of loneliness and tragedy creeps into his heart, and he is relegated to the outside court, wandering around, only to make out with the landscape. In this way, articles and poems are available, and they are often well written.

【An Introduction of Literary Giant-- Su Shi】 Su Shi is widely regarded as one of the most accomplished figures in classical Chinese literature, having produced some of the most well-known poems, lyrics, proses, and essays.

【Relegated to Huangzhou】 but Su Shi was a poet, and his words often carried his personal emotion，and even though he wrote an official article, he could not give up his personal style of expressions，--Wang Qinyu (talk) 05:14, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Wáng Qìnyú 王沁瑜 FengShui in Chinese Architecture

FengShui is a system of landscape assessment for finding propitious places for architectures. It's an art about location selection and layout of ancient Chinese architectures. This unique Chinese system of site selection covers both science and superstition. Nevertheless, FengShui is still very important to traditional Chinese architecture. FengShui is concerned as one of three old architecture theories together with gardening theory and construction theory in China. Its core concept is the harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature.

FengShui is concerned as one of the three old architecture theories together with gardening theory and construction theory in China. Its core concept lies in the harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature.--Wang Zihan (talk) 04:39, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

History

FengShui has a very long history in China. It originated from settlement in humans’ early days. In the Zhou Dynasty (1046 – 256 BC), people used methods of observing soil, tasting water, and investigating terrain to choose the ideal base. In the Warring States Period (475 – 221 BC), the famous militarist and politician of the Qin State, Yan Junji predicted the future by observing the geographical features. The basic theories of FengShui formed in the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), based on observing surrounding geographical characteristics. These theories was mature in the Tang, Song, and Yuan Dynasties(618 – 1368 AD) and perfected in the Ming and Qing Dynasties(1368 – 1911 AD).

"It originated from the early settlement of human life." or "It originated in early human settlement." --Wang Zihan (talk) 04:39, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Different schools

FengShui can be divided into two main schools: Xingshi School and Liqi School. Xingshi School focuses on the study of mountains and rivers and site selection for architecture. Its main method is examining soil and tasting water and followers advocate that houses should be built at the mountain foot, encircled by mountains, exposed to the sun, and facing water. Liqi School pays more attention to the position ，orientation and layout of architecture by using eight diagrams and twelve earthly branches, which mainly derive from ‘The Book of Changes' and astronomy. The famous tool of Liqi School is the FengShui compass. In history, famous FengShui experts are well versed in both Xingshi and Liqi theories.

Xingshi School focuses on the study of mountains and rivers as well as the site selection for architecture. By using its main method (examining soil and tasting water), followers advocate that houses should be built at the mountain foot, encircled by mountains, exposed to the sun, and facing water. Liqi School pays more attention to the position, orientation and layout of architecture by using eight diagrams and twelve earthly branches, which mainly derive from The Book of Changes and astronomy.--Wang Zihan (talk) 04:48, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Major principles

As FengShui is a complicated theory, here we only list some major principles which we need to pay attention to when we select a site or build an architecture.

A. In accordance with local conditions

cave-dwellings

bamboo-cottages

‘In accordance with local conditions’is to adopt a lifestyle suitable to nature, based on the objectivity of the environment. China is a vast country with a wide range of climates, different soils and various forms of architectures. In Northwest China where is dry, people live in cave-dwellings. The southwest is wet and rainy where has many insects and beasts, people take the bamboo-cottages to live. In addition, the Mongolian nomads use the yurt as a house as it is easily moved. The people in the mountainous areas of Guizhou construct their houses with mountains and stones. These forms of architectures were all created according to the specific conditions of local conditions.

B. Leaning against mountains and facing rivers

Leaning against mountains and facing rivers

Mountains are the skeletons of the earth and water is the source of all living things. People could not survive without mountains and water. That why some FengShui masters think a house leaning against mountains and facing rivers is auspicious and can bring good luck to people who live in it. There are two types of ‘leaning against mountains’. One is ‘mountains encircling the house’. That is, the house is surrounded by mountains on the northern, western and eastern sides while its southern side is open and flat with water flowing by. The other is ‘houses covering the mountain’. That is, vast stretches of houses cover the mountain slope, from mountain foot all the way up the mountainside. Many villages along the middle and lower reach of the Yangtze River are built in the way of “houses covering the mountain”.

C. Facing south

China is located in the northern hemisphere, east of Eurasia. Most of China’s territory is located to the north of the Tropic of Cancer, so the sun shines from the south all year around. The houses facing south can easily absorb sunshine. Human beings can get many benefits from sunshine. Facing south is not only for the light, but also for avoiding the north wind. The northwest wind is always bleak and cold because of the topography in China.

D. Moderate size and middle situation

This principle was produced in the Qin Dynasty. First, the size of a house must be moderate, neither too big or too small. A big house with few people is not auspicious, neither a small house with many people. Then, the situation of the house must be middle, neither too high or too low. And this principle also calls for stressing the center. The layout must be neat and other facilities should surround the central house.

E. Taking advantage of qi

In Fengshui, Qi is the origin of all things. And FengShui requires people build architecture in which is full of qi. In this way, people can live longer and heathier. So how to take advantage of qi? If there is a road or a river loop in front of the house, the house has the qi. People who live in it will gain more energy. It is also convenient for them to communicate. If there is no road or river, there is no qi, which represents the ominous.

Representative FengShui-architecture

The Imperial Palace（The Forbidden City）

The Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, is the royal palace of China in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is located in the center of the Beijing axis and takes the three main halls as the core, occupying 72hm². There are more than 70 palaces which contain nearly 10000 houses. The Imperial Palace is the representative of FengShui-architecture in ancient China. The core of the Imperial Palace was an axis line, which traveled through the palace in a south-north direction. It is used to divide the Imperial Palace into two parts: the East and the West. The East belongs to Yang while the west belongs to Yin. The main halls on the central axis all face south. The left is Yang, from which the sun rises; the right is Yin, where the sun falls down. The Imperial Palace is backed by Jingshan Mountain and Longevity Hill and surrounded by the moat, the Golden Stream. Here just some of the principles of Fengshui the Imperial Palace embodies: leaning against mountains and facing rivers, facing south, taking advantage of qi. And there are still lots of mysteries of FengShui waiting to be explored.

Terms and Expressions

FengShui 风水

Warring States Period 战国时期

Yan Junji 严君疾

Xingshi School 形式派

Liqi School 理气派

The Book of Changes 《易经》

cave-dwelling 穴居式窑洞

bamboo-cottage 竹屋

yurt 蒙古包

Qi 气

The Imperial Palace（The Forbidden City） 故宫（紫禁城）

Yang 阳

Yin 阴

Longevity Hill 万岁山

Golden Scream 金水河

Questions

1.When did the basic theory of FengShui form?

2.Which two schools can FengShui be divided into?

3.Why architectures leaning against mountains and facing rivers is auspicious?

4.What are the purposes of letting architecture face south?

5.What principles are embodied in the Imperial Palace?

Answers

1.In the Han Dynasty.

2.Xingshi School and Liqi School.

3.Mountains are the skeletons of the earth and water is the source of all living things. People could not survive without mountains and water.

4.To absorb sunshine and avoid the north-wind.

5.Leaning against mountains and facing rivers, facing south and taking advantage of qi.

References

• Yin Hongji尹弘基《韩国风水研究》【Study on Korean FengShui——Culture and Nature】——文化与自然，1976年台北东方文化社出版
• Wang Qiheng王其亨《风水理论研究》【Research of FengShui Theory】，1992年8月天津大学出版社出版
• Cheng Jianjun，Kon Shangpiao程建军，孔尚朴《风水与建筑》【Fengshui and Architectures】，1922年10月江西科学技术出版社出版
• Wang Zilin王子林《紫禁城风水》【FengShui in the Imperial Palace】，2005年7月1日紫禁城出版社出版