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陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595

康、雍、乾三朝时期的汉书翻译及其文化统制意涵* 摘要：清代的汉书翻译是统治者了解、学习和接纳汉文化的重要途径。与清初文化政策的其它单元一样，如官修史书、国语骑射、思想控制等，汉书的翻译、刊刻与颁行也是清代中、前期诸帝治术的独特构成。 On the Translation of the Book of Han and its Connotation of Cultural Controlling During the Kang-Yong-Qian Period of the Qing Dynasty(683——1796) Abstract: The translation of the Book of Han is the important approach for the governor to understand, study and accept the Culture of Han. Like other units of cultural policy in the early Qing Dynasty(Official History Books Policy, Manchu National Language and Ride Policy, Thought Control Policy, etc.), the translation, publication, and promulgation of the Book of Han were also unique components of the emperors' tactics in the middle and early Qing dynasties. --Chen Jing (talk) 10:51, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 日语语言文学女 202120081477

康、乾、雍三朝期间，汉书翻译规模不断扩大，主题日益丰富，目的更加明确，为满洲统治者走出“我族”意识，实现满、汉之间的文化接轨与观念沟通，建构并巩固满洲政权的治统与道统等，做出了重要贡献。汉书翻译的开展与推进源于特定的历史语境，与三朝统治者长期以来耽于汉籍，力主道德教化关系甚巨。自起始之日起，汉书翻译便被赋予德治与教化功能，其目的不是为了“以夷变夏”，或者“以夏变夷”，而是为了在满、汉之间进行交流、沟通与互鉴，政治意义与文化意涵并存。 During the three dynasties of Kang Zheng ,Qian Long and Yong Zheng,the scale of Chinese translation continued to expand, the theme became richer and the purpose became more clear, which made important contributions to the Manchu rulers to get out of the consciousness of "my family", achieve the cultural integration and conceptual communication between Manchu and Han, and construct and consolidate the governance and Taoism of Manchu regime. The development and promotion of Chinese translation originates from the specific historical context. It has a compact relationship with the rulers of the three dynasties who have been big on Chinese books and advocated moral education for a long time. Since its inception, the translation of Chinese books has been endowed with the function of rule of virtue and education. Its purpose is not to "change Foreign into Xia " or "change Xia into Foreign ", but to communicate and learn from each other between Manchu and Han. Its political significance and cultural meaning coexist.--Cai Zhufeng (talk) 05:17, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478

关键词：汉书翻译；文化沟通；治术；治统；道统导论：清初翻译汉书，实有不得已的情由。满洲以少数族群统摄中原，虽然历代君主强调“敬天”、“法祖”，遵循历史经验，然而满洲文化除了“国语骑射”之外，整体简陋贫乏，因此欲从自身民族历史、文化中寻求借镜，必会遭遇不敷应用的困境。

陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479

为了在征服和统治过程中有效运用历史经验，并将其正当化与合法化，汉文化的撷取成为不二选择，而汉籍的翻译便是实现这一目的的重要手段。例如建元初年，太祖努尔哈赤称汗之后，即命大臣翻译汉籍，进讲汉文经史，以便了解汉族历史。继位的太宗皇帝更是性嗜典籍，披览弗倦，有着丰富的汉族历史知识，不仅深明《金史》与《三国志传（通俗演义）》等，认为二者使其耳目明快，而且接纳汉官建议，效法太祖命人翻译汉籍，并通过翻译吸收历史知识，将其运用至现实政治实践中，巩固并扩展政权的统治基础。 In order to effectively use historical experience in the process of conquering and governing and to justify and legitimize it, the extraction of Han Culture is the only means and the translation of Han Classics is an important way to achieve this goal. For exemple, in the early years of the Founding Yuan Dynasty, the offspring of Taizu Nurhaci asked the ministers to translate Han Classics and talk about the history of Chinese books to gain more acquaitance of the history of Han people. Emperor Taizong who succeeded to the throne was even more addicted to classics. He had a wealth of historical knowledge of the Han nationality. He not only had a deep understanding of Jin Shi and Three Kingdoms , etc., but also he believed that they both made his ears and eyes bright and clear so that he can accept the suggestions of Han officials, follow the example of Taizu's orders to translate Chinese Classics, absorb historical knowledge through translation, and apply it to practical political practice to consolidate and expand the ruling foundation of the regime.

In order to effectively use historical experience in the process of conquering and governing and to justify and legitimize it, the extraction of Han Culture is the only means and the translation of Han Classics is an important way to achieve this goal. For exemple, in the early years of the Founding Yuan Dynasty, Emporer Taizu Nurhaci asked the ministers to translate Han Classics and talk about the history of Chinese books to gain more acquaitance of the history of Han people. His son Emperor Taizong who succeeded to the throne was even more addicted to classics. He not only had a wealth of historical knowledge of the Han nationality and a deep understanding of Jin Shi and Three Kingdoms , etc., in believing that they both made his ears and eyes bright and clear,but also he accepted the suggestions of Han officials to follow the example of Taizu's orders to translate Chinese Classics. And through absorbing historical knowledge,he applied it to practical political practice to consolidate and expand the ruling foundation of the regime.--Chen Xiangqiong (talk) 01:29, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480

太宗对于汉书的翻译屡有训示，要求“读史致用”，翻译的书籍要么属于“勤于求治而国祚昌隆”者，要么则属于“所行悖道而统绪废坠”者，总之必须关乎朝政之要务。[1]9 ([1](清)鄂尔泰等.清实录·太宗文皇帝实录[Z].北京：中华书局，1985.）太宗之后，冲幼即位的顺治帝同样“嗜观史书”，并采纳大学士希福建议，效仿太宗“鉴古之心”，颁赐《辽》、《金》、《元》三史译本，以明政治之得失，民生之休戚，国家之治乱。[2]15-16

The Taizong Emporer had his requirement to the translation of Han books that only books written by Emporer of keen intelligence and excellent judgment, or by Emporer who lost his country because of disobedience. All of them need to be related to affairs of state.[1]9 ([1](Qing)Eertai.Records of Qing Dynasty·Records of the Emperor Taizong[Z].Beijing：Zhonghua Publishing House，1985.）After Taizong，Shunzhi Emporer, who was given the position when was a child, intended to read history books and accepted grand secretary Xifu's advice to follow the example of Taizong Emporer . He recommended the translations of Liao, Jin, Yuan, for the purpose that these books can demonstrate political gains and losses, people's livelihood and the state's effort to combat confusion.

陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481

（[2]（清）鄂尔泰等.清实录·世祖章皇帝实录[Z].北京：中华书局，1985.）尤其是《资治通鉴》一书，顺治帝对其更是情有独钟，认为它有“考百代之是非”的成效。[2]1清初三帝之后，满汉交流日渐频繁，民族融合逐步加强，满洲文化长足发展，嗣后诸帝的汉文化态度随之变化。 ([2](Qing Dynasty) Eertai et al. Chronicles of Qing Dynasty •Chronicles of Shunzhi Emperor [Z].Beijing: Chinese Publishing House, 1985.) Particularly Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, this book, Shunzhi Emperor showed special preference to it. He thought it has the effect of “examining the rights and wrongs of hundreds generations. [2]1 After the three emperors of the early Qing Dynasty, the exchanges between Manchu and Han became increasingly frequent, the national fusion was gradually strengthened, and the culture of Manchu developed rapidly. Henceforth the attitude of emperors changed accordingly. --Chen Xinyi (talk) 08:49, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482

但无论是何种变化，汉书翻译的事业却从未间断，通过翻译汉籍求明道致用的功心也从未革损。如康熙帝“性眈问学”，于听政之暇常取《六经》和《资治通鉴》等书译本，发而读之，以探求圣人之心、治道之切。雍正帝也通过阅读汉籍，论及传统正统论，尤其是其中的“承统之正”与“得国之正”的观点，以此为满洲政权建构统治的理论基础。乾隆帝即位之后，凭借其对于汉籍的熟读与精研，继续推行尊孔崇儒的政策，宣传汉族文化，通过道德学术实现传国久远的理想抱负。 However, no matter what kind of change, the cause of books’ translation of Han Dynasty has never been interrupted. The merit of “Ming Dao Zhi Yong”, that is, to be reasonable to hit the key points and apply to reality, has never been damaged through the translation of Han Dynasty books. Such as Kangxi’s (emperor of Qing Dynasty) "concerns of study". In his leisure time after handling issues of politics, he often takes the "Six Classics" and "Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government" and other translations, opens and then reads them, in order to explore the ideas of saints and the urgency of the policy of governing the country. By reading the books of Han Dynasty and discussing the traditional orthodoxy, especially the view of "the rightness of the succession" and "the rightness of the country", which is regarded as the theoretical basis for the construction and rule of the Manchuria regime. After Emperor Qianlong inherited the throne, he continued to carry out the policy of respecting the Confucianism, publicize the Han culture, and realize the long-standing ideal ambition of the country through moral scholarship.--Cheng Yang (talk) 01:50, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483

可以认为，清代的汉书翻译既是一种笼络的手段，也是一种治术的形式，其根本目的乃是建构、巩固并维护满洲政权的正当性。一、清初汉书翻译述要鉴于文献所限，清初翻译汉书的准确数字，难以查考。特别是太祖、太宗两朝时期，汉书翻译的具体情况尤难统计。

It can be considered that the translation of Han books is one means of unifying as well as the form of governing, whose fundamental purpose is to construct, consolidate and maintain the legitimacy of Manchurian regime. 一. Han books translation in the early Qing dynasty was confined to the literature and it is hard to examine the accurate figures of it. In particular, during the two dynasties of Taizu and Taizong, the specific conditions of Han books translation is critically difficult to reckon.--Ding Xuan (talk) 05:34, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

杜莉娜 Dù Lìnuó 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484

但从《国立故宫博物院善本旧籍总目》、《世界满文文献目录》、《全国满文图书资料联合目录》和《清代内府刻书目录解题》等文献记载情况看，顺、康、雍、乾四朝官方刊刻的汉书满文译本共计五十三种。其中，除去既有满文本，又有满汉合璧本的《三国志（通俗演义）》和《大学衍义》，以及刊刻次数在两次及以上的满文本《诗经》、满汉合璧本《孝经（御制翻译孝经）》，以及满汉合璧本《潘氏（通鉴）总论》等，汉籍满文译书实为四十七种。以朝代统计，则分别是：顺治朝九种：《辽史》、《金史》、《元史》、《洪武要训》、《三国志（通俗演义）》、《诗经》、《表忠录》、《孝经》（阿什坦译）和《六韬三略》； However, from the record of literature such as The General Catalogue of Rare and Ancient Books in The National Palace Museum, The World Bibliography of Manchu Literature, The National Union Catalogue of Books and Reference Materials of Manchu and The Bibliography for the Interpretation of Titles of the Engraving Books of the Imperial Storehouse in Qing Dynasty, translation of Chinese books by Manchu that officially engraved by the four dynasties of Emperor Shunzhi, Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong add up to fifty-three. Among these books, besides Manchu or the Chinese-Manchu bilingual The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Interpretation of The Great Learning, the Manchu script The Book of Songs that was printed more than twice, the bilingual The Book of Filial Piety(made by the emperor order) , the bilingual The General Instruction From Pan Rong and so on, translation of Chinese books by Manchu actually add up to forty-seven.According to statistics of dynasties, they include nine books in the reign of Shunzhi: History of the Liao Dynasty, History of the Jin Dynasty , History of the Yuan Dynasty, The Sermon of the Hongwu Period, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Book of Songs,Book for Loyalty, The Book of Filial Piety(translated by Asitan) and Books on the Art of War.--Du Lina (talk) 19:23, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485

康熙朝十二种：《纲鉴汇纂》、《大学衍义》、《日讲四书解义》、《日讲书经解义》、《日讲易经解义》、《御选古文渊鉴》、《资治通鉴纲目》、《黄石公素书》、《醒世要言》、《潘氏（通鉴）总论》、《菜根谭》和《薛文清先生要语》；雍正朝五种：《孝经集注》、《小学合解》、《小学》及《四体翻译心经》；④ 乾隆朝二十二种：《日讲春秋解义》、《御制翻译四书》（鄂尔泰等奉敕译，满文本，乾隆六年）、《御制翻译四书》（乾隆皇帝敕译，满汉合璧本，乾隆二十年）、《御制翻译书经集传》、《御制翻译周易》、《御制翻译诗经》、《御制翻译名义集》、《御制大悲心忏法仪轨经》、《大藏经全咒》、《御制楞严经》、《御制翻译礼记》、《御制翻译春秋》、《心经》、《大藏经》、《御制翻译孝经》、《翻译潘氏（通鉴）总论》、《般若波罗蜜多心经》、《御译大云轮请雨经》、《吉祥偈》、《佛说四十二章经》、《金刚般若波罗密多经》及《沐浴经》。

付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486

上述译本中，虽然《三国志（通俗演义）》和《大学衍义》分别于顺治七年、康熙十一年刊印两次，但各自的底本相同，区别只在于一次为满文本，另一次则为满汉合璧本。此外，《孝经》曾于顺治、康熙、雍正朝各刊刻一次，但底本各不相同，其中顺治年间的刊行本为阿什坦译本、康熙年间的刊行本为和素译校本，雍正时期的版本则译者未明，只是注明“雍正皇帝敕译”。值得注意的是，虽然世祖顺治帝笃信佛教，论佛谈法，但从现有文献看，未见有顺治朝翻译的汉文经书，反倒是禁教严厉的高宗时期，翻译汉文经书多达九部，其中缘由，值得深思。 In above-mentioned translations, although “Records of the Three Kingdoms” and “Daxue yanyi” were published twice in the seventh year of Shunzhi and the eleventh year of Kangxi respectively, their original versions were the same. The only difference was that one was completely in Manchu and the other was a combination of Chinese and Manchu. In addition, “the Classic of filial piety” was once published in the period of Shunzhi, Kangxi and Yongzheng respectively, but the original versions were varied. And the published version in Shunzhi period was translated by Ashton, the version in Kangxi period was translated and revised by Hesu, and the version in Yongzheng period whose translator was unknown was marked with ‘imperial translation of Yongzheng emperor’. It is worth nothing that although the emperor Shunzhi believed in and advocated Buddhism ,there were no scriptures translated into Chinese in the Shunzhi period according to the existing literature. On the contrary, in the Gaozong period when religions were strictly forbidden, there were as many as nine scriptures translated into Chinese. And the reasons of this are worth considering. --Fu Shiyu (talk) 15:25, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

In the above-mentioned translations, although Records of the Three Kingdoms and Daxue yanyi were published twice in the seventh year of Shunzhi and in the eleventh year of Kangxi respectively, their original versions were the same. The only difference was that one was completely in Manchu and the other was a combination of Chinese and Manchu. In addition, The Classic of Filial Piety was once published in the period of Shunzhi, Kangxi and Yongzheng respectively, but the original versions were varied. And the published version in Shunzhi period was translated by Ashton, the version in Kangxi period was translated and revised by Hesu, and the version in Yongzheng period whose translator was unknown was marked with ‘imperial translation of Yongzheng emperor’. It is worth noting that although the emperor Shunzhi believed in and advocated Buddhism, there were no scriptures translated into Chinese in the Shunzhi period according to the existing literature. On the contrary, in the Gaozong period when Buddhism was strictly forbidden, there were as many as nine scriptures translated into Chinese. And the reasons for this are worth pondering.--Gao Mi (talk) 14:07, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487

尤其值得关注的是《诗经》与《孝经》的满文译本。以《诗经》为例，该书翻译成书后，顺治帝曾为其亲制序文，赞誉该部作品意旨深厚，能使人明性意，崇礼义，“其言之深者，可用于庙堂；言之浅者，可用于身家。以之事君，必忠；以之事父，必孝。更可以敦厚人伦，端正教化。”[3]72-73（[3]叶高树.清朝前期的文化政策[M].台北：稻乡出版社，2002.）

The Chinese-Manchu translation of The Book of Songs and The Classic of Filial Piety calls for special attention. Take The Book of Songs as an example. When the book had been translated, Shunzhi Emperor personally wrote a preface to it, in which he praised the work for its deep meaning that enabled people to understand human nature and respect etiquettes, quote, “Some of its profound words can be used at the imperial court; some of its shallow words can be used for oneself and one’s family. Under the guidance of it, one will be faithful to the emperor and filial to his or her father. What’s more, it can improve human relations and correct moral cultivation.” [3]72-73（[3]Ye Gaoshu. Cultural policies in early Qing dynasty [M].Taipei：Dao Xiang press，2002.）--Gao Mi (talk) 13:57, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488

从教化的角度思考《诗经》的翻译，既是顺治帝本人的自觉认识，也是以他为首的统治者在面对稗（bài）官小说盛行，而满洲人竞相翻译时所做的一种被动调整。正如顺治九年进士、刑科给事中阿什坦担心的那样：学者立志，宜以圣贤为期，读书务以经史为中。

何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489

此外杂书无益之言，必概废之而不睹。则庶乎学业日隆，而邪慝（tè）之心无由而入。近见满洲译书内，多有小说秽言，非惟无益，恐流行渐染，则人心易致于邪慝。

, while the other kinds of books which are of no benefit should be discarded. In this way, scholars might achieve positive results in academy and get rid of evil thoughts. I have noticed much falsifying and obscenity among the books translated into Manchu language. I am afraid that those books of no good can be prevailing and contagious, eroding people’s thinking.--He Qin (talk) 11:12, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Besides, other kinds of books with profitless words all should be discarded. Hence scholars can almost do increasingly better in their scholastic attainment, and evil thoughts disappear. Recently, I have noticed that among translated books in Manchu, there are many novels with bestial words, not only useless, but also easily imputing negative thoughts if they prevail.--Hu Shuqing (talk) 00:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490

况圣贤古训，日详究之，犹恐不及，何暇费日时于无用之地？[4]5339（[4](清)鄂尔泰等修，李洵等点校.八旗通志·初集[Z].长春：东北师范大学出版社，1989.）阿什坦认为，读书必以经史为要，摒弃杂书，尤其是污言秽语之书。

Moreover, the old maxims of sages are studied in detail everyday, but people still fear that they can’t approach that height. Why should we employ our time in useless places? ([4](Qing Dynasty) Modification of Eertai et al. Punctuation and Collation of Li Xun et al. General Annals of the Eight Banners• the First Collection [z]. Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 1988.) Ashitan thinks we should choose classics and history to read rather other books, especially those with bestial words.--Hu Shuqing (talk) 05:09, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

As for the maxims from ancient sages, people studied them everyday in detail but still worried they couldn’t comprehend, so why should they do worthless work? ([4](Qing Dynasty) Modification of Eertai et al. Punctuation and Collation of Li Xun et al. General Annals of the Eight Banners• the First Collection [z]. Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 1988.) Ashitan thought people would read classical books and get rid of informal books especially those with bestial words.--Huang Jinyun (talk) 12:17, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491

因此，他奏请皇上对旗人读书严加限制，要求嗣后翻译书籍只应针对“关圣贤义理，古今治乱之书”，对于“此外杂书秽言”，则“概为禁饬，不许翻译”。[4]5339（[4](清)鄂尔泰等修，李洵等点校.八旗通志·初集[Z].长春：东北师范大学出版社，1989.）正是缘于这样的认识，《大学》、《中庸》、《孝经》、《潘氏（通鉴）总论》和《太公家教》等被陆续译成。

Therefore, he presented a proposal to the dominator that a restriction on Qi people’s education should be made. He also claimed that people could only translate those books about men’s virtue and dominator’s pacification, while those informal books with bestial words should be banned. [4] (Qing dynasty) Modified by Eertai et al. Proofread by Li Xun et al. General Annals of the Eight Banners• the First Collection [z]. Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 1988.) Due to that kind of comprehension, the Great Learning, the Middle Way, the Classic of Filial Piety, Pan’s General View and the Family Motto of Taigong were successively translated.--Huang Jinyun (talk) 08:00, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, he presented a proposal to the emperor that a strict restriction on Qi people’s education should be made which allowed people to translate books about men’s virtue and dominator’s pacification and prohibited translations of informal books with foul language. [4] (Qing dynasty) Modified by Eertai et al. Proofread by Li Xun et al. General Annals of the Eight Banners• the First Collection [z]. Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 1988.) Due to that kind of awareness, the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Classic of Filial Piety, Pan’s General View and the Family Motto of Taigong were successively translated.--Huang Yiyan1 (talk) 11:44, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492

顺治帝对于《孝经》的翻译亦甚重视，曾亲自撰写《御注孝经》，令儒臣博采群书，加以论断，编纂《孝经衍义》。顺治帝指出，自古治平天下，莫大于孝，而《孝经》立意正大，“孝”更是“五常百行之原”，如不能取古人言行，将其推广，则不足以彰显其义，同时也与其本人“以孝治天下”的愿景相悖。[2]1-2;[5]140-141（[2]（清）鄂尔泰等.清实录·世祖章皇帝实录[Z].北京：中华书局，1985.）

Emperor Shunzhi also attached great importance to the translation of The Classic of Filial Piety for which he once wrote the notes himself. Moreover, he ordered the Confucian officials to evaluated this book and compiled The Extended Explanation of The Classic of Filial Piety according to a variety of books. Emperor Shunzhi pointed out that nothing was more important than filial piety to govern the country. And he believed that The Classic of Filial Piety embodied this quality well. As the origin of the five essential moral qualities(kindness, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trust) and good deeds, filial piety should be promoted otherwise its meaning can't be manifested completely. Meanwhile it would be contrary to the Emperor's vision to govern the country with filial piety. [2]1-2;[5]140-141([2](Qing Dynasty)Eertai et al.Records of Qing Dynasty •Records of the Emperor Shizhi[Z].Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House, 1985.)--Huang Yiyan1 (talk) 14:06, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081493

（[5]宋德宣.满族哲学思想研究[M].沈阳：辽宁大学出版社，1994.）顺治年间翻译的其它汉文典籍，如《洪武宝训》、《表忠录》、《诗经》与《孝经》等，也各具代表性。以《洪武宝训》为例，该书系明朝皇权政治的象征，反映了明太祖朱元璋治国理政的理念和方针。顺治三年三月，《洪武宝训》完成满文翻译，成为清朝入关后的首部汉籍译作，顺治帝对此极为重视，不仅赏赐了刚林、宁完我、范文程等译者，而且由摄政王钦命汉官代笔，以世祖名义制作序文，颁行全国。

黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493

世祖认为，历代贤君莫如洪武，希望通过翻译此书，学习中原汉族王朝正统，巩固满清统治，所谓“彝宪格言，深裨治理”，即是此书翻译目的之体现。[2]1（[2]（清）鄂尔泰等.清实录·世祖章皇帝实录[Z].北京：中华书局，1985.）二、康熙朝的汉书翻译。康熙朝的汉籍翻译可分为两部分：一部分为整理、刊行前朝译本；另一部分则着手翻译其它各类汉文书籍。

金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494

其中，前者如《纲鉴汇纂》（康熙三年）、《黄石公素书》（康熙四十三年）和《潘氏（通鉴）总论》（康熙四十六年）等，后者则如《大学衍义》等，数目更多。康熙十一年，翰林院掌院学士兼礼部侍郎傅达礼翻译《大学衍义》成书，次年进呈皇帝，获太皇太后和圣祖嘉奖。孝庄太皇太后在亲览傅礼达《大学衍义》译本后，大赞此书“法戒毕陈，诚为且要”，并对康熙帝钦命儒臣翻译、刊刻、颁赐此书给诸臣，予以充分肯定。[6]82 Among them, the former, such as Gang Jian Hui Zuan(a book of historical records in the third year of emperor Kang Xi), Su Shu of Huang Shigong(a book about Taoisme in the 43th year of emperor Kang Xi) and the General treatise of the Pan family(Tong Jian:a history book)(in 46th year of emperor Kang Xi),etc…the latter, such as Da Xue Yan Yi(the Deduction meaning of great learning),are more numerous. In the 11th year of emperor Kang Xi,Bo Dali, the master bachelor of national academy and assistant minister，translated Da Xue Yan Yi which was submitted to the emperor the next year，with the great prize by grandma-empress and ancestor.After personally reading Bo Dali's version of Da Xue Yan Yi, grandma-empress Xiao Zhuang lavished praise that laws by chen is so genuine on it, satisfying with the translations, prints and awards which were given to ministers by emperor Kang Xi.--Jin Xiaotong (talk) 14:24, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495

（[6]中国第一历史档案馆.康熙起居注[Z].北京：中华书局，1984.）《大学衍义》译毕后，康熙帝又在康熙十六年、十九年、二十二年，分别命人将《四书》、《五经》等的经筵讲义加以刊印，先后集成《日讲四书解义》、《日讲书经讲义》和《日讲易经讲义》。这些讲义虽不是直接译自清代以前的汉文典籍，然而作为阐释经典的作品，也经历了由汉文翻译成满文的过程，且书中又将原典逐字逐句译出，故仍然属于汉籍翻译的范畴，对高宗年间的儒家经典重译也产生了重要、深刻的影响。

李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496

与此同时，康熙帝即位后，也缵述世祖遗绪，命儒臣编纂《孝经衍义》，只是由于该书达一百卷之多，篇帙繁复，读者未必领会周全，因而康熙帝钦命专译其经文，以利读者习诵。康熙帝对汉书翻译的重视也体现在《通鉴纲目》的翻译上。据《康熙起居注》中载，康熙帝耽于《资治通鉴》，自二十四年起便对《资治通鉴》、《资治通鉴纲目》（又名《通鉴纲目》）、《纲目大全》三书“以硃笔亲加点定”，不但将书中错误悉数改正，而且对缺失者也加以增补。[6]1339-1340 At the same time, after Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne, he also inherited and reported the meritorious deeds of Emperor Qing Shi Zu and ordered Scholar-Officials to compile the Classic of Filial Piety. However, the readers may not understand it well because there are as many as 100 heavy and complicated volumes. Therefore, Emperor Kangxi ordered experts to translate the scriptures for the benefit of the readers. Emperor Kangxi's attention to the translation of Chinese books is also reflected in the translation of the Compendium of History as a Mirror. According to the Records of Emperor Kangxi’s Daily Activities, Emperor Kangxi devoted himself to History as a Mirror. Since the 24th year in the period of Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi “had used the Chinese brush with cinnabar ink to revise” the three books, the History as a Mirror, the Compendium of History as a Mirror, and the Compendium, not only corrected all the errors in the book, but also supplemented the missing ones. [6]1339-1340--Li Aixuan (talk) 15:06, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497

（[6]中国第一历史档案馆.康熙起居注[Z].北京：中华书局，1984.）而康熙帝对于《通鉴纲目》的关注尤甚，达到了“循环披览，手未释卷”的程度。[7]2-3（[7]（清）玄烨.康熙帝御制文集[M].台北：台湾学生书局，1966.）

([6]The First Historical Archives of China. Record on Emperor Kangxi's Daily Life[Z]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company,1984) And Emperor Kangxi was so concerned about The Compendium of History as a Mirror that he read it over and over again, unwilling to put it aside. [7]2-3 ([7]Qing Dynasty)Aisin Gioro Xuanye, Collected Works of Emperor Kangxi[M].Taipei: Taiwan Student Book Company, 1966.）--Li Ruiyang (talk) 06:22, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

([6]The First Historical Archives of China. Record on Emperor Kangxi's Daily Life[Z]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company,1984) And Emperor Kangxi was so fond of The Compendium of History as a Mirror that he read it over and over again, unwilling to put it aside. [7]2-3 ([7]Qing Dynasty)Aisin Gioro Xuanye, Collected Works of Emperor Kangxi[M].Taipei: Taiwan Student Book Company, 1966.）--Li Shan (talk) 01:22, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498

故此，康熙三十年，圣祖命阿什坦之子，翻书房总裁和素将《通鉴纲目》译文满文，由武英殿内府刊刻，该译本现存于中国民族图书馆，共三十册（三函），虽然内容上并不完整，但仍然包含了《资治通鉴纲目》（朱熹）、《订正通鉴纲目前编》（南轩），以及《续资治通鉴》（商辂）等三部作品的基本内容。难得的是，该部汉籍的满文译本曾入选第四批《国家古籍珍贵名录》（编号：11326），可见其在翻译史、满语史乃至中国史上的重要地位。康熙年间，除翻译汉文经、史外，也编译汉书，如《御选古文渊鉴》的编译等，即属此类。

Therefore, in the 30th year of Kangxi's reign period(1691), the emperor asked the son of A'shitan, the chief executive of translation department named HeSu to translate TongJian of Materia Medica into the language of the Manchus and ordered the Martial Valor to print it. The translated version, which consists of 30 vomumes, is now kept in the Library of Chinese Nationalities.Though not covering all contents, it does contain the basic contents of History as a Mirror(by Zhu Xi), Revised Prequel of TongJian of Materia Medica (by Nan Xuan) and The Sequel of History as a Mirror(by Shang Lu). What's worth noting is that, this translated script was once selected into the fourth batch of National Rare Catalogue of Ancient Books(SE:11326). Thus, we can see that it plays an important role in the history of translation, the history of the Manchus language and even the history of Chinese history. During the period of Kangxi's reign, besides the translation of ancient Chinese classics and histories, the translation and edition of Chinese books also prevailed, such as Imperial Selection of Ancient Chinese Proses and the like.--Li Shan (talk) 01:16, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499

《御选古文渊鉴》由康熙九年进士徐乾学编注，全书共六十四卷选文，收录时间自春秋至宋末，偏重于先秦、两汉古文，以及唐宋八大家散文。关于《御选古文渊鉴》的缘起，《康熙帝御制文集》中有详细记载，概言之便是康熙帝常思“文以载道”，认为文章之事源远流长，所谓“今古错综，盛衰或通于千载，损益无关于一朝”，因而命儒臣选辑“辞义精纯，可以鼓吹《六经》者，汇为正集”，“间有瑰丽之篇，……则列之别集”，而“旁采诸子，录其要论，以为外集。”[7]17-18（[7]（清）玄烨.康熙帝御制文集[M].台北：台湾学生书局，1966.）

李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500

按照康熙帝自己的设想，该书的编纂着眼于“文治”，使帝王之道“大化以成”，而圣贤之业“性功以备”，既强调“质文互用”，又强调“博约并施”。[7]18（[7]（清）玄烨.康熙帝御制文集[M].台北：台湾学生书局，1966.）康熙二十四年，该书先以汉文刊印，两年后又以满文翻译成书，由内府刊刻。

According to the Emperor Kangxi in Qing dynasty, the book was compiled with a focus on governing the country by “civil affairs”. In this way, the comprehensive ability of the emperor can be improved, while saints’ career should be composed of nature and virtue. Not only did it emphasize the mutual application of polite behavior and inner goodness, but also it stressed both strict and loose control. [7]18 ([7] (Qing Dynasty). Xuanye. The Special Made Collected Works of the Emperor Kangxi [M]. Taibei: the student book office in Taiwan Province, China, 1966.) In 1695, the book firstly printed in Chinese. Two years later, it was translated into Manchu script and compiled. --Li Wenxuan (talk) 07:38, 12 --Li Wen (talk) 11:42, 12 October 2021 (UTC)October 2021 (UTC)

李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501

《御选古文渊鉴》的编译对于康熙朝的汉籍翻译影响甚大。以此书为界，康熙朝的汉籍翻译在前后两个阶段中，对于对象的选取有着明显不同的诉求。其中，前一阶段的翻译文本多与《四书》、《五经》及宋代以前的作品有关，仅有《纲鉴汇纂》（达海等译）一部涉及前明，而康熙中、后期之后，由明代儒士作品翻译的情况明显增多，如吕坤的《醒世要言》、洪应明的《菜根谭》，以及薛瑄的《薛文清先生要语》等。 The compilation of The Selection of Ancient Classics had a great influence on the translation of books in the Kangxi Dynasty. Taking it as a boundary, the translation in the Kangxi Dynasty had obviously different demands on the selection of objects in the two stages. For example, the translation before the compilation of The Selection of Ancient Classics was related to works before Song Dynasty,like The Four Books and the Five Classics .Only Gang Jian Hui Zuan ( translated by Daihai,etc) talked about the former Ming Dynasty. However, in the middle and late Kangxi Dynasty, works translated by talents of Ming Dynasty increased greatly, such as Xing Shi Yao Yán translated by Lv Kun,Cai Gen Tan translated by Hong Yingming and The Words of Xue Wenqing translated by Xue Xuan.--Li Wen (talk) 11:38, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503

虽然如此，但康熙一朝的翻译目的并无明显改变，仍以劝善除恶、裨益治道者为先。三、雍正朝的汉书翻译。雍正年间，汉籍翻译与出版仍在发展，但种类与数量和康熙朝比稍嫌单调、稀少。之所以如此，与雍正年间的政治形势不无关联。雍正二年，朝廷颁布《朋党论》和《雍正上谕》，暴露出统治集团内部的激烈斗争。

Nevertheless, the translation purpose of Kangxi Dynasty has not changed significantly, and it is still to persuade the good to get rid of evil and to benefit the people who govern. Third, the translation of Han books from the Zheng Dynasty. During the Yu Zheng years, Han translation and publishing are still developing, but the type and quantity and Kangxi Dynasty than slightly monotonous, rare. The reason for this is not unrelated to the political situation in the Yu Zheng dynasty. In the second year of Yongzheng, the imperial court issued The Treatise on Cliques and the Encyclical of Yongzheng, which revealed the fierce struggle within the ruling cliques.--Li Xinxing (talk) 11:00, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504

同年，世宗又对圣祖“上谕十六条”进行演绎和注解，并与后者一道合成《圣谕广训》，由武英殿刊刻，颁行天下，以加强伦理道德教育。不久之后，朝廷遵圣谕又相继颁布《上谕八旗》和《上谕旗务议复》，表明雍正帝急欲加强皇权统治，削弱王公旗主权势。正是这样的政治环境，给汉籍的翻译施加了限制。 In the same year, King Sejong also interpreted and annotated the 16th Encyclical of Sage Patriarch, and together with the latter, compiled the Encyclical Instruction, which was printed in the Hall of Martial Valor and presented to the world to strengthen moral education. Soon after, the imperial court in compliance with the encyclical and issued the "Encyclical Eight Banners and Encyclical Banner Affairs Review , indicating that Emperor Yongzheng was anxious to strengthen the imperial rule, weaken the sovereign potential of the royal banner. It is this political environment that imposes restrictions on the translation of Chinese books.--Li Yi (talk) 11:07, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

In the same year, Shizong emperor also interpreted and annotated the Sixteen Encyclicals of emperor Taizu. Then they compiled the Encyclical Instructions together, which was printed in the Hall of Wuying and presented to the country to strengthen moral education. Soon after, the imperial court in compliance with the command of emperor issued the Encyclical of Eight Banners and Encyclical Review on Banner Affairs, indicating Emperor Yongzheng's anxiety to strengthen the imperial rule and weaken the power of the royal banners. It is this political environment that imposes restrictions on the translation of Chinese classics.--Liu Peiting (talk) 12:20, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505

雍正朝汉书翻译的单调与稀少还有另外一个原因，那就是翻译人才的相对紧缺。众所周知，清初之际，政府对于翻译的重视不只是体现在语言学习和公文的处理上，也体现在官修书籍的翻译与编纂上。例如，自雍正五年开始修纂，乾隆三十七年成书的《八旗通志》，作为研究满洲贵族特权和司法特权，以及旗地旗产制度的重要文献，便被翻译成蒙语。 There was another reason for the monotony and scarcity of translation in Yongzheng dynasty, that is, the relative shortage of translation talents. As we all know, in the early Qing dynasty, the government attached great importance to translation not only in language learning and official documents processing, but also in the translation and compilation of official books. For example, the General Annals of Eight Banners compiled in the fifth year of Yongzheng's reign and completed in the 37th year of Qianlong's reign, was translated into Mongolian as an important document for the study of manchurian aristocratics and judicial privileges, as well as the system of banner land and banner property.--Liu Peiting (talk) 04:59, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506

另一部记录蒙古、回部等部落如何归附清朝，并跟随努尔哈赤及其继承者建国立业的《蒙古回部王公表传》，也被译成满文。这些书籍的翻译先由理藩院或内阁实录馆奏呈皇帝，获准后再从理藩院各司中抽调“笔帖式”，或从其它内阁机构中征调翻译人员，按相关规定与程序加以完成。然而，尽管清朝建国以来，朝廷对于翻译人员的数量要求有所增加，但直到顺治和康熙年间，兼通满、蒙两种语言的八旗族人尚能满足朝廷需求，可雍正在位期间，情形随之变化，出现了译员不足的局面。雍正帝曾说：

刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507

近见蒙古旗分能蒙古语言翻译者甚少, 沿习日久则蒙古语言文字必渐至废弃。应照考试清文翻译例考试蒙古翻译, 取生员、举人、进士以备理藩院之用。 ……如此则蒙古旗分之人益加鼓励勤学, 蒙古语言文字不至废弃, 而理藩院亦收得人之效矣。[8]203

Recently, there are few people who can translate Mongolian in Mongolia,Along with it for a long time, the Mongolian will gradually be obsoleted. The Mongolian translation should be tested refering to the Qingwen translation examination,and students(who is studying in Imperial College and other places in the feudal imperial)、Juren(successful candidates in the imperial examinations at the provincial level) and Jinshi(successful candidates in the highest imperial examinations) should be selected to the court of Colonial Affairs. ……In this way, the Mongols will be encouraged to study harder, the Mongolian language and characters will not be abandoned, and the court of Colonial Affairs will also recuit talents. --Liu Wei (talk) 14:42, 11 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

Recently, few Mongols could do Mongolian-Chinese translation, as a result of which the Mongolian would gradually be obsoleted in a time. The Mongolian-Chinese translation should be tested just as the Manchu-Chinese translation to admit xiucai, juren and jinshi, those who have passed the exam at the county, provincial and the highest level respectively, into the Lifan Court, the highest authority on affairs of national minorities. ……Thus, the Mongols would be encouraged to learn more, the Mongolian not abandoned, and the Lifan Court recruiting talents. [8]203--Liu Xiao (talk) 07:38, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508

（[8]中国第一历史档案馆.雍正朝汉文谕旨汇编[Z].桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2008.）为解决此困局，雍正帝即位之初即敕令朝廷各部院衙门分别采取措施，在八旗蒙古人中培养翻译人才。如1723年，即雍正元年，皇帝诏谕八旗蒙古各部建立官学，并命理藩院与吏部考录通晓蒙语者，允许其“考试笔帖式补用”。[9]243

([8] The First Historical Archives of China. Complication of Emperor Yongzgheng's Edicts[Z]. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2008.) To solve this dilemma, at the beginning of his reign, the emperor Yongzheng commanded the feudal government offices to take measures respectively to cultivate translation talents among Mongols of Eight Banners. In 1723, the first year under the reign of Yongzheng, the emperor ordered Mongols of Eight Banners to establish official schools, and the Lifan Court, the highest authority on affairs of national minorities, and the Ministry of Civil Affairs to admit people who mastered the Mongolian to work as alternatives of bithesis, officials who were engaged in copying and translating Mongolian and Chinese. [9], 243

刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509

雍正六年，吏部经过议复，同意了理藩院尚书特古忒的意见，认为今后理藩院中专门负责蒙古事物的官员，必须懂得蒙古文。同时，吏部将会同理藩院，在蒙古各部官学中选拔通晓满、蒙语言的学生和监生，充任翻译工作，“以各部院蒙古笔帖式，换次补用”。[9]290以上诸种虽就蒙古语译员而言，但满、汉之间的翻译亦与此同，由此造成了汉籍满译的相对颓势。 The 6th year Yongzheng ruling period（1728）,after the discussion， the Ministry of Personnel agreed with the opinion of Tegute, the minister of court of Colonial Affairs， that the officials in charge of Mongolia affairs in the court of Colonial Affairs must know Mongolian language in the future. At the same time, the Ministry of Personnel will work with the court of Colonial Affairs to select students and supervisors who are familiar with Manchu and Mongolian languages from various Mongolian ministries and schools to serve as translators. [9]290 Although the above types of Mongolian translators are concerned, the translation between Manchu and Chinese is the same, resulting in the relative decline of Chinese manchu translation.--Liu Yue (talk) 00:19, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510

四、乾隆朝的汉书翻译。乾隆朝期间，汉字书籍的翻译与顺、康、雍三朝多有类似，所译作品大体分为两类：一类为儒家经典，另一类为佛教典籍。乾隆帝认为，经义之教可以启迪人心，其翻（重）译虽然废时耗工，但仍属必要。

Fourth, the translation of Han books during the reign of Qianlong Emperor. During his administration, the translations of Han books share great similarities with those produced when Shunzhi Emperor, Kangxi Emperor and Yongzheng Emperor were in control. The translations comprise two categories: one is the Confucian classics and the other is sutras. Qianlong Emperor believed that despite the considerable time and effort required in the process, translation (retranslation) is necessary for the teachings of classics could enlighten the people.--Liu Yunxin (talk) 15:10, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

4. The translation of Han books during the reign of Qianlong Emperor. During Emperor Qianlong' s administration, translations of Han books shared great similarities with those produced in the reign of Shunzhi Emperor, Kangxi Emperor and Yongzheng Emperor. The translations included two categories: the Confucian classics and Buddhist sutras. Qianlong Emperor believed that despite a great deal of time and effort was required in the process, translation (retranslation) of classics is still necessary, for which could enlighten people.--Luo Anyi (talk) 01:21, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511

以《御制翻译四书》为例，该书由大学士鄂尔泰奉敕在厘定满文本《日讲四书解义》的基础上纂成，于乾隆六年由武英殿首次刊刻，后又于乾隆二十年刊刻满、汉合璧本。关于该书翻译的动机，《御制翻译四书·序》中有着明确的记载：朕于御极之初，命大学士鄂尔泰重加厘定，凡其文义之异同，意旨之深浅，语气之轻重，稍有未协者，皆令更正之。然抑扬虚实之间，其别甚微，苟不能按节揣称，求合于毫芒，而尽祛其疑似，于人心终有未慊然者。

Let' s take the example of Royal Translation of the Four Books. By Ortai the grand secretary on emperor' s demand, This version was compiled based on the reorganizatoin of Daily Interpretation of the Four Books in Manchu. It was printed and published by Wuying Hall in the sixth year of Emperor Qianlong (1741), and reprinted in Manchu-Chinese in 1761. The motivation of translating this book was clearly recorded in its iintroduction: After acceded to the throne, I ordered Ortai the grand secretary to review the translation. Consulted the source text and the formal translation, there should be some corrections for the reorganized one to divergences in meaning, differences in implication and changes in tone. However, the actual situation could be suboptimal. The differences were too subtle to translate. And it‘ s hard to convey detailedly the cleverness of the source, though the translators contrived to eliminate the uncertains. Nonetheless, the dissatisfied always exsist.--Luo Anyi (talk) 00:53, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512

几暇玩索，覆检旧编，则文义、意旨、语气之未能吻合者，仍不免焉。乃亲指授翻译诸臣，参考寻绎（yì），单词只字，昭晰周到，无毫发遗憾而后已。[10]（[10]清高宗敕译.御制翻译四书·序[M].清乾隆二十年武英殿满汉合璧本，无页码.台北：国立故宫博物院藏.）

After being thought over and checked by my retrieving some old references，those versions which were incongruous in meaning、theme and tone still need further improvement.Thus，I ordered and instructed official translators in person，searching many references and considering words over and over again，not getting it done until every word being perfect.【10】（10）translated by Gao Zongchi in Qing dynasty.Made by emperor and drawed from four translation books·the first version【M】.The complied version from the palace of Wu Ying in the twentieth year of Qian Long，blank page number. Tai Bei：National imperial Palace.）

马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513

由此可见，鄂尔泰奉敕进行厘定，目的是为了确保译文准确，使译文和原文在“文义”、“意旨”和“语气”上保持一致。乾隆三十三年，高宗敕译《诗经》，共八卷四册，亦由武英殿刊刻。然而，与《御制翻译四书》追求译文精准不同，《御制翻译诗经》则别有目的。

It can be seen that the reason why Eertai was ordered by the Emperor to adjust the translation was to make it and the original text consistent in terms of "textuality", "intention" and "tone". In the 33th year of Qianlong's reign, Emperor Gaozong had commanded to translate The Book of Songs consisted of eight volumes and four books, which was also published and engraved by Hall of Martial Valor. The Translation of The Book of Songs by Imperial Order, however, had a different purpose compared with The Translation of The Four Books by Imperial Order which pursued the accuracy of translation.--Ma Xin (talk) 06:40, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Another version: It can be seen that Ertai, the famous minister in Qing Dynasty, was ordered by the Emperor to collate and stipulate translation criteria, with the aim of ensuring the accurate translation, so as to keep it consistent with the original text in terms of “textuality”, “intention” and “tone”. In 1768, the 33rd year under the reign of Qianlong, the Emperor Gaozong gave the command to translate The Books of Songs into 8 volumes and 4 books, which were printed and published in the Hall of Martial Valor. The Translation of The Books of Songs by Imperial Order, however, had different purposes, compared with The Translation of The Four Books by Imperial Order whose emphasis was put on the precision of translation. --Mao Yawen (talk) 07:45, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514

《御制翻译诗经·序》中说：是经于世祖章皇帝顺治十一年译定初本，体裁已备。阅时兹久，凡《清文鉴》所未赅（gāi）皙者，参采新定国语，侔（móu）揣务极精详。因命分册籖（qiān）题，几馀复为折衷是正。[11]

It is said in The Translation of The Books of Songs by Imperial Order · Preface that the original translation of The Books of Songs whose genres were comprehensive was finished in 1654, the eleventh year under the reign of Emperor Shunzhi. Having been used for a long time, The Manchurian Dictionary in Qing Dynasty contains some unintelligible expressions with incomplete meanings which should adopt the new national language, so as to render it detailed and precise. As ministers in Literature Institute were ordered by the Emperor to draft titles of the books by volume, after several revisions, a favorable compromise was obtained.--Mao Yawen (talk) 06:05, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515

（[11]清高宗敕译.御制翻译诗经·序[M].清乾隆三十三年武英殿满汉合璧本，无页码.台北：国立故宫博物院藏.）上文中提及“是经”（即《诗经》）的初次翻译，即顺治十一年的顺治帝敕译本，该译本共二十卷二十册，由内府刊刻。然而，自顺治至康熙，满文的字词和语法等已经发生一定变化，用以规范满、汉文互用的辞书相继问世，这一点既给满语学习注入了活力，也给汉书翻译及其重新厘定提出了要求与条件。

([11] Translated by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty. The imperial translation of The Book of songs - preface [M]. The Manchu-Chinese version of the Wu Ying Hall in the 33rd year of the Qing dynasty, without pagination. (Taipei: National Palace Museum Collection.) The first translation of the Shi Jing (i.e., the Book of Songs) mentioned above was the imperial translation by the Shunzhi emperor in the eleventh year of the reign of Shunzhi, which consisted of twenty volumes and twenty books and was published by the imperial government. However, since the Shunzhi to Kangxi, the words and grammar of Manchu has undergone certain changes to regulate the use of Manchu and Chinese dictionaries came out one after another, this point both to the Manchu language learning injected vitality, but also to the Chinese translation and its re-definition of the requirements and conditions.--Mao You (talk) 07:21, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

([11] Translated by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty. The imperial translation of The Book of songs - preface [M]. The Manchu-Chinese version of the Wu Ying Hall in the 33rd year of the Qing dynasty, without pagination. (Taipei: National Palace Museum Collection.) The first translation of the Shi Jing (i.e., the Book of Songs) mentioned above was the imperial translation by the Shunzhi emperor in the eleventh year of the reign of Shunzhi, which consisted of twenty volumes and twenty books and was published by the imperial government. However, from Shunzhi to Kangxi, the words and grammar of Manchu had undergone certain changes. To regulate the mutual-use of Manchu and Chinese dictionaries came out one after another, which not only invigorated Manchu language learning, but also put forward requirements and conditions for the Chinese literature translation and its re-definition. --Mou Yixin (talk) 01:15, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516

如康熙九年，正黄旗教习廖纶玑翻译（明）张自烈所撰《正字通》。康熙二十二年，沈启亮修成《大清全书》（实际是满汉词典），该书的修纂加深了人们对于满字的认识，也使学者更易明辨翻译之理。康熙四十五年，正白旗人桑格翻译《满汉同文分类全书》。

For instance, Liao Lunji, a tutor of Pure Yellow Banner, translated Zheng Zi Tong written by Zhang Zilie (Ming Dynasty). In the twenty-second year of Kangxi reign period, Shen Qiliang accomplished The Great Qing Encyclopedia( actually, The Dictionary of Chinese and Manchu Language), which had deepened people’s understanding of Manchu characters and helped scholars to distinguish the theories and methods of translation. In the forty-five year of Kangxi period, Sanger from Pure White Banner translated A Classification Book of Manchu and Chinese Identical Texts.--Mou Yixin (talk) 06:04, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

For instance, in the ninth year of Kangxi reign, Liao Lunji, a tutor of Pure Yellow Banner, translated Zheng Zi Tong written by Zhang Zilie (Ming Dynasty). In the twenty-second year of Kangxi reign, Shen Qiliang accomplished The Great Qing Encyclopedia( actually, a dictionary of Chinese and Manchu ), which had deepened people’s understanding of Manchu characters and helped scholars to discern the theories and methods of translation. In the forty-fifth year of Kangxi period, Sanger from Pure White Banner translated the Manchu-Chinese Bilingual Classification Dictionary.--Peng Ruixue (talk) 01:51, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517

上述三种之外，康熙朝期间另有多种其它满语词典，如康熙二十八年的《清书十二字头》（听松楼刻本）、二十九年的《满汉同文全书》（秘书阁刻本）、三十二年的《同文广汇全书》（天绘阁刻本）、三十八年的《清书全集》（听松楼重刻本）、三十九年的《满汉类书》以及四十年的《满汉类书全集》，等等。康熙四十六年，《御制清文鉴》成书，全书共四函二十二卷，卷首有清圣祖玄烨御制序言，书末有编译者跋两篇。作为有清一代唯一一部由皇帝主持编纂的满文词典，《御制清文鉴》体例精湛，编排合理，在满语的发展史上具有划时代的历史意义。

In addition to the above three, there are a variety of other Manchu dictionaries in the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, such as the Twelve Syllabic Characters of Manchu (Ting Song Lou carved book) in the 28th year of Kangxi Reign, the Manchu-Chinese Bilingual Dictionary (Mi Shu Ge carved book) in the 29th year, the Manchu-Chinese Classification Dictionary (Tian Hui Ge carved book) in the 32th year, the Complete Manchu-Chinese Dictionary (Ting Song Lou re-carved book) in the 38th year, the Manchu-Chinese Encyclopedia in the 39th year and the Complete Manchu-Chinese Encyclopedia in the 40th, etc. In the 46th year of the Kangxi reign, the Imperial Dictionary of Manchu was accomplished in four letters and twenty-two volumes, with an imperial preface by the Kangxi Emperor Aisin Gioro Xuanye, whose temple name is “Shengzu” (Sagacious Progenitor) of the Qing, and two postscripts by the compiler at the end of the book. As the only Manchu dictionary compiled by the emperor in the Qing dynasty, the Imperial Manchu Dictionary is superb in style and reasonable in arrangement, and has epoch-making historical significance in the history of the development of the Manchu language.--Peng Ruixue (talk) 01:52, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518

关于康熙帝敕谕傅达礼编译此书的目的，《清实录》（卷四二）和《清史列传》（第375页）中皆有记载，但不及《康熙起居注》中详实。据《康熙起居注》中所载，康熙十二年四月十二日：上谓侍臣曰：“此时满洲，朕不虑其不知满语，但恐后生子弟渐习汉语，竟忘满语，亦未可知。且满汉文义照字翻译，可通用者甚多。

The purposes of Emperor Kangxi which were he empowered Fu Dali to edit and translate this book were recorded in Factual Record of Qing Dynasty of Volume IV and II and in the Biographies in the Qing Dynasty of page 375. But they were more circumstantial in Record on Kangxi’s Daily Life. According to 'Record on Kangxi’s Daily Life, the emperor said to chancellors on April 12,1673: I’m not afraid the contemporary Manchuria's ignorance towards Manchu language, but I’m not sure about whether the following generations will be accustomed to the Chinese by degrees and forget the Manchu language. And also the Manchu language is verbatim translated into Chinese, such translation can be used by many people.

The purposes of Emperor Kangxi commanding Fu Dali to compile this book were recorded in Factual Record of Qing Dynasty （volume 42）and Biographies of the Qing Dynasty(page 375) but the purposes logged in the Record of Emperor Kangxi’s Daily Officewere more detailed and real. According to this book, the emperor said to those courtiers on April 12,1673: "what I'm worried about is not the contemporary Manchurians’ ignorance of the Manchu language, but rather about whether the following generations will forget the Manchu language or not if they are gradually accustomed to Chinese. In addition, there are plenty of characters which can be in common use when translation is done word by word.--Qiu Tingting (talk) 16:25, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519

今之翻译者尚知辞意，酌而用之，后生子弟未必知此，不特差失大意，抑且言语欠当，关系不小。”因顾谓翰林院学士傅达礼曰：“尔任翰苑之职，可体朕此意，将满语照汉文字汇发明，某字应如何用，某字当某处用，集成一书，使有易于后学。”傅达礼奏曰：“皇上此旨，诚立教善后之盛心也。

Today's translators still know the meaning of those words and use them after deliberating, but for children of the future, they may not understand. Not only will they differ greatly from the original meaning, but also they will use them in an inappropriate way. And it will matter a lot.” So the emperor said to Fu Lida, the academician of Imperial Academy: “ Since you occupy the office in the Imperial Academy, you should be able to read between my lines. Manchu language needs to be further developed according to Chinese characters. By doing this, it will be much easier for our posterity to learn the Manchu language if there are detailed instructions compiled in a book on how and where to use a character.” Fu Dali replied reverently to the emperor: “The will of Your Majesty that improving the education for the convenient learning of later generations really shows your generosity.”--Qiu Tingting (talk) 14:47, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520

臣等虽不才，当祗尊俞旨，编辑成书，敬呈御览。”上谕曰：“此书不必太急，宜详慎为之，务致永远可传，方为善也。”[6]93-94由于当时的满文尚处在发展阶段，康熙帝担心随着满人逐渐汉化，满语使用的氛围也将逐渐消失，久而久之必致满语废止，这一点与康熙帝以清语为本的立场背道而驰。

"Although we courtiers have limited ability, we will compile them into a book according to the your intention, and submit it to you for previewing".The emperor indicated that, "this work should not be advanced too quickly but completed in detail and carefully，so that the book can be handed down forever, then the work is said to be finished well." As the Manchu language was still in the development stage at that time, Emperor Kangxi worried that with the gradual sinicization of Manchu people, the atmosphere of using Manchu language would disappear in the process of time, which would inevitably lead to the abolition of Manchu language over time. And this situation ran counter to Emperor Kangxi's position based on Qing language.--Rao Jinying (talk) 06:16, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

"Although we courtiers are not talented, we will compile them into a book in accordance with your mandate, and submit it for your previewing".The emperor indicated that, "this work should not be advanced too quickly but completed detailedly and carefully，so that the book can be handed down forever, then the work is said to be finished well." [6] 93-94 As the Manchu language was still in the development stage at that time, Emperor Kangxi worried that with the gradual sinicization of Manchu people, the atmosphere of using Manchu language would disappear in the process of time, which would inevitably lead to the abolition of Manchu language over time. And this situation ran counter to Emperor Kangxi's position based on Qing language.--Shi Liqing (talk) 06:35, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521

为了确保本书编译的严谨，康熙帝要求“解诂之疑,似者必晰同异于毫芒；引据之阙，遗者必援经史以互证。”[12]1（[12]清圣祖御制.御制清文鉴[M].康熙四十七年武英殿刻本.北京：中国民族图书馆藏.）需要指出，上文中所引“是经”即《御制翻译诗经》，该译本成书于乾隆三十三年。 In order to ensure the rigor of the compilation of this book, Emperor Kangxi required: “ To interpret the doubts of exegesis, the similarities must be clear and the differences puny; if there is a lack of quotations, successors must cite the ancient classics to verify them.” [12]1 ( [12] Emperor Shengzu of Qing Dynasty. Imperial Qing Literature [M]. The engraving of Wuying Palace in the forty-seventh year of Kangxi. Beijing: Collection of National Library of China.) It should be pointed out that the “Shi Jing” quoted above is the “Royal Translation Book of Songs”, which was translated into a book in the thirty-third year of Qianlong.--Shi Liqing (talk) 05:43, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522

此时，虽然《御制四体清文鉴》和《御制五体清文鉴》的编译尚未启动，但经乾隆帝御制，已在康熙朝《御制清文鉴》和《清文合蒙古鉴》等早期词典的基础上，完成编纂《御制增订清文鉴》，进一步规范了满文的使用。且，顺治至乾隆的百余年间，满语发展的确出现了若干变化，原有汉书译本中的不少词汇和语法此时已不符合通行要求，因而“参采新定国语”，对旧译本重加厘定，使其“折衷为正”，乃时势所趋。而上述辞书的相继出现，说明满文已经发展到一个新的高度，为旧籍的重译与改译营造了条件。

At this time, although the compilation of the Four Institutions of the Imperial Dynasty and the Five Dynasties has not yet started, the compilation of the Complement of the Qing Dynasty's Dictionary was completed based on the early dictionaries of the Qing Dynasty and the Kangxi Dynasty with the help of Qianlong emperor, which further standardizes the use of Manchu literature.Moreover, during the more than 100 years from Shunzhi to Qianlong, several changes in the development of Manchu indeed appeared. Many vocabulary and grammar in the original Han translation did not meet the prevailing requirements at that time. Therefore, it was the trend to "participate in the new language" and determine the old translation, so that it was "positive".The emergence of the above dictionaries shows that Manchu has developed to a new height, creating conditions for the retranslation and translation of the old nationality.--Sun Yashi (talk) 01:52, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

At this time, although the compilation of the Four Institutions of the Imperial Dynasty and the Five Dynasties has not yet started, the compilation of the Imperial Revised Qing Dynasty's Dictionary was completed based on the early dictionaries such as Imperial Qing Dynasty’s Dictionary in the Kangxi Dynasty, which further standardizes the use of Manchu. Moreover, during the more than 100 years from Shunzhi to Qianlong, several changes in the development of Manchu indeed appeared. Many vocabularies and grammar in the original Chinese translation did not meet the common requirements at this time. Therefore, it was the trend to "adopt the new national language" and redefined the old translation to make it “compromise to right”. The emergence of the above dictionaries shows that Manchu has developed to a new level, creating conditions for the retranslation and translation of old books.--Wang Lifei (talk) 16:04, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523

乾隆三十七年，高宗敕令于“禁中”设立“清字经馆”，以满、汉文佛经译本有失本真为由，令重译佛经为满文。据高文德所考，这些佛经典籍初被译为蒙古，后经蒙文转译成满文，前后历时十余载，使满、蒙、汉、藏四体经文始备。[13]2110（[13]高文德.中国少数民族史大辞典[Z].长春：吉林教育出版社，1995.）

In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, Emperor Gaozong decreed to set up a “Manchu sutra hall” in the palace he lived, and ordered the retranslation of Buddhist sutras into Manchu on the grounds that the previous Manchu and Chinese versions were deviated from the true meaning. According to Gao Wende, these Buddhist classics were first translated into Mongolian, through which the Manchu version was then translated. It took more than ten years to prepare the editions in four languages: Manchu, Mongolia, Chinese and Tibet. [13]2110（[13]Gao Wende.Dictionary of Chinese Minority History[Z].Changchun: Jilin Education Press, 1995.）--Wang Lifei (talk) 07:08, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524

众所周知，佛教经典原以梵文书写，但清朝前期用作翻译的底本，多为汉文译本。从此意义上讲，佛经的翻译与先秦、两汉时期汉文经、史的翻译一样，也属汉书翻译之列。康熙年间，圣祖即令翻译《心经》，但雍正年间《四体翻译心经》译本方才成书，刊刻。

王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525

所谓“四体”即满、蒙、汉、藏四种文字，佛经翻译之所以要采用四种语言，是因为四大族群皆普遍信仰佛教，因而四体合璧的译本便于信众诵读。乾隆在位六十年，对于佛经翻译甚为热衷，御制翻译经书十种，为顺、康、雍、乾四朝之最。《翻译四体楞严经序》中，乾隆帝曾自称“朕于几政之暇，每爱以国语翻译经书，如《易》、《书》、《诗》及《四子书》，无不蒇（chǎn）事”，希望循康、雍之例，推动佛经翻译，并在敕译《诗经》的同时，完成第一部佛经作品的翻译，即《御制翻译名义集》。[14]15

The so-called "four styles" are Manchu, Mongolian, Chinese and Tibetan. The reason why Buddhist scriptures are translated in four languages is that the four ethnic groups generally believe in Buddhism, so the translation of four styles is convenient for believers to read. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong for 60 years, he was very keen on the translation of Buddhist scriptures and translated ten kinds of scriptures, which is the most among the four dynasties of Shun, Kang, Yong and Qian. In the preface to translating the four body Shurangama Sutra, Emperor Qianlong once claimed that "in my spare time, I love to translate scriptures in Manchu, such as Yi, Shu, Shi and Si Zi Shu ,which are all well finished. I hope to follow the example of Kang and Yong to promote the translation of Buddhist scriptures, and complete the translation of the first Buddhist scriptures, namely the collection of imperial translation while the Book of Songs is translated. -- translated by Wang Zhenlong

卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526

（[14]清高宗御制.清高宗（乾隆）御制诗文全集[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1993.）所谓《翻译名义集》系南宋高僧法云于绍兴十三年（即1143年）编订的佛学翻译工具书，其中收录汉译梵文佛学名词千余条。雍正年间，世宗曾命人对此书的内容进行过节选，但未能成书。 ([14] The Collective Works of Poetry and Essays written by Imperial Order of Qing Gao Zong, Qianlong Empire[M]. Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 1933.) The so-called The Collection of Translation of Sanskrit Names is a Buddhist translation reference book compiled by an eminent monk in Southern Song Dynasty in Shaoxing thirteenth year (1143 year), in which collected thousands of Chinese translation of Sanskrit Buddhist terms. During Yongzheng years, Shizong once ordered ministers to choose the excerpt from the book, but finally cannot compile into a book.--Wei Yiwen (talk) 15:51, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527

至乾隆三十三年，高宗再次敕译此书，最终译成四体《御制翻译名义集》共二十卷，此书现藏于北京大学图书馆，并收入至《清代内府刻书目录解题》。与此同时，乾隆帝有感于“所译之汉经，藏地无不有，而独无《楞严》”，遂在章嘉国师的议请下，命允禄和章嘉国师等将该经“由汉而译清，由清而译蒙古，由蒙古而译土伯忒。”[14]15章嘉国师原名章嘉·若贝多杰，四岁被认定为转世灵童，八岁奉雍正帝圣谕赴京，十五岁给雍正帝灌顶，十八岁授封“灌顶普惠广慈大国师”。

In the 33th year of the dynasty of Qianlong, the emperor ordered to translate the book again. Finally, the book The collection of Translation of Sanskrit Names by Imperial Order was translated into Manchu, Mongolian, Chinese and Tibetan in altogether twenty volumes. The book now is collected in Peking University Library and included in Solving Problems in the Catalogue of Engraved Books in Qing Dynasty. At the same time, after Qianlong emperor knew that there were all translations of Chinese scriptures except Lengyan in Tibet, under the advice of the Grand Maester Zhangjia he ordered Yunlu and the Grand Maester to translate the Chinese scripture into Manchu, then translate the Manchu to Mongolian, finally translate the Mongolian to Tibetan. The original name of the Grand Maester Zhangjia is Zhangjia•Ruobeduoje. When he was four years old, he was regarded as a holy reincarnation. At his eight years old he went to the capital because of the order of Yongzheng emperor. When he was fifteen years old, he did Abhisheka for Yongzheng emperor. At his eighteen years old the title of Grand Maester of Abhisheka, Generosity and Benevolence was conferred to him.--Wei Chuxuan (talk) 15:16, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528

章嘉国师博览群书，通晓汉、藏、满、蒙文字，著述颇丰，既撰写佛经作品逾二百部，又翻译佛经若干，如乾隆五年将大藏经《丹珠尔》译成蒙文，并编纂佛经翻译工具书《智慧之源》。章嘉国师发现《楞严经》后，于乾隆十七年奉旨协助庄亲王将该书译为满蒙、藏三种文字，并于乾隆三十八年译成四体合璧本。乾隆帝敕译此书的目的，也是出于政治方面的考虑，简单来说便是为了向藏族宣告其统治的正当性。

Master Zhang Jiaguo was well-read, thoroughly understanding Chinese, Tibetan, Manchu and Mongolian. He has written a prodigious number of famous works, including not only more than two hundred Buddhist works, but also numerous Buddhist texts. For instance, he translated the Tanjur into Mongolian during the fifth year of Qian Long and compiled The Source of Wisdom, a Buddhist translation reference book. After Master Zhang Jiaguo found Surangama Sutra, he assisted Prince Zhuang in translating this book into Manchu, Mongolian and Tibetan during the seventieth year of Qianlong under the order of Qian Long. Besides, he accomplished an overall translation of it which contained all Chinese, Tibetan, Manchu and Mongolian versions during the thirty-eighth year of Qian Long. The emperor Qian Long ordered the translation of this book was for the political reasons. To put it simply, he aimed to declare the legitimacy of his rule to the Tibetans.--Wei Zhaoyan (talk) 04:37, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Master Zhang Jiaguo was familiar in Han, Tibetan, Manchu and Mongolian writings. He wrote more than 200 works of Buddhist scriptures, and at the same time also translated several Buddhist scriptures. For example, in the fifth year of Qianlong translated the Tibetan Sutra into Mongolian, and compiled the translation tool book The Source of Wisdom. After Master Zhang Jiaguo discovered the Leng Yan Sutra, in the seventeenth year of Qianlong, he assisted the translation of Mongolia and Tibet, and into the combination of the four bodies in the 38-th year of Qianlong. The purpose of Emperor Qianlong's translation of this book was also for political considerations, but simply to declare the legitimacy of his rule to the Tibetan people. --Wu Jingyue (talk) 07:50, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529

这一点与《大藏经》的翻译有所不同，后者除了政治目的之外，另有文化建设方面的考虑，乾隆帝甚至将其视为与《四库全书》一样的重大文化建设工程。如《清文翻译全藏经序》中所说：若订《四库全书》及以国语译《汉全藏经》二事，胥举于癸巳年六旬之后，既而悔之，恐难观其成。越十余载，而《全书》成；兹未逮二十载，而所译《汉全藏经》又毕蒇。

This point is different from the translation of the Tibetan Tripitaka Italic text --Wu Yinghong (talk) 14:44, 12 October 2021 (UTC), which had political purposes in addition to cultural construction. Emperor Qianlong even regarded as a major cultural construction project as the Four Libraries--Wu Yinghong (talk) 14:44, 12 October 2021 (UTC). As said in the preface of the Complete Tibetan Sutra of the Qing Dynasty--Wu Yinghong (talk) 14:44, 12 October 2021 (UTC), if the Four liberals book Complete Collection of Four Treasuries--Wu Yinghong (talk) 14:44, 12 October 2021 (UTC) and the Complete Han Tibetan Sutra were translated in Chinese after the 60s of Guisi, it may not be difficult to see it. More than ten years, and the book, which was not caught twenty years, and the translation of the <Han Sutra> had been finished.--Wu Jingyue (talk) 15:18, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530

夫耳顺、古希已为人生所艰致，而况八旬哉？兹以六旬后所创为之典，逮八旬而得观国语《大藏》之全成，非昊乾嘉庇，其孰能与于斯？[14]8-9《四库全书》之“四库”系指该书分经、史、子、集四部，故名“四库”。 At the age of 60 or 70, life has reached a difficult stage. What's more, at the age of 80? I was preparing to propose to create this classic in my 60s, so I could see the complete Manchu version of Da Zang in my 80s. If there was no heaven's protection during the Qianlong and Jiaqing dynasties, how could it be so far?

肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531

作为古代中国最大的文化工程，《四库全书》是中华传统文化最丰富、最完备的集成之作，最能体现乾隆帝的文治武功。而上文中，乾隆帝意欲将《大藏经》（即《汉全藏经》）的翻译与《四库全书》相比，可见此事关系之重大。由上可知，《大藏经》的翻译始于乾隆“癸巳年”，即乾隆三十八年（1773年），至全书译成，“未逮二十载”，而此时高宗已近八旬，早已步入人生艰困之期。

As the largest cultural project of the ancient China,the Complete Library of the four Branches of Literature is the richest and most comprehensive collection of Chinese traditional culture, which best represents the great achievement of Emperor Qianlong's civil administration. As mentioned before, Emperor Qianlong wanted to compare the translation of Tibetan Tripitaka to that of the Complete Library of the four Branches of Literature, which reflects the significance of this translation project. From above, it can be seen that this project started from 1773, the 38th year of Qianlong's reign and took less than 20 years to be fully completed, when Emperor Qianlong was nearly in his 80s, and had already entered a difficult time of his life.--Xiao Yiyao (talk) 01:51, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532

关于乾隆帝敕译《大藏经》一事，《啸亭杂录·续录》中也有记载，不过在翻译的起始时间，以及全书翻译的耗时上，与上文所述有所不同。其中写道：乾隆壬辰，上以《大藏佛经》有天竺番字、汉文、蒙古诸翻译，然其禅悟深邃，故汉经中咒偈，为代以翻切，并未译得其秘指，清文句意明畅，反可得其三味，故设清字经馆于西华门内，命章嘉国师经理其事，达天、连筏诸僧人助之，考取满謄录、纂修若干员翻译经卷。先后凡十余年，《大藏》告蒇，然后四体经自始备焉。[15]385

谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533

（[15]（清）昭梿.啸亭杂录·续录[M].上海：上海古籍出版社，2012.）将《清文翻译全藏经序》和《啸亭杂录·续录》两相对比后可发现，二者关于《大藏经》翻译的起始时间不同，其中前者记载的时间是乾隆“癸巳年”，即乾隆三十八年，而后者则明确是“乾隆壬辰”，即乾隆三十七年，孰是孰非，有待考证。另外，关于《大藏经》翻译的实践跨度，二者的出入较大，前者的用词是“未逮二十载”，后者则说“先后凡十余年”，综合其它文献可知，前一种说法更为准确。

([15] (Qing) Zhaofan. Miscellaneous Records - Sequel [M]. (Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2012.) After comparing the "Preface to the Qing Translation of the Complete Tibetan Sutra" with the "Xiao Ting Miscellaneous Records - Continuing Records", we can find that the start time of the translation of the Dazang Sutra in this two books is differant, of which the former is recorded in the Qianlong "kaisi year", that is, the thirty-eighth year of the Qianlong era, while the latter is clearly "Qianlong renchen", i.e., the thirty-seventh year of the Qianlong reign, which is correct or incorrect, remains to be verified. In addition, there is a large discrepancy between the two regarding the practical span of the translation of the Dazangjing, with the former using the phrase 'before it had been twenty years' and the latter saying 'for more than ten years in succession', which, when combined with other documents, is more accurate.--Xie Qinglin (talk) 14:08, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534

乾隆五十五年，满文本《大藏经》译成，初定名《清文全藏经》，其中“全藏”二字即“大藏之全”的意思。《清文全藏经》共计二千五百三十五卷、一百零八函，收入佛教典籍六百九十九部。为了翻译此书，乾隆帝不仅钦派章嘉国师主持，而且派皇子、大臣，以及通晓满、汉、蒙、藏文者共百余人参与其中，其中绝大多数为翻译人员。

During the 40th year of the Qianlong Emperor,the translation of "Tripitaka" first called "Tripitaka in Manchu" was completed, among which "quan zang" means "all-sided masterpiece". The translation had 2535 volumes and 108 han, including 699 Buddhist classics.In order to translate the work, Qianlong Emperor not only assigned Zhang Jiaguoshi to be in charge and asked his sons, ministers and hundreds of people who were proficient in Manchu, Chinese and Tibetan to be involved. And most of them were translator.

徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535

乾隆五十五年十二月，因清字经馆遭遇火灾，《清文全藏经》的部分经版和已经刊刻的经文译文被毁，后经重新雕版印刷，于乾隆五十九年全部完成，并交内府刊刻。据考，《清文全藏经》共计印刷十二部，目前存世仅两部，其中一部存于西藏布达拉宫（缺一册），另一部则由北京、台北两地故宫博物院共同收藏，其中北京收藏七十六函，台北收藏三十二函。如前所述，乾隆帝敕译此经，有着明确的文化建设的用意，希望通过翻译佛经推广佛教文化，并同时推广作为国语的满文，实现宣扬教化的目的。

In December of the 55th year during the period of Emperor Qianlong, due to a fire in the Qing Zi Classics library, some base plate of "Qing Wen Quan Zang Jing" and translated texts already printed were destroyed. After re-engraving and printing, it was completed in the 59th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong and handed over to the imperial Palace for printing. According to a research, there are a total of twelve copies of the "Qing Wen Quan Zang Jing" printed, of which only two are in existence. One is stored in the Potala Palace in Tibet (one volume is missing), and the other is jointly collected by the Palace Museums in Beijing and Taipei, of which 76 letters are in Beijing and 32 letters are in Taipei. As mentioned above, Emperor Qianlong translated the Sutra with a clear intention of cultural construction, He hoped to promote Buddhist culture through the translation of Buddhist scriptures, and at the same time promote Manchu as the national language, so as to achieve the purpose of propagating and enlightening.--Xu Minyun (talk) 01:23, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536

正如乾隆帝在《清文翻译全藏经序》中指出的那样：以国语译《大藏》，恐人以为惑于祸福之说，则不可不明示其意。夫以祸福趋避教人，非佛之第一义谛也。第一义谛，佛且本无，而况乎祸福乎？ As Emperor Qianlong pointed out in the Preface to the Manchu Language Translation of the Whole Tripitaka : if we translate Tripitaka in Manchu language, I am afraid of that people misunderstand us for being confused by misfortunes and blessings. So we must express our intension clearly. It is not the absolute truth of Buddha to teach people with avoiding misfortunes and chasing after blessings. The absolute truth is that there is no Buddha, let alone misfortunes and blessings?--Yan Jing (talk) 01:00, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

if we translate Tripitaka in Manchu language, I am afraid that people misunderstand us for being confused by misfortunes and blessings. --Yan Lili (talk) 00:55, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537

我们不可以因为第一义训的原因，用因缘祸福作为引导逐渐深入。我的目的并不在此，梵经首先是被翻译成外语，再翻译成汉语，最后才翻译成蒙古语，而我们清朝统治中国一百多年，他们三方长期以来都归我们管，如果唯独缺满语的《大藏经》可以吗？

We can't use reason, misfortune and blessing as a guide to gradually deepen because of the first righteous precept. My purpose is not here. The Sanskrit scriptures were first translated into a foreign language, then translated into Chinese, and finally translated into Mongolian. And our Qing Dynasty ruled China for more than 100 years. They have been under our control for a long time. Is the Tripitaka without Manchu language okay? --Yan Lili (talk) 00:48, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538

以汉译国语，俾中外胥习国语，既不解佛之第一义谛，而皆知尊君亲上、去恶从善，不亦可乎？是则朕以国语译《大藏》之本意，在此不在彼也。[14]9;[16]28（[16]庄吉发.国立故宫博物院典藏《大藏经》满文译本研究[A].庄吉发.清史论集（三）[C].台北：文史哲出版社，1998：27-96.）

阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540

上文中，清楚地表明了乾隆帝谕令翻译此经的用意，总结起来无外乎三点：其一，《大藏经》已有汉、藏、蒙语三种译本，独缺满文本，这一点与满洲为天下主的社会现实格格不入；其二，满语既为国语，则必须维持，并强化其学习，翻译《大藏经》这样的佛教经典乃是达成此目的的重要途径；其三，《大藏经》的翻译虽不能使人东西佛之第一义谛，但通过研习其中教义，也能使人尊君亲上，去恶扬善，培养人伦纲常观念。固然，《大藏经》的翻译并非乾隆朝佛经翻译的全部，但却是其中关系最切，最具代表性者，它所蕴含的政治、文化目的贯穿于所有佛教经典的翻译之中。

杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541

五、汉书翻译的文化统制意涵。清初统治者对待汉文化的整体态度不尽相同，这一点毋庸置疑。日本学者安部健夫曾将清代中、前期的文化政策分为三个阶段，分别是“偶然华化期”、“积极华化期”和“消极华化期”。其中，太祖、太宗时期的文化政策属于第一个阶段，顺治、康熙二朝属于第二个阶段，雍、乾、嘉、道四朝则属于第三个阶段。[17]5-11

杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542

（[17]安部健夫.清朝史の構造とその動因[A].安倍健夫.清代史の研究[C].東京：創文社，1981：5-11.）然而，统治者态度由积极转向消极，并不意味着满、汉文化接触的广度与深度由高走低，而只能说明统治者面对满、汉文化地位的此消彼长，所产生的民族文化意识的觉醒。虽然满洲统治者为了维护满洲文化于不坠，提倡“清语骑射”的基本国策，但又不得不进行文化整合，选择以汉文化作为国家的主流价值。

杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543

正是在这样一种看似矛盾，而又颇显自然的文化态度中，以文化“统制”和文化建设为目的的汉书翻译事业得以进行。事实上，早在太宗时期，由于满人尚居关外，不识汉字，又罔知政体，汉书的翻译可用于“临政规范”，以及国家的治理模式。[4]5325顺治年间，阿什坦译成《大学》、《中庸》等书后，世祖以它们作为倡导礼义教化的工具。

It is in such a seemingly contradictionary but quite natural cultural attitude that the translation of Han Shu could be proceeded aiming at cultural "harmonization and regualtion" and cultural development. Actually, as early as Taizong Period, transalation of Han Shu could be used for the "standard form of handling affairs" and also the governance model of the country, because Manchu didn't know Chinses characters or regime as they lived outside of Shanhai Pass. [4]5325 During the reign of Shunzhi, Emporer regarded The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Meantranslated by A Shitan as the tool to advocate moral tool.--Yang Liuqing (talk) 14:37, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544

总之，汉文经、史的译印有助于端正满洲的人心风俗，使满、汉文化互通有无。就连《诗经》中提到的各种花草树木、鸟兽虫鱼等，也对拓展满人见闻，增进满、汉交流颇有助益。[18]222-223（[18]叶高树.《诗经》满文译本比较研究——以《周南》、《召南》为例[J].国立台湾师范大学历史学报，1992（20）：219-234.）

易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545

诚然，有清一代，并非只有官方组织翻译汉书，私人译书也很盛行。据《世界满文文献目录》可知，清代的私人译书历时悠久，范围广泛，于经、史、子、集皆有涉猎，且翻译成书之后，往往有不同刻本、抄本。仅以小说、戏曲为例，二者的满文译本便多达四十六种。[19]47-53

To be sure, it was not only official organizations that translated Chinese books, but private person also liked to do that during Qing Dynasty. According to the Catalogue of Manchu Documents in the World, the private translation of books in the Qing Dynasty has a long history and a wide range, covering a subset of Classic historical. And after being translated into books, they often had different engraved books and copies. Taking novels and operas as examples, there were as many as forty six Manchu versions of them.--Yi Yangfan (talk) 15:29, 12 October 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

To be sure, it was not only official organizations that translated Han Shu, but private person also liked to do that during Qing Dynasty. According to the Catalogue of Manchu Documents in the World, the private translation of books in the Qing Dynasty has a long history and a wide range, covering classical works, historical works, philosophical works, and prose and poetry, the four categories of a traditional Chinese library. And after being translated into books, they often had different engraved books and transcripts. Taking novels and operas as examples, there were as many as forty six Manchu versions of them.--Yin Huizhen (talk) 01:49, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546

（[19]富力.世界满文文献目录[Z].北京：中国民族古文字研究会，1983.）但官方翻译汉书与私人译书不同，无论在译书的取材上，还是在译书的组织管理上，又或在译书的颁行上，都有其不同于私人译书的特殊考量。即便是《三国志（通俗演义）》这样的通俗文学作品，译成满文后也被赋予了兵法与战略意义。（[19] Fuli. The Catalogue of Manchu Documents in the World [Z]. Beijing: Chinese Society for the study of ancient Chinese characters, 1983.) However, official translation of Han Shu is different from private translation. There are special considerations different from private translation, whether in the selection of materials, the organization of translation, or the promulgation of translation. Even popular literary works such as the Three Kingdoms (Popular Romance) have been given military and strategic significance after being translated into Manchu.--Yin Huizhen (talk) 15:13, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547

显然，以满文遍译汉书，尤其是经、史、子、集等，并不是为了显示满语语文系统的优越性，所谓“精微巧妙，实小学家所未有”，而是为了“表章经学，天下从风”，通过翻译“研究微言，讲求古义”，进行文化沟通。[3]91藉由汉文典籍的翻译，满洲统治者不仅了解了汉族文化，而且在接触与学习中获得了“统制”汉民的重要经验，使满洲政权在性质上逐渐向“中原政权”转化，最终实现治统与道统的合一。而乾隆朝时期，尤其是乾、嘉二朝年间，统治者对于汉籍翻译的成效，也的确颇感自豪。

尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548

《钦定八旗通志》中说：列圣以来，表章经学，天下从风，莫不研究微言，讲求古义，尤非前代之所及。故先译《四书》，示初学之津梁。至于《五经》、《易》则略象数之跡，示其吉凶；《书》则疏佶屈之词，归于显易；《诗》则曲摹其咏叹，而句外之寄讬可思；《春秋》则细核其异同，而一字之劝惩毕见；《礼记》则名物度数考订必详，精理名言推求必当，尤足破讲家之聚讼。 Imperially Commisioned "Genealogies of Eight Banners" said: "Since the previous dynasties, Six meridianshighly praised, the whole society were indulged and made a study of it. Never before has there been such a study of ancient meanings in any dynasty." Therefore, The Four Books was translated first as the bridge for the beginners. The Five Classics The Book of Changes The Book of History The Book of Songs Spring and Autumn Annals Book of Rites

詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549

盖先儒之诂经，多株守其文，故拘泥而鲜通；此篇之诂经，则疏通其意，故明白而无误。不立笺（jiān）传之名，不用注疏之体，而唇吻轻重之间，自然契删述之微旨，厥有由矣。……其有裨于文教，均为至大。虽尧帝之文章，尼山之删定，又何以加于兹哉。[20]5-6

张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550

（[20]（清）铁保等.钦定八旗通志[Z].景印清嘉庆四年刻本.台北：台湾学生书局，1968.）上文提到的《四书》等汉文典籍多为乾隆朝所译，其中《四书》译成于乾隆二十年，《易》（即《周易》）、《诗》（即《诗经》）、《礼记》和《春秋》等分别译成于乾隆三十年、三十三年、四十八年和四十九年。官方在翻译上述书籍的过程中，将经典的章句训诂含扩于译文之内，目的就是为了化解时人对于经义的歧见，统一学术，帮助统治者实现文化“统制”。[3]87

（[20]（Qing）Tie Bao et al. Imperial Eight Banners Tongzhi [Z]. Jing Yin Qing Jiaqing four years engraved edition. Taipei: Taiwan students publishing company, 1968.) Above the "four books" and so on Chinese classics translation in the qianlong dynasty, the "Four books" into in qianlong 20 years, "Yi" (i.e. I Ching), "Poem" （i.e. The book of songs), "The rites" and "The spring and autumn" and so on are translated in qianlong 30 years, 33 years, 48 and 49 years. In the process of the translation of the above-mentioned books, the official included the classic chapters and sentences into the translation, in order to resolve the differences of people's opinions on the classics, unify the academic, and help the rulers to realize the cultural "control".--Zhang Qiuyi (talk) 00:53, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551

如康熙四十七年，《清文鉴》编成，此举使满文的“大经大法，咸有依据；一话一言，式循典制。”[7]13康熙五十六年，为整理并规范蒙古语文，圣祖敕令以蒙文翻译《清文鉴》，纂成《清文合蒙古鉴》。然而，逮乾隆三十八年，高宗以“语言文字之传，不能不随方随时，代为变易”为由，纂成《御制增订清文鉴》。 For example, in the forty-seventh year under the reign of Kangxi during Qing dynasty, the book Qing Wen Jian was composed, which made "every article and code in Man has its basis, and each sentence and word in Man in accordance with a typical system."[7]13 In the fifty-sixth year ruled by Kangxi, in order to organize and standardize Mongolian language, the emperor ordered to translate Qing Wen Jian with Mongolian so that Qing Wen Jian With Mongolian was composed. However, in the year thirty-eight reined by Qianlong, Gaozong the emperor wrote Qing Wen Jian the Official and Revised Edition on the excuse that "the transmitting way of language and characters has to be kept changing as time goes by and place changes". --Zhang Yang (talk) 01:48, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552

该书以词目分类，以满汉合璧形式呈现，所谓“国书之左，译以汉音”，而“汉书之右，译以国书”，以便“读者因汉文可以通国书，因国书可以通汉文”，使人人共晓，并“昭示来兹，为万万世同文之准”。[21]1-2（[21]（清）傅恒等.御制增订清文鉴[M].台北：台湾商务印书馆，1986.）《御制增订清文鉴》成书后，乾隆帝又以“前书只载国语、汉语，而未及蒙古”为由，仿前例敕撰《满洲蒙古汉字三合切音清文鉴》，并于嗣后相继编成《御制四体清文鉴》和《御制五体清文鉴》。 The book is categorised by words and presented in a combined Manchu-Chinese format, so that "in this book on the left side of the Manchu language, there is a column with Chinese pronunciation to comment", and "on the right side of the Chinese language, there is a column translated into Manchu",so that "readers can see the Chinese to understand the Manchu language, see the Manchu language can understand the Chinese language", so that all people can understand the two languages, and "to future generations of the world to show that such a writing becomes the table of reference for all ages". [21]1-2 ([21] (Qing) Fu Heng et al. Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian [M]. (Taipei: Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986.) After the completion of the Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian , Emperor Qianlong, on the grounds that "The first book only recorded Manchu and Chinese, but not Mongolian", hereby compiled Manzhou Menggu Hanzi sanhe qieyin Qingwen jian, which was subsequently compiled into Manchu Polyglot Dictionaryand Pentaglot Dictionary.--Zhang Yiran (talk) 16:03, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

The book is classified by words and presented in a combined Manchu-Chinese form，so that "in this book on the left side of the Manchu language, there is a column with Chinese pronunciation to comment", and "on the right side of the Chinese language, there is a column translated into Manchu",so that "readers can see the Chinese characters to understand the Manchu language, see the Manchu language can understand the Chinese language likewise", so all people can understand the two languages, and "to future generations of the world to show such a writing becomes the table of reference for all ages". [21]1-2 ([21] (Qing) Fu Heng et al. Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian [M]. (Taipei: Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986.) After the completion of the Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian , Emperor Qianlong, on the grounds that "The first book only recorded Manchu and Chinese, but not Mongolian", hereby compiled Manzhou Menggu Hanzi sanhe qieyin Qingwen jian, which was subsequently compiled into Manchu Polyglot Dictionaryand Pentaglot Dictionary.--Zhong Yifei (talk) 01:02, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553

在上述书籍的翻译与编纂过程中，乾隆帝不断赋予其“同文”和“大同”的文化意涵，从不同民族文字皆具备“载道”能力的理念出发，借由翻译和比对的方式，在不同民族文化之间，实现沟通观念，强化统治的目的。结语。满清开国以来，历代君主皆勤于学习汉族历史与文化，以汲取统治经验。 In the process of translating and compiling the above books, Emperor Qianlong constantly endowed them with the cultural meaning of "Tongwen" and "Datong". Starting from the idea that different national languages have the ability to "carry Tao", he realized the purpose of communicating ideas and strengthening rule between different national cultures by means of translation and comparison. Conclusion：Since the founding of the Manchu and Qing Dynasties, monarchs of all dynasties have been diligent in learning the history and culture of the Han nationality in order to learn from the ruling experience.--Zhong Yifei (talk) 06:43, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554

汉书翻译基于特定的历史情境，和国家的长治久安，将重点放在经、史、子、集等汉族文化精粹及典章制度之上，为统治者探求、调整统治策略与统治理论提供了契机。特别是康、雍、乾三朝年间，民族交往日益频密，民族关系逐渐缓和，民族融合渐趋提高，汉书的翻译与进讲更为诸帝所重。由于统治者皆以德教学术为治国之本，力崇道德教化、为国修政、忠于人君，汉书翻译遂被赋予德治与教化功能。

周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555

总之，清初的汉书翻译既非简单的“以夏变夷”，也非简单的“以夷变夏”，而是在翻译中着眼于满、汉之间的交流、沟通与互鉴，政治意涵与文化意涵并存。*基金项目：① 教育部人文社科基金项目“清代中前期翻译政策研究”②湖南省社会科学基金项目“清代中前期翻译政策的具体形态与变化轨迹研究”，项目批准号：20YBA131；③ 湖南省教育厅重点项目“清代中前期翻译政策研究”，项目批准号：20A222。

In summary, the translation of The History of the Han Dynasty is neither simply to use the Central Plains Culture to influence the culture of the tribes outside it, nor to change it by cultures of other tribes. The translation highlights the communication and mutual learning between Man minority and Han nationality. It also emphasizes the coexistence of political implications and culture implications. Fundation Projects:① Foundation Projects of the Ministry of Education of China, Humanities and Social Sciences " The Research on Translation Policy During Early and Middle Qing Dynasty" ② Research Foundation of Social Sciences of Hunan Province, China" The Translation Policy's Specific Form and Trajectory of Change During Early and Middle Qing Dynasty" , Grant No. 20YBA131; ③Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Human Province, China", Grant No.20A222.--Zhou Jiu (talk) 01:29, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556

清初的旗学教育与翻译人才培养：教材、课业与考课 ——基于绥远城官学的考察* 摘要：旗学之兴系清初统治者重教政策的延续与发展。太祖和太宗年间，虽然旗学尚未创设，但文教与翻译之风渐行，以讲解汉籍译本作为教育旗人的手段由来已久，为嗣后设立旗学，开展旗学教育创造了条件。 The Education of Banner studies and the training of translation talents in the early Qing Dynasty: textbooks, courses and examinations-based on the investigation of Suiyuan authority. Abstract: The prosperity of Banner studies reflects the continuation and development of the educational policy that the rulers attached importance to in the early Qing dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Taegu and Emperor Taejon, although the Banner studies had not yet been established, the cultural education and translation became popular. It has been a long time that the translation of Chinese books was used as a means to educate flag-bearers, which created conditions for the establishment of Banner studies’ education.--Zhou Junhui (talk) 01:21, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557

自顺治朝设立国子监八旗官学，至康熙朝增设专门教育机构，雍正朝普及八旗教育，以及乾隆朝以后八旗教育由盛转衰，清初的旗学教育不仅提高了旗人的文化素质和官员处理政务的能力，而且提升了旗人的语言能力，培养了大量翻译专才。从一开始，旗学教育便明确地指向了翻译，不仅严格要求翻译教习的选拔与任用，而且也对翻译教材的使用、翻译课业的形式、翻译考课的等次，以及教习与学生的期满考核等，制定了具体章程。

周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558

总之，旗学教育既维护了满洲特色，又增进了民族交流，为解决国家治理对于翻译人才的需求做出了重要贡献。关键词：旗学翻译教育教材课业与考课绥远城官学

清代的旗学教育始于顺治朝，但追根溯源与太祖朝以来的语言创制与教育密不可分。后金政权建立之前，女真族没有自己的文字，民间交往和官方往来只能通过蒙古语及其翻译进行。

周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559

太祖创建后金政权伊始，便授意“巴克什”额尔德尼、噶盖等创建“无圈点满文”（老满文）。老满文的创建既方便了部民交流和公文书写，也使得政事记载和汉书翻译变得容易。在翻译的汉文典籍帮助下，如《论语》、《孟子》、《史记》和《资治通鉴》等，太祖得以学习汉族的思想精粹和政治观念。 After the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty founded the jin regime, he instructed Baksi(a title for scholars in the Qing Dynasty) Erdeni, Gaide and others to create the Manchu without circle and point (old Manchu). The establishment of old Manchu not only facilitated the communication between tribe men and the writing of official documents, but also made it easy to record political affairs and translate Han books. In the process of translating Chinese classics, such as The Analects of Confucius, Mengzi, Records of the Historian and ZiZhiTongJian, he was able to learn the ideological essence and political ideas of the Han people. --Zhou Xiaoxue (talk) 14:29, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561

与此同时，太祖又令“颁经书以宏文教”，“尚骑射翻译以重国文”，通过“国文”、“骑射”巩固所谓民族之“本”，并通过“文教”、“翻译”提升旗人素质。[ 张廷玉等奉敕撰：《皇朝文献通考》，上海：鸿宝书局，1902年，第5435页。]语言创制的完成不仅使得旗人教育成为现实，也使得统治者试图在翻译中汲取汉族经验成为可能。

Insert non-formatted text here==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562==

《满文老档》中说，太祖曾命博布黑、萨哈廉等八人为八旗师傅，赐其“巴克什”称号，令其精心教习八旗子弟，要求“教之通晓者赏之”，而“弟子不勤学不通晓书文者罪之”，开启旗人教育之先例。[ 中国第一历史档案馆译注：《满文老档》，北京：中华书局，1990年，第1196-1197页。]太宗期间，旗人的学习和教育亦受重视。 According to the 《Manchu script》, the emperor Taizu once appointed eight people, including Bo buhei and sahalian, as masters of the eight banners, and gave them the title of "Baksh", so that they could carefully teach the children of the eight banners, and asked that""If teach the disciples to understand, they will be rewarded", while "If the disciples don't study hard and don't understand calligraphy, they will be punished" which opening a precedent for Manchu's education. [translated note of China's first historical archives: old 《Manchu script》, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1990, pp. 1196-1197.] during the reign of Emperor Taizong, the study and education of Manchu were also valued.--Zou Yueli (talk) 01:26, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

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 上述三种之外，康熙朝期间另有多种其它满语词典，如康熙二十八年的《清书十二字头》（听松楼刻本）、二十九年的《满汉同文全书》（秘书阁刻本）、三十二年的《同文广汇全书》（天绘阁刻本）、三十八年的《清书全集》（听松楼重刻本）、三十九年的《满汉类书》以及四十年的《满汉类书全集》，等等。康熙四十六年，《御制清文鉴》成书，全书共四函二十二卷，卷首有清圣祖玄烨御制序言，书末有编译者跋两篇。作为有清一代唯一一部由皇帝主持编纂的满文词典，《御制清文鉴》体例精湛，编排合理，在满语的发展史上具有划时代的历史意义。
-In addition to the above three, there are a variety of other Manchu dictionaries in the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, such as the ''Twelve Syllabic Characters of Manchu'' (Ting Song Lou carved book) in the 28th year of Kangxi Reign, the ''Manchu-Chinese Bilingual Dictionary'' (Mi Shu Ge carved book) in the 29th year, the ''Manchu-Chinese Classification Dictionary'' (Tian Hui Ge carved book) in the 32th year, the ''Complete Manchu-Chinese Dictionary'' (Ting Song Lou re-carved book) in the 38th year, the ''Manchu-Chinese Encyclopedia'' in the 39th year and the ''Complete Manchu-Chinese Encyclopedia'' in the 40th, etc. In the 46th year of the Kangxi reign, the ''Imperial Dictionary of Manchu'' was accomplished in four letters and twenty-two volumes, with an imperial preface by the Kangxi Emperor Aisin Gioro Xuanye, whose temple name is “Shengzu” (Sagacious Progenitor) of the Qing, and two postscripts by the compiler at the end of the book. As the only Manchu dictionary compiled by the emperor in the Qing dynasty, the ''Imperial Manchu Dictionary'' is superb in style and reasonable in arrangement, and has epoch-making historical significance in the history of the development of the Manchu language.
+In addition to the above three, there are a variety of other Manchu dictionaries in the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, such as the ''Twelve Syllabic Characters of Manchu'' (Ting Song Lou carved book) in the 28th year of Kangxi Reign, the ''Manchu-Chinese Bilingual Dictionary'' (Mi Shu Ge carved book) in the 29th year, the ''Manchu-Chinese Classification Dictionary'' (Tian Hui Ge carved book) in the 32th year, the ''Complete Manchu-Chinese Dictionary'' (Ting Song Lou re-carved book) in the 38th year, the ''Manchu-Chinese Encyclopedia'' in the 39th year and the ''Complete Manchu-Chinese Encyclopedia'' in the 40th, etc. In the 46th year of the Kangxi reign, the ''Imperial Dictionary of Manchu'' was accomplished in four letters and twenty-two volumes, with an imperial preface by the Kangxi Emperor Aisin Gioro Xuanye, whose temple name is “Shengzu” (Sagacious Progenitor) of the Qing, and two postscripts by the compiler at the end of the book. As the only Manchu dictionary compiled by the emperor in the Qing dynasty, the ''Imperial Manchu Dictionary'' is superb in style and reasonable in arrangement, and has epoch-making historical significance in the history of the development of the Manchu language.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 01:52, 13 October 2021 (UTC)
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