20211020 homework

Quicklinks: Back to course homepage FAQ Manual Back to all homework webpages overview final exam page

陈静 Chén Jìng 国别 女 202020080595

太宗曾多次谕令“金、汉之人都要读书”，认为发展文教裨益于国家治理，而翻译和讲解汉文书籍则是旗人教育中的重要环节。[] 罗振玉：《天聪朝臣工奏议》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1989年，第13页。为推进旗人教育，给朝廷选拔人才，太宗又对汉人进行考试，“分别优取”，赏以银两或差事。

蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 日语语言文学 女 202120081477

太祖、太宗等人的支持使得清初之际的汉籍翻译蔚然成风，且旗人教育为之一变，为后来的旗学设立和旗学教育营造了条件。旗学之兴及其翻译人才培养之定位。顺治朝以后，随着政权推进和时局变化，入关之初所谓“满洲、蒙古、汉军皆通国语”的情况不复存在，新任官吏中因为语言不通导致政务受阻者，成渐长之势。

The support of Taizu, Taizong and others made Han books’s translation popular in the early Qing Dynasty, and the education of Manchu changed, which created conditions for the establishment and education of Manchu. The flourish of Manchu studies and the orientation of translation talent training. After the Shunzhi Dynasty, with the advancement of the political power and the change of the current situation, the so-called "Manchuria, Mongolia and the Han army all know the national language" at the beginning of entering Han no longer exists. Among the new officials, those whose government affairs are blocked due to linguistic barrier have gradually grown. --Cai Zhufeng (talk) 16:53, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别 男 202120081478

尤其是地方督抚等汉籍官员，凡遇到国书文移，往往都不认识，只能委任“内三院”中通晓翻译的笔帖式，代为办理。[] 昭梿：《啸亭杂录》，北京：中华书局，1980年，第254页。但代为办理自有其弊，如“猜疑推诿”等，因而如何解决旗人读书，为国家培养语言人才，便成为当务之急。

In particular, Chinese officials including local governors often don't know the imperial decrees declared by the Cabinet, so they can only appoint translators in the "three courts of Cabinet" to handle it on their behalf. (Zhao Lian: Records of Howling Pavilion, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1980, P. 254.) However, it has its own disadvantages, such as "suspicion and prevarication". Therefore, how to solve the problem of studying for the people of Eight Banners and cultivate language talents for the country has become a top priority.--Zeng Junlin (talk) 01:44, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081479

顺治元年，国子监祭酒李若琳（？-1651）上疏世祖，奏请效仿明初之制，扩大国子监的生员人数，为国家培养人才。摄政王多尔衮对此颁布圣谕，敕令不论满、汉官员，其子弟中有愿读清、汉书者，皆可入国子监学习。同年十一月，李若琳就太学事宜再次上奏，要求增补教官，并以“晷短途遥”为由，建议在各八旗辖地觅空房一所，设立书院，此即为八旗官学之始。[]

In the first year of Emperor Shunzhi, Directorate of Imperial Academy Li Ruoling （？-1651）submitted memorials to the throne to imitate the institution of the early Ming Dynasty, expanding the number of people who went to the Imperial College and cultivating talents for the country. Prince Regent Duoergun issued an edict that whoever the officers of Man or Han, anyone of them can study in the Imperial Academy as long as they were willing to learn the books and classics of Qing and Han. In the same year of November, Li Ruoling submitted to the Emperor again on the issue of school, proposing to add more instructaors. Because of the short white day and long distance, she also proposed to build School on the vacant room of every jurisdictional areas, which was the beginning of eight banners of official school. --Chen Huini (talk) 14:38, 16 October 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

In the first year of Emperor Shunzhi（1644）, Directorate of Imperial Academy Li Ruoling （？-1651）submitted memorials to the throne to advise the imitation of institutions in the early years of Ming Dynasty.He suggested to larger the number of people who enrolled in the Imperial College and cultivate talents for the country. Prince Regent Duoergun issued an edict that whoever the officers of Man or Han, anyone of them can study in the Imperial Academy as long as they were willing to learn the books and classics of Qing and Han. In the same year of November, Li Ruoling submitted to the Emperor again on the issue of school, proposing to add more instructaors. Because of the short white day and long distance, she also proposed to build School on the vacant room of every jurisdictional areas, which was the beginning of eight banners of official school. --Chen Xiangqiong (talk) 10:18, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081480

鄂尔泰等：《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第112页。从顺治元年设立国子监八旗官学，到顺治九年设置宗学，再到康熙二十五年设立景山官学，以及雍正七年设立咸安宫官学，再到驻防各省八旗官学、义学和清文学等的相继设立，清代的旗学体系经历了从无到有，从零散到完备的发展过程。这些学校不仅教授涉及满洲根本及其文化特征的各种科目，如清语、骑射等，也教授翻译、汉书等科目，目的是在八旗满洲、蒙古和汉军中兴贤育才，将文、武学业综于一体，教导民族特质，并为朝廷培养治理人才，尤其是翻译专才。

Eertai et al. Chronicles of Qing Dynasty •Chronicles of Chongde Emperor [Z].Beijing: Chinese Publishing House, 1985:112）Since the construction of Guozijian Manchu Eight Banners Official School in 1644, many schools were built accordingly from Patriarchal school in 1653, Jingshan Official School in 1686, Xianangong Official School in 1729, to Provincial Manchu Eight Banners Official School, Yi School and Qing Literature School. School systems of Qing dynasty grew out of nothing and became perfect.These schools not only taught subjects rooting in Manchu culture like:Qing language, riding and shooting, but also taught translation and Han books.They aimed to encourage and educate talents and virtues, combine literature and martial arts, cultivate national features and develop officials with governability, especially with translation ability.--Chen Xiangqiong (talk) 09:23, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Ertai et al. Chronicles of Qing Dynasty •Chronicles of Chongde Emperor [Z].Beijing: Chinese Publishing House, 1985, p. 112. From the first year of Shunzhi to set up the eight banners official school, to the ninth year of Shunzhi set up educational institutions for royal clan, to the 25th year of Kangxi set up Jingshan official school, as well as the seventh year of Yongzheng set up Xian'an Palace official school, and then stationed in the provinces of the eight banners official school, community-run schools charging no tuition and literature of Qing dynasty , etc. The banner school system in the Qing dynasty has undergone the development process from nonexistence to pass into existence, from fragmented to complete. These schools not only taught a variety of subjects involving the fundamental and cultural characteristics of Manchuria, such as Qing language, archery, etc., but also taught translation, Han books and other subjects. The purpose was to raise talents in the eight banners Manchurian, Mongolian and Chinese army. It was a combination of literature, martial arts, teaching national characteristics, and for the imperial court to cultivate governance talent, especially translation expertise.--Chen Xinyi (talk) 09:47, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学 女 202120081481

鄂尔泰等修，李洵、赵德贵点校：《八旗通志·初集》，长春：东北师范大学出版，1986年，第895页。旗学教育的兴起是政治考量和文化统制的产物，从一开始便有着明确的目标性和指向性。一方面，它是为了培养和提升旗人的语言能力与文化素质；另一方面，则是为了培养旗人从事满、汉或满、蒙翻译，以及处理国家政务的能力。

Ertai et al., punctuation collated by Li Xun and Zhao Degui, "The Eight Banners - The First Collection", Changchun: Published by Northeast Normal University, 1986, p. 895. The rise of banner education was a product of political consideration and cultural unification, and had a clear goal and direction from the beginning. On the one hand, it is to cultivate and improve the language ability and cultural quality of banners; on the other hand, it is to cultivate banners to engage in translation between Manchu and Chinese or Manchu and Mongolian, as well as the ability to deal with state affairs.--Chen Xinyi (talk) 08:47, 18 October 2021 (UTC) Ertai et al., punctuation collated by Li Xun and Zhao Degui, "The General Annals of the Eight Banners - The First Collection", Changchun: Published by Northeast Normal University, 1986, p. 895. The rise of the education of the Banners’ schools was a product of political consideration and cultural unification, and had a clear goal and direction from the beginning. On the one hand, it was to cultivate and improve the language ability and cultural quality of banners; on the other hand, it was to cultivate banners to engage in translation between Manchu and Chinese or Manchu and Mongolian, as well as the ability to deal with state affairs.--Cheng Yang (talk) 02:24, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081482

因而，和汉书翻译、翻译科考一样，旗学教育中也天然地植入了翻译课业与考课的成分。嘉庆四年，铁保奉敕修撰《八旗通志》，其中论及八旗官学的作用，认为旗学之重心在于儒家礼教，而非翻译，其中指出：至中人以上、以下，课以经义，则不能不从事于讲肄；从事于讲肄，则不能不读圣贤之书；读圣贤之书，则耳濡目染，渐至于心领神会，晓然于事理之是非。 Therefore, as in translation of books of the Han Dynasty and translation tests, the components of translation and examination were naturally implanted. In the fourth year of Jia Qing, a reign title of Qing Dynasty from 1796 to 1821, Tie Bao, in accordance with the emperor’s order, compiled the General Annuals of the Eight Banners, which discussed the functions of official schools of Eight Banners, thought that the essential of Banners’ schools is Confucian etiquette, not translation. It pointed out: as for those with medium talents above or below, they had to learn the Confucian classics argumentation, then we must participate in lectures; if they wanted to participate in lectures, they had to read the book of sages; if they read the book of sages, they would be influenced by what one constantly sees and hears, and they would gradually understand the Confucian etiquette, then understand the truth of things right and wrong.--Cheng Yang (talk) 02:20, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081483

事君必能知大义，临事亦必能知大体，即其限於材质，不能大成者，亦可娴于礼教，明於廉耻，凜然不敢妄为，而不失开国敦庞之旧俗。[] 铁保等：《钦定八旗通志》，台北：台湾商务印书馆，1983年，第2-3页。铁保的说法不是没有道理，但旗学目的与功能的转向，反映的不是旗学教育对于翻译教学的剥离与舍弃。

杜莉娜 Dù Lìnà英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081484

恰恰相反，旗学教育之所以偏重儒教而非翻译，正是因为长期以来旗学教育中重视汉族文化与汉籍翻译的传统所致。换言之，正是因为旗学中长期使用汉籍满文译本作为教学内容，使得八旗官学生逐渐被汉族文化浸染，导致思维取向和价值观念发生变化。同时，频密、深刻的民族交往使得满族旗人的汉语能力日益提升，翻译能力因之渐长，而无需在旗学教育中专门培养。

On the contrary,the reason why the education of Manchu focused on Confucianism rather than translation is that for a long time it had attached Chinese cultures and translation of Chinese books as importance. In other words,long using translation of Chinese books by Manchu as teaching contents, the officers of the Manchu Eight Banners and students had been gradually influenced by Chinese cultures,which has resulted in the changes of thinking orientation and values of theirs. Meanwhile,the frequent and deep communication between Han and Manchu had contributed to the gradual enhancement of Chinese skills and translation ability of the Manchu Eight Banners, without being taught by the special education of Manchu.--Du Lina (talk) 13:17, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081485

但不可否认的是，旗学作为整体仍与翻译有着千丝万缕的关系。如清太祖努尔哈赤十三世孙爱新觉罗瀛生（1922-2013）在总结旗学教育时指出的那样，旗学中的官学生除了学习满语语法之外，也需要学习大量汉文典籍（满文译本），如满汉合璧本的《三字经》和《四书》等，其实质内容与汉族教育并无不同，这么做即是为了使学生兼通满、汉，熟读经史，掌握翻译之术，为朝廷所用。[] 爱新觉罗瀛生：《谈谈清代满语教学》，《满族研究》，1990年第3期，第43-49页。

付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学 女 202120081486

满洲入主中原之后，统治上采取旗、民分治的形式，维护统治阶级的政治优势。为了巩固新生政权，虽然统治者不得不在满、汉之间寻找平衡点，审慎考量汉族士子和汉民利益，以免因为失去民心而危及稳定，但为了维护统治集团的特殊地位，又不惜牺牲汉人利益。而创办官学，倡导国语骑射，正可以保持满洲的民族特质，抵御汉文化冲击。

After Manchu entered and hosted the central China, the ruling classes took a divided governance of Manchu and Han to maintain their political dominance. In order to consolidate the new political power, rulers had to to find a balance between Manchu and Han, and deliberate for both Han scholars and ordinary people’s interests, so as not to lose the hearts and minds of the common people which would endanger the stability of the governance. But they had no choice but to sacrifice the interests of Han people, in order to safeguard the special position of the ruling classes. However, the establishment of office schools and the promotion of Manchu language , horsemanship and marksmanship just could maintain the national characteristics of Manchu and resist the impact of Han culture.--Fu Shiyu (talk) 14:53, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

After Manchu entered and hosted the central China, the ruling class took a divided governance of Manchu and Han to maintain their political dominance. In order to consolidate the new political power, the ruler had to find a balance between Manchu and Han, deliberating for the interests of both Han scholars and ordinary people so as not to endanger the stability of the governance for losing the hearts and minds of the common people. However, to safeguard the special position of the ruling class, they had no choice but to sacrifice the interests of Han people. And the establishment of official schools and the promotion of Manchu language, horsemanship and marksmanship could help maintain the national characteristics of Manchu and resist the impact of Han culture.--Gao Mi (talk) 04:26, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学 女 202120081487

兴办旗学，使八旗人等兼通满、汉，既学习语言，又学习骑射，兼习翻译，一则可以沟通政事，二则可以学习汉制，可谓一举多得。正是由于有了这样的功能设定，旗学教育自其创设之日起，便与翻译结下了不解之缘。以宗学为例，该学初设时，只对满洲教习、满语学习做了规定，而未对汉语进行要求，但统治者从国家治理的需要出发，仍对宗室的翻译能力留有期待。

The promotion of the Eight Banner official education enabled such people as the Eight Banners to master both Munchu and Chinese, learn riding and shooting and the intertranslation of munchu and Chinese. It could not only contribute to the consultation of political affairs, but also the learning of Han policies, which was literally killing two birds with one stone. It’s exactly due to such functions that the Eight Banner official education has been inextricably bound to translation. Take the education institution for royal clans for example. When it was first established, the institution only made rules with regard to staff recruitment and Munchu language learning, whereas no requirement was made of Chinese learning. However, the ruler, given the need of national governance, still expected members of the royal clan could develop their competence in translation.--Gao Mi (talk) 04:24, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

The promotion of the Eight Banner official education enabled such people as the Eight Banners to master both Munchu and Chinese, learn riding and shooting and the intertranslation of munchu and Chinese. It could not only contribute to the consultation of political affairs, but also the learning of Han policies, which achieve many things at one stroke. It’s exactly due to such functions that the Eight Banner official education has been inextricably bound to translation. Take the education institution for royal clans for example. When it was first established, the institution only made rules with regard to staff recruitment and Munchu language learning, whereas no requirement was made of Chinese learning. However, the ruler, starting from the needs of national governance, still has expectations for the translation ability of the royal clan.--Gong Boya (talk) 14:05, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学 女 202120081488

《清朝文献通考》中说，宗室子弟不仅要“咸涵于礼仪道德之途”，“讲明与伦纪纲常之大”，而且应该“服习于书射翻译之业”。[] 刘锦藻：《清朝文献通考》，杭州，浙江古籍出版社，2000年，第5437页。又以八旗蒙古官学为例，该官学虽于雍正六年停办，但吏部在给出的裁撤理由中，也明确提及蒙古官学生和监学生等均需学习翻译，并认为这一点与国子监官学中蒙古官学生的学习内容相同，因而“实属多设”。[]

In the comprehensive studies of Qing documents, it is said that the children of the imperial clan should not only "be well-educated, immerse in etiquette and morality", "be civilized, take the Principal Relationships and Constant Virtues as the most important", but also "learn to read, shoot an arrow and translate". [] Liu Jinzao, Comprehensive studies of Qing documents, Hangzhou, Zhejiang ancient Books publishing house, 2000, p. 5437. Taking the “Eight Banners” Mongolian official school as an example, although it was suspended in the sixth year of Yongzheng, the Ministry of Appointments also explicitly mentioned in the reasons for the abolition that Mongolian official students and students of the Imperial Academy were required to learn translation, and thought that this was the same as the learning content of Mongolian official students in the directorate of Imperial Academy, so it was "multi-set". []--Gong Boya (talk) 03:09, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

In A Comprehensive Studies on Qing Dynasty Literature, it was said that the offsprings of the imperial family should not only be “well-educated and immerse in etiquette and morality” and “prioritizing manners and moral principles”, but also be engaged in “reading, archery and translation” [Liu Jinzao, A Comprehensive Studies on Qing Dynasty Literature, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Chinese Ancient Classics Publishing House, 2000, p. 5437.] Example was taken that the Eight Banners Mongolian Official Academy was though suspended in the sixth year in the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, for it was redundant, according to the Ministry of Oficial Personnel Affairs, in that translation was a required course in both Mongolian official Academy and Imperial Academy.--He Qin (talk) 15:27, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学 女 202120081489

鄂尔泰等：《清实录·世宗宪皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第1089页。清军入关之后，随着政权范围的日益扩大，驻防体系随之变动。但就旗学体系而言，除特殊区域因特殊目的设置旗学之外，其余旗学基本定在京畿，其作用主要是为了教导在京八旗子弟，而驻防各地设学并不普遍，导致驻防八旗弟子无法与京师旗人子弟一样，获得同样的教育机会。

[Er Ertai etc. Records of the Qing Dynasty—Records of Emperor Shizongxian, Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House, 1985, p.1089. ] Since the Qing army crossed the Shanhai Pass, its garrison system changed accordingly with its increasing scope of the regime. However, in terms of the Banner School system, Schools were established basically in the Capital City and its Environs, except for special areas where the Banner Schools were set up for special purposes, for the Banner School was mainly to teach the Eight Banners and their offsprings in Beijing. But the Eight Banners in other territories could not have the same education opportunity as their clansmen in Beijing and its Environs because the Banner School was not common in other territories.--He Qin (talk) 14:43, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

[E Ertai etc. Records of the Qing Dynasty—Records of Emperor Shizongxian, Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House, 1985, p.1089. ] Since the Qing army entered the Shanhai Pass, with the increasing scope of the regime, its garrison system changed. But as to the Banner school system, except the schools established for special aims in special areas, the rests were basically set up in the Capital City, whose function was mainly to educate offsprings of the Eight Banners in Beijing. While schools were scarcely set up in the garrisons, resulting in that the offsprings outside Beijing could not get the same educational opportunity as the offsprings of the Eight Banners in Beijing.--Hu Shuqing (talk) 04:47, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081490

即便如此，驻防各地旗学中，仍有不少明确规定教习翻译。如康熙三十二年设防的荆州，于乾隆二十四年兴建学舍，设置八旗两翼义学，后又于乾隆四十五年添设各旗义学一所，并专设八旗翻译义学一所。绥远城于乾隆二年设防，乾隆八年兴建学舍，除设立义学八所各十二间之外，也设立满、汉翻译学一所共十间。

Even so, lots of the Banner schools of the garrisons still clearly specified that translation should be taught and learned. For example, in Jingzhou, garrisoned in the 32nd year of the reign of Kangxi, there were many schools built in the 24th year of the reign of Qianlong and free schools for the Eight Banners set. Later, every banner added a free school in the 45th year of the reign of Qianlong, and specially established a free school of translation for the Eight Banners. In the city of Suiyuan, fortified in the 2nd year of the reign of Qianlong, there were numerous schools in the 8th year of the reign of Qianlong. Besides the establishment of eight free schools with 12 rooms respectively, there was also a school for translation between Manchu and Chinese with 10 rooms established.--Hu Shuqing (talk) 04:36, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Even then there were lots of places requiring translation study among those Banner’s station. For example, Jingzhou which was militarized in the 32th year of the reign of Kangxi then built many schools in the 24th year of the reign of Qianlong, especially public schools for all eight banners. Later every banner set up a new public school, and another for the translation of Eight Banners in the 45th year of the reign of Qianlong. Suiyuan Ctiy, militarized in the second year of the reign of Qianlong, secured many schools in the 8th year of the reign of Qianlong. Except for the 8 public schools with 12 classrooms for every banner, there were another 10 classrooms for translation of Man and Han. --Huang Jinyun (talk) 06:30, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081491

伊犁古扎尔城（即宁远城）于乾隆二十六年设防，乾隆三十四年兴建学舍，设各旗满、汉学房四间，并设满、汉翻译蒙古学舍一所共九间。清初之际朝廷究竟在各省驻防之地设立官学多少，实难考证。其中原因，与《八旗通志》和《钦定八旗通志》等主要文献中的记载不详有关。

The city, Guozard（Ning Yuan）in Ili was fortified in the 26th year of the reign of Qing Emperor Qianlong；there were lots of schools built in the 34th year of the reign of Qing Emperor Qianlong, four for learning Man and Han’s culture, nine for learning Man and Han’s translation into Mongolian. It was difficult to verify how much administrative institutions and schools were built in early Qing Dynasty because of the lack of information in major classical books like the General History of the Eight Banners and Qinding Baqi Tongzhi.--Huang Jinyun (talk) 06:49, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Guerzha city（Ningyuan）in Ili was fortified in the 26th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong. There were lots of schools built in the 34th year of the reign of Qing Emperor Qianlong, four for learning Man and Han’s culture, nine for learning Man and Han’s translation into Mongolian. It was difficult to figure out how many official educational institutions were built in early Qing Dynasty because of the lack of detailed information in classical books like the General Annals of the Eight Banners and the authorized version of the book.--Huang Yiyan1 (talk) 13:47, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081492

例如，《八旗通志》中，对于湖北荆州兴建学舍与官学一事只字未提，但在希元修纂的《荆州驻防八旗志》（《续修四库全书》第859册）中，则记有乾隆四十五年长泰（右翼蒙古协领）奏设满、汉官学、义学，以及八旗翻译学之事。[] 希元等：《荊州驻防八旗志》，上海：上海古籍出版社，1997年，第473页。虽然驻防各地旗学名称不一，其中有名官学者，也有名义学者，更有名翻译义学者，但教学内容上有着极大的相似性，其紧要者无非语言（清语、汉语、蒙语）、骑射，以及翻译。

For example, there was nothing about school building in Jingzhou, Hubei Province in the General Annals of Eight Banners. However, it was recorded that in the 45th year during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Changtai (right-wing Mongolian general) advised to build schools imparting knowledge about Man's culture and Eight Banners' translation, official educational institutions with Han's pattern and public schools. And this record was written in the Annals of Eight Banners' Garrison in Jingzhou proofread by Xiyuan. (《Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature(revised edition)》Book 859)[Xiyuan et al: 《the Annals of Eight Banners' Garrison in Jingzhou》, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1997,page 473] Although the names of schools for Eight Banners were called differently such as official educational institutions, public schools and even translation public schools, varying with different garrisons, these schools shared extremely similar courses content. And they focused on language (language used by Qing, Han people and Mongolian), horseback archery and translation.--Huang Yiyan1 (talk) 13:39, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

For example, there exists nothing about building schools and official schools in Jingzhou, Hubei Province in the General Annals of Ba Qi. However, it was recorded that in the 45th year during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Changtai (right-wing Mongolian general) advised to build schools imparting knowledge about Man's culture and Ba Qi's translation, official educational institutions with Han's pattern and public schools. And this record was written in the Annals of Ba Qi's Garrison in Jingzhou proofread by Xiyuan. (Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature(revised edition)Book 859)[Xiyuan et al: the Annals of Eight Banners' Garrison in Jingzhou, Shanghai, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1997,p. 473] Although the names of schools for Ba Qi were called differently such as official educational institutions, public schools and even translation public schools, varying with different garrisons, these schools shared extremely similar course contents. And they focused on language teaching (language used by Manchu, Han people and Mongolian), horseback archery and translation.--Huang Zhuliang (talk) 02:12, 20 October 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别 男 202120081493

1.旗学教育与翻译教学契合的典范：绥远城官学。乾隆六年十二月初六日，绥远城扬威将军补熙等奏请设立满、蒙学馆，教育兵丁子弟。奏章指出，绥远城地处偏远，咨报、文移和案件审理等政务活动均用满、蒙文字，如果不加以教习，则政令之推行难以为继。A model of the combination of Manchu education and Translation Teaching is the Official School in Suiyuan City. On the sixth day of December (lunar calendar) in the sixth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, General Bu Xi and others in Suiyuan City asked to set up Manchu and Mongolian schools to educate the children of soldiers. The memorial pointed out that Suiyuan City is located in a remote area, and government activities such as consultation, document transfer and case trial all use Manchu and Mongolian characters. If the children are not taught, the implementation of government orders will be unsustainable.--Huang Zhuliang (talk) 02:04, 20 October 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494

虽然此前经皇帝御批，并着军机处大臣等议奏，同意从归化城（呼和浩特）都统衙门中挑选二人，派往绥远城，专司翻译、书写蒙古文字，但军机处并没有同意设立满、蒙学馆，以教习满、蒙语言文字。然而，补熙认为，绥远城咨行各地方官府的差务甚多，而移驻兵丁均来自包衣，通晓满、蒙者实属寥寥，如不能设立学馆，教习旗人子孙，则现役旗人兵丁亡故后，满、蒙语言文字无以为继。这一点不仅于满洲旧俗不合，而且遇有政务时，会无人差遣。 Although approved by the emperor and discussed by the minister of Office of Military Secret，they agreed to select two people from the Provisional Government of Guihua City(Hohhot) and send them to Suiyuan City to be responsible for the translation and writing of Mongolian characters, the Office of Military Secret didn’t agree to set up Manchu and Mongolian academies to teach Manchu and Mongolian characters and languages.However,Buxi believed that advisors of local governments of Suiyuan City had a lot of work to do,and the soldiers stationed in the city were all born in Baoyi family(servant),so few of them knew Manchu and Mongolian characters well.If they could not set up academies to teach the descendants of the people of Baqi,the Manchu and Mongolian languages would disappear after the death of the soldiers in active service.This is not only inappropriate manchurian old customs,and no one can be send when meeting government affairs.--Jin Xiaotong (talk) 09:26, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081495

补熙所奏虽名为满、蒙选馆，实则为满、蒙翻译官学，意在培养翻译专才，处理以满、蒙文字书写的文移，或者以上述两种文字推行的政务。同年十二月十八日，即补熙奏陈之后不出半月，大学士兼军机处大臣鄂尔泰上疏皇帝，议准设立满、蒙官学，拟敕交吏部，由吏部从蒙古旗革职人员中拣选通晓满、蒙文字者二人，委任其以巴克什身份进行教学。

What Bu Xi, a vice director of the Court of Colonial Affairs, submitted to the emperor referred to the government officials selected from Manchu and Mongolian nationality on the surface, but in fact, the official school which was engaged in translation between the two languages. It aimed to train professional translators so as to deal with official documents or the government affairs written in Manchu and Mongolian. No longer after Buxi submitted a written statement, Ertai, the Bachelor and Minister of The Grand Council, submitted his proposals to the emperor on December 18th of the same year. It was agreed that the official school would be established and the order of the emperor will be handed in to the official department. It was responsible for the official department to select two ones who were good at Manchu and Mongolian from the demobilized personnel of Mongolian Banner and who was appointed to teach them as Barksh.--Kuang Yanli (talk) 10:21, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

What Buxi, the vice director of the Court of Colonial Affairs, submitted to the emperor referred to the government officials selected from Manchu and Mongolian nationality on the surface. In fact, it referred to the official school which was engaged in translation between the two languages. It aimed to train professional translators so as to deal with official documents or the government affairs written in Manchu and Mongolian. No longer after Buxi submitted a written statement, Ertai, the Grand Secretary and Minister of The Grand Council, submitted his proposals to the emperor on December 18th of the same year. It was agreed that the official school would be established and the order of the emperor will be handed in to the official department. It was responsible for the official department to select two ones who were good at Manchu and Mongolian from the demobilized personnel of Mongolian Banner and who was appointed to teach them as Barksh.--Li Aixuan (talk) 01:14, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081496

乾隆帝批复“依议。钦此”，于是绥远城翻译官学得以设立。[] 中国第一历史档案馆（郭美兰编译）：《乾隆朝绥远城设立八旗官学满文档案》，《历史档案》，2012年第2期，第47页。乾隆八年九月初三日，补熙和副都统纳明等奏请设立蒙古学，以便翻译文移资用。

Emperor Qianlong gave a written reply, consent and implement now, so the translation official school of Suiyuan city was established. [] The First Chinese Historical Archive (translated and edited by Guo Meilan): Manchu Archives of Eight Banners Official Schools Established in Suiyuan City During the Qianlong Dynasty, Historical Archives, 2012(02): p47. On September 3,the 8th year in the period of Emperor Qianlong, Buxi and the deputy lieutenant-general Naming, etc. reported to the emperor for the establishment of Mongolian studies and then they could have funds to translate documents.--Li Aixuan (talk) 08:16, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Emperor Qianlong gave an official written reply, ”Consent and implement. By command of the Emperor”, so the translation official school in Suiyuan city was established. [] The First Historical Archives of China (translated and edited by Guo Meilan): Manchu Archives of Eight Banners Official Schools Established in Suiyuan City During the Qianlong Period of Qing Dynasty, Historical Archives, 2012(02): p47. On September 3, the 8th year in the period of Emperor Qianlong, Buxi and deputy lieutenant-general Naming, etc. submitted memorials to the emperor for establishing Mongolian studies which could be conductive to documents and affairs.--Li Ruiyang (talk) 12:25, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081497

补熙认为，绥远城地处旷野，政务繁多，若只设官学（满蒙官学），恐为不够，且教习由京城择员派往，也与省城之例不合。关于教习满文一事，补熙奏称已照军机处先前所议，由各旗自行组织，教习之遴选并不困难，而所难者在于蒙古文的教习。原因在于，虽然绥远城内有会蒙古语者，但其语言能力不足以充任教习之责。

The official Bu Xi believed that Suiyuan city had a remote location but heavy government affairs, so it was not enough to set up the official school of Manchu and Mongolia only. And teachers sent from Central Government were unfamiliar with specific circumstances of Suiyuan city. As for teaching language of Manchus, Bu Xi submitted memorials to the emperor that each banner would have a self-organize according to the previous resolution of Privy Council. The difficulty was not the selection of teacher but teaching Mongolian, since the language competence of Mongolian speakers in Suiyuan city was insufficient for teaching.--Li Ruiyang (talk) 12:23, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

The official Bu Xi believed that since Suiyuan city was located in a remote place and burdened with heavy government affairs, it was not enough to set up the official school of Manchu and Mongolia only. And teachers dispatched from Central Government were unfamiliar with specific circumstances of Suiyuan city. As for teaching the language of Manchus, Bu Xi has submitted memorials to the emperor that each banner would self-organize in light of the previous resolutions of Privy Council. The difficulty lied not in the selection but the teaching of the Mongolian language, as Mongolian speakers in Suiyuan city were not competent for teaching the language.--Li Shan (talk) 00:42, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081498

奏陈云：查，归化城土默特二旗，每旗各设学校一所，教习兵丁子弟翻译满蒙语文，每月支给巴克什等各银一两五钱，学生每日每人支给制钱十文。此项开支之银钱，由其所得房租银内动支。于雍正元年奏准施行，如今甚有裨益。

Then he proposed to Chen Yun, that a school should be respectively instituted in the two areas of Cha and Tumot, to teach the soldiers and warriors to translate the language of Manchu and Mongolia, and every month each school should be granted 15 Qian (about 1500 to 2250 Wen) and each student should be granted 10 Wen every day. And this bill could be paid by the rents of the houses constructed by them. Officially carried out in the first year of Yong Zheng's reign, this programm was still of great benefits.--Li Shan (talk) 06:49, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学 女 202120081499

窃思，臣等管带官兵驻防口外蒙古旷野地方，与各扎萨克往来文移甚多，蒙古语文极为重要，现若不设立蒙古学，拣选巴克什施教，蒙古语文必将无以为继。请准我属绥远城亦照归化城土默特设立旗学之例，每翼各设学馆一所，由土默特二旗内挑选 通晓蒙古语文且能翻译者两人作为巴克什，每学视兵丁子弟之俊秀挑取十名教育。至巴克什、学生应得之项，照土默特旗之例，均由本城公用房租银钱内动支销算。

I think that officials and solders garrison the vast Mongolia which is outside the Great Wall, and that they have a lot of correspondence with county magistrates. The teaching of Mongolian is therefore very important. If the study of Mongolian isn’t set up, and that there is no knowledgeable literati who is familiar with Mongolia, this study won’t be passed on. Please allow Suiyuan City also as the same of Tumed of Guihua City to set up official studies, establish a school respectively in each army, and select two persons who have a good knowledge of Mongolian and can translate from two Tumeds as teachers. Every semester, we select 10 outstanding young soldiers to educate. As for the rewards of teachers and students, according to the banner of Tumed, they are reimbursed by the common rent money of the city.--Li Shuang (talk) 02:29, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081500

又查，现经军机大臣等议准，为撰拟翻译本城咨行各扎萨克之文移，由归化城土默特旗兵丁内选取两人在司行走。唯彼等不食饷米，每日来本城应差，倘不酌赏饭茶之份，贫苦蒙古委实难以当差。请亦照户部所定本地同知、通判衙门支给撰拟满蒙文移之土默特蒙古等饭食银之例，每月支给银五钱。

After the second examination, now, with the approval of the grand minister of state, we will select two soldiers in the Tumote Qi of the Guihua city working in this area in oder to compile and translate the compositions in this city. However, only you went to our city applying for the job without eating food and even no tea and something else. In this way, it was really difficult for you in poor Mongolia. Please following the stipulation stated by the Ministry of Revenue in feudal China, we should pay five yuan a month as their wage for food to the people who wrote the Manchu-Mongolian language translation according to the example of local Tongzhi office and Tongan Yemen. --Li Wenxuan (talk) 05:59, 17 October 2021 (UTC) After the second examination, with the approval of the grand ministers , we selected two soldiers in the Tumote department of the Guihua city to work in this area in oder to compile and translate the compositions in this city. However, only you went to our city applying for the job without asking salary and not to say tea and something else. In this way, it was really difficult for you to make a live in such poor Mongolia. Please follow the stipulation stated by the Ministry of Revenue in feudal China.We should pay five strings of silver coins a month as their wage to the people who wrote the Manchu-Mongolian language translation according to the example of local Tongzhi office and Tongan Yemen.--Li Wen (talk) 06:22, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081501

俟本城学习之人能翻译蒙古语文后，将土默特旗两名兵丁仍行遣回本旗。倘蒙圣主恩准施行，不仅臣等办理口外诸务无误，且大有裨益。[] 中国第一历史档案馆（郭美兰编译）：《乾隆朝绥远城设立八旗官学满文档案》，《历史档案》，2012年第2期，第47-48页。 Since scholars of the city could translate Meng character, two soldiers of Tu Moteqi were recalled to the original department.If Emperor have allowed the implement, not only could the ministers deal with affairs correctly, but also it would be greatly helpful.[The First Historical Archives of China (translated and compiled by Guo Meilan): Archives in QianLong Dynasty of Sui Yuan City,Historical Archives, The Second Phase in 2012, Page47-48] --Li Wen (talk) 06:14, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学 女 202120081503

以“地处口外蒙古旷野”、“文移甚多”作为设立绥远城旗学的理由，这一点不只适用于此奏中提及的蒙古学，而且也适用于乾隆六年奏设的绥远城翻译官学，又名满、蒙官学。此折中，补熙不仅提到雍正年间于归化城土默特二旗设立旗学，教习兵丁子弟翻译满、蒙语言文字的事，而且建议朝廷允许绥远城效仿归化城之例，设立蒙古学，从巴克什中考选教习二人，但该教习必须通晓满、蒙文字，且精于翻译，并照土默特之例给予教习薪酬，同时给予学生生活补贴。

To "located in the outer Mongolian wilderness", "a lot of text shift" as the reason for the establishment of the Yanyuan City flag school, this not only applies to the Mongolian studies mentioned in this play, but also applies to Qianlong six years of the Yuyuan City translation officer, also known as full, Mongolian official studies. In this compromise, Tsushi not only mentioned the establishment of the flag school in the naturalized city of Tummert during the Yuzheng years, teaching the teachers and children to translate full, Mongolian language and writing, but also suggested that the court allow the city to follow the example of naturalized city, the establishment of Mongolian studies, from Bakshi to choose two people, but the teaching must be familiar with full, Mongolian script, and fine translation, and according to the example of the local special to give teaching and teaching pay, while giving students living allowance.--Li Xinxing (talk) 03:49, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

The reason for the establishment of suiyuan City banner School is that "it is located in the Mongolian wilderness outside the mouth" and "there is a lot of literary movement", which is not only applicable to the Mongolian studies mentioned in this play, but also applicable to suiyuan City Translation official school, also known as Manchu and Mongolian official School, which was played in the sixth year of Qianlong. Fill this compromise, the city is not only mentioned the yongzheng years in GuiHuaCheng tumed flag flag and establishing learning, teaching and the soldiers' children is full, the language of the translation, and suggested that the court permits suiyuan city to follow the example of GuiHuaCheng, set up the Mongolian learning, from buck assorted tests to choose the two teaching, but the teaching must be familiar with text, manchu, Mongol and skilled in translation, and tumed as the example to give teacher pay, At the same time, students are given living allowances.--Li Yi (talk) 01:24, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学 女 202120081504

至于绥化城咨送各下辖地之文移，经军机处议准，皆循例由土默特旗兵丁中，选取通晓满、蒙语者二人进行翻译和撰拟，但此二人并未获得朝廷酬佣。因此，补熙一并奏请按土默特翻译满、蒙文字者之例，给予每月银五钱的饷米。同年九月十三日，乾隆帝朱批“依议。该部知道。钦此。”，同意了补熙所奏。[] As for the documents sent by Suihua city to each region under its jurisdiction, according to the approval of the Military Intelligence Office, two soldiers from Tumed banner who were proficient in Manchu and Mongolian were selected to translate and draft the documents, but these two men were not paid by the court. Therefore, Buxi also asked for a monthly rate of five coins for the interpreter of the Manchu and Mongolian languages according to the example of Tumed. On September 13 of the same year, Zhu PI, emperor Qianlong, "complied with the proposal. The ministry knows. Qin here." And agreed to buhee's play--Li Yi (talk) 02:05, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

According to the approval of the Military Intelligence Office, the documents sent by Suihua city to each jurisdiction were translated and drafted by two soldiers, who were selected from Tumed banner and proficient in Manchu and Mongolian. But these two men were not paid by the court. Therefore, Buxi presented a memorial and asked for five coins a month as salary with reference to the translators and interpreters of the Manchu and Mongolian in Tumed. On September 13 of the same year, emperor Qianlong wrote a response in red, "Proposal approved. The ministry informed. End here." and he agreed what Buxi put forward.--Liu Peiting (talk) 08:23, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081505

乾隆十一年二月十三日，经吏部奏准，朝廷规定嗣后省城将军、副都统等衙门随印笔帖式，不再由京城委任，而改为本地兵丁内考取。因应此例，绥远城满洲、蒙古笔帖式的考选也做了调整，即从本地八旗兵丁中挑选适当人选，通过考试翻译（满、汉翻译）进行选任。由于绥远城蒙古学设立之初，蒙文教习系从归化城土默特巴克什中进行考选，因而补熙、保云、布彦图等又在乾隆十一年四月初三日联名具折，拟对蒙古学教习进行改选，并请设立满、蒙文翻译教习。

On February 13, the 11th year of qianlong's reign, after the approval of the Ministry of Personnel, the imperial court stipulated that the provincial generals, deputy dutong and other clerks in Yamen(government office in feudal China) were no longer appointed by the capital, but were selected from local soldiers. In response to this rule, the test and selection of Manchuria in Suiyuan city and Mongolia clerks has also been adjusted, that is, to select appropriate candidates from the local soldiers of the eight banners through the translation test (Manchu and Chinese translation). At the beginning of the establishment of Mongolian Studies in Suiyuan city, the Mongolian language teaching department selected students from tumot Bakshi, a naturalization city, so Buxi, Baoyun and Buyantu signed a joint proposal on April 3, the 11th year of qianlong, to change the teaching of Mongolian studies, and requested the establishment of Manchu and Mongolian translation teaching.--Liu Peiting (talk) 13:56, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

On February 13, the 11th year of Qianlong's reign, with the approval of the official department, the imperial court stipulated that the provincial capital generals, deputy Dutong and other yamen would follow the printing style, which would no longer be appointed by the capital, but would be admitted by local soldiers. In response to this example, the examination and selection of Manchuria and Mongolia in Suiyuan city have also been adjusted, that is, appropriate candidates are selected from the local soldiers of the eight banners and selected through examination translation (Manchu and Chinese translation). At the beginning of the establishment of Mongolian Studies in Suiyuan City, the Department of Mongolian studies conducted an examination and election from the naturalized city Tumet Bakshi. Therefore, Buxi, Baoyun and buyantu jointly signed a letter on the third day of April in the eleventh year of Qianlong. They plan to re elect Mongolian studies and teach, and please set up Manchu and Mongolian translation studies.--Liu Shengnan (talk) 14:26, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学 女 202120081506

具体而言便是，从将军随印三名笔帖式内，挑选精通满、汉文翻译者二人，照吏部所定之例考试录用。同时，由于绥远城旗人中，懂汉文者甚少，因此拟请将原来所设的蒙古笔帖式缺（一人）改为满、蒙文翻译笔帖式缺，从蒙古旗人中加以考取。三个月之后，即七月十四日，补熙等人再次递呈奏折，请设满、汉翻译学，以便考选笔帖式。

Specifically, two translators proficient in Manchu and Chinese were selected from the three clerks named bithesi accompanying the general, and employed in accord with the prescribed procedures set by the Ministry of Personnel. Meanwhile, few people of “Eight Banners” mastered Chinese in Suiyuan city, and therefore it was proposed to change the original lack of Mongolian clerk (one person) to the lack of Manchu and Mongolian translation clerks. The candidates for the positions were selected from the Mongolian Manchu people. Three months later, namely, on July 14, presenting their memorials to the throne again, Buxi and others asked for setting up Manchu and Chinese translation studies in order to test and select clerks.--Liu Shengnan (talk) 12:54, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Specifically, two translators proficient in Manchu—Chinese were selected from the three bithesis by the general, and employed according to the example set by the Ministry of officials.At the same time, there are few people who understand Chinese among the Eight Banners in Suiyuan city. Therefore, it is proposed to change the original lack of Mongolian bithesi(one person) to the lack of Manchu-Chinese and Mongolian-Chinese translation bithesis, and take it from the Mongolian.Three months later, on July 14, Buxi and others submitted their memorials again and askde for setting up Manchu-Chinese translation studies in order to test and select the bithesi. --Liu Wei (talk) 14:00, 17 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别 女 202120081507

此奏折的撰拟源于乾隆十一年三月十六日吏部的一纸奏定，后者规定嗣后各省城驻防将军、副都统，以及城守尉随印笔帖式，停止由京城补放，一律改为各省地方考取。此例出台之后，绥远城即在辖地八旗兵丁内，办理满、汉翻译考试，试图选取随印笔帖式七人。但令人以外的是，应试考生中多数不通汉文，个别能说汉文者，也只是粗通翻译，译文既不流畅，也不确切。

The compilation of this memorial originated from a paper written by the Ministry of officials on March 16, the eleventh year of the Emperor Qianlong's reign. According to the regulations of the Ministry of officials,stipulated that the provincial capital garrison generals, the vice capital, as well as the city guard officers with the bithesis, stopped by the capital replacement, must be admitted to provinces and localities provincial examinations.After the promulgation of this regulation,Suiyuan city conducted Manchu and Chinese translation examinations in the soldiers of the Eight Banners under its jurisdiction, trying to select seven people with the bithesis.But surprisingly, most of the examinees do not understand Chinese.some can speak Chinese, they can only translate roughly,and the translation is neither smooth nor accurate. --Liu Wei (talk) 14:34, 16 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

The edict originated from a memorial to the throne written by the Ministry of Civil Affairs on March 16, the eleventh year under the Emperor Qianlong's reign. The memorial stipulated that the appointment of the provincial capital garrison generals, the vice capital, as well as the bithesis of the city guard officers, should be made through provincial examinations rather than the capital decisions. After the promulgation of this regulation, Suiyuan conducted Manchu－Chinese translation examinations in the soldiers of the Eight Banners under its jurisdiction, trying to select seven people as the bithesis. But surprisingly, most of the examinees did not know Chinese. Even some could speak, they could only do the translation roughly, which was neither smooth nor accurate. --Liu Xiao (talk) 15:03, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081508

故而，只能勉强从中选取考卷三份，加以阅读分析。由于绥远城中通汉文者甚少，长于翻译满、汉文者亦少，因而蒙古学设立三年以来，学生仍以参加满、蒙文考试居多，而以满、汉文考试为少。而自从将随印笔帖式改为从八旗兵丁内考选之后，汉文的学习越发重要，因为不学习汉文，便无法进行满、汉翻译。

Constraintly, the officials could only pick three papers to read. As few people in Suiyuan knew Chinese, as well as people who mastered the Manchu-Chinese translation, the majority of students still took Manchu-Mongolian examinations, with fewer people taking the Manchu-Chinese examinations since the Mongolian Language Studies had been set three years ago. However, since the general bithesi exmabination had been changed to choosing bithesi from soldiers among the Eight Banners, the study of Chinese became more and more important, for without learning Chinese, it was impossible to carry out Manchu－Chinese translation.--Liu Xiao (talk) 15:04, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, the officials could only reluctantly select three test papers for reading and analysis. Due to the fact that few people in Suiyuan are proficient in Chinese, and few mastered the Manchu-Chinese translation, the majority of students still took Manchu-Mongolian examinations, with fewer people taking the Manchu-Chinese examinations since the Mongolian Language Studies had been set three years ago. However since the general bithesi exmabination had been changed to choosing bithesi from soldiers among the Eight Banners, the study of Chinese became more and more important, for without learning Chinese, it was impossible to translate Manchu－Chinese.--Liu Yue (talk) 22:55, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学 女 202120081509

因此，对于绥远城而言，仿照蒙古官学之例，设立满、汉翻译官学便显得非常重要。因为绥远城内无人可堪满、汉翻译教习之用，因而满、汉翻译官学设立之后，应当由吏部从京城八旗之内，挑选合适者充任。除此以外，补熙等人也在奏折中，一并奏请朝廷拨付用于翻译教学的笔墨、纸张等。

Therefore, for Suiyuan City, it is very important to establish Manchu and Chinese translation official schools, following the example of Mongolian official schools. Since there was no one in Suiyuan can be used to teach Manchu and Chinese translation, after the establishment of Manchu and Chinese translation official schools, the Ministry of officials should select suitable ones from the Eight Banners in the capital. In addition, bu Xi and others are also wrote memorials，requesting the court to allocate pen, ink and paper for translation teaching.--Liu Yue (talk) 13:32, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, for Suiyuan city, it then became very important to establish the official school of Manchu and Chinese translation following the example of Mongolian official school. Since no one in Suiyuan city was eligible to teach Manchu and Chinese translation, after the establishment of the official school of Manchu and Chinese translation, the Ministry of Officials should select suitable candidates from the Eight Banners in the capital. In addition, Bu Xi and other officials also requested the imperial court to allocate pen, ink and paper for translation teaching in memorials to the throne.

刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081510

补熙认为，只有照此设立满、汉翻译官学，才能确保翻译满、汉文的笔帖式考选得以顺利进行。乾隆三十七年九月，继任绥远城将军容保奏请支付满、蒙八旗学教习和学生银两，其中提到补熙奏准设立的满、蒙翻译官学（即乾隆六年设立的满、蒙学馆）和十一年设立的满、汉翻译官学，以及两所学校教习的选拔。容保认为，满、蒙翻译官学和满、汉翻译官学的四名翻译教习并没有其它差务，而只是专于教学，因而每月支银各一两五钱，即每年支银七十二两，实属过分，应予以全数抽出。

Bu Xi believed that only by establishing the official school of Manchu and Chinese translation in such a way could ensure the success of selective test for bithesi. In September of the 37th year of Qianlong Emperor's reign, Rong Bao, the successor to the former General of Suiyuan, proposed that financial support should be provided for the teachers and students who were Manchu and Mongolian Eight Banners. The official school of Manchu and Mongolian translation (the Manchu and Mongolian school founded in the sixth year of Qianlong's administration) suggested by Bu Xi, the official school of Manchu and Chinese translation and the selection of their teachers are mentioned in the proposition. Bao Rong insisted that since the four teachers in the two schools have no other job but teaching, offering them 1 silver coin and 5 copper coins per month, namely 72 silver coins per year is excessive and thus all the money should be reallocated.

Bu Xi believed that only by establishing the official school of Manchu-Chinese translation in such a way could the success of selective test for bithesi be ensured. In September of the 37th year of Qianlong Emperor' s reign, Rong Bao, the successor to the General of Suiyuan city, proposed that financial support should be provided for the teachers and students who were Manchu and Mongolian Eight Banners. The proposal also mentioned the official school of Manchu-Mongolian translation (founded in the sixth year of Qianlong) and the official school of Manchu-Chinese translation, which both built on the advice of Bu Xi, As well as the selection of schools' teachers. Bao Rong considered that since the four teachers in these schools had no other job but teaching, it was wasteful to offer them 1 silver coin and 5 copper coins per month, namely 72 silver coins per year. Thus all the money should be reallocated.--Luo Anyi (talk) 09:13, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081511

逮于绥远城设立官学五所之后，遂将四名翻译教习，以及抽出的银两等，一同拨付给前者。虽然乾隆帝对于此折只是简单地批复道“知道了”，但根据后来的文献记载，容保所奏仍然得到了允准。如乾隆五十年九月二十二日，集福以绥远城将军身份上疏高宗，奏请改设满、汉翻译官学，其中便提到容保奏请裁汰翻译官学之事，其中指出： Only after the five official schools were built in Suiyuan city, the imperial court then should allocate 4 translation teachers and salaries to the schools. Though Emperor Qianlong merely replied these memorials with "got it”, the sebsequent documents suggest that the memorial presented by Rong Bao had been approved by Emperor. For instance, on September 22rd, the fiftieth year of emperor Qianlong（1785), Ji Fu presented a memorial as the general of Suiyuan city, asking for a transformation of officals schools of Manchu-Chinese translation. Thereinto, he mentioned the advise proposed by RongBao that government should make a modification of officiall translation schools . It pointed out that:--Luo Anyi (talk) 06:10, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

Only after five official educational institutions had been set up,did these four translation teachers, the collected fund and so on been allocated to the institutions.Though Emperor Qianlong just replied “I see”，Rong Bao’s memorial still got approval according to the documents afterward.For instance， on September 22rd, the fiftieth year of emperor Qianlong（1785)，Ji Fu presented a memorial as the general of Suiyuan city, asking for setting up officals schools of Manchu-Chinese translation，in the case of which，he mentioned Rong Bao’s suggestion that the official educational institutions should be shut down.It pointed out that:----Luo Xi (talk) 02:38, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081512

奴才查，乾隆十一年经前任将军补熙奏准，在绥远城设立满蒙翻译学，考取两名教习，挑选八旗子弟二十名教育，俟三年期满后，诚能勤勉从事，所教有成，则将该教习保奏，记名挑补骁骑校。乾隆三十七年，经前任将军容保奏准，裁汰翻译学，设立五所满洲学，每学各设教习四名，教育所有年轻养育兵及闲散幼丁。奴才等查，每学现有学生百余名，徒有其名而已，并未得以好好学习，于学生甚无益处，反被耽误。

I have searched that in the eleventh year of Qian Long’s reign，the translation subject of Man and Meng nations had been settled down in Sui Yuan city under the approval of the former general———— Bu Xi，recruiting two teachers to teach twenty royal students enrolled，who will honored to be Tiao Buxiaoqixiao without test if he is literally diligent in teaching and has made an achievement during three years.In the thirty seventh year of Qian Long’s reign，the translation subject had been cancelled under the approval of the former general———— Rong Bao，and five Man Zhou institutions were set down with every institution having four teachers to teach those young soldiers and free childrens.We have investigated that every institution has more than one hundred student，who were not deserved to be called educational institution，cause students cannot study well but were reversely misled.

I had searched that in 1746, the 11th year under the reign of Qianlong, the former general named Bu Xi had got permission from the Emperor to set up Manchurian-Mongolian translation studies in Suiyuan city, recruited two instructors to teach 20 students enrolled in the Eight Banners who will be honored as candidate for valiant cavalry if he is diligent in learning and made an achievement during three years' training. In 1772, the 37th year under the reign of Qianlong, the formal general Rong Bao had approved the decision to cancel the translation studies and set up five Manchurian schools, each with four instructors, to teach those young soldiers and idle toddlers. We had investigated that every school had more than one hundred students with an undeserved reputation, which benefited nothing for students but delayed them on the contrary.--Ma Xin (talk) 05:14, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081513

况且自裁汰翻译学以来，考取笔帖式及撰拟咨行各地汉字文稿，日渐难以得人。奴才等加紧训练兵丁之满洲语言外，自到任后即行整修将军衙门内房屋十五间，将八旗近三百名俊秀子弟编为五所学校，挑选贤能教习，每日教授满洲语言及马步箭。今经查看，已有成效，再加紧教习一二年后，皆可成长。

Besides, since the elimination of translation studies, it has become increasingly difficult to find people who passed the examination for bithesi and excelled at writing manuscripts in various industries and places with Chinese characters. In addition to stepping up the soldiers' Manchurian language training, we have also renovated 15 houses in the General's Yamun since taking office, grouped nearly 300 outstanding intelligence in the Eight Banners into five schools and selected talented instructors to teach them Manchuria language and horseback archery. Visible results have been achieved after checking today and they will all able to make greater progress if we step up training for one or two years.--Ma Xin (talk) 02:28, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Another version: Moreover, since the abolition of translation studies, it has become increasingly difficult to garner talents to take part in and pass translation examination, and to draw up the drafts of news about all walks of life in various places. Apart from strengthening the soldiers’ training in Manchurian language, we and other ministers immediately arranged to renovate 15 houses in the General’s Yamen (the government office in feudal China) after taking office. The nearly 300 brilliant youths in the Eight Banners will be organized into five schools and taught by the select competent personages in Manchurian language, horse-riding, and arrow-shooting on a daily basis. After today’s checking, these young people have made great progress, and they will achieve more growth with subsequent one-to-two-year effective and intense study. --Mao Yawen (talk) 06:36, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081514

奴才等愚见，请将八旗现有五所满洲学概行裁撤，仅留一处校舍，仍照旧例作为满汉翻译学，考取两名翻译教习，挑选八旗俊秀稍大子弟三十名，教授满汉文翻译。每年支给现有五所学校之公用银，即拨给新设翻译学校及将军衙门内所设五所学校使用。其所撤四所学校之房屋，并无用处，相应照先前腾出官署作价之例，交同知作价归入正项钱粮。 In our humble opinion, the five existing Manchurian schools in the Eight-Banners system should be abolished, with only one school building leaved to be used for Manchurian-Chinese translation studies as usual. Meanwhile, two translators will be admitted through tests into the school to teach translation, and thirty youths of outstanding intelligence in the Eight Banners will be selected to impart Manchurian-Chinese translation. The annual public money allocated to the existing five schools should be now distributed among the newly established translation school and the five schools in the General’s Yamen (the government office in feudal China). The four school houses which have been removed are useless, and the fees of these vacant houses will be valued according to the previous examples, handed over to the relevant ministers for pricing, and integrated into the tax and corvee system.--Mao Yawen (talk) 15:09, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

In our humble opinion, the five existing Manchurian schools in the Eight-Banners system should be abolished, with only one school building leaved to be used for Manchurian-Chinese translation studies as usual. Meanwhile, select two translation instructors and thirty of the eight banners excellent older sons and daughters to teach the Manchu-Chinese translation. The annual public money allocated to the existing five schools should be now distributed among the newly established translation school and the five schools in the General’s Yamen (the government office in feudal China). The four school houses which have been removed are useless, and the fees of these vacant houses will be valued according to the previous examples, handed over to the relevant ministers for pricing, and integrated into the tax and corvee system.--Mao You (talk) 16:44, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学 女 202120081515

如此稍作调整，则考取笔帖式、撰拟汉字文稿皆可得人，于满洲语言、马步箭等技艺亦有益处。[] 中国第一历史档案馆（郭美兰编译）：《乾隆朝绥远城设立八旗官学满文档案》，《历史档案》，2012年第2期，第50页。根据集福的说法，乾隆三十七年，五所满洲官学设立之后，至今共有官学生五百余人，即每学为百余人，教习共二十人，即每学为四人，但这些学生自入学以后，并未专心学习，所谓肄业只是徒有其名。

With a little adjustment like this, you can become a bithesi, compose a kanji manuscript better than others, and benefit from skills such as Manchurian language and horseback archery. The First Historical Archives of China (compiled by Guo Meilan): "Manchu Archives of the Establishment of the Eight Banners Official School in Suiyuan City during the Qianlong Dynasty," Historical Archives, 2012, No. 2, p. 50. According to Ji Fu, in the thirty-seventh year of the Qianlong era, after the establishment of five Manchurian government schools, so far there are more than 500 students, that is, each school for more than 100 people, teachers a total of 20 people, that is, each school for four people. However, these students have not concentrated on their studies since they enrolled, and the so-called studies are only in name.--Mao You (talk) 16:32, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

With a little adjustment like this, talents emerged passing the test of bethesi and able to write Chinese texts. Manchurian language and Mabu archery and other skills all benefited from it. According to The First Historical Archives of China (compiled by Guo Meilan): "Manchu Archives of the Establishment of the Eight Banners Official School in Suiyuan City during the Qianlong Dynasty," Historical Archives, 2012, No. 2, p. 50. According to Ji Fu, in the thirty-seventh year of the Qianlong era, after the establishment of five Manchurian government schools, so far there are more than 500 students, that is, each school for more than 100 people, teachers a total of 20 people, that is, each school for four people. However, these students have not concentrated on their studies since they enrolled, and the so-called studies are only in name.--Mou Yixin (talk) 07:31, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081516

然而，集福自称自其就任以来，不仅强化八旗兵丁的满洲语言学习，从中挑选俊秀者充补至将军衙门内新设的五所学校，而且在教习的问题上挑贤选能，令其勤于教习，凡此种种已使学生的培养初见成效。因此，集福请旨将原来所设的五所满洲官学进行裁撤，将其并为一所，仍照旧例定为满、汉翻译官学，以两名翻译教习，教授三十名八旗俊秀子弟满、汉文翻译。乾隆帝为此责令军机大臣和珅等，遵旨议奏。

However, Jifu claimed that since he took office, he has not only strengthened the study of Manchuria language among the Eight Banners soldiers, from whom he selected excellent persons to fill the five new schools in the General's Office, but also selected talents on the issue of teaching, urging them to be diligent in their work, all of which have made the training of students first effective. Therefore, Jifu asked for an order to abolish the original five Manchurian official schools and make them one, which was still ordered as the official school of Manchu and Chinese translation as before. Two teachers were arranged to teach thirty young talents of Eight Banners Manchu and Chinese translation. For this proposition, Emperor Qianlong ordered He Shen and others, ministers of Junjichu, to discuss and make report on Jifu’s proposal.--Mou Yixin (talk) 15:05, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学 女 202120081517

于是，十月五日，即集福具折四日之后，和珅遵旨回奏，指出自裁汰翻译官学以来，各部院衙门在考取笔帖式和书写汉字文移时，竟不得人，因而同意了集福之议，裁汰原来所设的五处满洲官学，留一处作为官学房屋，照旧例设立满洲翻译官学，教习八旗英俊子弟满、汉语翻译。和珅在奏章中同时指出，各省将军和地方官员相互行文时，也需要用到汉字，因而也需要教授翻译。同日，乾隆帝即批复“著依议。钦此”，同意了和珅所议。

Therefore, on October 5, four days after the proposal of Jifu, He Shen played back according to his order, pointing out that since the abolition of the official school of translation, the Yamen of various ministries and institutes have been unable to find a qualified person when taking the examination of pen style and writing Chinese characters. Therefore, he agreed with Jifu's proposal to eliminate the five original Manchu official schools leaving one as the official school house, and to set up the Manchu official school of translation according to the old practice in order to teach the distinguished children of the eight banners to translate Manchu and Chinese. In He Shen’s proposal folding, he also pointed out that when provincial generals and local officials write to each other, they also need to use Chinese characters, so they also need to learn translation. On the same day, Qianlong Emperor approved his proposal by "I agree, that’s all" and consented to He Shen’s suggest.

Therefore, on October 5th, four days after the preparation of memorial to the throne of Jifu, He Shen played back according to the emperor’s order, pointing out that since the adjudication and abolition of the official school of translation, the Yamen of various ministries and institutes had been unable to find a qualified person when they craved for the translate position and wrote the official document in Chinese. Therefore, he agreed with Jifu's proposal to eliminate the five original Manchu official schools leaving one as the official school house, and to set up the Manchu official school of translation according to the old practice in order to teach the distinguished children of the eight banners to translate Manchu and Chinese. Meanwhile, He Shen also pointed out in his proposal that when provincial generals and local officials wrote official documents to each other, they also need to use Chinese characters, so they also need to be taught translation. On the same day, Qianlong Emperor approved his proposal by "I agree, that’s all" and consented to He Shen’s suggest.--Qing Jianan (talk) 00:55, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081518

显然，无论是补熙和鄂尔泰等奏请设立或复设满蒙学馆，还是补熙奏请设立蒙古学、满汉翻译学，以及改设满蒙文翻译笔帖式，又或是德龄等奏请制定满蒙文翻译生员奖惩章程，容保奏请设立满蒙八旗学五所，以及集福奏请裁汰满蒙八旗学，并改设（复设）满汉翻译学等，凡此种种都表明绥远城官学的翻译人才培养目标与定位，其办学模式和办学效果在清代旗学体系中颇具典范性。

Apparently, whether Buxi and Ertai remit their requirements of establishing or set up the Academy of Manchuria and Mongolia anew to the emperor and Buxi asked the emperor for the instruction of establishing the study of Mongolia, translatology of Manchurian and Han language and authorizing the officers who transcribe and translate the Mongolian and Manchu language, or Deling asked the emperor to formulate the rewarding and penal regulations for Manchurian and Mongolian translators; Rongbao requested instructions from the emperor to found five schools for Manchurian and Mongolian Eight Banners and Jifu appeal for adjudicating and eliminate the study of Manchurian and Mongolian Eight Banners and turning to set up the translatology of Manchurian and Han language, those behaviors manifested the exemplary nature of the training goals and orientation for translation talents, school running modes and school running effects of Suiyuan official school in the system of banner hierarchy in Qing Dynasty.--Qing Jianan (talk) 14:36, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Apparently, all the following proposals manifested the exemplary nature of the training goals and orientation for translation talents, school running modes and school running effects of Suiyuan official school in the system of Academy of Banner in Qing Dynasty. For example, Buxi and Ertai submitted their requirements to the emperor of establishing or setting up the Academy of Manchuria and Mongolia again; Buxi asked the emperor for the instruction of establishing the study of Mongolia, translatology of the Manchuand Han language and establishing the group of scholars of the Manchu and Mongolian translation; Deling asked the emperor to formulate the rewarding and penal regulations for Manchurian and Mongolian translators; Rongbao requested instructions from the emperor to found five schools for Manchurian and Mongolian Eight Banners; Jifu appealed for adjudicating and eliminating the study of Manchurian and Mongolian Eight Banners and turning to set up the translatology of Manchurian and Han language, etc--Qiu Tingting (talk) 03:53, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081519

2.旗学教育中的汉籍（书）译本。旗学之设，必有教材方能成行，然而国初之际并无文字，书籍修纂只能借助其它民族文字，颇为不易。太祖、太宗年间，额尔德尼与噶盖受命创制老满文，后经达海改进，不仅给文移往来、记注政事等带来便利，也给满、汉翻译，以及解决旗人教育的教学用书等，创造了条件。

2.Translated version of the Han Dynasty in the education of Academy of Eight Banners. Only with teaching materials could the Academy of Eight Banners’ establishment be accessible, however, at the beginning of the country there was no text. Under this circumstance, books could only be compiled with the help of other nationality characters, which was quite difficult. During the reign of first and second emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Erdeni and Gagai were ordered to create the old Manchu which was later improved by Dahai. Not only made it much easy for official documents communication, political affairs’ notation, but also provided the conditions for the Manchu, Han translation, as well as solving the teaching books of the Bannerman’s education , etc. --Qiu Tingting (talk) 03:15, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Translated version of the Han Dynasty in the education of Academy of Eight Banners. Only with teaching materials could the Academy of Eight Banners be established successfully, however, at the beginning of the country there was no text. Under this circumstance, books could only be compiled with the help of other nationality characters, which was quite difficult. During the reign of first and second emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Erdeni and Gagai were ordered to create the old Manchu which was later improved by Dahai. Not only made it much easier for official documents communication and political affairs’ notation, but also provided the conditions for the Manchu and Han translation, as well as solving the problem of teaching books of the Bannerman’s education , etc. --Rao Jinying (talk) 03:07, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081520

如太祖曾命达海翻译汉籍，太宗也曾分拨“书房”满官担任“译汉字书籍”的工作，译成之书包括《刑部会典》、《素书》、《三略》、《万宝全书》等。天聪八年，伊成阿（又名宜成格）参加礼部考试，以第一名取中“汉人习满书”举人，授内国史院行走，又翻译《礼部会典》成书。[] 鄂尔泰等：《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第239页；清高宗敕纂：《八旗满洲氏族通谱》，台北：台湾商务印书馆，1983年，第12页。嗣后，大学士希福于崇德元年奉敕翻译《辽》、《金》、《元》三史，崇德四年六月译竣，顺治元年“敬缮成书以进”。[]

For example, Taizu once ordered Dahai to translate Chinese books, and Taizong once assigned Manchu officials in the "Study orgnization" to the work of "translating Chinese books". The successfully translated books include the code of the Ministry of punishment, Su Shu, San Lue, Wan Bao Quan Shu(General People's Daily Life), etc. In the eighth year of Tiancong, Yi chenga (also known as Yi chengge) took part in the examination of the Ministry of rites, took the first place in the "Han people's learning full books", was awarded to work part-time at the National Academy of history, and translated Ceremony of the Ministry of Rites into a book. [] Ertai et al：Records of Emperor Taizong In Qing Dynasty，Beijing：Zhong Hua Book Company，1985，p239；Imperial usurpation by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty：General Manual of Manchu Clan in Eight Banners，Taibei：Taiwan Commercial Press，1983，p12. Subsequently, in the first year of Chongde, the grand seccretary Xi Fu was ordered to translate three historical books: Liao, Jin and yuan,and the translation work ended in June of the fourth year of Chongde, then the books were presented to the emperor in the first year of Shunzhi.[]--Rao Jinying (talk) 03:02, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

For example, Taizu once ordered Dahai to translate Chinese books, and Taizong assigned Manchu officials in the "Study orgnization" to the work of "translating Chinese books", which included the Code of the Ministry of Punishments , Su Shu, San Lue, General People's Daily Life , etc. In the eighth year of Tiancong, Yi Chenga (also known as Yi Cheng’e) took the examination of the Ministry of Rites and won the first place in the "Han people's learning full books". He was awarded to work part-time at the National Academy of History as well as translated Ceremony of the Ministry of Rites into a book. [] Ertai et al：Factual Records of Emperor Taizong In the Qing Dynasty，Beijing：Zhong Hua Book Company，1985，p.239；Imperial usurpation by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty：General Manual of Manchu Clan in Eight Banners，Taibei：Taiwan Commercial Press，1983，p.12. Subsequently, in the first year of Chongde, the grand secretary Xi Fu was mandated to translate three historical books: Liao, Jin and yuan,and the translation work ended in June of the fourth year of Chongde, then the books were presented to the emperor in the first year of Shunzhi. --Shi Liqing (talk) 05:08, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081521

鄂尔泰等：《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第49页。这些满译汉籍或涉及修身正心，或涉及齐家治国，成为统治者了解汉制，学习知识的主要途径，同时也是清初旗人教育的重要来源。例如，顺治初开办国子监八旗官学时，朝廷拟将满、汉官员子弟分为“读清书”、“读汉书”两种，前者正是以汉籍的满文译本作为学习的主要内容。

Ertai et al.: “Factual Records of the Qing Dynasty • Factual Records of Emperor Taizongwen”, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, p. 49. These Chinese books translated in Manchu language, either involving self-cultivation and moral integrity or related to regulating the family and ruling the state, became the main way for governors to learn about the Han system and acquire knowledge, as well as the significant source of Bannerman Education in the early Qing Dynasty. For instance, at the beginning of Emperor Shunzhi’s establishment of the Imperial Academy of Eight Banners, the court intended to divide the children of Manchu and Han officials into two types:” reading books of the Qing Dynasty and of the Han Dynasty, the former of which exactly took the Manchu translation of Chinese books as the main content of learning.--Shi Liqing (talk) 14:35, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Ertai et al.:” Factual Records of the Qing Dynasty • Factual Records of Emperor Taizongwen”, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, p. 49. These Chinese books translated in Manchu language, either involving self-cultivation and moral integrity or related to regulating the family and ruling the state, became the main way for governors to learn about the Han system and acquire knowledge, as well as the significant source of Bannerman Education in the early Qing Dynasty. For instance,at the time of establishing the Imperial Academy of Eight Banners in the beginning of the rule of Shunzhi, the court intended to divide the children of Manchu and Han officials into two types:” reading books of the Qing Dynasty and of the Han Dynasty, the former of which exactly took the Manchu translation of Chinese books as the main content of learning.--Sun Yashi (talk) 03:26, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081522

顺治年间，他赤哈哈番阿什坦先后翻译《大学》、《中庸》、《孝经》和《通鉴总论》等，这些书籍要么被用作治国理政之参考，要么也被用作旗人教育之教材。[] 鄂尔泰等修，李洵、赵德贵点校：《八旗通志·初集》，长春：东北师范大学出版，1986年，第5339页。据陳康祺在《郎潜纪闻·二笔》中说，“顺治初，翻译《大学》、《中庸》、《孝经》诸书，刊行之，以教旗人，皆出其手”，即是此情况之体现。[]

During the reign of Shunzhi, Tachihahafanashitan translated the University, the Moderation, the Classic of Filial Piety and The General of Tongjian one by one, which were either used as a reference for governing the country or as teaching materials for the education of Flag People.[]Revised by Ertai ect. Proofread by Li Xun and Zhao Degui: Eight Banner Tongzhi· Initial Collection, Changchun: Published by Northeast Normal University, 1986, p. 5339.According to Chen Kangqi in Lang Qianjiang · Two Bi, " At the beginning of Shunzhi, he translated the University,the Moderation, the Classic of Filial Piety and published them to teach the Frag People", which is the embodiment of this situation.[]--Sun Yashi (talk) 03:17, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Shunzhi, Tachihahafanashitan translated the University, the Moderation, the Classic of Filial Piety and The General of Tongjian successively， which were either used as a reference for governing the country or as teaching materials for the education of Banner People. []Revised by Ertai ect. Proofread by Li Xun and Zhao Degui: General Annals of Eight Banner ·Initial Collection, Changchun: Published by Northeast Normal University, 1986, p.5339. According to Chen Kangqi in Folk Anecdotes Chronicle(Second Version), "In the early period of Shunzhi, he translated the University,the Moderation, the Classic of Filial Piety and published them to educate the Banner People", which is the embodiment of this situation. --Wang Lifei (talk) 04:49, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081523

陈康祺著，晋石点校：《郎潜纪闻·二笔》，北京：中华书局，1997年，第362页。除了是八旗臣民的学习教材之外，汉籍满译本也是最高统治者的学习蓝本，深深影响了清初君主的知识结构。例如，世祖即位之初，仅识满文，逮亲政后方习汉语。《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》中的说法是“六龄即嗜观史书”，显然世祖是以汉籍的满文译本为限。[]

Written by Chen Kangqi, edited by Jinshi: Folk Anecdotes Chronicle(Second Version). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1997, page 362. In addition to being the learning material of the eight banners, the Manchu translation of Chinese classics was also the learning blueprint of the supreme rulers, which deeply influenced the knowledge structure of the early Qing emperors. For example, emperor Shizu only knew Manchu when he just ascended the throne, then he learned Chinese after taking over the reins. In the Records of Qing Dynasty· Emperor Fu Lin, it is said that “be addicted to reading historical books at the age of 6”, which implies that emperor Shizu was limited to the Manchu translation of Han books at that time.--Wang Lifei (talk) 14:35, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Annotations: First:the Manchu translation of Chinese-the translation of Han Ji Manchu Second:emperor Shizu-at the beginning of emperor Shizu’s accession --Wang Yifan21 (talk) 05:16, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学 女 202120081524

鄂尔泰等：《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第27页。《北游集》中，对于世祖勤学汉文的情形也有记载，认为他所阅读的汉书范围甚广，“《左》、《史》、《庄》、《骚》、先秦、两汉、唐宋八大家，以及元明撰著，无不毕备。”[] 释道忞：《北遊集》，上海：上海古籍出版社，2010年，第47-48页。

Ertai et al., Records of the Qing Dynasty, Records of the Emperor Shizu Zhang, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, p. 27. There is also a record of Shizu's diligent study of The Chinese language in Beiyou, which says that he read a wide range of Han books, including Zuo, Shi, Zhuang, Sao, the eight masters of the Pre-Qin, Han, Tang and Song dynasties, as well as the works of the Yuan and Ming dynasties. [] Daomin Shi: A Journey in North China, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2010, pp. 47-48.--Wang Yifan21 (talk) 03:10, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学） 男 202120081525

顺治帝学习汉文之时，内秘书院已完成组织翻译《通鉴》，并另行请译《大学衍义》，这些译本无论成书与否，都对顺治帝奠定知识基础具有重要作用。顺治十年，内院诸臣奉敕翻译《五经》，顺治帝在御览译本初稿时，也以御笔批注译本中的讹错，令译书官更正缮写。正是由于世祖亲近汉官，倾慕汉族文化，虽然因为统治阶级内部的压力，不得不在顺治十一年宣布宗学“永停其习汉字诸书”，但仍在宗学的教学内容上做出让步，允许宗学生“翻译各样汉书观玩”，使得宗学及其它官学仍可以保留满译汉籍文本作为教材。[]

When Emperor Shunzhi studied Chinese, neimi Academy had completed the translation of Tongjian and asked for another translation of University Spread Meaning. Whether these translations were completed or not, they played an important role in laying the knowledge foundation for emperor Shunzhi. In the 10th year of Shunzhi reign, the officials in the inner court translated The Five Classics. When Emperor Shunzhi read the first draft of the translation, he also annotated the errors in the translation with the Royal pen and ordered the translators to correct and rewrite. It was precisely because the ancestors were close to Han officials and admired Han culture,although they had to announce that the patriarchal school "stopped learning Chinese characters and books forever" in the 11th year of Shunzhi because of the pressure within the ruling class, they still made concessions on the teaching content of the patriarchal school and allowed the patriarchal students to "translate all kinds of Chinese books and watch and play", so that the patriarchal school and other official schools can still retain the fully translated Chinese texts as teaching materials. -- translated by Wang Zhenlong

When Emperor Shunzhi studied Chinese, The Secretary of Academy had completed the translation of Tongjian and asked for another translation of The Derivation of Great Learning. Whether these translations were completed or not, they played an important role in laying the knowledge foundation for emperor Shunzhi. In the 10th year of Shunzhi reign, the ministers in the Secretary of Academy translated The Five Classics. When Emperor Shunzhi read the first draft of the translation, he also annotated the errors in the translation with the Royal pen and ordered the translators to correct and rewrite. It was precisely because the ancestors were close to Han officials and admired Han culture, although they had to announce that the royal clan "stopped learning Chinese characters and books forever" in the 11th year of Shunzhi because of the pressure within the ruling class, they still made concessions on the teaching content of the royal clan and allowed the students to "translate all kinds of Chinese books and watch and play", so that the patriarchal school and other official schools can still retain the fully translated Chinese texts as teaching materials. --Wei Yiwen (talk) 05:20, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081526

至于内秘书院原拟翻译的《大学衍义》，虽迟至康熙十一年完成，并于次年进呈，但无论太皇太后，还是康熙本人，都对该书格外重视，不仅命儒臣翻译刊刻，颁赐群臣，而且将其分发给八旗官学，以资肄习。[]康熙作为千古一帝，在位期间不仅敕译大量儒典，如《日讲四书解义》、《日讲书经解义》、《日讲易经解义》等，也敕撰或御制满汉合璧本的其它汉籍，如《御选古文渊鉴》、《资治通鉴纲目》、《御纂性理精义》等，这些书籍在颁赐大臣和各省之余，也一并被颁赐旗学，以教材资用。

As for The Original Draft of The Derivation of Great Learning by Secretary of Academy, though it was completed until the eleventh year of Kangxi and was presented the next year, both Kangxi’s grandmother and Kangxi himself attached great importance to the book. He not only ordered knowledgeable ministers to translate the cut blocks and gave it as an official favor to all ministers. He also handed it out for Eight Banners (military administrative system of the Manchus in the Qing Dynasty) to encourage them to leave school before graduation. As the first emperor in thousands of years, during the reign, he not only gave imperial order to translate many Confucian classics, such as Explain Four Books Every Day, Explain Books of Documents Every Day, Explain Books of Changes Every Day, but also ordered them to make other Chinese books of the combination of Manchu and Han, such as Imperial Selection of Guwenyuanjian, Compendium of History as a Mirror, Imperial Compile of Xinglijingyi. Besides as an official favor to the ministers and each province, it was also handed out Eight Banners in order to further enrich the use of teaching materials.--Wei Yiwen (talk) 04:13, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

As for The Original Draft of The Derivation of Great Learning by Secretary of Academy, though it was completed until the eleventh year of Kangxi and was presented in the next year, both Kangxi’s grandmother and Kangxi himself attached great importance to the book. He not only ordered knowledgeable ministers to translate and print the book and gave the translations as an official favor to all ministers. He also handed out them to Eight Banners (military administrative system of the Manchus in the Qing Dynasty) for their study. As an excellent emperor in the history, during his reign, Kangxi not only gave imperial order to translate many Confucian classics, such as Explain Four Books Every Day, Explain Books of Documents Every Day, Explain Books of Changes Every Day, but also ordered to compile other Chinese books of the combination of Manchu and Han, such as Imperial Selection of Guwenyuanjian, Compendium of History as a Mirror, Imperial Compile of Xinglijingyi. Besides as an official favor to the ministers and each province, these books were also handed out to Eight Banners as teaching material.--Wei Chuxuan (talk) 13:58, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081527

可以认为，清代的旗学教育从一开始便受到统治者重视与支持。如若不然，则汉籍的满文译本想要进入旗学，必不可能。以《孝经》为例，该书初由阿什坦以满文译成，后被用作旗学教材，其中原因即得益于顺治帝“以孝治天下”的战略。雍正年间，世宗同样力主孝道，以孝道为立教之原、立身之要，令儒臣“专译经文”，以便习诵。[]

It is believed that the education for the offsprings of Eight Banners was attached importance to and supported by the rulers from the very beginning. If it was not so, the Manchu translations of ancient classics of Han culture would never get into the schools for the offsprings of Eight Banners. Take The Book of Filial Piety as an example. The book was firstly translated by Ashtan with Manchu then was used as textbook for the schools. The reason of this is the strategy put forward by Shunzhi emperor that used the morality of filial piety to run the country. During the ruling years of Yongzheng emperor, he also emphasized the morality which should be the source of education and the core of personal moral cultivation and ordered scholars and officials to translate relevant scriptures for study and recitation.--Wei Chuxuan (talk) 04:19, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

It was believed that the education for the School for Children of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty had received great attention and supported by the rulers from the very beginning. If this was not the case, it was absolutely impossible for the Manchu translations of Chinese books to get into the School. Take The Book of Filial Piety as an example, this book was firstly translated by Ashtan in Manchu then was used as a textbook for the School. And the reason for that was that the Emperor Shunzhi put forward the strategy, ruling the world with "filial piety". During the year of Yongzheng emperor, he also thought highly of filial piety which should be the source of education and the core of personal moral cultivation. Besides, he also ordered confucian officials to specialize in translating scriptures for people to study and read.--Wei Zhaoyan (talk) 15:04, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081528

最终，《孝经》又于雍正五年译印成满、汉合璧本，继续作为旗学教材之用，以助朝廷推行政策之需。当然，清代旗学教材并非仅有中央律定一途，各省驻防也有自行翻译、编纂和刊印者，如嘉庆年间杭州驻防将军萨秉阿重刻九鼐翻译的《戒赌十则》，广州将军衙门编纂的《满汉文八种》，以及光绪年间荆州驻防翻译总学也先后纂辑《吏治辑要》等，这些书籍虽非皇帝敕译、敕纂，但于清廷政治和地方政务亦有所合。上述书籍完成译印之后，即被用于旗学教育，进一步丰富了旗学教材的使用。

At last, The Classic on Filial Piety was translated and printed into a version included both Manchu and Chinese during the 5th year of Yongzheng, continuing to be used as a teaching material for the School for Children of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty in order to meet the needs of the court to carry out a policy. Certainly, the central government was not the only way to set up the textbook of the School. There were also people who translate, compile and print by themselves in the provincial garrison, such as Ten Rules for Quitting Gambling translated by the nine incense tripod, Sa Bing E Zhong Ke, a general garrison in Hangzhou during the year of Jiaqing and Eight Kinds of Manchu and Chinese compiled by the General Government of Guangzhou, Summary of Official Administration successively complied by general translators of Jinzhou garrison during the year of Guangxu. Although these books were not translated and compiled under the order of the emperor, they had some similarities in Qing politics and local government affairs. Upon finishing the translation and printing of these books, they were used in the education of the School, which further enriched the use of its teaching materials.--Wei Zhaoyan (talk) 23:18, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

In the end, The Classic on Filial Piety was translated and printed into a version included both Manchu and Chinese during the 5th year of Yongzheng, continuing to be used as a teaching material for the School for Children of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty in order to meet the needs of the court to carry out a policy. Certainly, the central government was not the only way to set up the textbook of the School. There were also people who translate, compile and print by themselves in the provincial garrison, such as Ten Rules for Quitting Gambling translated by the nine incense tripod, Sa Bing E Zhong Ke, a general garrison in Hangzhou during the year of Jiaqing and Eight Kinds of Manchu and Chinese compiled by the General Government of Guangzhou, Summary of Official Administration successively complied by general translators of Jinzhou garrison during the year of Guangxu. Although these books were not translated and compiled under the order of the emperor, they had some similarities with Qing politics and local government affairs. Upon finishing the translation and printing of these books, they were used in the education of the School( “Qixue”) , which further enriched the use of its teaching materials. --Wu Jingyue (talk) 04:57, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学 女 202120081529

3.旗学教育中的翻译课业与考课。清代旗学的课业要求与其教学重点密切关联，因而考课上并无完全一致的情况。以国子监八旗官学为例，顺治元年即将学生分为习清书、习汉书两类。顺治以后，虽然朝廷对于该学的学生额数屡有调整，但类别上仍保持了原来的习清书、习汉书之分。

Translation course and examination courses in the School(Qixue). The schoolwork requirements of the School in the Qing Dynasty are closely related to its teaching focus, so there is no completely consistent situation in the examination course. Take the official study of the Eight banners of Imperial College as an example, the first year of Shunzhi made students divided into two categories: some of them stydied the Qing Book and the others studied Han Book. After Shunzhi, although the imperial court had repeatedly adjusted the number of students in the study, it still maintained the original study of Qing and Han books in the category. --Wu Jingyue (talk) 04:46, 17 October 2021 (UTC) Translation course and examination in flag school education. The academic requirements of the flag school in the Qing Dynasty were closely related to its teaching priorities, so there was no complete consistency in the examination. Taking the Eight Banners official school of the Imperial College as an example, in the first year of Shunzhi, students will be divided into two categories: learning Qingshu and learning Hanshu. After Shunzhi, although the imperial court repeatedly adjusted the number of students in the school, it still maintained the original classification of learning Qing books and learning Han books.--Wu Yinghong (talk) 12:07, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学 女 202120081530

如雍正五年，世宗令每旗额设国子监八旗官学生一百名，其中满洲六十名，仍分习清文、习汉文，蒙古和汉军各二十名，课业上虽无明确规定，但循例仍应分为两类：习蒙文、汉书，以及习清书、翻译。据时任国子监祭酒孙嘉淦奏报，朝廷在取录学生时，对于习清书、习翻译者的年龄要求有所不同，其中“学满书者，可用幼穉之人”，而“学汉文翻译者，必得十四五以上、资性聪敏之人。”[] 鄂尔泰等修，李洵、赵德贵点校：《八旗通志·初集》，长春：东北师范大学出版，1986年，第913-917页。 For example, in the fifth year of Yongzheng, Emperor Shizong ordered to set up 100 students of the eight banners of the Imperial College, including 60 in Manchuria, who were still divided into Qing and Chinese, and 20 in Mongolia and the Han army. Although there were no clear regulations on their schoolwork, they should still be divided into two categories: learning Mongolian, Chinese, Qing and translation. According to the memorial of sun Jiagan, then the Imperial College's eunuch, when recruiting students, the imperial court had different age requirements for Xi Qingshu and Xi translators. Among them, "those who have learned a lot of books can use young people", while "those who have learned Chinese translators must have more than 15 years of experience and intelligence."

肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081531

自此以后，国子监八旗官学中教习翻译渐成定例。如乾隆年间，国子监议定《八旗官学生条例》，对学生的平时学习、例行测验等做了具体规定，从设立“到学薄”与“功课薄”等，到设立“常课”、“会课”、“会考”等，都是如此。其中，无论是每月一次的常课、会课，还是每年于春、秋二季各办一次的会考，考试环节和内容上均设有翻译一项，只不过考试翻译也分“满馆试”与“蒙古试”，前者试翻译或者清书一题，后者试蒙古翻译一题。[]

Since then, translation teaching has gradually become a routine for the Eight Banners officers in the Imperial Academy. For example, during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Imperial Academy proposed the Regulations on the Eight Banners Students which stipulated specifically their daily study and routine examination, from setting up the attendance record and academic performance record to the establishment of system of regular class, meeting class and general examination. Among them, not only the monthly regular class and meeting class, but also the general examination which were held every spring an autumn, set the translation part and content. There were mainly two types of such translation tests, including Manchu test and Mongolian test, in which the former translated the book in the language of Qing Dynasty ,while the latter tried the question of Mongolian translation.--Xiao Yiyao (talk) 03:21, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Since then, teaching translation for the Eight Banners official school of the Imperial Academy has gradually become a rule. For example, during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Imperial Academy agreed on the regulations on eight banner students , which made specific provisions on students' daily study and routine tests, from the establishment of "attendance record" and "homework record" to the establishment of "regular classes", "meeting classes" and "general exams". Among them, whether it is the regular classes and meeting class once a month or the general examination held once a year in spring and autumn, there is a translation item in the examination links and contents, but the examination translation is also divided into "Manchu test" and "Mongolian test", in which the former examined Manchu translation ,while the latter tested the question of Mongolian translation.--Xie Jiafen (talk) 03:48, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081532

之所以要如此组织考试，是为了对师、生形成教、学的压力，特别是对学生的懒惰浮游进行责罚，以励其学。为此，朝廷在教习的选任与考课的要求上，也有严格规定。据孙嘉淦奏报，国子监八旗官学一般为“一旗三学”，即满书（习翻译者往往入满书房）、汉书、蒙文，每学设讲诵之所三、四间，故以每旗三学计，共十三、四间不等。

The reason why the examination is organized in this way is to put the pressure on teachers and students in their teaching and learning , especially to punish the lazy and idle students, so as to encourage them to learn. Therefore, the imperial court also had strict regulations on the selection and examination. According to Sun Jiagan's petition, the eight banners official school of the imperial academy usually set three courses for one banner , that is, Manchu (learners who study translation need to study in Manchu study), Chinese and Mongolian. Each course has three or four places for recitation. Therefore, based on the three courses of each banner, there are thirteen or fourteen classrooms in total.--Xie Jiafen (talk) 03:05, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

The reason for organizing examinations in this way was to put pressure on teachers and students in their teaching and learning , especially to punish the lazy and idle students, so as to encourage them to learn. Therefore, the imperial court also had strict regulations on the selection and examination. According to Sun Jiagan's petition, the eight banners official school of the imperial academy usually set three courses for one banner , that is, Manchu (learners who study translation need to study in Manchu study), Chinese and Mongolian. Each course has three or four places for recitation. Therefore, based on the three courses of each banner, there are thirteen or fourteen classrooms in total.--Xie Qinglin (talk) 15:05, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学 女 202120081533

顺治二年，朝廷为每处选任教习十人，乾隆十七年裁撤各旗汉教习一人，并将教射教习咨回本旗，但乾隆三十一年，又于每旗添设满教习一人，专门负责翻译和清书的教授，同时因为汉教习名下已经拨出翻译学生，故将汉教习裁减一名。考课上，国子监八旗官学在经历顺、康、雍、乾四朝年间，也有调整与变化。顺治二年，关于国子监八旗官学的考课规定是“每十日一次赴监考课，遇春秋演射，五日一次，就本处练习”，至康熙元年，考课规定中增加了翻译内容，调整为“每月赴监讲书一次、翻译一次，五日射箭一次。”[]

In the second year of the Shunzhi dynasty, the court selected ten teaching staff for each office, and in the seventeenth year of the Qianlong dynasty, the Chinese teaching staff of each banner was abolished, and the teaching staff of archery was consulted back to the banner, but in the thirty-first year of the Qianlong dynasty, a full teaching staff was added to each banner, specifically responsible for the teaching of translation and Qing books, and at the same time, because the name of the Chinese teaching staff had been allocated to translation students, so the Chinese teaching staff was reduced by one. Examinations, the eight banners of the National Palace of education in the years of Shun, Kang, Yong, Qian four dynasties, there are also adjustments and changes. Shunzhi two years, on the eight banners of the National Palace of Justice official school examination class is "once every ten days to go to the prison examination class, in the event of spring and autumn shooting, once every five days, on the practice of this place", to the first year of the Kangxi, examination class regulations added translation content, adjusted to "once a month to the prison lecture, translation once, five days archery once.--Xie Qinglin (talk) 15:01, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

In the second year of the Shunzhi’s reign, the court selected ten teaching staffs for each office, and in the seventeenth year of the Qianlong’s reign, the Chinese teaching staff of each county was laid off, and the teaching staff of archery was consulted back to the county, but in the thirty-first year of the Qianlong dynasty, a Manchu teaching staff was added to each banner, specifically responsible for the teaching of translation and Manchu books, and at the same time, since students for translation had been selected from Chinese teaching staffs, so the Chinese teaching staff was reduced by one. In the examination, the eight banners of the National Palace of education in the years of Shun, Kang, Yong, Qian’s reign, saw adjustments and changes. In the second year of Shunzhi’s reign, on the eight banners of the National Palace of Justice official school examination class was "once every ten days to go to the prison examination class, in the event of spring and autumn shooting, once every five days, on the practice of this place", to the first year of the Kangxi, examination class regulations added translation content, adjusted to "once a month to the prison lecture, translation once, five days archery once.--Xiong Min (talk) 02:41, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081534

至乾隆三十一年，进一步提高了考课要求，规定习汉文者在肄业十年之后，如不能获得进身，以及习翻译和清文者如不能考取中书、笔帖式、库使等，均一律咨送本旗，另挑差使。 宗学的情况也与国子监八旗官学的情况类似，其教学重点、教习选任，以及考课规定等同样经历了调适。如顺治九年，宗学于每旗设满洲官，教习满书。雍正二年，朝廷从各部院司官中书中，分别拣选清书、汉书和骑射教习四人，每翼分派二人。

Till the 31st year of Qianlong’s reign, the requirement for examination was higher. It was said that those who were good at Chinese but failed to be office in a decade and those who were skilled in translation and Manchu but failed to obtain Zhongshu, Bi Tieshi, Kushi and so on through examination, would all be sent back to where they belonged and be replaced by others. Zongxue, school for royal family told the same story. The focus of education and the selecting system also saw adjustments. Take the ninth year of Shunzhi’s reign for example. Zongxue assigned Manchu officer in every county to teach. In the second year of Yongzheng’s reign, the court selected four people as Qingshu, Hanshu, coach for horse riding and archery from every department. Two persons were appointed in each county.

徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究 男 202120081535

至乾隆四年，在选任宗学教习时，改为以学生人数为基础进行选派，即每十人选派一名。然而，由于乾隆二十一年起，翻译和清书、骑射一样，成为宗学的三大教学重点之一，于是朝廷裁减了九名汉书教习，俱改为翻译教习。嘉庆朝时期，翻译仍是宗学的教学重点，因而翻译教习得以保留，同时又因为复设了习汉书科目，于是对汉教习进行了改设，规定两翼每学各四名。

In the 4th year of Qianlong reign, when selecting teachers of royal clan education, the selection was based on the number of students, that is, one for every ten students. However, since the 21st year of Qianlong, translation became one of the three major teaching points of royal clan education, just like Manchu and horsemanship and archery. Therefore, the court cut down nine Chinese teachers and changed Chinese teaching to translation teaching. During Jiaqing Dynasty, translation teaching was still the focus of royal clan education, so the teaching of translation was kept. At the same time, because of the re-establishment of the subject of Learning Chinese, the court reformed Chinese teachers and assigned 4 teachers for every subjects of two parts.--Xu Minyun (talk) 09:17, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

In the 4th year of Qianlong reign, the selection for teachers of royal clan education was based on the number, that is, one for every ten students. However, since the 21st year of Qianlong, translation has become one of the three major teaching points of royal clan education, just like Manchu classics and horsemanship and archery. Therefore, the court cut down and changed nine Chinese teachers to translation teachers. During Jiaqing Dynasty, translation teaching was still the focus of royal clan education, so the teaching of translation was kept. At the same time, because of the re-establishment of the subject of Chinese classics, the court reformed Chinese teachers and assigned four teachers for every subjects of two parts.--Yan Jing (talk) 13:32, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究 女 202120081536

考课上，由于乾、嘉两朝中翻译本是宗学的教学重点，考课中自然设有翻译内容。即便在乾隆朝早期，当教学重点主要为清书、汉书和骑射时，朝廷也在左、右翼两学设“总稽课程”各二人，并规定于每月举办考试三次，含经义、射艺和翻译考试各一次，且每年于秋季举办考试一次，其中含翻译、经义、时务策各一题。

In the examination, because the translation in the Qian and Jia Dynasties was the focus for royal clan education, the translation content was naturally included. Even in the early Qianlong Dynasty, when the teaching focus was mainly on the Qing classics, the Han classics and horsemanship and archery, the imperial court also set up two "general inspectors for courses" on both the left and right sides, and stipulated to hold examinations three times a month, each for one subject of classics, horsemanship and archery and translation, and once a year in the autumn, of which the three questions are respectively about translation, classics and current affairs.--Yan Jing (talk) 14:13, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

of which the three questions are respectively about translation, classics and current affairs and policies.--Yan Lili (talk) 02:09, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别 女 202120081537

礼部义学、咸安宫官学、觉罗学、清文学、盛京宗学和觉罗学等旗学中，翻译考试同样是考课的重要内容。如乾隆五年，礼部选派司员对礼部义学生进行每日稽考，规定学生需每季到部考课翻译经义，以及背书写字等，考试情况详登册籍，年终以优劣决定学生去留。雍正十二年，朝廷对咸安宫官学的教习额数进行调整，将原来所设清语教习九人裁撤三人，俱改为翻译教习，并对考课内容进行了明确规定，即五年考试一次，一次考试三日：第一日考试汉文，拟以《四书》二题的方式进行；

The translation examination is also an important part of the examination course in Yi school, Official school of Xian 'an Palace, Jueluo school, Qing Dynasty Literature, the Royal Clan Education of Shengjing and Jueluo school of the Ministry of Rites.For example, in the fifth year of the Qianlong dynasty, the Ministry of Rites selected and assigned administrators to carries on the daily assessments to the student of the Ministry of Rites, stipulating that students should come to the ministry every quarter to take tests on the translation of Confucian classics argumentation, as well as recite and write, etc. The examination conditions were listed in the books in detail, and the students were decided to stay or leave at the end of the year based on their merits.In the 12th year of Yongzheng,The imperial court adjusted the number of teachers in the Official school of Xian 'an Palace, removing three of the nine qing language teachers and changing them to translation teaching.The content of the examination was clearly stipulated, that is, the examination was conducted once every five years and each examination was conducted for three days: Chinese was tested on the first day, which was planned to be carried out in the way of two questions in the Four Books --Yan Lili (talk) 03:22, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别 女 202120081538

第二日考试翻译、楷书和清字，拟以上谕一段进行；第三日考试骑射、步射。至于觉罗学、清文学、盛京宗学与觉罗学等，虽然考课规定中并没有明确提及翻译，但二者都设有翻译教习，可知翻译教学仍是其教学的重要内容。如雍正七年规定，各部院衙门现任笔帖式中，需考选能翻译者八人，充任觉罗学之清书教习，每旗各分一人。

阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别 女 202120081540

同年，又规定清文学教习由汉军各旗会同满洲都统，从满洲闲散官、笔帖式，或者因公诖（guà）误（即，撤职或失官）人员中加以拣选。乾隆八年，朝廷对教习的年龄进行限制，要求翻译教习、清书教习均需年逾三旬。[]既然以上诸学中均设有翻译教习，各学官学生均需要接受翻译教学的内容与环节，那么考课中势必也不能离开翻译。

杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081541

而盛京宗学觉罗学自设立之初便有详细章程，如规定宗学、觉罗学分别教学，宗学和觉罗学皆由宗学总管管理等。由于该学中翻译一直是教学重点，因而翻译教习的设置更不可缺。如乾隆二年，即设翻译教习四人，与骑射、汉书教习人数相等。乾隆四十三年，汉教习被裁撤，但仍保留翻译教习与骑射教习。

杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学 女 202120081542

至嘉庆年间（如嘉庆二年、二十五年），盛京宗学觉罗学虽然增设了满、汉教习，但翻译教习也属重要。盛京宗学觉罗学对教习进行分类选拔，即从现任司官笔帖式内选取精通翻译者，教习清语；从领催骁骑以上和闲散官员以下挑选精于骑射者，教习骑射；从奉天府举贡内挑选学问优长者，教习汉书。三者各自皆为四人，待五年期满后分别考以等第，并据此进行奖惩。

During the period of Jiaqing (such as the second and twenty fifth years of Jiaqing), although the Manchu and Chinese teaching were added to The School of Shengjing Royal Clan Education and Jue Luo, the translation teaching was also important. The School of Shengjing Royal Clan Education and Jue Luo classified and selected the teaching, that is, select the proficient translators from the officials Bithesi to teach the Qing language;choose those who are good at riding and shooting from those above the leader cavalry and those below the idle officials to teach riding and shooting; select the learned elders from the tributes of Fengtian Mansion to teach Han Shu. Each of the three is four. After the five years'expiration, they will be graded respectively, and will be rewarded and punished accordingly.--Yang Kun (talk) 14:07, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

During the period of Jiaqing (such as the second and twenty fifth years of Jiaqing), although the Manchu and Chinese teaching were added to The School of Royal Clan Education and Jue Luo in Shengjing, the translation teaching was also important. The School of Royal Clan Education and Jue Luo in Shengjing classified and selected the teaching, that is to select the proficient translators from the officials Bithesi to teach the Manchu; to choose those who were good at riding and shooting from those above the leader cavalry and those below the idle officials to teach riding and shooting; and to select the learned elders from the tributes of Fengtian Mansion to teach Han Shu. Each of the three needed four people. After the five years'expiration, they will be graded respectively, and will be rewarded and punished accordingly.--Yang Liuqing (talk) 08:07, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081543

虽然盛京宗学觉罗学也将学生分成习清书、习汉书两类，但无论清书汉书，每日皆有应肄之业，且习清书者兼讲汉书，习汉书者则兼讲满书，目的就在于使学生兼通满、汉，造就翻译之才。教学管理上，盛京宗学觉罗学也对骑射与翻译做了区分，即每逢三、六、九日学习射箭，而每逢五、十日学习翻译，以及作文作诗。盛京宗学觉罗学初用的教材较为简单，后经李治滋奏准，高宗于乾隆九年颁赐《资治纲目》、《大学衍义》、《性理大全》、《古文渊鉴》及《钦定四书》等满汉书籍，其中多数为满文译汉文典籍。

Schools of Royal Clan and Jueluo in Mudken also classified students into two kinds: students studying books of Manchu and students studing books of Han. Even so, students should study everyday no matter books of Manchu or books of Han; those students studying books of Manchu should also study books of Han, and vice versa.In terms of teaching management, schools of Royal Clan and Jueluo also made a distinction between horsemanship and transaltion, that was, students learnt archery on every three, six and nine days and learnt translation, writing composition and Poetry on every five and ten days.The original textbooks used in thses schools were relatively simple, and later some others textbooks were awarded by Gaozong at Li Zhi's suggestion in the ninth year of emperor Qianlong's reign. These books included "Compendium of Zi Zhi mu", "College Yan Yi", " Xingli Daquan", "Gu Wenyuan Jian" and "The Imperial Four Books", most of which were translated into Chinese from Manchu. --Yang Liuqing (talk) 08:10, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别 男 202120081544

当然，旗学与旗学之间亦有明显区别，如设立时间早晚不同，条例规范详略有异等，但在教学重点上，清书和骑射是其共设科目。在此基础上，不少旗学另从汉书、翻译、蒙文等科目中进行选择，使其符合自身的置办初衷和培养目标。一般来说，学生学习清书、汉书、骑射或（和）翻译等，都得在旗学中按部就班地进行，并随时接受稽查与考核，但宗室和大臣子弟循例可在家学习，这一点给课业及考课造成困难。

易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081545

如雍正十三年十一月十八日，即乾隆帝即位之初，监察御史玛起元上疏高宗，奏请将八旗荫生拨入各旗义学，一体肄业，并交国子监堂官不时考察，择其娴习经书、通晓翻译者，咨送吏部考试补用。[]乾隆三十九年，高宗因见宗室中竟有不会清语者，令宗人府查明情况。遗憾的是，虽然朝廷对于学生的选补多所要求，对于教习的选任也有规定，并对学生和教习的勤惰不时稽查，但各项规范行之日久，难免废弛。如《钦定国子监则例》中，曾详细记载“满教习报满”、“汉教习报满”的情况，其中写道：

Such as on November 18, 13th year of Yongzheng, which is the beginning of the Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne , the Supervisory Censor Ma Qiyuan reported to the emperor that sent the heirs of Eight Banners to the free school and study together. And sometimes the administer of the Imperial College would test them and chose some person who master the classics or translation to the Ministry of Official Personnel Affairs for supplement. On 39th year of Qianlong, the emperor commanded the office to find out, as he found that some one who cannot speak Manchu in imperial clan. Unfortunately, though the royal had lots of requirements for those students and teachers. And they also checked the students and teachers for laziness from time to time, but the rules had been in place for so long that they were likely to fall apart. Such as some precisely examples in The Regulation of the Imperial College for “Manchu class in full” or “Chinese class is full”, written that:--Yi Yangfan (talk) 13:13, 17 October 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

For example, on November 18, the thirteenth year of Yongzheng, which was the beginning of the Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne , the Supervisory Censor Ma Qiyuan proposed to the emperor that sent the heirs of Eight Banners to the free school and study together. And sometimes the administers of the Imperial College would test them and chose some persons who master the Confucian classics or translation to the Ministry of Official Personnel Affairs for supplement. On the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, the emperor commanded the office to find out the learning process, as he found that some one who cannot speak Manchu in imperial clan. Unfortunately, though the royal had lots of requirements for those students and teachers. And they also supervised the students and teachers from time to time, but the rules had been implemented for so long that they were likely to fall apart. Such as some precisely examples in The Regulation of the Imperial College for “Manchu teaching staff expired”or “Chinese teaching staff expired”, written that:--Yin Huizhen (talk) 09:13, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081546

（满教习报满）将本名下学生，注明到学几年，現读何书，翻译几名，造冊移交档房，按日积算，如功课缺少，毫无成效者，教习不准报满，助教记大过一次；（汉教习报满）除将考中生员、恩监生、中书等学生开具清冊外，其现在读书者几名，某生若干岁，读经书若干卷；作文者几名，某生若干岁，读过古文、时文若干篇，某作起讲，某半篇，某全篇，并各学生入馆年分，详细造具清冊二本，……满教习报满，亦照此例。[]

（Manchu teaching staff expired）The students under the teacher's name shall be recorded that how many years they have studied, where they are studying now, how many translators have been trained, and the list of students shall be compiled and handed over to the archives room. It shall be recorded on every specific day, if they were absent from class and had no effect in learning, the teacher is not allowed to declare that their work has expired, and the teaching assistant will be recorded a major demerit once. （Chinese teaching staff expired）In addition to making a list of such students like scholars, the students of the Imperial college, and Zhongshu, it should be recorded that how many of them are still studying, indicating their age and how many volumes of Confucian classics they have read; It also should be recorded that the number of writers, indicating their age, how many classics and Eight legged Essay they have read, articles they have discussed, which half or the whole, and the year of admission of each student should be registered in the two brochures in detail. When Manchu teaching staff expire，they should also follow this regulation.--Yin Huizhen (talk) 09:18, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081547

所谓“报满”原指官员任期届满，或历俸已满之意，此处当指教习的期满考核。由此可见，国子监八旗官学中的教习，无论满、汉，在任满三年之职后，都需要将个人名下学生的学习情况，及其绩效等，详细说明并造册入档，作为嗣后铨补的重要依据。同时，也说明国子监对于学生考课，以及教习考核的严格与认真，可谓赏罚分明。如乾隆二十一年，高宗谕令改圆明园学专习清书，以倡导满族传统特质之后，经礼部议准，规定嗣后生徒如能在四年期满时，由翻译考取录用，则“该教习列为一等”。[] The so-called "full" originally referred to the expiration of an official's term of office, or that he had served a certain period of time, but here refers to the assessment of the instructors for their fulfillment of duty. It could be seen that the instructors in the Eight Banners Official School of Qing Dynasty were required, regardless of being Manchu or Han people, to make detailed explanations and recordings of their students' learning and performance after serving for three years. Meanwhile, it also showed that the Official School was strict and serious about the examination for students and the assessment for instructors, which could be described as putting the shoe on the right foot. For instance, in the 21st year of Emperor Qianlong's reign,after Emperor Gaozong had ordered to specialize in Manchu language for the purpose of promoting traditional Manchurian characteristics, the Ministry of Rites approved that "the instructor should be ranked first class" if the subsequent students could pass the translation examination and get employed by the end of four-year period of his duty.--Yin Meida (talk) 08:49, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

The so-called "full" originally referred to the expiration of an official's term of office, or that he had served a prescribed period of time, but here refers to the assessment of the instructors for their fulfillment of duty. Therefore, it could be seen that the instructors in the Eight Banners Official School of Qing Dynasty were required, regardless of being Manchu or Han people, to make detailed explanations and recordings of their students' learning and performance after serving for three years. Meanwhile, it also showed that the Official School was strict and serious about the examination of students and the assessment of instructors, which could be described as putting the shoe on the right foot. For instance, in the 21st year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, after Emperor Gaozong had ordered to specialize in Manchu language for the purpose of promoting traditional Manchurian characteristics, the Ministry of Rites approved that "the instructor should be ranked first class" if the subsequent students could be employed after examination by the end of four-year period of his duty.--Yin Yuan (talk) 15:03, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081548

无奈好景不长，至嘉庆、道光年间，国子监八旗官学中教习虚开功课，且学生不常入学肄业的情况并不鲜见。虽然皇帝对此已有觉察，并明令禁止，但终因积习日久，难以遏止，因而整顿旗学之事，有名而无实。清代对于翻译人才的需求源于内生、外在双方面因素的合力。

But it didn't last until Jia Qing and Dao Guang period, when it was common to see the eight Banners of the Imperial Academy teaching lessons irresponsibly, and students didn't often attend the school or study in the school. Although the Emperor had become aware of and prohibited it, this phenomenon, with the bad customs for a long time, couldn't be curbed. Therefore, the rectification of the learning of Manchu culture exists in name only. The demand for translation talents in Qing Dynasty stemmed from internal and external factors.--Yin Yuan (talk) 15:16, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

But it didn't last until Jia Qing and Dao Guang period, when it was common to see the eight Banners of the Imperial Academy teaching lessons, and students didn't often attend the school or study in the school. Although the Emperor had become aware of and prohibited it by official order, this phenomenon, with the bad customs for a long time, couldn't be curbed. Therefore, the rectification of the learning of Manchu culture existed in name only. The demand for translation talents in Qing Dynasty stemmed from internal and external factors together.--Zhan Ruoxuan (talk) 06:12, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081549

从内部讲，清代以异族取得政权，历代君主及其统治集团都以八旗为国家根本，又以清语为八旗根本，因而旗人必须学习清语，或具备清语能力。与此同时，为了稳固统治，使旗人“足充任用”，满族又得与其他族群沟通和交流。多语种能力的养成既是翻译的前提条件，又为翻译提供了现实可能。

From the inside, the Qing Dynasty took power by their different race, all previous emperors and their ruling cliques took the eight banners as the foundation of the country, and the Qing language as the foundation of the eight banners, so the banner men must learn the Qing language or had the ability of the Qing language. At the same time, the Manchu had to communicate with other ethnic groups in order to maintain their rule and made the banner men “fully employed”. The cultivation of multilingual competence was not only a prerequisite for translation, but also provided a realistic possibility for translation.--Zhan Ruoxuan (talk) 06:02, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学 女 202120081550

清代的翻译教育与翻译人才培养，无疑也是政治考量的产物。尤其是清军入关后，面对语言文字、文化形态，以及政权结构迥异于自己的汉人族群，如何进行有效统治，维护并巩固统治基础，同时又不致满洲民族特质废弛，乃是统治者不得不考虑的问题。在此情形下，清初统治者循汉人国子监例，创设八旗官学，令八旗弟子学习语言、翻译和骑射等，便成为不二选择。这么做，既不失满洲特色，又增进了民族交流，对于呈现满洲特色的统治特征，以及扩大政权的参与基础等，意义重大。

张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别 男 202120081551

• 基金项目：① 教育部人文社科基金项目“清代中前期翻译政策研究”；② 湖南省社会科学基金项目“清代中前期翻译政策的具体形态与变化轨迹研究”，项目批准号：20YBA131；③ 湖南省教育厅重点项目“清代中前期翻译政策研究”，项目批准号：20A222。

• Fund Project: ① Humanities and Social Sciences Fund Project of the Ministry of Education:"A Study on Translation Policy in the Early and Middle Period of Qing Dynasty"; ② Social Science Fund Project in Hunan Province:"A Study on the Specific Form and Variation Track of Translation Policy in the Early and Middle Period of Qing Dynasty", project approval No.: 20YBA131; ③ A Key Project of the Department of Education of Hunan Province:"A Study on Translation Policy in the Early and Middle Period of Qing Dynasty", project approval No.: 20A222.--Zhang Yang (talk) 08:40, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

• Fundation Project: ① Research on Translation Policy in the Middle and Early Dynasties of the Qing Dynasty, Ministry of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation Project; ② Research on the Specific Form and Change Trajectory of Translation Policy in the Middle and Early Dynasties of the Qing Dynasty, Hunan Provincial Social Science Foundation Project, Project Approval No. 20YBA131: ③ Research on Translation Policy in the Middle and Early Dynasties of the Qing Dynasty, a key project of Hunan Provincial Education Department, project approval number: 20A222.--Zhang Yiran (talk) 07:41, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学 女 202120081552

清初旗学中的翻译教育及其变化过程*

摘要：清初的旗学教育是内、外因素合力的结果，其目的是为了提升旗人素质，培养翻译人才，巩固国家统治。清初旗学教育及其翻译人才培养的整体脉络是：兴于顺治，隆于康、雍，驰于乾隆，废于嘉、道。

Translation education in Banner schools in the early Qing Dynasty and its process of change* Abstract: Banner school education in the early Qing Dynasty was the result of a combination of internal and external factors, and its aim was to improve the quality of bannerman, cultivate translators and consolidate national rule.The overall lineage of Banner school education and its training of translators in the early Qing Dynasty was that it began during the reign of Shunzhi emperor, flourished under the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors, declined under the Qianlong emperor and was abolished under the Jiaqing and Daoguang emperors.--Zhang Yiran (talk) 07:31, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

Translation education and its changing process in flag education in the early Qing Dynasty Abstract: the flag education in the early Qing Dynasty was the result of the joint efforts of internal and external factors. Its purpose was to improve the quality of flag people, cultivate translation talents and consolidate national rule. The overall context of flag education and translation talent training in the early Qing Dynasty is starting in Shunzhi, prospering in Kang and Yong, declining in Qianlong, and abolishing in Jia and Tao.--Zhong Yifei (talk) 04:45, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081553

旗学教育的发展、改革与兴盛，其原因主要在于三个方面：历代帝王的支持、满、汉族官员的鼓吹、满洲大儒的力倡。而造成旗学教育最终走向颓势并废弛的因素则包括民族融合的加剧、旗人学习意愿的消退，以及章程管理的松弛等。旗学中的翻译教育主要有两种不同途径，即普通旗学机构中的翻译教育，以及满、汉翻译学、翻译义学中的翻译教育，所培养的翻译人才成为各个时期处理文书，办理翻译事宜的重要来源。

The reasons for the development, reform and prosperity of flag education mainly lie in three aspects: the support of emperors in previous dynasties, the advocacy of Manchu and Han officials, and the advocacy of Manchu Confucianism. The factors causing the decline of flag education include the intensification of national integration, the decline of flag people's willingness to learn, and the slack management of rules.There are mainly two different ways of translation education in flag education，namely, translation education in ordinary flag education institutions, and translation education in Manchu, Chinese translation and translation semantics. The trained translation talents have become an important source for dealing with documents and translation matters in various periods.--Zhong Yifei (talk) 01:17, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

The reasons for the development, reform and prosperity of Banner education mainly lie in three aspects: the support of emperors in previous dynasties, the advocacy of Manchu and Han officials, as well as the advocacy of Manchu scholars. The factors causing the decline of Banner education include the intensification of national integration, the decline of Banner people's willingness to learn, and the slack management of regulations, etc. There are mainly two different ways of translation education in Banner education, namely, translation education in ordinary Banner education institutions, and translation education in Manchu, Chinese translatology and translation semantics. The trained translation talents provide an important source for dealing with documents and translation matters in various periods.--Zhong Yulu (talk) 02:54, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081554

关键词：旗学；翻译教育；变化过程；翻译考试；汉书翻译1.引言。满洲以少数族群立国并统治中原，如何能保持民族特色，而又能与汉人交流，扩大政权的统治基础，乃是统治者不得不考虑的问题。而设置旗学，教授国语骑射，并推动翻译教育，乃是因应时势之举。

Key words: the School for children of the Eight Banners; translation education; changing process; translation examination; the translation of History of Han Dynasty. 1. Introduction. Manchuria, which was found by minority ethnic groups, ruled the central plains. The rulers had to consider the questions like how to keep the national characteristics and communicate with the Han people to expand the ruling base of the regime. Therefore, the establishment of the School for the children of the Eight Banners, where taught the Manchu language, riding and shooting, in the meantime, helped to promote translation education, was the trend of the times. --Zhong Yulu (talk) 02:34, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Key words: the Banner Education; translation education; changing process; translation examination; the translation of History of Han Dynasty. 1. Introduction. Manchuria, which was founded by minority ethnic groups, ruled the central plains. The rulers had to consider how to keep the national characteristics and communicate with the Han people to expand the ruling base of the regime. Therefore, the establishment of the the Banner Education which taught the Manchu language, riding and shooting and helped to promote translation education as well, was the trend of the times. --Zhou Jiu (talk) 03:09, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学） 女 202120081555

顺治初年，清廷循汉族国子监之例创设旗学，开清代官学教育制度之先河，专供旗人学习语言、骑射与翻译。顺治朝以后，旗学教育屡经调整与改革，不仅在特定区域设学，而且使旗学教育逐渐平民化、普遍化，既稳定了生源，又规范了教习的拣选和稽核，并适时调整旗学机构的设置、复设或改设，以及教学内容与考核方式，确保了旗人的学习品质。由于办理旗学的主要目的即是为了培养翻译人才，和具备多语种能力的治国之才，故旗学中的教学和学习用书多为汉籍译本，其中多数为满文译本，另有部分为蒙文译本，或者满、汉和满、蒙合璧本。

During the early years of Shunzhi Period, the Qing government was the forerunner of the OfficialEducation which was set exclusively for Banner people to learn language, riding, shooting and translation. After the Emperor Shunzhi  Perid,  the Banner Education, which was adjusted and reformed repeatedly, was set in specific areas. It also gradually became popularization and generalization, which stablized source of students, regulated selection and assessment of instructors. It not only adjusted the establishment, reestablishment and the change of establishment of the Banner's schools, but also adjusted the contents of coueses and assessment methods, which ensured the learning quality of Bannermen. Because of the reason that the Banner Education was aimed to cultivate qualified translators and statemenships possessed with multilanguage, textbooks mostly were Chinese works, most of them were translated into Manchu language; part of them were translated into Mogolian; some translated versions were combinated with Manchu language and Chinese, or Manchu language with Mogolian.--Zhou Jiu (talk) 04:48, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

During the early years of Shunzhi Period, the Qing government followed the example of the Official Education which set exclusively for Banner people to learn language, riding, shooting and translation, which was considered as the new way for the educational system since Qing dynasty. After the Emperor Shunzhi  Period,  the Banner Education, which was adjusted and reformed repeatedly, was set in specific areas. It was gradually popularizing and generalizing, which possess the stable source of students, the regulated selection and the assessment of instructors. It not only adjusted the establishment, reestablishment and the change of establishment of the Banner's schools, but also adjusted the contents of coueses and assessment methods, which ensured the learning quality of Bannermen. The Banner Education was aimed to cultivate qualified translators and ministerial talent who were multilingual, so textbooks mostly were Chinese works, most of them were translated into Manchu language; part of them were translated into Mogolian; some translated versions were combinated with Manchu language and Chinese, or Manchu language with Mogolian.--Zhou Junhui (talk) 08:28, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学 女 202120081556

虽然乾隆朝尤其是乾隆中期以后，旗学教育多有弊病，如旗学制度流于形式，章程管理日渐松弛，加上旗人子弟仕宦心态突出，致使学习不勤不精，但在最高统治者的要求与支持，以及内、外因素的交互作用下，仍为国家培养了大批治理之才和翻译专才。2.旗学的翻译使命。满族统治中国以来，为维护满洲的民族特质，以及少数族裔的统治优势，统治者一向提倡旗、民分治，要求旗人保持民族特质，习国语，专骑射，维护国家根本。

During the Qianlong period, especially after the middle period, there were many disadvantages that the education of Banner exerted, such as the system of Banner learning becoming a formality, the regulations and management becoming slack, coupled with the prominent attitude of the banner’s student for promotion in officialdom, so that they were nor diligent nor good at learning. But under the support and the request of the supreme ruler, with the interaction of internal and external factors, the education of Banner still cultivated a large number of governance talents and translation specialists for the country. 2. The translation mission of the Banner’s education. Since Manchu ruled China, in order to maintain the ethnic characteristics of Manchuria and the dominance of ethnic minorities, the ruler has always advocated the separate governance of the flag and the people, requiring the flag people to keep their ethnic characteristics, learn the National language, practice riding and archery in order to stabilize the foundation of the country.--Zhou Junhui (talk) 02:07, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Although in the reign of Qianlong, especially after the middle of the Qianlong period, there were many disadvantages in banner school education, such as the system of banner study becaming a mere formality, the management of the articles of association being increasingly relaxed. Furthermore, the prominent official mentality of the banner people's children led to the lack of diligence and precision in learning, a large number of people who were proficient in governing and translating still cultivated for the country under the requirements and support of the emperor and the interaction of internal and external factors. 2. The translation mission of banner studies. Since the Manchu ruled China, in order to maintain the national characteristics of Manchu and the ruling advantages of ethnic minorities, the rulers have always advocated the separation of the banner and the people, requiring the banner people to maintain their national characteristics, learn the national language, specialize in riding and shooting for maintain the foundation of the country.--Zhou Qiao1 (talk) 12:44, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081557

然而，为确保国家治理行之有效，国家长治久安，旗人亦必须兼通满、汉，与汉人沟通交往，以便学习其典章制度与执政经验。顺治朝以后，旗学教育逐渐兴起，其中除国子监八旗官学、顺天和奉天府学外，又有咸安宫和景山官学、宗人府宗学和觉罗学，以及各地八旗官学、义学和清文学等，这些官学成为清代兴贤育才，教养备至的重要场所。对于旗人而言，只有接受旗学教育，熟读经史，掌握翻译，练习骑射，才能符合政府的人才标准和要求，为自身的进身入仕觅得正途。

However, for ensuring the effectiveness of national governance and long-term stability of the country, the banner people must be proficient in both Manchu language and Han Language thus communicating with Han people to learn their laws and regulations and ruling experience. After the reign of Shunzhi, the banner education gradually rose. In addition to the eight banner official schools of the Imperial Academy, Shuntian and fengtianfu schools, there were also Xian'an palace and Jingshan official schools, the official school of Imperial Clan Court and Jueluo schools, as well as the eight banner official schools, righteousness schools and Qing literature schools in various places, all of which became an important place to cultivate talents and prepare for education in the Qing Dynasty. As for banner people, only by receiving banner education, reading classical and historical books, mastering translation and practicing riding and shooting can they meet the standards and requirements of the government of choosing people and find a right way for their official career. --Zhou Qiao1 (talk) 15:12, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

However, in order to ensure the effective governance of the country and the long-term stability of the country, the banner people must also communicate with the Manchu and Han people, and communicate with the Han people to learn their rules, regulations and governing experience. After the Shunzhi dynasty, banner education gradually emerged. In addition to the eight banner official school, Shuntian and Fengtian school, Xian’an Palace and Jingshan official school, Zongrenfuzong school and Jueluo school, as well as the eight banner official school, Yi school and Qing Dynasty Literature, etc., these official schools became an important place for educating and cultivating talents in the Qing Dynasty. For banner people, only by receiving banner education, learning by heart in classics and history, mastering translation, and practicing riding and shooting, can they meet the government's talent standards and requirements and find a right path for their own career.--Zhou Qing (talk) 13:31, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学 女 202120081558

而统治者之所以重视满、汉语学习，以及翻译能力的培养，乃是国家行政和治理的需要所致。众所周知，国初之际，官员的日常行政广泛使用满文，政务的推动离不开翻译。《钦定大清会典则例（乾隆朝）》中说，清初以来，皇帝颁发满、汉文谕旨时，往往先由内阁进行翻译，或将清字译汉，或将汉文翻清，如此才能上传下达，确保政令畅通。

The reason why the rulers attach importance to the study of Manchu and Chinese language and the cultivation of translation ability is due to the needs of national administration and governance. As we all know, in the early days of the country, officials widely used Manchu language in their daily administration, and the promotion of government affairs was inseparable from translation. According to the Rules and Regulations of the King's Chamber of the Qing Dynasty (Qianlong Dynasty), since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, when the emperor issued a decree in Manchu and Chinese, the cabinet often translated it first, or translated the Qing characters into Chinese, or translated the Chinese into Manchu language, to deliver the message and ensure the smooth flow of government orders.

The reason why the rulers attach importance to the study of Manchu and Chinese language and the cultivation of translation ability is due to the needs of national administration and governance. As we all know, in the early days of the country, officials widely used Manchu language in their daily administration, government affairs cannot be handled without translation. According to the Rules and Regulations of the King's Chamber of the Qing Dynasty (Qianlong Dynasty), since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, when the emperor issued a decree in Manchu and Chinese, the cabinet often translated it first. They translated the Manchu language into Chinese, or translated the Chinese into Manchu language, to deliver the message and ensure the decisions of the government are carried out effectively.--Zhou Xiaoxue (talk) 08:38, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学 女 202120081559

各部院衙门撰写本章时，虽然兼用清、汉双语，但直省本章中不使用清字者较为常见，这种情况下则往往由通政司将本章咨送内阁，再由后者送交汉本房进行翻译，事毕之后由满本房誊写。（允祹等，1983：4）各省驻防将军、副都统等遇奏事之时，也只使用满语，因而旗籍官员中办理文书业务者，也必须娴熟翻译。（曹振镛，1986：488）至清末之际，虽然旗学中清语荒废的情形日益严重，学生的翻译能力每况愈下，但国家对于翻译人才的需求并没有完全消失。

When yamen(government office in feudal China) writes documents, although both uses Manchu and Chinese can be used, but people who do not use Manchu are more common in departmental documents. In this case, the the office of transmission would send the document to the cabinet, which would send it to the Hanbenfang(An organization that translates Manchu into Chinese)for translation, and then the Manbenfang(An organization that translates Chinese into Manchu) would copy it.(Yun Taodeng, 1983:4) Because the generals of garrison and deputy lieutenant-general used only Manchu when handing in documents,among the officials of the Qing Dynasty, those who handle documents must also be skilled in translation.(Cao Zhenpu, 1986:488) In the late Qing Dynasty, although abandonment of Qing language in the Banners study is becoming more and more serious and the translation ability of the students became worse and worse, the country's demand for translation talent did not completely disappeared.--Zhou Xiaoxue (talk) 08:22, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

   When yamen(government office in feudal China) writes documents, although both Manchu and Chinese can be used,people who do not use Manchu are common in departmental documents. In this case, the office of transmission would send the document to the cabinet, which would send it to the Hanbenfang(An organization that translates Manchu into Chinese)for translation, and then the Manbenfang(An organization that translates Chinese into Manchu) would transcribe it.(Yun Taodeng, 1983:4) Because the generals of garrison and deputy lieutenant-general used only Manchu when handing in documents, so among the officials of the Qing Dynasty, those who handle documents must also be skilled in translation.(Cao Zhenpu, 1986:488) At the end of Qing Dynasty, although abandonment of Qing language in the Manchu study was becoming more and more serious and the translation ability of the students became worse and worse, the country's demand for translation talent did not completely disappeared.--Zhou Xiaoxue (talk) 08:22, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

--Zhu Suzhen (talk) 11:58, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学） 女 202120081561

然而，有清一代，旗学教育到底兴于何时，旗学中培养的翻译人才究竟几何，等等问题仍存争议。即以宗学的设置时间为例，不同文献的记载便不相同。如《八旗通志·初集》和《钦定八旗通志》中，都载有顺、康年间宗学变化之事，但《（雍正）大清会典》中，却未见有此段史实，反而将宗学之设归于雍正二年。（鄂尔泰等，1986：945-946；铁保等，1983：1-2；允禄等，1995：26）

   However, in the Qing Dynasty, there were still disputes about when the Manchu education was prosperous and how many translation talents were trained and so on. That is to say, taking the setting time of zongxue as an example, the records of different documents were different. For example, the first collection of Pa Ch'i T'ung Chih and Tongshu of Manchukuo Family in Eight Banner of Qinding contained the changes of zongxue during the years of Shun and Kang. However, this historical fact was not found in the (Emperor Yongzheng) Great Qing conference, but the establishment of zongxue was attributed to the second year of Emperor Yongzheng. (Ertai etc 1986:945-946; Tiebao etc 1983:1-2; Yunlu etc 1995:26)

 annotation:

1. zongxue: educational institutions for royal clan 2. Pa Ch'i T'ung Chih: a book recording of Eight Banners system in detail;general annals of the Eight Banners

邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学 女 202120081562

虽然如此，有两点却可肯定：其一，不论雍正二年办理的宗室之学是“复开”，还是“创设”，其中原因确与康熙朝晚期的皇子夺嫡事件有关。《清世宗实录》中对此已有说法：朕惟睦族敦宗，务先教化。尝见宗室中，习气未善，各怀私心，互相倾轧，並无扶持爱护之意，惟知宠厚妻党姻娅，其于本支骨肉，视若仇敌，殊为悖谬。

Nevertheless, two points can be confirmed: first, whether the imperial clan school handled by Yongzheng in the second year of Yongzheng was "reopened" or "created", the reason is indeed related to the emperor's son's seizing the throne in the late Kangxi Dynasty. It has been said in the《true records of emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty》 that In order to make the family harmonious,relatives and friends sincere, we must educate them first. I often see some people in the imperial clan who are not kind-hearted, have selfish intentions, frame each other, and do not love each other. It's absurd to spoil your wife and treat other concubines as enemies.