Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations

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To the To Do list =1 朱素珍: Appreciation and criticism of poetry translation ——A Psalm of Life

摘要

 It is not difficult to translate poetry, and large quantities of translators and writers have provided us uncountable excellent versions of translation of poetry. As for the poetry translation appreciation and criticism, this essay would mainly discuss the appreciation and criticism of poetry translation based on the comparative analysis of different versions of translation of the same poetry——A Psalm of Life, written by Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow. After the comparable analysis of three versions, whether the cultural factor has been considered or not can be uncovered clearly. Furthermore, in the process of appreciation, people can also learn how to translate the poetry properly. Besides, such analysis is conducive to the appreciation of poetry translation in the cross-culture background, which is inspiring and instructive.

References

Wang Shidong (2010). On Chinese translations of 'Beloved'. Shanghai: Commerical Press

邹岳丽：A comparative study of different Chinese versions of I am a cat from the perspective of Newmark's translation theory

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摘要

纽马克在《翻译问题探索》一书中提出了“语义翻译和交际翻译”这两个概念，他坚持认为，不同的文本类型要采用不同的翻译方法。文学翻译是用不同的文学语言再现原作艺术形象和艺术风格, 以期译文读者能获得与原文读者同样的启发和感受，是一种艺术化的翻译方法。 文章从纽马克的“语义翻译”和“交际翻译”入手，对夏目漱石的作品《我是猫》的中文译本进行对比分析，同时印证纽马克理论可以运用到日本文学作品的汉译标准上来。

关键词

语义翻译;交际翻译;表达型文本

Abstract

Since its publication, I am a cat has been regarded as a representative work of Natsume Soseki. So far, there are several representative translated texts in China. Newmark put forward the two concepts of "semantic translation and communicative translation" in his book exploration of translation problems. He insisted that different text types should adopt different translation methods. Literary translation is to reproduce the artistic image and artistic style of the original work in different literary languages, so that the target readers can get the same inspiration and feelings as the original readers. It is an artistic translation method. Starting with Newmark's "semantic translation" and "communicative translation", this paper makes a comparative analysis of the Chinese translation of Natsume Soseki's work I am a cat,and proves that Newmark theory can be applied to the Chinese translation standard of Japanese literary works.

Keywords

semantic translation; Communicative translation; Expressive text

Introduction

This paper is an analysis of Natsume Soseki's mainland and Taiwan versions of I am a cat　from the perspective of Scottish theory. In this part, firstly, the significance of this study is briefly explained. Next, the research methods are clarified. Finally, the composition of this study is stated.

Research meaning

Natsume Soseki is a representative writer in modern Japanese literature. I am a cat is Soseki's first novel. In 1905, he published "I am a cat", which was highly praised. I am a cat was serialized on azalea from January 1905 (Meiji 38) to August 1906. From October 1905 to may 1907, the whole three volumes were jointly published by DaChang bookstore and clothing bookstore. The novel takes the cat as the protagonist and observes the world. You can see a lot of psychological descriptions and facial expressions. Moreover, from 1958 to now, there are more than 30 translations in the country, Not only in the mainland, but also in Taiwan. Not only the regions of translation are different, but also the periods of translation are different. Moreover, the translator fully envisages that the benchmarks and translation methods adopted are different, and the significance of the study on this point is. Based on the basic principles of Newmark's translation theory, this paper makes a comparative analysis of the Chinese versions of Natsume Soseki's representative work I am a cat.This paper mainly studies the fit between each translation and the original from the aspects of character description, cultural words, idiom translation and so on.

Research method

This study mainly adopts the methods of investigation, literature research, text analysis and comparative research.Firstly, the author investigates Natsume Soseki and I am a cat, the mainland and Taiwan versions, as well as the translators through investigation method. Then, I read the original and translation of I am a cat, collected and summarized the previous research, found the beginning of the research and decided the theme. Finally, the comparative study method is used to make a comparative analysis of the translation.

Composition of the paper

This paper is mainly composed of three parts. 3.4 this part introduces Newmark's translation. It is mainly introduced from the aspects of language function and text type, semantic translation and interlingual translation. 3.5 this part mainly introduces the selection of the three versions of I am a cat and its translators and translation background. 3.6 this part is based on the Newmark theory to appreciate the three Chinese versions of I am a cat. It mainly studies the fit between each translation and the original from the aspects of character description, cultural words and idiom translation. Finally, the conclusion is made in 3.7.

An introduction to Newmark 's translation theory

Many translators have put forward their own views on the translation of literary works, but few really put forward translation methods. As a famous British translation theorist, Newmark divided expressive text, informational text and vocative text according to the types of text in his first book approachs to translation published in 1981, and put forward the core of his translation theory - semantic translation and communicative translation, and its essence is the problem of "literal translation" and "free translation". After Eugene Nida, Newmark can be regarded as one of the most influential translation theorists . His main achievement is to put forward language function and text type, semantic translation and communicative translation.

Language function and text type

Newmark believes that translation is the translation of the text, and the study of translation cannot leave the text. On the basis of revising the language theory of buhler and Jakob-son's functional model, Newmark puts forward his own set of text functions and their classification according to different contents and styles. He divided the text into the following six kinds: expression function, information function, calling function, aesthetic function,entertainment function and metalanguage function.

Newmark’s Translation Theory--semantic translation and communicative translation

Peter Newmark defined communicative translation and semantic translation in his approachesto translation. "Communicative translation means that the effect of the translated text on the target readers is as equal as that of the original text on the original readers as possible. Semantic translation means that the contextual meaning of the original text is reproduced as accurately as possible on the premise that the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language allow." semantic translation regards the words and sentences of the original text as sacred and inviolable, even if there are ambiguities and errors in the original text. Newmark said: "the purpose of communicative translation is to reproduce the same effect felt by the original readers in the target language as much as possible". Semantic translation pursues the accuracy of the translation and mainly serves the primitive culture and the original author. It can be explained only when there is the greatest obstacle to the understanding of the meaning of the original text. Communicative translation pays more attention to readers' response, has strong subjectivity and serves the target culture. In order not to leave something difficult to understand, the translator can even revise the original work. Although there are great differences between semantic translation and communicative translation, they also have considerable unity in literary translation. If semantic translation and communicative translation can be used to convey at the same time, it may be the most "expressiveness" translation. However, if "the original text is important", we should be faithful to the original text and choose semantic translation. If readers cannot accept the information conveyed by the original text and the original information is not very important, they can choose communicative translation in a language more acceptable to the target language readers.

The selection of the three versions and the introduction of the translator and the background of their translation

Introduction to Natsume Soseki and I'm a cat

Natsume Soseki is a modern Japanese writer. He enjoys a high position in the history of modern Japanese literature and is known as the "national writer". He has high attainments in both eastern and Western cultures. He is not only an English scholar, but also good at haiku, Chinese poetry and calligraphy. When writing novels, he is good at using couplets, overlapping sentences, humorous language and novel forms. His precise and subtle description of personal psychology opened the trend of private novels in later generations. Many scholars came out of his door, and Ryunosuke Akutagawa was also promoted by him. He persisted in his critical attitude towards Meiji society all his life. On December 9, 1916, Natsume Soseki died of illness. 《I'm a cat》 is his maiden work. Through the vision of a kitten, I'm a cat describes the life of his owner, poor teacher Ku Shami, his friends, aesthetician Miting, philosopher Han Yue, poet Dongfeng and so on. They often talk loudly, recite poems and compositions, or tease each other in the Ku Shami's house. The main part of the novel revolves around the marriage of the neighbor capitalist Miss Jintian. In order to choose her son-in-law, Mrs. Jintian asked the Ku Shami about the Han Yue. The Ku Shami's arrogant attitude aroused the retaliation of the Mrs. Jintian. Mr. and Mrs. Jintian instigated his colleagues and students to make him restless, which seriously damaged his body and mind. Finally, another student entrepreneur of kushami, Duoliang Sanping, coveted the Jintian family's money, cheated the Miss Jintian’s favor, and ended the novel in their marriage.

A study on the original works and translation of I am a cat

In the first section, the study on the original and translation of I am a cat is discussed from the perspective of translation. For example, Liushuang (2012) published a paper entitled「文学翻訳における間投詞の働きについてー『吾輩は猫である』の中訳を例にして」, which explains the usage of auxiliary words between the original text and the Chinese translation from the perspective of literal translation and free translation. This paper analyzes the role of interval words in character description, character image description and psychological activity description. Zhang Xiaomin (2015) analyzed the influencing factors of translation methods and strategies according to three translation norms in a study on the translation of nonverbal (expression) expressions - centered on the two translations of I am a cat. In a study「日本文学作品の翻訳研究ー『吾輩は猫である』の両訳本を中心に」, Yang Juan (2015) selected the versions of the mainland Yu’s edition and the Taiwan Zhao’s edition, and analyzed the versions of Yu’s edition and Zhao’s edition by using the synchronic narrative comparative research method. According to relevant literature, the original translation is included in the「五四運動以来の日本文学研究と翻訳目次」published by the Institute of Foreign Studies of Northeast Normal University. This translation is published by Fengwen bookstore. The translator is Cheng Boxuan. Later, the people's Literature Publishing House published 『夏目漱石選集』 in 1958.The anthology contains the works translated by Hu Xue and his (that is, You Bingqi) and the works translated by Li Yongwei in Taiwan. Since the 1990s, many translations have been published.

Selection of the translation of I am a cat

The common target texts in this thesis are translated by Yu Lei in 1993, Liu Zhen in 1994 and Liu Ziqian in 2015. The reasons for choosing these three translations are as follows. Among the Chinese versions of I am a cat, Yu Lei's version has been printed the most. It can be said that it has been widely recognized in the mainland. Liu zhenzuo is a well-known translator in China. He studied in Japan. I read all kinds of Japanese literary works and translated them into Chinese. As a professor of Japanese literature, he has conducted in-depth research on Natsume Soseki and I am a cat and published many papers. It is said to be the most influential translation in academic circles. Therefore, their translation is reliable. The translations of Yu Lei and Liu Zhen were published at the same time. Moreover, the translation background is the same. However, Liu Zhenyan and Yu Lei, who has not studied abroad, have different translation purposes. The translation methods and strategies adopted are also different. Therefore, two translations were selected. In Taiwan, there are many translation books of Japanese literary works. There are not only the translations of Taiwanese translators, but also the translations of mainland translators. In the field of Japanese literary translation, exchanges between Mainland China and Taiwan are very frequent. When discussing the translation of Japanese literature in China, the research on the translation of Japanese literature in Taiwan is also very important. It is also meaningful to compare the versions of the mainland and Taiwan. It can enrich each other's language expression ability. Moreover, as a professional translator, Liu Zishu translated many Japanese literary works. In addition, as a modern female translator, its language and performance are different from those of grenade and Daozhen. Therefore, as a representative of Taiwan, I choose Liu Ziqian's translation of I am a cat.

The authors of the three translations

Translator Liu Zhenying Liu Zhen's pseudonym is Liu Nian, Shen Mei. Born in Yang City, Liaoning Province in 1915, he loved reading literary works when he was a child. From 1935 to 1941, he studied at the Higher Normal University of Tokyo University in Japan. After that, he taught Japanese in Beijing Normal University and other universities. He joined the Chinese Writers Association in 1962. After that, he served as the head teacher of the erudite course of Japanese literature. He published 『東方文学作品選』、『日本文学論集』and other works, and translated Japanese literary works such as 『吾輩は猫である』, 『坊ちゃん』 and 『小説神髄』. I am a cat translated by Liu Zhenying was published by Shanghai Translation Publishing House in 1994. Translator Yu Lei Yu Lei's names are Yu Fei, Duan Tianheng, etc. Born in Hehai City, Jilin Province in 1924, he graduated from the Department of literature of Northeast Normal University in 1950. While serving as literary editor of Liaoning People's Publishing House and northeast people's publishing house, he translated literary works. In 1985, he joined the Chinese Writers Association and published translated works, reportage, poetry and so on. In 1992, he won the title of excellent translator in Liaoning Province. When it comes to Chinese translation, there are 『枕草子』, 『吾輩は猫である』, 『春琴抄』, 『風雪』, 『不如帰』, etc. I am a cat translated by Yu Lei was published by Nanjing translation Lin publishing house in 1993. Translator Liu Ziqian Because there is little information about Liu Ziqian, I don't know when she was born. After graduating from the Department of Sociology of Taiwan Politics University, Liu Ziqian specialized in sociology at the University College of Tsukuba University in Japan. He is now a professional translator. Translated novels, art, practical and many other kinds of books. Representative translations include 『東野圭吾天王シリーズ』, 『ＬＥＶＥＬ７』, 『名もなき毒』,『誰かsomebody』,『容疑者Ｘの献身』,『女神記』,『蜘蛛男』,『門』,『吾輩は猫である』etc.I am a cat translated by Liu Ziqing was published by big brand culture in 2015.

Translation background and purpose of the three versions

Translation background and purpose of Liu Zhenying's version China and Japan have a long history of cultural exchanges, especially literary exchanges. In the 100 years of the 20th century, China paid special attention to Japan's modern literary world. For China in the early 20th century, Japanese modern literature is the medium between Chinese modern literature and Western literature, which has affected the formation and development of Chinese modern literary thought. In the past century, the translation of Japanese literary works has reached two climaxes. One is the May 4th New Culture Movement period, and the other is the 20 years since the 1980s. Over the past century, the exchanges between China and Japan have also been stagnant for a long time. Until the restoration of diplomatic relations between China and Japan in 1972, China and Japan resumed exchanges in economic, political, social, cultural and other fields. Since the reform and opening up, the literary exchanges between China and Japan have become more and more active. A large number of Japanese writers and literary works were introduced and translated into China. The two countries have conducted frequent exchanges in the field of literature. The translation of Japanese literary works is also very popular. Natsume Soseki is a Japanese writer well known to Chinese readers. In 1958,『夏目漱石の小説選』 was published. In the early 1980s, Natsume Soseki's works were translated a lot. 『以来』 (1982), 『心』, 『門』 (1985), 『三四郎』(1983), 『明と暗』 (1984) (translated as 『明暗』in 1987), 『夏目漱石の小説選』 (1984), 『道端草』(1985), 『愛情三部作』 (1988), etc. As for the translation of I am a cat, only the joint translation of Hu Xue and you bingpu in the anthology of Natsume Soseki is included. Moreover, this work brought social practical significance to China at that time. I am a cat translated by Liu Zhenyan and Yu Lei came into being under such a social background. Liu Zhenying studied for six years. He not only engaged in Japanese education for many years, but also read modern Japanese literature. Then I was studying Japanese literature. It is said that because of the experience of studying abroad, I can deeply understand Japanese society and have a good grasp of Japanese psychology. Then, after returning home, he taught Japanese in the University. Zhenyan translated I am a cat from the perspective of Japanese literature researchers and Japanese educators and introduced Japanese society to the Chinese people on the basis of feeling Japanese literature and customs. Therefore, there are many Japanese things in his translation. Translation background and purpose of Liu Ziqia's version In May 1895, Japan began to colonize Taiwan. After more than 50 years of colonial rule, many people were educated in Japanese. There are many Japanese words rooted in Taiwan. Moreover, many universities have also set up disciplines and lectures related to Japanese literature. The National Chengchi University, where Liu Ziqian graduated, opened the Japanese section of the Department of Oriental Philology (now the Department of Japanese Literature) in 1989. In recent years, international conferences on Japanese literature have also been held in Taiwan. There are many translations of Japanese literary works on bookshelves in bookstores in Taiwan. In addition, there are bookstores selling Japanese books instead of translating Japanese books. Japan and Taiwan frequently carry out such cultural exchanges. Liu Ziqian's translation of I am a cat came into being under such a social background. Liu Ziqian specializes in sociology. Then I went to Japan to study. Personally experienced Japanese culture, Japanese society and living habits. Moreover, as a professional translator, Liu Ziqian has translated many Japanese literary works. As a translator in Taiwan, her translation is mainly produced for Taiwanese. There are also many languages in Taiwanese that are the same as Japanese. Therefore, there are many literal translations in Liu Ziqian's translation.

An appreciation of the three Chinese versions of I am a cat from Newmark's theories of "semantic translation" and "communicative translation

character description

Many character descriptions in the article show the ignorance and ridicule in the depths of human heart. At the same time, from the perspective of "cat", it reflects the bad behavior and ugly form of human beings. Therefore, in the process of "vilifying" the characters, the exquisite portrait description also plays a great role. Example 1：「金田君は妻君に似合わず鼻の低い男である。 単に鼻のみではない、顔全体が低い。小供の時分喧嘩をして、餓鬼大将のために頸筋を捉まえられて、うんと精一杯に土塀へ圧し付けられた時の顔が四十年後の今日まで、 因果をなしておりはせぬかと怪まるるくらい平坦な顔である。」（From I'm a cat ’s Chapter 9） Liu Zhenying's translation ：金田君和他的老婆不同，是个鼻子扁平的家伙。不只是鼻子，整个面孔都是扁平的。他那扁平的面孔甚至使人怀疑，是不是在他小时候和顽童们打架，被孩子头儿抓住脖颈狠狠地压到墙上，把脸整个压扁，并且这个报应一直残留到他四十岁的今天。

Yu Lei's translation：此人和太太不同，是个塌鼻子。 不单是鼻子，整个脸都是扁的，令人疑心：是否小时候打架，被孩子王掐住脖子狠狠地往墙上撞，直到四十年后的今天，依然标志着那次战果。

Liu Ziqian's translation：金田不像太太那样，是个塌鼻子。不单是鼻子，整个脸都是扁平的。以至于叫人不能不疑心：莫非是小时候打架， 他被坏孩子掐住脖子猛劲摁在墙上挤压过，结果直到四十年后的今天，那张脸依然平坦。 Here is the author's description of Jin Tian. He not only has a short nose, but also has a flat face. 「因果をなしておりはせぬかと怪まるるくらい平坦な顔である」this sentence not only explained the reason for his flat face, but also made a strong mockery of Jin Tian. Liu's translation takes the author as the center and uses semantic translation. The translation basically retains the rhetoric, syntax and structure of the original work. The word "报应(retribution)" makes readers more able to read the feeling of satirizing Jintian. Yu Lei's translation and . Liu Ziqian's translation chose communicative translation in order to make it easier for readers to understand and accept. However, the author believes that the word "战果(fruits of war)" in Yu Lei's translation generally reminds people of the feeling of "fruits of victory, good results", while Liu Ziqian's translation is a little too plain, so Liu Zhenying's translation here is more in line with the original meaning.

treatment methods of cultural phenomena

Although China and Japan have many cultural similarities, they still have different cultural characteristics. Therefore, when translating words of such cultural phenomena, we should pay attention to the cultural background of the original language, consider the balance between translation effect and translation loss, and retain the language form of the original language as much as possible on the basis of conveying the deep meaning of the original culture. Example 2：「主人は例のごとく書斎へ引き籠（こも)る。小供は六畳の間（ま）へ枕をならべて寝る」（From I'm a cat ’s Chapter 5） Liu Zhenying 's translation：主人照例又锁回到他的书斋里去。 主人家的小孩子们在六叠（计算日式房间的面积单位，一叠大致长为 1.9 m，宽为 0.95 m）的房间里并枕入睡。 Yu Lei's translation：主人照例钻进书房，孩子们去一个12 m2 的小屋并枕而眠。 Liu Ziqian's translation：主人照例钻进书房，孩子们在一个六榻榻米的屋子里并枕甜睡。 The Quantifier "畳" is used to convey the unique linguistic and cultural characteristics of Japan. Obviously, the three translators have great differences in the translation of "六畳の間". According to Newmark's translation theory, when the content of the original text involves its own unique natural environment, social system and cultural customs, the translator can retain the original language culture, replace it with the target language culture, and choose a neutral expression method. For example, the translator can add notes, free translation or interpretation through transliteration. By adding notes, Liu Zhenying 's translation complements the lack of source culture in the target language, showing different language styles and different cultural colors.The method of annotation not only enriches the language expression of the target language, but also retains the flavor of the original text, reflecting the important role of supplementary interpretation in translation. Yu Lei's translation and Liu Ziqian 's translation use communicative translation and translate directly without direct annotation. The writing is fluent and free of cumbersome feeling. The author believes that Liu Zhenying's translation retains the style of the original text, but as a literary translation, this treatment may be too cumbersome. Yu Lei's translation is an expression completely translated into Chinese. Liu Ziqian's translation of "六畳の間" not only translated the meaning of the original text, but also made readers feel the unique culture of Japan.

translation of Proverbs

As a unique language form, proverbs represent the profound cultural connotation of the country and have the characteristics of the nation. Therefore, when Translating Proverbs, how to reasonably display the differences between the two cultures through translation, so as not to lose the style of the original work, but also to make the readers fully understand, the translator needs to deal with it through his own translation skills and language ability. 例 3：「女賢しゅうしてと云う諺はあるが猫賢しゅうして鼠捕り損なうと云う格言はまだ無いはずだ。」（From I'm a cat ’s Chapter 5） Liu Zhenying ’s translation：俗语中有女子好耍小聪明的说法，可还没有听说过这样的格言。 “猫儿因好耍小聪明而捉不住老 鼠”。 Yu Lei ’s translation：虽有“女子无才便是德”的谚语，却还没有“猫捕不到鼠便是德”的格言。 Liu Ziqian ’s translation：虽有“女子无才便是德”的谚语，却还没有 “猫捕不到鼠便是德”的格言。 “女賢しゅうして” ’s the original sentence “女さかしゅうして牛売りそこなう”，It means that a woman seeks temporary tongue fast, but ignores the interests of the overall situation. Yu Lei ’s translation and Liu Ziqian ’s translation translated this sentence into "女子无才便是德", and translated the latter half of the sentence "猫賢しゅうして鼠捕り損なう" into“猫捕不到鼠便是德". Although this maintains the content and form of the original text, the phrase "女子无才便是德" means that a woman has moral cultivation only if she does not argue with others, Its background is derived from the feudal historical period in ancient China, so it is not very appropriate to translate it as "女子无才便是德". In contrast, Liu Zhenying 's translation adopts the means of semantic translation to faithfully express the meaning of the original text, which also enables readers to better understand the connotation of the original text.

conclusion

This paper analyzes the three versions from the three dimensions of character description, cultural phenomenon words and proverbs’ translation, which proves the feasibility and practical guiding significance of Newmark's translation theory. According to Newmark's text type theory, I am a cat is a kind of expression type text. Semantic translation can highlight different language styles and different cultural colors; Communicative translation can help readers read the text more smoothly and reduce the loss caused by the obstacle of understanding different cultures. By comparing the three versions o, I am a cat , we can see that for the same literary work, there are parts suitable for semantic translation and communicative translation. Semantic translation and communicative translation can also complement each other in the translation of the same part. Therefore, it is impossible for translation to use one method alone, and of course, semantic translation and communicative translation cannot be compared. The two have different emphases, but they are unified with each other. Therefore, when translating literary works, on the basis of faithful understanding of the meaning of the original text, if semantic translation and communicative translation can be combined, perhaps the harmony between the translation and the original text, faithfulness and creation can be realized in the process of translation.

Reference

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