Revision as of 21:39, 8 December 2021

1 Ei Mon Kyaw: Appropriateness Theory in Translation Studies

Student Name Ei Mon Kyaw, Student No. 202111080021

Abstract

This chapter is on ....This paper is an analysis to the .... of language and translation. Translation has been influenced by many social and intercultural factors. In this paper, ........ will be surveyed.

Key words

Translation Theory, Appropriateness Theory, Translational Studies

Introduction

Literature Review

Interpreting theories and interpreting studies are as old as human languages. According to Seyed Hossein Heydarian, every language has a specific fingerprint of translation strategies (Woesler 2020, 345).

1.Translation Studies

1.1

1.2

2.Translation Theory

3.Translation Theory

3.1

3.2

4.Appropriateness Theory

4.1

4.2

Conclusion

--EIMONKYAW (talk) 15:35, 8 December 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw ------Ei Mon Kyaw-EIMONKYAW (talk) 15:35, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

References

Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona Muenster: LIT

Ei Mon Kyaw

Creat_App_Theo_EN_1

--EIMONKYAW (talk) 13:18, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw -Ei Mon Kyaw-EIMONKYAW (talk) 13:18, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

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 ===Literature Review===
 Interpreting theories and interpreting studies are as old as human languages. According to Seyed Hossein Heydarian, every language has a specific fingerprint of translation strategies (Woesler 2020, 345).
-The translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek in the 3rd century BCE is regarded as the first major translation in the western world. This translation is known as the “Septuagint”, a name that refers to the seventy scholars who were commissioned to translate the Hebrew Bible in Alexandria, Egypt. Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical.The translator’s role as a bridge for “carrying across” values between cultures has been discussed since Terence, a Roman playwright who translated and adapted Greek comedies into Latin in the 2nd century BCE.Cicero famously cautioned against translating “word for word” (“verbum pro verbo”) in “On the Orator” (“De Oratore”, 55 BCE): “I did not think I ought to count them [the words] out to the reader like coins, but to pay them by weight, as it were.” Cicero, a statesman, orator, lawyer and philosopher, was also a translator from Greek to Latin, and compared the translator to an artist.The debate about sense-for-sense translation vs. word-for-word translation dates back to antiquity. The coiner of the term “sense for sense” is said to be Jerome (commonly known as St. Jerome) in his “Letter to Pammachius” (396). While translating the Bible into Latin (a translation known as the “Vulgate”), Jerome stated that the translator needed to translate “not word for word but sense for sense” (“non verbum e verbo sed sensum de sensu”).
-Kumārajīva, a Buddhist monk and scholar, was a prolific translator into Chinese of Buddhist texts written in Sanskrit, a monumental work he carried out in the late 4th century. Kumārajīva’s clear and straightforward translations focused more on conveying the meaning than on precise literal rendering. They had a deep influence on Chinese Buddhism, and are still more popular than later, more literal translations.
-The spread of Buddhism led to large-scale translation efforts spanning more than a thousand years throughout Asia. Major works were sometimes translated in a rather short time. The Tanguts for example took mere decades to translate works that had taken the Chinese centuries to translate, with contemporary sources describing the Emperor and his mother personally contributing to the translation, alongside sages of various nationalities.
-Large-scale translation efforts were also undertaken by the Arabs after they conquered the Byzantine Empire, in order to offer Arabic versions of all major Greek philosophical and scientific works.
-Roger Bacon, a 13th-century English scholar, was the first to assess that a translator should have a thorough knowledge of both the source language and the target language to produce a good translation, and that he should also be well versed in the discipline of the work he was translating.
-The first “fine” translations into English were produced by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century. Chaucer founded an English poetic tradition based on translations or adaptations of literary works in Latin and French, two languages that were more established than English at the time. The “finest” religious translation was the “Wycliffe’s Bible” (1382-84), named after John Wycliffe, the theologian who translated the Bible from Latin to English.
-The linguistic-oriented 'science’of translation has continued strongly in Germany and the concept of equivalence associated the ling. approach has declined.The rise of theories centered around text types (Reiss;) and text purpose (the skopos theory of Reiss and Vermeer). Contrastive analysis has fallen by the wayside.Translation is a form of interhuman communication. Jakobson said it has three ways:intralingual, interlingual, and intersemiotic.Translation linguistics - equivalency theory (lists of equivalent terms - prescriptive) – styistique compare (Vinay/Darbelnet, Malblanc) – Eugene Nida (sense/style/function equivalent bible translator – has overcome linguistic simplification by looking at function).They could not explain validity/correctness of different translations. 1970s finetuning of equivalency Koller 1992.leaving equivalency.translatological text linguistics and pragmatism – descriptive translation studies
-considered text as a whole, author, translator. Profited from contemporanian speech act theory. “situation adequacy of the target text is more important than semantic, syntactic or formal equivalency”. Hönig/Kußmaul: “text bound communication between translator and identifiable target readers” (communication function). 4 pragmatic basic types:
-. target readers of source and target text are similar => target text must fit expectations of target readers (functional, target-reader-directed)
-. source text is directed to source readers => translation documentary-alienating
-. target directed texts (texts which should be interpreted) => interpreter/translator can use source text freely to achieve function in target text
-descriptive translation studies (target text is most important). Interdisciplinary stratification model (Snell-Hornby 1988): situative translation – functional translatology: scopos theory (Reiß/Vermeer 1984/²1991) translation is complex, intercultural communicative act of translator (finally valued important), translation order defines if target text shall be functional adequate or inadequate.
 ===1.Translation Studies===

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