User:Zhang Yange

My name is Zhang Yange, 23 years old, I come from Zhengzhou, Henan Province. I graduated from Henan Normal University. Now I am a postgraduate student in Hunan Normal University, majoring in English translation. I have the TEM-8 certificate and the CATTI English Translation Certificate (Level 3). Hope to meet more friends.

Nov 6, 2024

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today I finished my translation homework.

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Dec 30, 2024

Abucus

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Zhang Yange/Mia 202370081591

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Abstract

Abacus is an excellent traditional cultural treasure of the Chinese nation, and it is an advanced calculating tool that is constantly improved and perfected in the competition with a variety of computing tools and methods. On December 4, 2013, the Abacus was added to UNESCO’s list of intangible Cultural Heritage, further underlining its importance in global cultural diversity. Abacus has a long history in China, which is an invention of practical value and significance for the Chinese people, and has always been an important field of traditional Chinese mathematics research. Dr. Li Zhengdao (1972) once called the Chinese abacus “the oldest computer.” Nowadays, although the rapid development of modern science and technology, electronic computers are widely used, the abacus still cannot be replaced. In addition to China, many countries in Southeast Asia, as well as Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, France and other countries are still widely using abacus. (Xie Jingui, 2001)

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Origin

Abacus is a unique mathematical tool, which is a method of counting with abacus formula. First invented by the Chinese, abacus is the essence of traditional Chinese mathematics and algorithms. Xu Yue’s book The Memory of Numeracy in the Eastern Han Dynasty is the earliest book to record abacus, and the term abacus first appeared in the book. There are 14 methods of calculation recorded in the book, six of which can be classified as abacus, where the term “abacus” refers to ancient calculators, as opposed to today’s abacus calculations. (Liu Qiyuan, 1995)

When the ancient Chinese abacus exactly began is still in debate. In the painting Along the River at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan (1085-1145), a famous painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a pattern shaped like an abacus. Yuan Dynasty painter Wang Zhenpeng has an abacus similar to the modern abacus in his Qiankunyidan Map (1310). Liu Yin (1248-1293) of the Yuan Dynasty wrote a five-character quatrains called Abacus Poems which was in the Collected Works of Mr. Retreat (1279). These historical materials show that in the Song and Yuan dynasties, abacus had been popularized to a certain extent, and there was a beaded abacus with a frame, a beam and a file basically the same as in modern times. As for the appearance of the Abacus in the West, Keith F. Sugden, in A History of the Abacus (1981), suggested that the abacus originated in Greece in the 7th century BC, but the exact date remains to be explored. (Han Xiaoju, 2016)

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Development

Chinese traditional abacus has a long developing history. It can be divided into three historical stages: Chou Suan calculation, abacus calculation and abacus-based mental calculation. Let's learn each of these three stages.

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Stage one: Chou Suan calculation

The Chou Suan calculation was invented by the Chinese working people in the practice of production and labor. according to China’s famous abacus scientist Hua Yinchun’ research: “The method of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing the numbers by arranging sticks into chips is called “Chou Suan calculation”. ( Liu Qiyuan, 1995) As the predecessor of the abucus calculation, the calculation chip is made of narrow bamboo pieces or sticks, and there are two ways to express the calculation chip: the vertical and the horizontal. When it is needed to represent “0”, there is an empty digit. The following is the pictures.

The calculation stick is a tool invented by the ancient Chinese people, and its calculation method is called Chou Suan calculation. Chou Suan is one of the splendid cultures created by the Chinese nation. Dr. Joseph Needham (1954), a British expert on science and technology, pointed out in his History of Science and Technology in China that “the inventions and discoveries of ancient China had surpassed those of the European contemporaries, especially before the 15th century.” (Joseph Needham, 1978)

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Stage two: Abucus calculation

The evolution of Chinese ancient mathematics from Chou Suan to abacus was about in the Ming Dynasty. At that time, China’s capitalist mode of production began to sprout, with the development of social economy, commercial practical arithmetic became prosperous, thus the abacus calculation was widely promoted, and gradually replaced the calculation. Chinese traditional mathematics thus entered a new period centered on the abacus calculation.

The earliest existing abacus books are the Pan Abacus Method (1573) and Mathematical Passage (1578), the most important contribution of these two books is the change from the traditional Chinese mathematical Chou Suan formula to the abacus formula. The former recorded the formula of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing abacus and the later introduced the nine-nine general calculation song. The culmination of the abacus algorithm was Cheng Dawei’s work, The Collection of abucus Algorithms (1592), which detailed the abacus system and its use.

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Stage three: abucus-based mental calculation

With the development and prosperity of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics, calculation has become more important. In order to meet the needs of The Times, the “three calculations and abacus mental calculation” created in China came into being, and the abacus developed into the abacus-based mental calculation.

The so-called “three calculations” are three calculation methods: written calculation, abacus calculation and oral calculation. And the oral calculation, is the abacus-based mental calculation. The “abacus-based mental calculation” developed on the basis of “three calculations” is to sublimate the abacus to brain calculation on the basis of skilled abacus calculation, that is, to sublimate the abacus to an advanced stage.

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Overseas Development

Since the introduction of abacus from China to Japan in Ming Dynasty, it has been valued and welcomed by different sectors in Japan. The earliest abacus in Japan was the Ming abacus introduced from China, which was the same as the Chinese abacus, with two beads on the top and five beads on the bottom, but the common abacus in Japan was one bead on the top and five beads on the bottom.

Japan attached great importance to abacus education, and “reading, writing, and abacus calculation” became the basic knowledge and skills necessary for Japanese in the 17th century. In the 19th year of Showa (1944), Japan began to hold a national abacus ability test. In Showa 36 (1961), Japan began to hold international abacus competitions, and gradually increased exchanges with other countries. (Xie Jingui, 2001)

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The structure and instruction of the abacus

The abacus usually consists of a rectangular wooden or plastic frame with a beam in the middle of the abacus that divides the abacus into upper and lower parts. The upper part of the beam is called the “upper bead” and the lower part is called the “lower bead”. There are usually two beads on the top of the beam, with each bead representing the value 5. There are usually five beads under the beam, with each lower bead representing the value 1. Each column of the abacus consists of a rod representing a digit, from right to left is a digit, tens, hundreds, thousands and etc, each digit has a corresponding upper and lower bead. Some abacus have a liquidator at one end of the beam for quickly returning the beads to their original state. (Li Yan, 1984)

With the abacus you can do all kinds of operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and so on. We're going to focus here on addition. To perform addition operations on an abacus, first zero the abacus, place the addition on the abacus, add the addition digit by digit, and move the lower bead of the corresponding digit up one bead for each additional 1. For each increase of 5, the top bead of the corresponding digit is moved up by one.

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Cultural values of the abucus

A. Literary Works . During the reign of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty (1506-1521 AD), more and more abacus appeared in literary works. In the 36th round of The Story of The Stone, when writing Baoyu, “calculation” was used. The appearance of words related to abacus such as “arrangement” also shows that abacus presents diversification in literary language and literary meaning, making abacus more deeply involved in literary works. (Chen Ling, 2013)

B. Folk traditions. Abucus is deeply rooted in Chinese folk culture. There are many folk cultures related to the abacus, such as riddles, allegorical sayings, common sayings and couplets. For example, “no matter three seven 21”, “one back two sixty-five”, “wishful calculation”, “little ninety-nine”, etc. All of these show that the expressions closely related to the abacus has become a common language.

C. Drawing. The abacus also appeared in elegant paintings. Mr. Qi Baishi, a famous painter, used an abacus as the main layout and painted a work called “Wealth Map” as his home collection, which is now stored in Beijing Painting Academy.

D. Jewelry. Chinese people who have special feelings for abacus also make them into jewelry and other ornaments. There are bracelets, necklaces, rings, earrings and others. The exquisite craftsmanship of abacus jewelry is loved by the public, which indicates that the appearance of the abacus has been accepted by the public.

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Cultural Significance of the Abucus

A. A symbol of wealth. Since ancient times, the abacus has been used to sum up money, so it has the meaning of attracting money, prosperous wealth, and the abacus is regarded as a symbol of wealth and prosperity. (Chen Ling, 2013)

B. Good luck to ward off evil spirits. In ancient times, children wore necklaces with abacus patterns, which had the meaning of warding off evil. In Anhui province, the silver abacus lock is called the “long life lock”, so it has the meaning of safety.

C. A symbol of wisdom. In daily life, people often hear the metaphors of “golden abacus” and “iron abacus”, which describe the wisdom of “All money in, no money out”.

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Reflection

With the popularity of electronic products such as computers and mobile phones, people’s demand for abacus has gradually decreased, and some young people even know nothing about abacus calculation, which brings challenges to the inheritance of abacus. Therefore, we need to think about how to inherit and protect the abacus.

In terms of technology inheritance, abacus calculation looks simple, but there are many ways to calculate. Although abacus calculation and abucus-based mental arithmetic has a certain application in the field of education, its popularization and promotion in the whole society are not enough, so publicity and education of abucus need to be strengthened. At the same time, schools and society can hold various abacus competitions and practical activities to stimulate students’ interest and enthusiasm.

In terms of cultural inheritance, abacus actually originated in China and then spread to Japan and other countries, but now China pays less attention to it, while Japan is vigorously promoting and developing abacus. As a student, we should assume the responsibility of inheriting and spreading the abacus culture.

Personally, I would like to talk about why I chose abacus as the topic of my final paper. I was born in 2001, but China’s education administration removed the abacus from textbooks in 2000, resulting in some students who lack understanding and learning about the abacus, and I am one of the students who missed learning the abacus. In August 2024, during the summer holiday, I was teaching math to my little sister , and there was a chapter on abacus in her math textbook. However, embarrassingly, I don’t understand it at all, let alone teach my sister. So I started to learn the simple abacus arithmetic by myself, and then I can teach her. In this process, I realized the charm of abacus, a small abacus can calculate different complex problems!

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Terms and expressions

Abucus calculation珠算

Chou Suan calculation with sticks筹算

Abucus-based mental calculation珠算式心算

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division加减乘除

Vertical formula纵式

Horizontal formula横式

Written calculation, Oral calculation, Mental calculation三算

The upper bead上珠

The lower bead下珠

Carry进位

Borrow借位

Gold abacus金算盘

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Questions

1. What is the earliest book to record abacus?

2. How many stages did the abacus experience?

3. Who comprehensively summarized the abacus calculation method?

4. What is the difference between the Japanese abacus and the Chinese abacus?

5. What is the cultural significance of the abacus?

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Answers

1. Xu Yue’s book called Mathematical memorization.

2.There are stages, they are Chou Suan stage, Abucus stage and Abucus-based mental calculation stage.

3.Mr. Cheng Dawei.

4. the Chinese abacus was with two beads on the top and five beads on the bottom, but the common abacus in Japan was one bead on the top and five beads on the bottom.

5. A symbol of wealth, Good luck to ward off evil spirits, A symbol of wisdom.

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Reference

[1] Keith F. Sugden. A History of the Abacus [J]. The Accounting Historians Journal, 1981(02).

[2] (Japan) LingMuJiuNan. A brief history of the development of Japanese abacus [J]. Abucus, 1996, (6).

[3] Joseph Needham. History of science and technology in China [J]. Beijing: Science Press, 1978,(3): 165.

[4] Xu Yue. Mathematical memorization [M]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1980.

[5] Chen Ling. A study of Abacus culture in ancient China and the East Asian world [J]. Journal of Xiamen University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2013, (05):46-53.

[6] Han Xiaoju. A comparative study of Chinese and Western abacus [D]. Hebei University, 2016.

[7] Hua Yin Chun. Chinese abacus history manuscript [M]. Beijing: China Financial and Economic Press, 1987.

[8] Li Yan. History of Chinese mathematics [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore, 1984: 169.

[9] Liu Qiyuan. Brief discussion of the origin and application of abacus [J]. Guizhou Education, 1995, (10): 41-43.

[10] Liu Yin. Mr. Jing Xiu’s Collection [M]. A series of four books: 66.

[11] Xie Jingui. The origin and development of abacus [J]. Journal of Tibet University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2001, (04): 91-94.

[12] Xu Yilin. Anthology of Japanese abacus [M]. Beijing: BeijingScience Press, 2008: 53-55.

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AI Statement

I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

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珠算

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Zhang Yange /Mia 202370081591

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摘要

珠算是中华民族传统的优秀文化瑰宝，是在与多种算具、算法竞争中，不断加以改进和完善的一种先进计算方法和计算工具。2013年12月4日，珠算被列入联合国教科文组织的非物质文化遗产名录，这进一步强调了其在全球文化多样性中的重要地位。珠算在中国历史悠久，源远流长，是中国人民一项具有实用价值和意义的创造发明，历来是中国传统数学研究的一个重要领域。李政道博士(1972)曾将中国算盘誉为“最古老的计算机”。在当今社会，虽然现代科学技术发展迅速，电子计算机被广泛利用，但仍旧无法取代珠算。除我国之外，在东南亚许多国家，以及日本、美国、英国、法国等国仍在广泛使用珠算。

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起源

珠算是以算盘为工具，用珠算口诀进行计数运算的一种方法，是一种独特的数学工具和手段。珠算最早由中国人发明，是中国传统数学和算法中的奇葩。我国东汉徐岳著的《数术记遗》，是最早记载珠算的著作，书中首次出现珠算这一名词。书中记载了14种计算方法，其中有6种可以归类为珠算，此处的“珠算”一词指古算器，与如今以算盘运算有所不同。 中国古代的珠算具体开始于何时，还是一个有争论的问题。北宋著名画家张择端(1085—1145)所绘的《清明上河图》中有一只形似算盘的图案。元代画家王振鹏《乾坤一担图》(1310)中有一把与现代算盘相似的算盘。元代刘因(1248—1293)《静修先生文集》(1279)中有五言绝句《算盘诗》。这些史料说明，在我国宋元时期，珠算在民间已经有一定程度的普及了，出现了与现代基本相同的有框、有梁、有档的串珠算盘。至于西方算盘的出现，1981年，Keith F. Sugden在《A History of the Abacus》（《算盘的历史》）中认为算盘是起源于公元前7世纪的希腊，具体时间仍有待考证。

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发展

我国传统文化珠算源远流长。珠算这一传统文化可以划分为三个历史阶段：筹算文化、珠算文化和珠算式心算文化。下面我们分别来介绍这三个阶段。

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第一阶段：筹算

中国劳动人民在生产劳动实践中发明创造的筹算，据我国著名珠算学家华印椿考证：“用筹排成筹码记数后，按照一定的规则进行加、减、乘、除、开方等运算，这种方法叫做‘筹算’。”

作为珠算文化的前身—筹算文化，算筹是用狭长的竹片（或木棍）制成的，算筹有两种表示方法：纵式和横式。当纵式和横式表示“0”时，则空一位。如下图：

算筹是我国古代劳动人民发明创造的计算工具，其计算的方法叫做筹算。筹算是中华民族创造的光辉灿烂的文化之一。英国科技史专家李约瑟博士(1954)在《中国科学技术史》中指出：“中国古代的发明和发现往往超过同时代的欧洲，特别是15世纪以前更是如此。”

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第二阶段：珠算

中国古代数学从筹算向珠算演变大约在明代。当时，我国的资本主义生产方式开始萌芽，随着社会经济的发展，商业实用算术得以繁荣，珠算由此得到普遍推广，逐渐取代了筹算，中国传统数学由此进入了以珠算为中心的新时期。

现存最早的珠算书是《盘珠算法》(1573)和《数学通轨》(1578)，这两本书的最重要贡献，就是将中国传统数学的筹算歌诀改为了珠算口诀。《盘珠算法》记载了珠算的加减乘除口诀。《数学通轨》介绍了九九总念歌，记载了加减乘除口诀。 集珠算算法之大成的是程大位的新编《直指算法统宗》(1592)，书中详述算盘制度及其用法。

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第三阶段：珠算式心算 随着中国特色社会主义经济的发展与繁荣，计算变得更加重要。为了满足时代的需要，我国创造的“三算和珠算式心算”便应运而生，珠算文化便发展为珠算式心算文化。所谓“三算”，就是笔算、珠算和口算三种计算方法。而其中的口算，就是珠算式心算。在“三算”基础上发展起来的“珠算式心算”，就是在娴熟的珠算技术的基础上，将珠算升华到脑算，即把珠算升华到高级阶段。

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海外发展

珠算自明代从中国引入日本后，得到了日本各界的重视与欢迎。日本最早的算盘是从中国传入的明式算盘，样式与中国相同，是上二珠下五珠的，但是日本通用的算盘是上一珠下五珠。

日本非常重视珠算教育，“读书、写字、打算盘”成为17世纪日本国民必备的基本知识技能。昭和19年(1944)全国统一举行珠算能力检定考试。昭和36年(1961)，日本开始举行国际珠算比赛,并且逐渐加强对外交流。

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算盘的结构和操作方法

算盘通常由一个矩形的木制或塑料框架构成，算盘中间有一根横梁，将算盘分为上下两部分。横梁上方称为“上珠”，下方称为“下珠”。 横梁上方的珠子通常有两颗，每颗上珠代表数值5。横梁下方的珠子通常有五颗，每颗下珠代表数值1。算盘的每一列由一根杆代表一个数位，从右到左依次是个位、十位、百位、千位等，每个数位都有对应的上珠和下珠。有些算盘在横梁的一端设有清盘器，用于快速将珠子归位到初始状态。

利用算盘可以进行各种运算，比如加法、减法、乘法和除法等等。这里我们主要讲一下加法。在算盘上进行加法运算时，首先将算盘清零，将被加数放在算盘上，逐位加上加数，每增加1，就将对应数位的下珠向上移动一颗。每增加5，就将对应数位的上珠向上移动一颗。当下珠满5时，需要向上一位进1，即把下珠全部归位，并将上珠向上移动一颗。这里面的“上”指“进位”，“下”指“借位。”

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算盘的文化价值

文学作品。在明正德年间（公元1506-1521年）以后，在文学作品中越来越多的出现了算盘的身影。《红楼梦》第三十六回中写宝玉的时候便用了“盘算”。“盘算”等与算盘相关词语的出现，也说明了算盘在文学语言和文学意义上呈现多元化，使算盘更能深入到文学作品之中。

民俗传统。算盘根深于中国的民俗文化之中。有众多的谜语、歇后语、俗语、对联等民俗文化与算盘相关。比如“不管三七二十一”、“一退二六五”、“如意算盘”、“小九九”等都表明与算盘息息相关语言已经成为常用语言。

绘画。算盘也进入高雅的绘画之中。著名画家齐白石先生曾以算盘为主体布局，画过一幅名为《发财图》的作品作为家藏，现藏于北京画院。

首饰。对算盘有特殊感情的中国人还将算盘做成首饰等装饰品。其中有手镯、项链、戒指、手链、耳坠等类型。算盘首饰制作技艺精湛、工艺精美，为大众所喜爱。这表明算盘的外观已为大众的审美所接受。

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珠算的文化内涵

财富的象征。自古以来，算盘都是用来算账的，因此，具有财源滚滚、旺财招财、招财进宝的寓意，算盘被当作象征富贵的吉祥物，为人们推崇。

吉祥辟邪。在古代小孩的脖子上戴的挂饰上有算盘的图案，有辟邪的寓意。银锁算盘在徽州民间称作是“长命锁”(图20)，因而有保平安的寓意。

智慧的象征。在生活中，常会听到“金算盘”、“铁算盘”的比喻，形容的多是“算进不算出”的精明。

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反思

随着计算机、手机等电子产品的普及，人们对珠算心算的需求逐渐降低，部分年轻人甚至对珠算心算一无所知，这给珠算的传承带来了挑战。因此，我们需要思考，该如何传承保护珠算。

在方法传承方面，珠算看似简单，计算方法却有多种。尽管珠算心算在教育领域有一定的应用，但在全社会的普及和推广力度还不够，需要加强宣传教育。同时，学校和社会可以举办各种珠算比赛和实践活动，激发学生的兴趣和积极性。

在文化传承方面，珠算本是发源于中国，而后传播到日本等国家，可是如今中国对其重视程度却有所降低，反而日本在大力宣传推广和发展珠算。作为一名学生，我们要承担起继承和传播珠算文化的责任。

个人方面，我想谈一下我为什么选择珠算作为我的论文题目。我出生于2001年，但是中国的教育行政部门于2000年将珠算从课本中移除，导致新一代学生对珠算缺乏了解和学习，我就是错过学习珠算的其中一名学生。2024年8月，正值暑假期间，我负责教我即将上三年级的侄女学习数学，恰好三年级的数学课本上有一章节是珠算，尴尬的是我完全不会，更别提教我的侄女。于是我先自己学习了简单的珠算运算方法，然后再重新教她。在这个过程中，我体会到了珠算的魅力，小小的算盘能够计算如此复杂的题目。

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术语

Abucus calculation珠算

Chou Suan calculation with sticks筹算

Abucus-based mental calculation珠算式心算

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division加减乘除

Vertical formula纵式

Horizontal formula横式

Written calculation, Oral calculation, Mental calculation三算

The upper bead上珠

The lower bead下珠

Carry进位

Borrow借位

Gold abacus金算盘

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问题

1. 最早记载珠算的著作是什么？

2. 珠算文化经历了哪几个阶段？

3. 集珠算算法之大成的是谁？

4. 日本的算盘和中国的算盘区别是什么？

5. 算盘的文化内涵是什么？

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答案 1.徐岳《数学记遗》。

2.三个阶段：筹算、珠算、珠算式心算。

3.程大位。

4.中国算盘上二珠下五珠，日本通用算盘上一珠下五珠。

5.财富的象征、幸运辟邪、智慧的象征。

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参考文献

[1] Keith F. Sugden. A History of the Abacus [J]. The Accounting Historians Journal, 1981(02).

[2] (日)铃木久男. 日本珠算发展简史 [J]. 珠算, 1996, (6).

[3] (英)李约瑟. 中国科学技术史 [J]. 北京:科学出版社, 1978,(3): 165.

[4] (东汉)徐岳. 数术记遗 [M]. 北京:文物出版社, 1980.

[5] 陈玲. 中国古代与东亚世界的珠算文化研究 [J]. 厦门大学学报( 哲学社会科学版), 2013, (05):46-53.

[6] 韩小菊. 中西算盘对比研究[D]. 河北大学, 2016.

[7] 华印椿. 中国珠算史稿 [M]. 北京:中国财政经济出版社, 1987.

[8] 李俨. 中国算学史 [M]. 上海:上海书店, 1984: 169.

[9] 刘启元. 简谈珠算的起源与运用 [J]. 贵州教育, 1995, (10): 41-43.

[10] 刘因. 静修先生文集 [M]. 四部丛刊景元本: 66.

[11] 谢金贵. 珠算的起源与发展 [J]. 西藏民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版), 2001, (04): 91-94.

[12] 徐泽林译注. 和算选粹 [M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2008: 53-55.

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人工智能声明

我在此保证我没有使用AI来帮助我完成我的期末论文。