Difference between revisions of "User:Liu Zeyu"

Revision as of 15:26, 30 December 2024

As a graduate student specializing in English Interpreting, I am deeply passionate about the nuances and intricacies of the language. Equipped with a solid foundation in English linguistics and cultural studies, I excel in bridging communication gaps between diverse linguistic communities. My academic pursuits have honed my skills in consecutive and simultaneous interpretation, enabling me to navigate complex dialogues with precision and agility. Passionate about learning and adaptability, I am committed to enhancing my interpreting capabilities and contributing to global understanding through language.

20241101

:I talked with AI about genders in french? Answer: "Sun" in French is "le soleil," which is masculine, and "moon" in French is "la lune," which is feminine.

20241102:

Question: List at least five French vocabulary words related to "travel" and provide their English translations. Answer: Passport (passeport) - passport Hotel (hôtel) - hotel Airplane ticket (billet d'avion) - airplane ticket Suitcase (valise) - suitcase Tour guide (guide) - tour guide

20241103

I talked with AI about the Question: How do you conjugate the verb "être" (to be) in the present tense for all subjects?

Answer: Je suis, tu es, il/elle/on est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils/elles sont.

20241104

:I asked AI What are the French equivalents for the following English words: book, pen, table, chair? Answer: livre, stylo, table, chaise.

20241105

:i asked AI How do you ask for directions to the nearest train station in French? Answer: Pardon, où se trouve la gare la plus proche?

20241106

:i aksed AI What is the French term for the traditional French meal that consists of multiple courses? Answer: Le gouter.

20241107

:i aksed AI Practice introducing yourself in French. What would you say? Answer: Je m'appelle [your name]. J'habite à [your city]. J'apprends le français.

20241108

:iasked AI How do you conjugate the verb "aller" (to go) in the present tense for all subjects? Answer: Je vais, tu vas, il/elle/on va, nous allons, vous allez, ils/elles vont.

20241109

：“venir”（来）和 “aller”（去）之间的区别是什么？ 解答：“Venir” 意思是朝向说话者所在的地点或某个参考点来，而 “aller” 意思是前往另一个地点。例如，“Je viens à la maison”（我正回到我现在所在的家或所提及的家）以及 “Je vais au cinéma”（我前往电影院，这是另一个地方）。

20241110

：动词 “parler”（说，讲）的直陈式现在时变位是怎样的？ Je parle（我说），tu parles（你说），il/elle/on parle（他 / 她 / 人们说），nous parlons（我们说），vous parlez（你们说），ils/elles parlent（他们 / 她们说）。

20241111

：法语中的定冠词和不定冠词有哪些？ 解答：定冠词有 “le”（阳性单数）、“la”（阴性单数）、“les”（复数）。不定冠词有 “un”（阳性单数）、“une”（阴性单数）。例如，“le livre”（特定的那本书），“un livre”（一本书，泛指）。

20241112

：法语中如何构成否定句？ 解答：在动词周围添加 “ne... pas”。例如，“Je ne parle pas français”（我不会说法语）。

20241113

：“bonjour”（你好）这个词的正确发音是什么？ 解答：“bonjour” 发音为 [bɔ̃ʒur]。“o” 发鼻音 [ɔ̃]，“j” 是一个近似辅音 [ʒ]。

20241114

：法语中有哪些常见的介词？ 解答：常见的介词包括 “à”（如 à la，à l'，au）、“de”（如 du，de la，de l'）、“en”、“dans”、“sur”、“sous” 等等。例如，“Je vais à l'école”（我去学校），“C'est le livre de Marie”（这是玛丽的书）。

20241115

：法语中如何构建一个疑问句？ 解答：构建一个简单疑问句，可以将主语和动词倒装。例如，“Parlez-vous français?”（而不是 “Vous parlez français”）。或者可以在句子前添加 “est-ce que”。例如，“Est-ce que vous aimez le cinéma?”（你们喜欢电影吗

20241116

：法语中的主有形容词有哪些？ 解答：主有形容词有 “mon”（阳性单数）、“ma”（阴性单数）、“mes”（复数）、“ton”（阳性单数）、“ta”（阴性单数）、“tes”（复数）、“son”（阳性单数）、“sa”（阴性单数）、“ses”（复数）、“notre”（阳性和阴性复数第一人称）、“nos”（复数）、“votre”（阳性和阴性复数第二人称）、“vos”（复数）、“leur”（阳性和阴性复数第三人称）、“leurs”（复数）。例如，“mon ami”（我的男性朋友），“ma sœur”（我的姐妹），“mes livres”（我的书，复数）。

20241117

：法语中的数字 1 - 10 怎么说？ 解答：un（一），deux（二），trois（三），quatre（四），cinq（五），six（六），sept（七），huit（八），neuf（九），dix（十）。

20241118

：如何用法语描述天气？ 解答：可以说 “Il fait beau.”（天气好），“Il pleut.”（下雨），“Il neige.”（下雪），“Il y a du vent.”（有风）等。例如，如果想说今天天气晴朗，可以说 “Il fait beau aujourd'hui.”

20241119

：“être”（是）这个动词的常用时态变位有哪些？ 解答：直陈式现在时变位：je suis（我是），tu es（你是），il/elle/on est（他 / 她 / 人们是），nous sommes（我们是），vous êtes（你们是），ils/elles sont（他们 / 她们是）。直陈式过去时变位：j'étais（我曾经是），tu étais（你曾经是），il/elle/on était（他 / 她 / 人们曾经是），nous étions（我们曾经是），vous étiez（你们曾经是），ils/elles étaient（他们 / 她们曾经是）。

20241120

：What are the rules for forming the negative in French? Answer: In French, to form the negative, we usually use “ne...pas” around the verb. For example, “Je ne sais pas.” (I don't know). For some verbs, “ne” can be shortened to “n'” before a vowel or mute “h”, like “J'n'ai pas compris.” (I didn't understand). There are also other negative expressions like “ne...rien” (nothing), “ne...jamais” (never), etc.

20241121

： How does the French conditional tense work? Provide examples. Answer: The conditional tense is used to express actions that would happen under certain conditions or to express polite requests or wishes. For example, “Si j'avais de l'argent, je voyagerais en France.” (If I had money, I would travel to France). Another example for a polite request, “Pourriez-vous m'aider?” (Could you help me?).

20241122

： Explain the formation and use of the French superlative degree. Answer: To form the superlative degree of an adjective, we usually add “le/la/les plus” before the adjective. For example, “C'est le plus beau paysage.” (It's the most beautiful landscape). We use it to compare and emphasize the extreme quality of something among a group. If the adjective already ends with “e” in the feminine form, we just add “les plus” for the plural superlative, like “les villes les plus grandes” (the biggest cities).

20241123

When do we use the French partitive article? Give examples. Answer: The partitive article is used to express an indefinite quantity of something uncountable or a part of a whole. For example, “Je veux du pain.” (I want some bread), where “du” is the partitive article for masculine nouns. For feminine nouns, it's “de la”, like “Je bois de la bière.” (I'm drinking some beer). And “des” is used for plural countable nouns, like “J'ai des amis.” (I have some friends).

20241124

What's the difference between the French demonstrative adjectives “ce”, “cet”, “cette” and “ces”? Answer: “Ce” is used before masculine singular nouns starting with a consonant, for example, “ce livre” (this book). “Cet” is used before masculine singular nouns starting with a vowel or mute “h”, like “cet hôtel” (this hotel). “Cette” is for feminine singular nouns, for example, “cette robe” (this dress). “Ces” is used for plural nouns, both masculine and feminine, like “ces fleurs” (these flowers).

20241125

How can I pronounce the French nasal vowels correctly? Answer: French nasal vowels are pronounced with air flowing through the nose. For example, “an” is pronounced [ɑ̃], as in “un chapeau” (a hat). “in” is pronounced [ɛ̃], like in “un vin” (a wine). “on” is pronounced [ɔ̃], for example in “un pont” (a bridge). You can practice by listening carefully and repeating, trying to feel the vibration in the nasal cavity.

20241126

What's the trick to pronouncing the French “r” sound? Answer: The French “r” is a uvular trill or fricative. To pronounce it, you can start by trying to make a gargling sound at the back of your throat. It takes practice. You can imitate native speakers by listening closely to words like “rue” [ʁy] (street) or “rare” [ʁaʁ] (rare). Relax your throat and let the air pass through the narrowed space at the back to produce that characteristic sound.

20241127

Can you give some tips on differentiating between the pronunciation of “p” and “b” in French? Answer: In French, “p” is pronounced unvoiced, which means there is no vibration of the vocal cords when you pronounce it. It's a sharp puff of air, like in “papa” [papa]. “B”, on the other hand, is voiced, so there is vocal cord vibration. It's a softer sound, for example in “bébé” [bebe]. Pay attention to the vibration in your throat when pronouncing to tell the difference.

20241128

How to pronounce the French liaison correctly? Answer: Liaison occurs when a word that ends in a mute consonant (except “h”) is followed by a word that begins with a vowel or mute “h”. The mute consonant is pronounced and linked to the next word. For example, in “les amis” [lezami], the “s” of “les” is pronounced because of the following vowel sound in “amis”. Practice with common phrases and listen carefully to native speakers to get the hang of it.

20241129

What's the proper pronunciation of the French “eu” and “oeu” sounds? Answer: “Eu” has different pronunciations. In a closed syllable, it's pronounced [ø], like in “peur” [pœʁ] (fear). In an open syllable, it can be pronounced [œ], for example in “bleu” [blø] (blue). “Oeu” is usually pronounced [œ], as in “soeur” [sœʁ] (sister). Listen to lots of examples and mimic the sounds to master them.

20241130

How do I make the French accent grave and accent acute sound natural? Answer: The accent grave (`) changes the pronunciation of a vowel. For example, “à” is pronounced [a], different from “a” without the accent. The accent acute (´) usually makes the vowel sound longer and sometimes changes its quality. For “é”, it's pronounced [e], like in “été” [ete] (summer). Practice words with these accents and compare them to the unaccented versions to notice the differences.

20241201

Can you explain the pronunciation of the French silent letters? Answer: Many French words have silent letters. For example, the final “s” in most plural nouns is silent, like in “les livres” [lelivʁ]. The “h” is often silent, especially in words like “homme” [ɔm] (man). The “t” at the end of “est” in the third person singular of “être” is silent, as in “il est” [ile]. Pay attention to these patterns when reading and listening.

20241202

' What's the best way to practice the intonation of French sentences? Answer: Listen to French podcasts, movies, or songs and imitate the intonation. Notice how the voice rises and falls. For example, in a question, the intonation usually goes up at the end, like “Vous allez où?” [vuzale ku]. In a statement, it usually has a more even or slightly falling intonation. Repeat sentences aloud, trying to match the native speakers' rhythm and pitch.

20241203

How to pronounce the French combination “qu” correctly? Answer: “Qu” is usually pronounced [k] before “a”, “o”, or “u”, like in “qui” [ki] (who), “quoi” [kwa] (what). Before “e” or “i”, it's pronounced [kw], for example in “que” [kə] (that) or “quitte” [kit] (quit). Practice words with “qu” in different contexts to get used to the variations.

'20241204

What are the key points in pronouncing the French “ill” sound? Answer: When “ill” is in the middle or at the end of a word, it's usually pronounced [j], like in “famille” [famij] (family). But when it's followed by a vowel at the beginning of the next word in liaison, it's pronounced [ij], for example in “ville et” [vij e] (city and). Listen carefully for these distinctions.

20241205

What are some common French greetings and responses? Answer: Besides “Bonjour” (hello), there's “Bonsoir” (good evening), used in the evening. Responses can be “Très bien, merci” (Very good, thank you), “Pas mal” (Not bad), etc. If someone says “Comment allez-vous?” (How are you?), you can reply “Très bien, et vous?” (Very good, and you?).

20241206

How do you ask for directions in French? Answer: You can say “Excusez-moi, où est...?” (Excuse me, where is...?) For example, “Excusez-moi, où est la gare?” (Excuse me, where is the train station?). Or “Pouvez-vous me dire comment aller à...?” (Can you tell me how to get to...?), like “Pouvez-vous me dire comment aller au musée?” (Can you tell me how to get to the museum?).

20241207

What's the French way to order food in a restaurant? Answer: First, you can say “Bonjour” to greet the waiter/waitress. Then, “Je voudrais...” (I would like...), for example, “Je voudrais une pizza margherita.” (I would like a Margherita pizza). You can also ask for recommendations with “Qu'est-ce que vous recommandez?” (What do you recommend?). At the end, say “Merci” (Thank you).

20241208

How do you introduce yourself in French? Answer: You can say “Bonjour, je m'appelle...” (Hello, my name is...), followed by your name. Then you can add something about yourself like “Je suis de...” (I'm from...), for example, “Je suis de Chine.” (I'm from China). And maybe mention your occupation or hobby, “Je suis étudiant/e” (I'm a student) or “J'aime...” (I like...).

20241209

What do you say when you meet someone for the first time in French? Answer: “Très heureux/heureuse de vous rencontrer.” (Very happy to meet you). You can also use “Enchanté/e” (Nice to meet you), which is more common and has different forms depending on your gender. Men say “Enchanté” and women say “Enchantée”.

20241210

How do you make small talk about the weather in French? Answer: You can start with “Quel temps fait-il aujourd'hui?” (What's the weather like today?). Responses could be “Il fait beau” (It's nice), “Il pleut” (It's raining), “Il y a du soleil” (It's sunny), etc. Then you can continue with comments like “C'est idéal pour...” (It's ideal for...), for example, “C'est idéal pour une promenade.” (It's ideal for a walk).

20241211

What are some expressions for apologizing in French? Answer: “Excusez-moi” (Excuse me) is very common for minor apologies, like bumping into someone. For a more serious apology, you can say “Je suis désolé/e” (I'm sorry). If you want to apologize and ask for forgiveness, it's “Pardonnez-moi” (Forgive me).

20241212

How do you express gratitude in French? Answer: The basic way is “Merci” (Thank you). For more emphasis, you can say “Merci beaucoup” (Thank you very much). If someone has done you a big favor, you can say “Je vous suis vraiment reconnaissant/e” (I'm really grateful to you).

20241213

What's the French way to ask for someone's phone number? Answer: You can say “Puis-je avoir votre numéro de téléphone?” (May I have your phone number?). Or more casually, “Vous pouvez me donner votre numéro?” (Can you give me your number

20241214

What is the verb form of “Voyage” and how is it conjugated? Answer: The verb form of “Voyage” is “voyager”. In the present indicative tense, the conjugations are: je voyage (I travel), tu voyages (you travel), il/elle voyage (he/she travels), nous voyageons (we travel), vous voyagez (you travel), ils/elles voyagent (they travel).

20241215

翻译法语：quels livres sont sur la table？

哪些书在桌子上？

20241216

翻译法语：ou vont les dupont le dimanche matin？

杜邦一家周日上午去哪里？

20241217

分析句子成分：votre voisin aime-t-il faire des voyages？

该句子的成分分析如下：

“votre voisin”

• 词性：名词短语

• 成分：主语，表示动作的执行者，即“你的邻居”。

“aime-t-il”

• 词性：动词短语，“aimer”（喜欢）的第三人称单数一般现在时的疑问倒装形式

• 成分：谓语，表达主语的喜好或情感倾向。

“faire des voyages”

• 词性：动词短语

• 成分：宾语，是“aime”的对象，即“旅行”这件事。

整个句子是一个一般疑问句，询问“你的邻居是否喜欢旅行”。

20241218

aujourd‘hui是什么意思

“aujourd’hui”是副词，意思是“今天”。

例如：“Je vais au cinéma aujourd’hui.”（我今天去电影院。）

20241219

demandent是什么意思 “demandent”是动词“demander”的第三人称复数现在时变位形式，有“问，询问；要求；请求”等意思。

例如：

• Ils demandent des questions.（他们提问题。）

• Les étudiants demandent des conseils au professeur.（学生们向老师征求建议。）

final paper:

Mongolian music

Liu Zeyu 202370081606

Abstract: Mongolian music can be clearly divided into three categories according to its function and style: folk music, classical music, and religious and sacrificial music. Folk music includes the long tune and the Horqin short tune. The former has a wide vocal range and a long, lingering melody, full of deep affection for the prairie life; the latter has a regular beat and is close to daily life. Classical music comprises the “Chogar Narrative” and the Asier. The “Chogar Narrative” is magnificent in choral performance and inherits the ancient culture; the Asier is elegant in instrumental ensemble. Religious and sacrificial music consists of Shamanism music and Buddhist music. The former is mysterious and is related to the primitive belief; the latter conveys religious doctrines through chanting scriptures.

Folk Music:

Mongolian Long Tune：

In 1206 AD, Temujin, the leader of the Mongolian tribe, unified Mongolia and expanded the territory from the deep forest areas of the Greater Khingan Mountains to the vast grasslands, transforming the Mongolian tribe from forest hunters into grassland nomads. During the long years of nomadic life, the Mongolian people, in the unique language in the grassland, told of the Mongolian people's love for the beautiful grasslands and their reverence for nature. They created the Mongolian long tune which are sonorous, far-reaching, soothing, free flowing, rolling continuously and with a wide range.

Firstly, the Mongolian long tune mainly features the most representative ethnic and artistic “Nuogula” — the Mongolian-style vibrato. The combination of its narrative and lyrical ornaments forms a unique rhythmic pattern, reflecting the long, complete and unique folk song tunes. Secondly, singers need to have a wide vocal range to perform. In addition, Mongolian long tune mainly relies on the resonance of the nasopharyngeal cavity, and it will also change according to aspects such as the span of the interval and the movement of the melody. Finally, the beat and rhythm of Mongolian long tune are not fixed. Most of them are in free rhythm, free and slow. (Qin 2013,253-254)

Horqin short tune

The short tunes specifically refer not only to the shorter duration of the combination notes of values in the song compared to the long tunes but also to the compactness of the musical form resulting from the regularity, repetitiveness, and symmetry of the beat, rhythm, and syntax of such songs. Therefore, Horqin short tunes have their unique characteristics among numerous ethnic music.

The tunes of Horqin short tune are concise, with fewer ornaments and not much undulation in the melody, featuring declamatory. The layout between the phrases is harmonious and symmetrical, and a single meter is often adopted. Due to its regular structure and being easy to learn, it has a wide range of popularity.

Moreover, the musical techniques of Horqin short tune are very rigorous, and the modulation techniques are superb. There are not only the common elements of introduction, elucidation, transition and summation, but more importantly, musical techniques such as chromatic notes, tonicization, modulation, mode alternation and color infiltration are employed. It has even been adapted into symphonic instrumental music and choral music, endowing Horqin short tune with a unique artistic style. The lyrics of Horqin short tune also have distinct features in literature. Besides having complete storylines, they also skillfully use rhetorical devices such as metaphor, association, foil, refrain, parallelism, exaggeration, personification, rhetorical question, antithesis and circumstantial description. (Jiang 2014,161-162)

Khoomei

Khoomei originated in the “forest hunting culture”. There is a folk saying among the Mongolian people in Xinjiang: The Ob River rushes through the valleys of the Altay Mountains. When it turns and branches, it dashes against the cliffs, making a roaring sound and producing huge echoes. Thus, the Mongolian people deliberately imitated the echoes of the Ob River and created Khoomei.

The singer uses special vocalization techniques. By “holding the breath” in the chest cavity to impact the vocal cords, they can produce laryngeal resonance with a popping sound, enabling one person to sing two or three voices simultaneously. According to Mr. Od Sureng, a Khoomei expert from Mongolia, Khoomei has diverse forms and can be classified into as many as twelve types. However, there are mainly three forms, namely overtone Khoomei, trill Khoomei and lyric Khoomei. (Wu 2019,5-12)

Classical Music

The “Chogar Narrative”

The “Chogar Narrative” contains the meanings of “echo”. In real life, it often refers to a certain musical instrument or singing form.

Overall, these songs all fall into the category of banquet songs. They have exquisite language, profound thoughts, rich connotations, strong ritual symbolic significance and high artistic quality. The “Chogar Narrative” is only performed on specific, solemn and grand collective occasions. Generally, one person leads the singing of the long tune part, another person (or several people) accompanies with the “Chogar” part, and other singers sing the refrain part together. (Fan 2009,25-29)

Asier

“Asier” is the general term for the ancient instrumental ensemble music of the Mongolian people. Its melody development techniques, musical form structures, instrument combinations, performance techniques and playing styles all possess the typical characteristics of the traditional Mongolian instrumental music.

The performance is mainly instrumental ensemble and solo performances of instruments. It is a suite structure composed of multiple representative musical pieces. (Qing 2012,149-151)

Religious and sacrificial music.

Shamanism music

Now, the distribution of the Mongolian Shamanism in China is mainly centered around the Horqin Grassland in eastern Inner Mongolia. The general characteristics of Mongolian shamanistic music mainly include the following three points: (1) According to the special needs of witchcraft and sacrificial rituals, shaman priests integrate folk art forms such as music, dance, poetry, and acrobatics into one, and perform flexibly. (2) When Mongolian shaman priests perform songs and dances, they must strictly abide by a fixed set of religious procedures and cannot act randomly. (3) Whenever shaman priests perform, the surrounding audience must cooperate by joining in from the side and singing shamanistic dance music. (Wu1992,66-83)

Buddhist music

Since the middle of the 16th century, the Tibetan Buddhism has been widely introduced into Mongolia and has gradually spread eastward. The chanting music of Mongolian Buddhism can be divided into two types according to the differences in the scriptures' texts and the languages, namely the Tibetan-language chanting music and the Mongolian-language chanting music. The Tibetan-language chanting music refers to the rhythm and tune formed when chanting Tibetan scriptures, and it is the most numerous types among the chanting music. The melody rhythm of the Mongolian-language chanting music is regular and orderly, the metrical patterns of the words and sentences are well-structured, it repeats in a cyclic manner and remains consistent, with little change in tone and a single melodic structure. (Bao 2002,67-81)

Terms and Expressions,

Folk Music民间音乐

Mongolian Long Tune长调

Horqin short tune科尔沁短调

Khoomei呼麦

classical music古典音乐

The “Chogar Narrative”潮尔道

Asier阿斯尔

Religious and sacrificial music 宗教与祭祀音乐

Shamanism music萨满教音乐

Buddhist music佛教音乐

Questions：

(1) How many categories is Mongolian music divided into?

(2) What are the characteristics of the long tune?

(3) What are the characteristics of the Horqin short tune?

(4) What are the differences between the “Chogar Narrative” and Asier?

(5) What language is used in Mongolian Buddhist music?

Answers：

(1) Mongolian music can be divided into folk music, classical music, and religious and sacrificial music. Folk music includes the long tune and the Horqin short tune; classical music consists of the “Chogar Narrative” and the Asier; religious and sacrificial music encompasses Shamanistic music and Buddhist music.

(2) Firstly, the Mongolian long tune mainly features the most representative ethnic and artistic “Nuogula” — the Mongolian-style vibrato. The combination of its narrative and lyrical ornaments forms a unique rhythmic pattern, reflecting the long, complete and unique folk song tunes. Secondly, singers need to have a wide vocal range to perform. In addition, Mongolian long tune mainly relies on the resonance of the nasopharyngeal cavity, and it will also change according to aspects such as the span of the interval and the movement of the melody. Finally, the beat and rhythm of Mongolian long tune are not fixed. Most of them are in free rhythm, free and slow.

(3) The tunes of Horqin short tune are concise, with fewer ornaments and not much undulation in the melody, featuring declamatory. The layout between the phrases is harmonious and symmetrical, and a single meter is often adopted. Due to its regular structure and being easy to learn, it has a wide range of popularity.

Moreover, the musical techniques of Horqin short tune are very rigorous, and the modulation techniques are superb. There are not only the common elements of introduction, elucidation, transition and summation, but more importantly, musical techniques such as chromatic notes, tonicization, modulation, mode alternation and color infiltration are employed. It has even been adapted into symphonic instrumental music and choral music, endowing Horqin short tune with a unique artistic style. The lyrics of Horqin short tune also have distinct features in literature. Besides having complete storylines, they also skillfully use rhetorical devices such as metaphor, association, foil, refrain, parallelism, exaggeration, personification, rhetorical question, antithesis and circumstantial description.

(4) The “Chogar Narrative” contains the meanings of “echo”. In real life, it often refers to a certain musical instrument or singing form; “Asier” is the general term for the ancient instrumental ensemble music of the Mongolian people.

(5) The chanting music of Mongolian Buddhism can be divided into two types according to the differences in the scriptures' texts and the languages, namely the Tibetan-language chanting music and the Mongolian-language chanting music.

References

[1]Narsu and Kevin Stuart. Practical Mongolian Sentences (with English Translation)[M].

[2]Bao Daerhan 包·达尔汗.蒙古佛教诵经音乐的多元文化特征[The multicultural characteristics of Mongolian Buddhist chanting music] [J].中国音乐学,2002,(03):67-81.

[3]Fan Zuyin樊祖荫.“潮尔道”——蒙古族长调艺术和潮尔艺术中的珍品 [The “Chogar Narrative”—The treasure in the Mongolian long tune art and The “Chogar Narrative” art.] [J].音乐研究,2009,(05):25-29.

[4]Jiang Guoping姜国平.科尔沁蒙古族短调民歌的特征分析及传承探讨 [Analysis of the Characteristics and Discussion on the Inheritance of the Horqin Short Tune] [J].音乐创作,2014,(07):161-162.

[5]Qin Geyue庆歌乐.论传统变奏手法在蒙古族器乐曲《阿斯尔》中的运用 [On the Application of Traditional Variation Techniques in the Mongolian Instrumental Music “Asier”] [J].音乐创作,2012,(12):149-151.

[6]Qin Yang秦杨.蒙古长调民歌的形成、发展及特点 [The Formation, Development and Characteristics of Mongolian Long Tune] [J].艺术百家,2013,29(04):253-254.

[7]Wu Lanjie乌兰杰.关于蒙古族呼麦——起源、分布与传播的几点感悟 [Some Reflections on Khoomei - Its Origin and Distribution] [J].中国音乐,2019,(04):5-12.

[8]Wu Lanjie乌兰杰.蒙古萨满教歌舞概述 [An Overview of Mongolian Shamanistic Songs and Dances] [J].中国音乐学,1992,(03):66-83.

摘要：蒙古族音乐依功能与风格可清晰划分为民间、古典、宗教与祭祀三大类。民间音乐涵盖长调与科尔沁短调，前者音域宽广、旋律悠长，饱含对草原生活深情；后者节拍规整，贴近日常。古典音乐含潮尔道和阿斯尔，潮尔道合唱雄浑，传承古老文化；阿斯尔器乐合奏典雅。宗教与祭祀音乐有萨满教音乐及佛教音乐，前者神秘，关联原始信仰；后者借诵经传达教义。

民间音乐

长调

公元1206年，蒙古部首领铁木真统一蒙古，将领土从大兴安岭深林地带扩充到广阔的草原，使蒙古部落由深林狩猎民族转变为草原游牧民族。在长期的游牧生活中，蒙古族人民以草原人特有语言述说着蒙古民族对美丽草原的热爱和对大自然的崇尚。创造了高亢悠远、舒缓自如、连绵起伏、音域宽广的蒙古长调民歌。

首先，蒙古长调民歌演唱特点主要是最具代表性的民族特色和艺术特色的“诺古拉”———蒙古式颤音。其陈述性、抒情性和遥远的旋律装饰性的巧妙组合，构成一个独特的韵律节奏，体现出蒙古长调绵长完整、独特的特点；其次，演唱蒙古长调民歌需要拥有宽广的音域；此外，蒙古长调民歌主要是鼻咽腔共鸣，还会根据音程的跨越、旋律跳动等方面有所变化；最后，蒙古长调的节拍节奏是不固定的，大多为散板，自由缓慢。（秦杨 2013，253-254）

科尔沁短调

短调的概念特指歌曲的音值组合相比于长调较短之外，还指这类歌曲的节拍节奏和句法的规律性、重复性、对称性等特征所致的结构方整性和曲式模样的精悍。因此，科尔沁短调民歌在众多民族音乐类型中独具特色。

科尔沁短调民歌的曲调简洁，装饰音较少，旋律起伏不大，具有宣叙性特点。其乐句与乐句之间的布局协调对称，节奏规范，并多采用单一节拍。由于结构规整、简单易学，因此具有广泛的流传性。此外，科尔沁短调民歌的音乐手法非常严谨，转调手法高明。在曲调进行中，不仅存在一般的起承转合，更重要的是运用了变化音、离调、转调、调式交替，色彩渗透等旋法，甚至被一些作家改编为交响性器乐曲和合唱曲，使科尔沁短调民歌具有独特的艺术风格；科尔沁短调民歌的歌词在文学上也具有鲜明特色，除故事情节完整之外，还巧妙地运用比、兴、衬托、复唱、排比、夸张、比拟、设问、对仗、旁描等修辞手法。（姜国平 2014，161-162）

呼麦

呼麦发轫于“山林狩猎文化时期”。新疆蒙古族民间有一种说法：鄂毕河河水在阿勒泰山峡谷中奔流，转弯分叉时冲击山崖，发出轰鸣，产生巨大的回声。于是，蒙古人便着意模仿额布河的回声，创造了呼麦云。

演唱者运用特殊的发声技巧，胸腔“闭气”，冲击声带，发出带有气泡音的喉腔共鸣，一个人同时唱出两个或三个声音。据蒙古国呼麦专家奥德苏荣先生讲，呼麦形式多样，划分为十二种之多。但从总体上看，主要有三种形式，即泛音呼麦、震音呼麦和唱词呼麦。（乌兰杰 2019,5-12）

古典音乐

潮尔道

“潮尔道”含有“回声”之意，实际常指某种特定的乐器或歌唱形式。

从整体上看，这些歌曲均属宴歌范畴，语言精美、思想深刻、蕴含丰富，有很强的仪式象征意义和较高的艺术性。“潮尔道”只在特定的、庄严隆重的集体场合下演唱。一般由一人领唱长调声部，另有一人（或数人）伴唱“潮尔”声部，其他歌手和群众齐唱副歌部分。（樊祖荫 2009,25-29）

阿斯尔

阿斯尔是蒙古族古老的器乐合奏曲的统称。其旋律发展手法、曲式结构、乐器组合形式、演奏技法与演奏风格等都具有蒙古族传统器乐的典型特征。演奏形式以器乐合奏为主,也见乐器的独奏。它是由多首代表性乐曲组成的套曲结构。（庆歌乐 2012,149-151）

宗教与祭祀音乐

萨满教音乐

从当前的情况来看，我国蒙古族萨满教的分布与传播，主要是以内蒙古东部科尔沁草原为中心。蒙古萨满歌舞的一般特征，主要有以下三点:（1）萨满巫师根据巫术和祭祀的特殊需要，将音乐、舞蹈、诗歌、杂技等民间艺术形式熔于一炉，灵活地进行表演。（2）蒙古萨满巫师表演歌舞时，必须严格遵守一套固定的宗教程序，而不能是随意的。（3）每当萨满巫师进行表演时，周围观众必须予以配合，从旁帮腔，演唱萨满舞曲。（乌兰杰 1992,66-83）

佛教音乐

自十六世纪中叶以后，藏传佛教大举传入蒙古，并日渐向东流播。蒙古佛教的诵经音乐按照经文文字和念诵语言的不同分为藏语诵经音乐和蒙古语诵经音乐两种。藏语诵经音乐是指运用藏语念诵藏文经典时所形成的韵调，是诵经音乐中数量最多的一种。蒙古语诵经音乐的旋律律动规整有序，词句格律符合有章，循环反复固守如一，音调变换不大，旋律结构单一。（包·达尔汗 2002,67-81）

问题：

(1)蒙古族音乐分为几类？

(2)长调的特点是什么？

(3)科尔沁短调的特点是什么？

(4)潮尔道和阿斯尔有什么区别？

(5)蒙古族佛教音乐用什么语言？

答案：

（1）蒙古族音乐可以分为民间音乐、古典音乐、宗教与祭祀音乐三大类。民间音乐有长调、科尔沁短调；古典音乐有潮尔道、阿斯尔；宗教与祭祀音乐有萨满教音乐和佛教音乐。

（2）首先，蒙古长调民歌演唱特点主要是最具代表性的民族特色和艺术特色的“诺古拉”———蒙古式颤音。其陈述性、抒情性和遥远的旋律装饰性的巧妙组合，构成一个独特的韵律节奏，体现出蒙古长调绵长完整、独特的特点；其次，演唱蒙古长调民歌需要拥有宽广的音域；此外，蒙古长调民歌主要是鼻咽腔共鸣，还会根据音程的跨越、旋律跳动等方面有所变化；最后，蒙古长调的节拍节奏是不固定的，大多为散板，自由缓慢。

（3）科尔沁短调民歌的曲调简洁，装饰音较少，旋律起伏不大，具有宣叙性特点。其乐句与乐句之间的布局协调对称，节奏规范，并多采用单一节拍。由于结构规整、简单易学，因此具有广泛的流传性。此外，科尔沁短调民歌的音乐手法非常严谨，转调手法高明。在曲调进行中，不仅存在一般的起承转合，更重要的是运用了变化音、离调、转调、调式交替，色彩渗透等旋法，甚至被一些作家改编为交响性器乐曲和合唱曲，使科尔沁短调民歌具有独特的艺术风格；科尔沁短调民歌的歌词在文学上也具有鲜明特色，除故事情节完整之外，还巧妙地运用比、兴、衬托、复唱、排比、夸张、比拟、设问、对仗、旁描等修辞手法。

（4）“潮尔道”是某种特定的乐器或歌唱形式；阿斯尔只包括器乐合奏。

（5）蒙古佛教的诵经音乐按照经文文字和念诵语言的不同分为藏语诵经音乐和蒙古语诵经音乐两种。

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