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Luo Jiaxin

Laba Festival

As an important traditional Chinese holiday, Laba Festival is celebrated on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. It originated from ancient sacrifical rituals known as La and Zha, which were year-end rites to honor ancestors and agricultural deities. The festival later merged elements of agrarian culture with Buddhist traditions, gradually evolving into a celebration featuring customs such as eating Laba porridge, ancestor worship, praying for blessings, and acts of charity. The festival embodies people’s gratitude toward nature and aspirations for a good harvest and peace. And it also reflects the Chinese cultural values of reverence for nature, seasonal harmony, and social harmony.

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Historical Origins of the Laba Festival

The Laba Festival can be traced back to ancient Chinese sacrificial traditions known as La and Zha rites(Tang Meiying, 2013). The La sacrifice in early times honored the “Five Household Deities,” including the gods of the gate(门）, household（户）, earth（土地）, stove（灶）, and pathway（行）. People hunted animals to honor these deities, seeking blessings from their ancestors and divine protection for the coming year. The Zha rites of the Zhou dynasty was held at year’s end to thank deities associated with farming—such as Shennong (the Divine Farmer), Sise (the Supervisor of Harvests), and others—for a bountiful harvest. Though La and Zha sacrifices were originally distinct, they gradually merged during the Han dynasty, with the time of La sacrifices fixed in the twelfth lunar month.It laid the foundation for the modern Laba Festival.

Buddhist Influence: With the introduction of Buddhism into China, the Laba Festival also absorbed Buddhist elements. Legend holds that the Sakyamuni attained enlightenment on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. To commemorate this event, Buddhist temples began preparing porridge offerings for the Buddha on this day. Over time, this practice has become a folk tradition, adding Buddhist cultural elements to the Laba Festival. And it turned the Laba Festival into a fusion of indigenous folk beliefs and religious traditions.

Customs of the Laba Festival

Dietary Traditions

The Laba porridge is the most iconic food of the Laba Festival. Though ingredients and preparation methods vary across different regions of China, it is typically made by simmering a mixture of rice, beans, almonds, walnut kernels, melon seeds, dried lychee, lotus seeds, peanuts, raisins, and dates. On the festival, people simmer Laba porridge to honor ancestors and deities, enjoy it with family members, and often share it with relatives and friends. In some areas, people even feed it to poultry or smear it on doors and trees, symbolizing blessings and good fortune(Lyu Chuanbin, 2018). Besides Laba porridge, there are other regional foods such as "sparrow-head rice"(Que tou fan)—a dish made by frying small buckwheat cakes shaped like sparrow heads.That eating this kind of food and cooking dough-molded bird heads with grains symbolize the elimination of sparrows in the coming year. Other specialties embrace Laba tofu in Anhui Province and Laba garlic in northern China.

Rituals and Blessings

Serving as a vital part of this Festival, rituals and prayers reflect people's reverence and gratitude toward their ancestors, as well as their wishes for a bountiful harvest, peace, and prosperity in the coming year. On this day, folks often hang ancestral portraits and burn incense for remembrance and worship. Offerings like the Laba porridge are prepared to worship the Agricultural Deities, the Door Gods and the Kitchen Gods, in hopes of seeking divine favor for favorable wearher, abundant harvests, and family harmony next year. These practices not only preserve the essence of ancient agrarian culture but also embody people's aspirations for a better life.

Folk Activities

In addition these customs, the Laba Festival features a variety of folk activities that reflect strong regional characteristics and the wisdom of agrarian culture. In northern China, there is a tradition of "storing ice"(cang bing) or "cutting ice" (zao bing) on this day. People collect large ice blocks from frozen rivers and store them in ice cellars , either for preserving food or brewing wine—an ancient practice that showcases a keen understanding and utilization of seasonal cycles. Children also engage in playful activities such as "pulling ice horses,"(la bing ma) and they drag ice blocks tied with ropes. And they glide over frozen surfaces. These joyful customs not only act as winter entertainment but also carry symbolic meaning—breaking the ice to welcome the coming of spring.

Cultural Connotations of the Laba Festival

A Microcosm of Agrarian Civilization

The Laba Festival embodies the core characteristics of agrarian civilization, serving as a concentrated reflection of the lifestyle and spiritual beliefs of China's agricultural society. In ancient times, the customs of Zha and La rites originated from farmers' reverence for the rhythms of nature and their gratitude toward agricultural deities. These rituals reflect at the end of year people summary a year’s labor and express thanks through ceremonies and food customs, while also usher in the start of a new farming cycle with sincerity and hope.The Laba porridge made from Five Grains and Miscellaneous Cereals, symbolizes a bountiful harvest, prosperity, and well-being. It reflects both the farmers' appreciation for nature’s bouty and their aspirations for future abundance. Other practices such as "Feeding Trees," "Breaking Ice," and "Winter Storage” extend from traditional farming wisdom. These customs demonstrate a lifestyle attuned to the seasons, rooted in respect for nature, and characterized by adaptability and ecological mindfulness. In essence, the rituals and customs of the Laba Festival not only mirror the rhythm of agrarian society, but also profoundly embody the traditional values of harmonious coexistence between humans, the land, and nature. They stand as a vivid expression of the profound heritage of Chinese agrarian culture.

Gratitude and Blessings

The Laba Festival’s spirit of gratitude is first manifested in reverence for and reciprocity with nature. In the agrarian era when people's livelihood depended heavily on the weather, a good harvest was seen as the result of divine blessings from celestial deities, earth spirits, and ancestors. Made from various grains and legumes, Laba porridge symbolically gathers the "essence of all things" from a year's labor as an offering to nature. In northern China, farmers honored the “Eight La Deities,” expressing thanks to cats and tigers for catching grain-stealing mice. In the south, porridge was smeared on fruit trees—a gesture of gratitude for the land and a prayer for favorable weather and fruitful harvests in the coming year. Gratitude toward ancestors was even more direct. In eastern Gansu, folks hung ancestral portraits (yingtu) in their home, and offered porridge as a tribute to ancestors（Long Yan, 2015）; in Shanxi, clans gathered in ancestral halls for collective ancestral worship— embodying the ethical tenet that "every grain traces back to its origin”.The festival’s blessing rituals also reflect the ancient people's attempts to ward off uncertainty and express hope for a better life. Falling in the bitter cold of year’s end, the Laba Festival marked both the end of the farming season and a time when epidemics were prone to occur. Confronted with the threats of nature, people sought psychological comfort through ceremonies. In the north, “ice divination” involved interpreting ice patterns to predict agricultural outcomes—essentially turning uncontrollable natural phenomena into visibl omens. In Hubei, the "Laba Drum Exorcism" was believed to drive away plagues and expel evil spirits by loud and collective rituals and restore a sense of human control over the environment.

The Fusion of Religion and Humanism

With the introduction and spread of Buddhism, the Laba Festival gradually took on religious significance, especially as it came to be regarded as the day marking the enlightenment of Gautama Buddha. This added a rich religious dimension to the festival, which had originally been rooted in folk traditions of ancestor worship and agricultural culture. During the Laba Festival, Buddhist temples hold “Bathing the Buddha Ceremony” and prepare “Laba porridge” as an offering to the Buddha and distribute to the public. These practices embodies Buddhism’s ideals of compassion and universal salvation , imbuing the festival with spiritual cultivation and moral edification（Gao Zhongyan, Zhou Xiaoli, 2025）. At the same time, traditional folk customs—such as worshipping deities, honoring ancestors, praying for blessings, and sharing porridge—are still widely observed. These customs closely intertwine religious rituals with ethics and interpersonal sentiments. Thus, the Laba Festival stands as a prime example of the harmonious integration of religious faith and humanistic spirit.

Terms and Expressions

ancestor worship 祭祖

praying for blessings 祈福

Bathing the Buddha Ceremony 浴佛会

the day of Gautama Buddha’s enlightenment 释迦牟尼成道日

universal salvation 普济

agrarian culture 农耕文化

Zha rites 蜡祭

La rites 腊祭

ancestral portrait (Yingtu) 影图

Five Household Deities 五祀

Agricultural Deity 农神

Questions

1.How did the Laba Festival evolve from ancient sacrificial rites into a traditional festival that blends folk customs and Buddhist traditions?

2.What role do ancestor worship and prayers for blessings play in the Laba Festival, and how are these practices carried out?

3.What is the significance of the Buddhist ritual “Bathing the Buddha Ceremony” during the Laba Festival, and how does it reflect Buddhist values?

References

[1]高忠严,周晓丽. 腊八节俗的文化阐释与传承启示 [J]. 中北大学学报(社会科学版), 2025, 41 (01): 71-80.

[2]隆滟. 陇东农耕节俗文化的当代价值——以腊八节为例 [J]. 甘肃社会科学, 2015, (02): 222-225.

[3]吕传彬. 腊八节和腊八粥 [J]. 档案时空, 2018, (01): 38-39.

[4]汤玫英. 腊八节的农耕文化意义探究 [J]. 农业考古, 2013, (04): 301-303.

腊八节

腊八节是中国传统的重要节日，定于农历腊月初八，起源于古代的腊祭与蜡祭，是祭祀祖先和农业神灵的岁末仪式。节日融合了农耕文化与佛教传统，后来逐渐形成吃腊八粥、祭祖祈福、施粥行善等丰富习俗。它不仅承载着人们感恩自然、祈求丰收与平安的美好愿望，也体现了中华民族敬天顺时、崇尚和谐的人文精神。

腊八节的历史起源

古代“蜡祭”与“腊祭”的传统：腊八节的起源可追溯至古代的腊祭和蜡祭风俗(汤玫英，2013)。上古时代的腊祭主要对象是先祖五祀，包括门、户、中霤（土神）、灶、行等神灵，人们通过打猎获取禽兽来祭祀祖先和这些神灵，以祈求祖先庇佑和来年顺利。周代的蜡祭则是年终庆祝农业丰收的祭祀性节日，祭祀对象主要是与农业生产密切相关的神，如神农氏先啬、司啬等，以报答诸神对农业丰收的庇佑。腊祭与蜡祭虽有区别，但在汉代以后逐渐合一，腊祭时间固定于腊月，演变为腊八节的历史根基。

佛教文化影响：佛教传入中国后，腊八节又受到佛教的渗透。相传释迦牟尼在腊月初八得道成佛，佛教寺院会在这一天煮粥敬佛，久而久之，这种习俗逐渐融入民间，使得腊八节增添了佛教文化元素，成为中国民间信仰风俗与外来宗教相互作用的产物。

腊八节的节日习俗

饮食习俗

腊八粥是腊八节最具代表性的食物。全国各地制作腊八粥的原料、种类和讲究虽有所不同，但大多以米、豆、杏仁、核桃仁、瓜子、荔枝肉、莲子、花生米、葡萄干、枣等熬制而成。人们在腊八节当天熬制腊八粥，用于祭祀祖先和神灵，家人团聚一起食用，还会馈赠亲朋好友，有的地方还会将腊八粥喂给家禽、涂抹在门上、树上等，寓意吉祥(吕传彬，2018)。除了腊八粥以外，还有“雀头饭”，通过食用形似麻雀脑袋的油煎荞麦小饼或用荞面捏制的鸟头与五谷杂粮同煮而食，象征消灭麻雀，祈求来年庄稼免受雀害。此外，还有安徽“腊八豆腐”、“腊八蒜”等。

祭祀与祈福

腊八节的祭祀祈福活动是该节日的重要组成部分，体现了人们对祖先的敬仰与感恩，以及对来年丰收、平安和吉祥的祈愿。在这一天，人们通常会在家中高挂祖先画像，上香祭奠，以此表达对先祖的缅怀之情。同时，还会准备腊八粥等祭品，祭祀农神、门神、灶神等，祈求神灵保佑来年风调雨顺、五谷丰登、家庭和睦。这些祭祀祈福活动不仅传承了古老的农耕文化，也寄托了人们对美好生活的向往和追求。

民俗活动

除此之外，腊八节还有丰富多样的民俗活动，体现出浓厚的地方特色与农耕文化的智慧。在北方一些地区，有“藏冰”或“凿冰”的传统，人们会在腊八这天从河中取冰块藏于冰窖，用于来年夏季保鲜食物或酿酒，这种习俗源于古人对自然时令的精确把握与利用。儿童常于腊八日“拉冰马”嬉戏——将冰块系绳拖行，或在冰面滑行。既为娱乐，也暗含“破冰迎春”的寓意。

腊八节的文化内涵

农耕文明的缩影

腊八节反映了农耕文明的核心特征，是中华农业社会生活方式和精神信仰的集中缩影。在古代，腊八节所承载的“蜡祭”“腊祭”习俗，源自农人对自然节律的顺应和对农业神明的感恩，它记录着人们在年终岁末，通过祭祀与食俗总结过去一年的劳作成果，并以虔敬的仪式迎接新一轮耕种生活的开始。节日中所食用的腊八粥，通常由多种五谷杂粮熬制而成，象征五谷丰登、物阜民安，也体现了农民对自然恩赐的感激和对未来丰收的期盼。此外，诸如“喂树”“敲冰”“冬藏”等节日行为，都是传统农业生产经验的延伸，表现出人们因地制宜、顺应时节、敬天爱物的生活智慧。可以说，腊八节所展现的种种仪式与风俗，不仅是对农耕社会生产节律的回应，更深刻反映了人与土地、与自然和谐共生的传统观念，是中华农耕文化深厚底蕴的鲜活表达。

感恩与祈福

腊八节的感恩意识首先体现为对自然的敬畏与回馈。在靠天吃饭的农耕时代，丰收被视为天地神灵与祖先共同庇佑的结果。腊八粥以五谷杂粮为材，本质上是将一年劳作所得“聚万物精华”敬献自然——北方农人祭祀“八腊神”，感谢猫虎捕鼠护粮；南方以粥涂抹果树，既是对土地滋养的感恩，亦祈求来年风调雨顺。而对祖先的感恩更为直接：陇东人家悬挂“影图”献粥(隆滟，2015)，山西宗族祠堂集体祭拜，表达“一粥一饭不忘本源”的伦理情怀。祈福活动则折射出古人对未知风险的抵御与对美好生活的向往。腊八正值岁末寒冬，既是农事终结的节点，也是疫病易发的时节。面对自然威压，民众以象征性仪式寻求心理慰藉：北方“冻冰占验”通过冰纹预判农事，实则是将不可控的自然规律转化为可视的吉兆；湖北“腊鼓驱疫”，则以喧闹的集体仪式驱逐邪祟，重构人对环境的掌控感。

宗教与人文融合

随着佛教的传入与传播，腊八节逐渐融入了宗教信仰色彩，尤其是被视为佛祖释迦牟尼成道之日，使这一节日在原有的民间祭祖和农耕文化基础上，又增添了佛教的宗教内涵。在腊八节期间，寺院举行“浴佛会”，熬制“腊八粥”供佛并布施于众，这不仅体现了佛教的慈悲与普济理念，也为节日注入了精神修养与道德教化的意义(高忠严,周晓丽，2025)。与此同时，民间仍保留着敬神、祭祖、祈福、送粥等传统风俗，将宗教仪式与日常伦理、人际情感紧密结合。因此，腊八节成为了宗教信仰与人文精神交织共融的典范。

术语表达