User:Li Linyao

Dai Water-Splashing Festival

Li Linyao

The Dai Water-Splashing Festival, also known as the “Buddha Bathing Festival,” is the Dai people’s most important traditional celebration in China. In the Dai language, it is called Sangkan Bimai, meaning “New Year,” and is thus referred to as the Dai New Year. The festival is usually held in mid-April according to the Gregorian calendar. Similar New Year celebrations, known as Songkran in Thailand, Pi Mai in Laos, Chaul Chnam Thmey in Cambodia, and Thingyan in Myanmar, are also observed across Southeast Asia. These names derive from the Sanskrit word saṃkrānti, meaning “the sun’s movement,” symbolizing the sun’s entry into Aries, the first sign of the zodiac, and marking the start of the New Year.

1.Origins and Legend

The festival traces its roots to ancient Brahmanic rituals in India, later integrated into Buddhism. By the late 12th to early 13th century, it spread to the Dai communities in Yunnan, China, via Myanmar (Zhang Lilin 2014,40). Over time, it evolved into a unique cultural celebration blending Buddhist traditions with Dai customs. A widely known legend explains the festival’s origins: A celestial deity responsible for seasons disrupted the natural order by altering the calendar, causing chaos—summer frost, winter droughts, and widespread suffering. His seven daughters (or wives) discovered his fatal weakness: a single strand of his hair could sever his neck. While he slept, they used the hair to behead him. His fallen head ignited a catastrophic fire. To extinguish the flames, the seven women took turns holding the head, each guarding it for a year. During their annual rotation, they cleansed themselves with water to wash away blood and burns. To honor their bravery, the Dai people celebrate by splashing water, symbolizing purification from misfortune and welcoming prosperity.

2.Festive Activities

The Dai Water-Splashing Festival lasts three to four days. The first day is called Mai Day, similar to Chinese New Year's Eve, and is known in the Dai language as Wan Daoshanghan, meaning “Farewell to the Old Year.” The second day is Wan Nao, which belongs neither to the old year nor the new year—it is a transitional day. The third day is New Year’s Day, called Mai Payawanma, and the fourth day, Bawangma, marks the true beginning of the new year. This day is considered the most auspicious and joyful of all.

Almsgiving and Water Dedication

Before the festival, the Dai prepare food and offerings, which they take to Buddhist temples on the first morning for almsgiving. Elders lead the prayers, placing small Buddha statues, lighting incense and candles, chanting scriptures, and performing a ritual of water dedication (libation) to honor ancestors and pray for peace and blessings.(Zeng Xueying 2021，7-9)

Water-Splashing

The main water-splashing activities begin on the first afternoon. Villagers mix clean water with flower petals and bay leaves, then splash it on one another using bowls, basins, or bamboo tubes. Wen po(gentle splashing) is used to express respect and good wishes to elders, while wu po(playful splashing) is common among peers, who chase and splash each other joyfully. The act of splashing water symbolizes washing away misfortune and welcoming happiness.

Sand Pagoda Building

On the first day, people build small pagodas with fine sand or plastic bottles, decorating them with bamboo branches and flowers. They then gather around the pagodas, listen to scriptures, and pour water as a gesture of making merit and performing good deeds.

Love-Pouch Tossing

One of the festival’s unique traditions is the love pouch tossing game, where unmarried young people seek love. Girls sew embroidered pouches representing affection, dress beautifully, and toss them at boys they fancy in designated areas. The participants are divided by gender, standing about 20 to 30 meters apart. If a boy fails to catch the sachet thrown by a girl, he must place a flower—prepared in advance—into her hair. Conversely, if a girl fails to catch a sachet tossed by a boy, she must pin the flower to his chest. Once mutual interest is established, a sweet and romantic relationship begins. This event reflects traditional Dai courtship customs.

Dragon Boat Racing

During the festival, dragon boat races are held on rivers like the Lancang River and the Ruili River. People dress in traditional attire to watch the races. The boats are brightly decorated, and the festive scene is filled with the sounds of drums and cheering.

Folk Dance Performances

Folk dances such as the Elephant Foot Dance and Peacock Dance are important collective dances during the festival.From elderly people in their seventies or eighties to children as young as seven or eight, everyone dresses in festive attire and gathers in the village square to participate in group dancing. The Elephant Foot Dance emphasizes rhythm and strength, while the Peacock Dance highlights graceful movements—both reflect the aesthetic sensibilities and dance traditions of the Dai people.

Gao Sheng (Fire Rockets) and Floating Water Lanterns

At night, people release gao sheng (lit.“high ascension”) and floating water lanterns to pray for blessings. Gao sheng are traditional homemade fire rockets made from bamboo tubes filled with gunpowder. When ignited, they launch into the sky with a loud explosion, symbolizing rising fortunes, career advancement, and success in the coming year. Floating water lanterns, crafted from banana leaves, flowers, and candles, are gently placed on rivers to honor river deities and convey wishes for peace and prosperity.

Bathing the Buddha

The Bathing the Buddha ritual usually takes place on the third day. People gather at water-splashing pavilions or temples, where elders bring out Buddha statues and place them on platforms or in dragon-head basins. Participants take turns pouring scented or clean water over the statues to purify body and mind and to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new. Water often flows from the mouths of dragon-head fountains, referencing a Buddhist legend in which the Dragon King bathed the infant Buddha with scented water—symbolizing peace and good fortune for the coming year.(KONGCHAI VILAIHONG 2021，18-20)

In Dai culture, water is regarded as sacred and auspicious . The festival’s water rituals reflect deep reverence for water and a longing for a better life (Xiong Rui 2018,125).

3.The Water-Splashing Festival in a Cross-Cultural Perspective

The Dai Water-Splashing Festival shares strong similarities with New Year celebrations in many Southeast Asian countries. In Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia, traditional festivals such as Songkran, Pi Mai, Thingyan, and Khmer New Year are also held around mid-April each year and are regarded as important occasions for bidding farewell to the old year and welcoming the new one. These festivals all center around water as a symbolic medium, expressing meanings of purification, blessing, and prayer.

However, each country’s celebration also features unique cultural elements. Thailand’s Songkran Festival includes the Brahmanism-influenced “Miss Songkran” parade and is especially famous for its large-scale water fights, where city streets turn into playful battlegrounds. The government also organizes Buddha bathing ceremonies and water-splashing parades. During Myanmar’s Thingyan Festival, women wear the country’s national flower, the padauk, which only blooms once a year for a single day, and every household displays New Year flower pots. In Laos, Pi Mai emphasizes Buddhist karma beliefs through the “thread-tying and chanting” ritual, which binds family spirits together. It also includes the unique worship of the naga river deity in the Mekong River. The Dai Water-Splashing Festival, while preserving religious and folk elements, incorporates distinctive ethnic activities such as "tossing love pouch", elephant-foot dancing, peacock dancing, and dragon boat racing, forming a complex and complete festive system.

Despite the differences in local expressions, all of these festivals reflect the purifying function of water, reverence for ancestors and deities, and sincere wishes for peace and harmony in the new year. This phenomenon of “shared origin with diverse local expressions” demonstrates how core symbols can merge with indigenous beliefs to form new traditions—maintaining cultural kinship while also affirming regional identity.

4.Cultural and Social Significance

The Dai Water-Splashing Festival is not only a major occasion for bidding farewell to the old and welcoming the new, but also holds profound cultural and social significance. As the most representative traditional festival of the Dai people, it embodies their religious beliefs, folk arts, and dietary customs, serving as an important vehicle for preserving and transmitting ethnic culture. In 2006, the Dai Water-Splashing Festival—nominated by Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province—was inscribed on the first batch of China’s National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, affirming its importance in the Chinese cultural tradition. During the festival, people from various ethnic groups join the celebrations, promoting interethnic communication and cultural identity. The festival showcases strong social cohesion and a spirit of unity. Moreover, it attracts large numbers of domestic and international tourists, boosting tourism and service industries in regions like Xishuangbanna and playing a positive role in local economic development. The Water-Splashing Festival is also widely celebrated in Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar, making it a vital cultural link between China and its neighboring nations and fostering mutual cultural understanding and exchange (Jin Lanlan 2025,100-101).

Terms and Expressions

Dai Water-Splashing Festival 傣族泼水节

Buddha Bathing Festival 浴佛节

Brahmanic rituals 婆罗门教仪式

zodiac 黄道十二宫

almsgiving 布施行善

Buddha statue 佛像

bay leaves 月桂叶

wen po(gentle splashing) 文泼

wu po (playful splashing) 武泼

love pouch 花包

Lancang River 澜沧江

Ruili River 瑞丽江

Elephant Foot Dance 象脚舞

Peacock Dance 孔雀舞

Gao Sheng (Fire Rockets) 高升（土火箭）

river deities 河神

water-splashing pavilions 泼水亭

scented water 香水

National Intangible Cultural Heritage List 国家级非物质文化遗产名录

Questions

1.What is the Dai Water-Splashing Festival called in the Dai language, and what does it mean?

2.How many days does the Water-Splashing Festival last, and what does each day represent?

3.What are some of the celebratory activities during the Dai Water-Splashing Festival? Please list at least three.

4.Why was the Dai Water-Splashing Festival listed as a National Intangible Cultural Heritage in China?

Answers

1.It is called Sangkan Bimai, which means “New Year.”

2.It lasts three to four days. The first day is called Mai Day, similar to Chinese New Year's Eve, and is known in the Dai language as Wan Daoshanghan, meaning “Farewell to the Old Year.” The second day is Wan Nao, which belongs neither to the old year nor the new year—it is a transitional day. The third day is New Year’s Day, called Mai Payawanma, and the fourth day, Bawangma, marks the true beginning of the new year. This day is considered the most auspicious and joyful of all.

3.Main activities include water-splashing, sand pagoda building, love-pouch tossing, dragon boat racing, Bathing the Buddha, releasing Gao Sheng and floating lanterns, and almsgiving and water dedication.

4.Because it reflects the religious beliefs, folk arts, and dietary customs of the Dai people, and serves as an important means of preserving ethnic culture.

References

[1]龚红（KONGCHAI VILAIHONG）.中国傣族泼水节与老挝泼水节节日文化比较研究[D].哈尔滨师范大学,2021.（Kongchai Vilaihong. A Comparative Study on the Festival Culture of the Dai Water-Splashing Festival in China and the Water-Splashing Festival in Laos [D]. Harbin Normal University, 2021.）[[1]]

[2]杨新新.中国与缅甸泼水节习俗比较研究[D].云南大学,2011.（ Yang Xinxin. A Comparative Study of the Customs of the Water-Splashing Festival in China and Myanmar [D]. Yunnan University, 2011.） [[2]]

[3]曾雪莹.云南傣族民族文化记忆研究 ——以西双版纳傣族泼水节为例[D].西南大学,2021.（Zeng Xueying. Research on Ethnic Cultural Memory of the Dai People in Yunnan — A Case Study of the Water-Splashing Festival in Xishuangbanna [D]. Southwest University, 2021.）[[3]]

[4]张黎临.西双版纳傣族“泼水节”的三个关键词——新年、泼水、浴佛[J].大众文艺,2014（22）：40-42..（Zhang Lilin. “Three Keywords of the Water-Splashing Festival of the Dai People in Xishuangbanna: New Year, Water Splashing, and Bathing the Buddha”[J]. Popular Literature and Art, 2014(22)：40-42..）[[4]]

[5]Gupta, R. The Cultural Tradition of Water Festival: A Case Study of Songkran Festival in Thailand. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2012,2 (13),100-104.

[6]熊瑞.傣族泼水节的文化内涵探析[J].武术研究,2018,3（09）：124-126.（Xiong Rui. “An Analysis of the Cultural Connotation of the Dai Water-Splashing Festival” [J]. Martial Arts Research, 2018, 3(09)：124-126.）[[5]]

[7]金斓斓.文化人类学视角下传统节日研究——以西双版纳傣族“泼水节”为例[J].边疆经济与文化,2025（02）：97-101.（Jin Lanlan. “Research on Traditional Festivals from the Perspective of Cultural Anthropology — A Case Study of the Water-Splashing Festival of the Dai People in Xishuangbanna”[J]. Border Economy and Culture, 2025(02)：97-101.）[[6]]

傣族泼水节

李琳瑶

泼水节，又称“浴佛节”，是中国傣族最盛大的传统节日，傣语称为“桑堪比迈”，意为“新年”，因此也被称为傣历新年。节日通常在公历四月中旬举行。在泰国、老挝、柬埔寨、缅甸等国家，泼水节同样被视为新年庆典，分别被称为“宋干节”、“比迈节”、“高棉新年”和“达降节”。这些名称多源自梵语“saṃkrānti”，意为“太阳运行”，象征着太阳进入黄道十二宫的第一宫白羊宫，标志着新一年的开始。

一、傣族泼水节的起源和传说

泼水节起源于古印度的婆罗门教仪式，后被佛教吸收，并在12世纪末至13世纪初经由缅甸传入中国云南傣族地区。随着佛教在傣族地区的传播，泼水节逐渐演变为具有民族特色的传统节日。（张黎临 2014,40） 关于泼水节的传说在傣族地区广为流传。很久以前，执掌季节的天神因私改历法，导致人间寒暑颠倒、灾害频发、百姓苦不堪言。他的七个女儿（一说妻子）巧妙套出他的致命弱点，趁其熟睡之际，拔下他的一根头发，将他脖子勒断。天神的头颅落地，血液漫流竟然引起熊熊大火。为了扑灭火焰，七女轮换怀抱头颅，每人坚守一年。每年交接时，她们以清水相互泼洒，洗净血污和灼痕。为了纪念这七位勇敢的女子，傣族人民每年都会举行泼水节，相互泼水，象征洗去过去一年的晦气，迎接新年的幸福和吉祥。

二、傣族泼水节的节庆活动

傣族泼水节为期三到四天。第一天为“麦日”，类似于农历除夕，傣语叫“宛多尚罕”，意思是送旧。第二天为空日，傣语叫“腕脑”，他不属于旧的一年，也不属于新的一年，而是旧年与新年之间的日子。第三天是元旦，叫“麦帕雅晚玛”；第四天是新年，叫“霸王马”，作为岁首，人们把这一天视为最美好，最吉祥的日子。

布施行善和滴水回向

节前，傣族人民会准备食物和祭品，在泼水节第一天早上带至寺庙布施；然后，长者会取出小佛像、点香燃烛，带领众人诵经、滴水回向，以祭奠先人、祈福平安。(曾雪莹 2021，7-9)

泼水

泼水在节日第一天下午正式开始。村民将清水与花瓣、月桂叶混合后，用碗、盆或竹筒互相泼洒：对长辈以轻柔的“文泼”表达敬意与祝福，对同龄人用更为活跃的“武泼”方式嬉戏追逐。泼水象征洗去晦气、迎接幸福。

堆佛塔

堆佛塔活动一般在第一天举行。傣族人民会用细沙或塑料瓶堆建小佛塔，上面插竹枝和鲜花，然后围在小佛塔旁，一边听经文，一边滴水祈福，体现积德行善的愿望。

丢包活动

“丢包”是节日活动中的一大特色，是傣族未婚男女寻觅另一半的舞台。女子会缝制代表爱情的花包，梳妆打扮，在指定场地向心仪对象投掷花包。男女分两侧，相隔二三十米。小伙子要是接不住姑娘丢来的花包，就得把事先准备好的鲜花插在姑娘的发髻上；如果姑娘没有接住小伙子丢来的花包，就得把鲜花插到小伙子的胸前，这样选中对方后，一段甜蜜浪漫的爱情就开始了。丢包活动承载着傣族人民传统的婚恋习俗。

赛龙舟

泼水节期间，澜沧江、瑞丽江等地常举行龙舟比赛。傣族人民盛装观赛，龙舟披彩装饰，现场鼓声喧天，氛围热烈。

民间舞蹈表演

象脚舞与孔雀舞是节日期间的重要集体舞蹈。上至七八十岁的老人，下至七八岁的孩童，届时都会着盛装聚集在村中的广场，参加集体舞蹈。象脚舞注重节奏感与力量，孔雀舞则展现优雅姿态，反映傣族的审美特征与舞蹈传统。

放高升和水灯

泼水节的夜晚，傣族人民会放高升和水灯来祈福。高升是一种由竹筒装填火药制成的“土火箭”，点燃后伴随着响声腾空直上，寓意着新的一年一飞冲天、步步高升。水灯则由芭蕉叶、鲜花、蜡烛制成，点燃后置于河中漂流，用以祭祀河神，寄托祝福。

浴佛

浴佛通常在第三天举行，傣族人民聚集在村中泼水亭前或佛寺内，长者从寺庙中请出佛像，摆放于龙口或专用小台上。众人依次用香水或清水冲洗佛像，象征净化身心、辞旧迎新。水流常借助龙口喷出，寓意“龙王以香水沐浴太子”的佛教典故，祈求新年平安吉祥。（龚红 2021，18-20） 在傣族文化中，水被视为圣洁、美好的象征，泼水节的庆祝活动体现了人们对水的崇敬和对美好生活的向往。（熊瑞 2018,125）

三、跨文化视野中的泼水节

傣族泼水节与东南亚多个国家的新年庆典具有高度的相似性。在泰国、老挝、缅甸和柬埔寨等地，宋干节、比迈节、达降节和高棉新年等传统节日也多在每年四月中旬举行，被视为辞旧迎新的重要节日。这些节日均以水为核心媒介，表达净化、祝福与祈愿的文化意涵。

但每个国家的活动内容又有独特的色彩。泰国的宋干节发展出婆罗门教神话色彩浓厚的“宋干美女”巡游，并且泼水狂欢尤其著名，城市街道成为泼水战场，政府也组织浴佛仪式和泼水巡游；缅甸达降节，每个妇女头上都会别着一年一次,一次只有一天按时盛开的国花“紫檀花”，并且家家户户都会插新年花盆；老挝的新年节庆则强化佛教因果观，以拴线诵经仪式凝聚家族魂魄，并独特祭祀湄公河那伽龙神。傣族泼水节在保留宗教与民俗仪式的同时，还融合了诸如“丢包”“象脚舞”“孔雀舞”“赛龙舟”等独具民族特色的民间活动，凸显复杂而完整的节庆系统。

尽管各地表现形式各有差异，但都体现了水的净化功能、对祖先与神佛的敬仰，以及对新年平安和谐的美好祈愿。这种“同源异流”现象显示核心符号会与本土信仰结合生成新传统，既维系文化亲缘性，又彰显地域身份认同。

四、傣族泼水节的意义

泼水节不仅是傣族人民辞旧迎新的重要节日，更蕴含着深远的文化与社会意义。作为傣族最具代表性的传统节日之一，泼水节集中体现了傣族的宗教信仰、民间艺术和饮食习俗，是民族文化传承的重要载体。2006年，由云南省西双版纳傣族自治州申报的傣族泼水节被列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，进一步确认了其在中国传统文化中的重要地位。 节日期间，各族人民共同参与庆祝活动，不仅弘扬了民族文化，也增进了民族之间的交流与认同，展现出强烈的社会凝聚力和团结精神。同时，泼水节吸引了大量国内外游客前来体验和参与，带动了西双版纳等地的旅游业和相关服务产业的发展，对促进地方经济起到了积极的推动作用。此外，泼水节在泰国、老挝、缅甸等东南亚国家也广泛流行，这种文化相似性既反映出古代印度文化圈的影响，也构成了中国与周边国家民间文化交流的重要纽带，促进了国际间的文化交流与理解。（金斓斓 2025,100-101）

术语表达

Dai Water-Splashing Festival 傣族泼水节

Buddha Bathing Festival 浴佛节

Brahmanic rituals 婆罗门教仪式

zodiac 黄道十二宫

almsgiving 布施行善

Buddha statue 佛像

bay leaves 月桂叶

gentle splashing (wen po) 文泼

playful splashing (wu po) 武泼

love pouch 花包

Lancang River 澜沧江

Ruili River 瑞丽江

Elephant Foot Dance 象脚舞

Peacock Dance 孔雀舞

Gao Sheng (Fire Rockets) 高升（土火箭）

river deities 河神

water-splashing pavilions 泼水亭

scented water 香水

National Intangible Cultural Heritage List 国家级非物质文化遗产名录

问题

1.傣族泼水节在傣语中傣语中被称为什么？它的含义是什么？

2.傣族泼水节总共持续几天？每一天分别代表什么？

3.泼水节有哪些庆祝活动？请至少列举三项。

4.傣族泼水节为何被列入国家级非物质文化遗产？

答案

1.桑堪比迈，意为“新年”。

2.三到四天。第一天为“麦日”，类似于农历除夕，傣语叫“宛多尚罕”，意思是送旧。第二天为空日，傣语叫“腕脑”，他不属于旧的一年，也不属于新的一年，而是旧年与新年之间的日子。第三天是元旦，叫“麦帕雅晚玛”；第四天是新年，叫“霸王马”，作为岁首，人们把这一天视为最美好，最吉祥的日子。

3.泼水、堆佛塔、丢包、赛龙舟、浴佛、放高升和水灯、布施行善等。

4.它集中体现傣族的宗教信仰、民间艺术、饮食习俗，是民族文化传承的重要载体。

参考文献

[1]龚红（KONGCHAI VILAIHONG）.中国傣族泼水节与老挝泼水节节日文化比较研究[D].哈尔滨师范大学,2021.[[7]]

[2]杨新新.中国与缅甸泼水节习俗比较研究[D].云南大学,2011.[[8]]

[3]曾雪莹.云南傣族民族文化记忆研究 ——以西双版纳傣族泼水节为例[D].西南大学,2021.[[9]]

[4]张黎临.西双版纳傣族“泼水节”的三个关键词——新年、泼水、浴佛[J].大众文艺,2014（22）：40-42.[[10]]

[5]Gupta, R. The Cultural Tradition of Water Festival: A Case Study of Songkran Festival in Thailand. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2012,2 (13),100-104.

[6]熊瑞.傣族泼水节的文化内涵探析[J].武术研究,2018,3（09）：124-126.[[11]]

[7]金斓斓.文化人类学视角下传统节日研究——以西双版纳傣族“泼水节”为例[J].边疆经济与文化,2025（02）：97-101.[[12]]

AI statement

To help me to write my final paper, I have used the following AI chatbot: ChatGPT

1.I have prompted the chatbot with the following prompt: “Please help me write a 1000+ word Chinese article introducing the Dai Water-Splashing Festival. The article should include four parts: (1)Origins and Legends; (2) Celebratory activities; (3) Cross-cultural comparison with analogous global traditions;(4) Cultural significance. Please follow facts strictly and avoid fictional descriptions.”

I found the following problems with the outcome: The articles generated by ChatGPT are too simple and contain formatting issues.For example:

“二、泼水节的活动

泼水节期间，傣族人民会举行丰富多彩的庆祝活动，主要包括： 1.浴佛仪式：节日的第一天，傣族人民会前往佛寺，用清水为佛像洗尘，祈求神灵保佑新的一年平安顺利。2.泼水活动：...7.丢包游戏：未婚男女通过抛接花包表达爱意，是青年人寻觅爱情的传统方式。”

I have adjusted the output by the following measures ：Firstly,I revised prompt as: "Please help me refine the part on festival activities with more precise language and clearer explanation. Avoid emotional or literary tone." Secondly,I conducted a thorough review of the draft regenerated by ChatGPT and subsequently revised and supplemented it based on my own reading of other scholars' papers.Written the following passage new:

二、傣族泼水节的节庆活动

傣族泼水节为期三到四天。第一天为“麦日”，类似于农历除夕，傣语叫“宛多尚罕”，意思是送旧。......

布施行善和滴水回向

节前，傣族人民会准备食物和祭品，在泼水节第一天早上带至寺庙布施；然后，长者会取出小佛像、点香燃烛，带领众人诵经、滴水回向，以祭奠先人、祈福平安。.....

2.I have prompted the chatbot with the following prompt: "Extract the specific cultural terms from the original text and provide internationally recognized corresponding English translations, which are presented in table form."

ChatGPT output：No. English Term Chinese Term

1 Water Splashing Festival of the Dai Ethnic Minority 傣族泼水节

2 Buddha Bathing Festival 浴佛节

3 Sangkan Bimai 桑堪比迈

4 Dai New Year 傣历新年

5 Songkran 宋干节 .....

After receiving the table, I carefully reviewed each term, kept culturally appropriate transliterations (e.g., Gao Sheng)and modified some terms(e.g., Dai water-splashing festival 傣族泼水节).

3.Based on the Chinese-English terminology table, I translated the Chinese text into English. Subsequently, I issued the following prompt to ChatGPT:"Rigorously inspect the English translation against the Chinese source text, adhering to these requirements:

(1)Ensure strict fidelity to the original Chinese content with fluent expression

(2)Eliminate grammatical errors and verify absence of mistranslations or omissions

(3)Conduct paragraph-by-paragraph analysis and provide modification suggestions.

(4)ensure that the terminology remained consistent throughout the text."

According to the suggestions, I modified the English version to form the final version.