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The Longmen Grottoes: A Masterpiece of Chinese Buddhist Grotto Art
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My name is Han Jiayan. I’m a 2025-level Korean Translation and Interpretation major,and I come from Yanbian, Jilin Province..
  
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Contents
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==Final Exam Paper==
  
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1.1 Longmen Grottoes
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===Yanji cold noodles===
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1.1.1 Introduction
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====1.Origin of Yanji cold noodles====
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1.1.2 Historical Origin and Construction Periods
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1.1.3 Artistic Characteristics and Stylistic Evolution
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Yanji cold noodles come from the unique geographical environment and ethnic blending context of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture(中国朝鲜族） in Jilin Province. Dating back to the historical origin, the formation of its Yanji cold noodles is in line with the history of immigration and settlement of Chinese Korean ancestors.（中国朝鲜族祖先） After the ancestors of Chinese Koreans immigrated from the Korean Peninsula （朝鲜半岛）to the northeast of China, because the northeast region is rich in high-quality wheat, buckwheat and corn combined with the advanced planting technology of Chinese Korean（中国朝鲜族） immigrants, which has satisfied Chinese Korean（中国朝鲜族）immigrants with rich raw materials for making noodles. Therefore, Yanji cold noodles have also formed Chinese Koreans. One of the special traditional delicacies.
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1.1.4 Cultural and Historical Significance
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1.1.5 Preservation and Contemporary Value
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In the early days, the production process of Yanji cold noodles was relatively simple, using locally rich buckwheat as the main raw material, and combined with home-made bone broth, which was only spread in families and small restaurants. With the development of the times, Yanji cold noodles are also constantly innovating in the inheritance, and cold noodle restaurants are also gradually popular in Yanji City and are deeply loved by local people. Since 1970, Yanji's local cold noodle restaurant began to gradually optimize the soup recipe and enrich the variety of side dishes, such as putting eggs, beef slices, apples, cucumbers and other ingredients on the cold noodles, pushing this special food to a wider market, and gradually forming today's "Yanji cold noodles" with both traditional charm and the characteristics of the times. Nowadays, with the development of Yanji's Internet celebrity city, Yanji's cold noodles have transcended the boundaries of geography and ethnicity, from the streets and alleys of Yanji's small cities to the national vision, forming a non-genetic inheritance culture of Chinese Koreans and an important cultural business card to show the regional charm of Yanbian.
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1.1.6 A Comparison with Other Major Chinese Grottoes
 
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1.1.7 Unique Cultural Relics in Longmen Grottoes (e.g., Stone Inscriptions)
 
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1.2 References
 
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1.3 Terms
 
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1.4 Questions
 
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1.5 Answers
 
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==期末论文==
 
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===Longmen Grottoes===
 
  
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====Introduction====
 
  
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Carved into limestone cliffs along the Yi River in Luoyang, Hena Province, the Longmen Grottoes stand alongside the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang and the Yungang Grottoes in Datong as one of China's three great Buddhist cave art treasures. Their creation spanned more than four centuries, beginning in the Northern Wei Dynasty (386–534 AD), flourishing through the Sui (581–618 AD) and Tang (618–907 AD) dynasties, and receiving minor additions thereafter. Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2000, the site is recognized as a masterpiece of human artistic genius and a pivotal testament to the assimilation of Buddhist art in China.
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====2. The core features of Yanji cold noodles====
  
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The complex stretches about one kilometer and comprises over 2,300 caves and niches, containing more than 100,000 Buddhist statues and nearly 2,800 inscribed stone tablets. The scale ranges from the colossal 17.14-meter Vairocana Buddha in Fengxian Temple to miniature figurines. Each work reflects the aesthetic and technical mastery of its era. Beyond their artistic value, the grottoes serve as a historical archive, offering profound insights into the political, economic, religious, and cultural dynamics of medieval China, particularly the relationship between Buddhist faith and imperial authority.
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The unique charm of Yanji cold noodles lies in the exquisite production techniques of the Chinese Korean（中国朝鲜族）people. From the selection of raw materials to the finished product arrangement, every link contains the wisdom of the Chinese Korean（中国朝鲜族）people, forming the core characteristics of "clear soup, strong noodles and fresh ingredients".
  
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====Historical Origin and Construction Periods====
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Buckwheat noodles: noodles are the basis for making Yanji cold noodles. The key lies in the ratio of raw materials and process control. Yanji cold noodles are mainly made of buckwheat noodles, and the proportion of buckwheat flour should reach more than 70%. With a small amount of starch, it is easy to enhance the elasticity of the noodles - the noodles made of pure buckwheat flour are rich in aroma but easy to break. After adding an appropriate amount of auxiliary flour, the noodles can be kept chewy, not easy to clup after cooking and can better absorb the taste of soup.
  
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Northern Wei Dynasty (386–534 AD): The Foundation Phase
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In the process of kneading, you need to add a small amount of salt water to enhance the texture. Stir the flour and rub it repeatedly until the dough is smooth and elastic, and then leave it for 30 minutes to let the flour fully absorb moisture. The noodle pressing link is repeatedly pressed by a special dough pressing machine and cut into 2-3 mm wide thin noodles; in the process of boiling the noodles, after the water boils, take it out immediately after boiling for about 2 to 3 minutes, and put it in ice water to cool for 1-2 minutes. This step is the key to achieving the taste of "icy glute", which can not only cool down quickly, but also make the noodles The taste is firmer and chewy.
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Systematic construction began around 493 AD after Emperor Xiaowen moved the Northern Wei capital from Pingcheng (modern Datong) to Luoyang. This relocation was central to the dynasty's policy of adopting Han Chinese culture, with Buddhism serving as a unifying spiritual force. Early caves like Guyang Cave and the Binyang Three Caves were sponsored by the imperial family and court elites. The sculptural style is characterized by "elegant emaciation"—slender, ethereal figures with serene expressions. Influenced by Gandharan art, statues feature sharp facial contours and robes carved in the "wet-drapery" style, creating an otherworldly aura.
 
  
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Sui and Tang Dynasties (581–907 AD): The Golden Age
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Cold noodle soup: Cold noodle soup is the key to making Yanji cold noodles. The core is "sweet and sour, clear and not greasy soup", which is a weapon for Yanji locals to relieve summer heat in the hot summer. The classic Chinese Korean（中国朝鲜族）cold noodle soup base recipe requires some time and patience. This is the most authentic and mellow way to make cold noodle soup base.
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The Sui Dynasty served as a transitional period, with sculptures showing fuller, more balanced proportions. The Tang Dynasty marked the zenith of Longmen's development, fueled by national prosperity and the peak of Buddhism's influence. Imperial patronage reached its climax, notably under Empress Wu Zetian (reigned 690–705 AD). Her crucial funding supported the creation of Fengxian Temple, the largest and most iconic cave. The principal Vairocana Buddha is widely interpreted as bearing the empress's likeness, symbolizing the confluence of divine and secular authority. Tang sculpture is defined by robust, lifelike figures with round, benevolent faces and naturalistic drapery, embodying the dynasty's confidence and aesthetic maturity.
 
  
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Post-Tang to Modern Era (907 AD onward): Decline and Damage
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First of all, the first choice for the cold noodle soup base is beef bones. It is recommended to choose beef bones rich in bone marrow. Boil over high heat with the whole piece of beef, remove the foam, turn to low heat and simmer for 4-6 hours. During the cooking process, you can add onions, ginger, garlic and other spiced vegetables to add flavor.
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After the Tang Dynasty's collapse, political fragmentation and the rise of Neo-Confucianism led to a near cessation of major construction. Minor repairs occurred in later dynasties. Over centuries, the site suffered from natural weathering and, most devastatingly, from looting in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when numerous sculptures were removed and sold overseas, resulting in significant cultural loss.
 
  
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====Artistic Characteristics and Stylistic Evolution====
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Secondly, the preparation of cold noodle soup is also inevitable. After the beef bone soup is boiled for 3 hours, you can add sliced apples and pears to provide a fruity sweet and sour taste for the sweet and sour cold noodle soup base, neutraling the fishy taste of beef, and make the soup base more unique. After the soup base is boiled, the residue is filtered, white sugar, apple cider vinegar, salt and other seasonings are added for seasoning, and the golden sour and sweet ratio is controlled. Finally, the soup base will present a "sweet and sour taste". Finally, the seasoned soup can be put in the refrigerator for refrigeration, or you can add ice to cool down to ensure that the mouth is cool and clear.
  
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From Transcendental to Humanistic Ideals
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Side dish matching: side dish matching is an indispensable part of the process of making Yanji cold noodles. Side dishes include cooked beef blades, shredded cucumbers, well-cooked eggs, apple slices, etc. In the process of setting the cold noodles, the buckwheat noodles are covered with beef, apples and pickles. Before serving, a spoonful of cold and sour soup is scooped from the bucket, and the bowl is full of coolness. This is the impression left by many people by Yanji cold noodles, and it seems that only the cold noodles made in this way are the most authentic. Cold noodles pay attention to the clear soup - the beef soup must be cleared of the floating oil; cool - whether it is soup or noodles, it should be eaten after cooling. Only in this way can we throw all the summer heat out of the "face shop". The side dishes not only provide a rich and refreshing taste, but also add a rich visual feast.
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The stylistic evolution at Longmen vividly charts the sinicization of Buddhist art. Northern Wei statuary emphasizes spiritual transcendence through elongated, abstracted forms. Tang sculpture celebrates physical presence and humane qualities with solid, volumetric figures and compassionate expressions. This shift mirrors Buddhism's deeper integration into Chinese society, transforming distant deities into accessible beings of grace.
 
  
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Diverse Iconography and Narrative Art
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====3. The value of Yanji cold noodles ====
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The grottoes present a comprehensive Mahayana Buddhist pantheon, including various Buddhas, bodhisattvas like Guanyin, and guardian figures. Many caves feature narrative reliefs depicting jataka tales and scenes from the Buddha's life. These visual narratives served a didactic purpose, conveying doctrinal teachings to a largely non-literate populace.
 
  
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A Repository of Calligraphy
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As one of the typical Chinese Korean（中国朝鲜族）food culture, Yanji cold noodles has the unique profound cultural value of Chinese Koreans. At the same time, in the development of the times, it has continuously explored, inherited and innovated, and formed an organic integration of the tradition and modern Yanji cold noodles.
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The collection of nearly 2,800 stone inscriptions, known as the "Forest of Ancient Stelae," is a distinguished feature. These inscriptions provide invaluable primary sources for historical research. Epigraphically, they showcase the evolution of Chinese script from the angular Northern Wei style to the refined Tang regular script. Masterpieces like Chu Suiliang's "Yique Buddha Niche Stele" are revered models of classical calligraphy.
 
  
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====Cultural and Historical Significance====
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Yanji cold noodles is one of the typical delicacies in the Chinese Korean culture(中国朝鲜族文化）of Yanbian. We can see from the eating habits of the Chinese Korean people(中国朝鲜族）in China that cold noodles are one of the popular delicacies of the locals all year round, whether in summer or winter.
  
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A Nexus of Cross-Cultural Exchange
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In addition, cold noodles also carry the emotional memory of the Chinese Korean people(中国朝鲜族）in China. For local people, a bowl of cold noodles is related to childhood memories and the taste of home, etc., and becomes a unique emotional bond connecting the Chinese Korean people（中国朝鲜族）in China. In addition, Yanji cold noodles have become a unique "cultural symbol" of Yanbian, attracting many foreigners to experience the taste and even diners from all over the country to understand the unique culture of Chinese Koreans through taste experience, attracting many people to recognize Chinese Korean culture（中国朝鲜族文化）, and promoting the exchange and integration of multi-ethnic cultures.  
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Longmen stands as evidence of Silk Road cultural exchanges. Early artistic influences from Gandharan and Mathuran traditions are discernible, but Chinese artisans reinterpreted them through indigenous principles, creating a unique Chinese Buddhist idiom that demonstrates China's capacity to absorb and transform external influences.
 
  
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The Embodiment of Imperial Patronage
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The inheritor also realizes that "inheritance is not to guard the old stalls, but to let the old flavor carry the culture further", and actively participate in intangible cultural heritage project activities, and will also share Yanji cold noodles through the platform, or promote Yanji cold noodles through live broadcast, and the cold noodles developed are listed as "Jilin Province Representative projects of intangible cultural heritage" and other honors.
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The grottoes were predominantly imperial or elite projects, making them visual proclamations of political power intertwined with piety. The case of Empress Wu Zetian and Fengxian Temple illustrates how art was used to legitimize authority. Donor inscriptions document patrons from all social strata, offering a rare window into the social hierarchy and the role of Buddhism in community life.
 
  
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A Pivotal Scholarly Resource
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Nowadays, with the development of the times, Yanji cold noodles will also undergo continuous innovation to adapt to the diverse taste needs of different people. At the same time, it can also be done by promoting short videos, selling products live, etc. These methods can let more people know the story behind Yanji cold noodles, and also promote the nationalization and internationalization of cold noodles culture.
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As one of China's most extensive and sequential collections of Buddhist cave art, Longmen provides indispensable material for studying doctrinal developments, devotional practices, and the localization of Buddhist iconography and sculptural technique in East Asia.
 
  
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====Preservation and Contemporary Value====
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====4. The influence of Yanji cold noodles====
  
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Conservation and Modern Safeguarding
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As one of the "top ten noodles in China", Yanji cold noodles not only deeply affects the Yanbian area, but also has a unique cultural impact on the whole country.
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Preservation combats natural deterioration and past damage. Systematic efforts began in the mid-20th century, focusing on structural stabilization and environmental management. The UNESCO designation in 2000 galvanized international cooperation. Contemporary conservation employs techniques like 3D laser scanning for documentation, digital archiving, and micro-environmental monitoring to ensure the site's integrity for future generations.
 
  
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Heritage Tourism and Public Engagement
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Yanji's cold noodle culture has promoted the development of the local catering industry. Nowadays, there are cold noodle restaurants everywhere on the streets of Yanji, such as "Yanji Service Building Cold Noodles", "Shunji Cold Noodles", "Jindalai Cold Noodles", etc. Among them, "Yanji Service Building Cold Noodles", as a representative of Yanbian's local characteristic catering, has won provincial honors such as "Jilin Provincial People's Word of Mouth Gold Award Unit" and "Travelers' Favorite Jilin Food". In addition, Yanji cold noodle culture is also one of the city brands of Yanji, which promotes the construction of the title of "food city" in Yanji, attracting many foreign tourists to deeply experience the traditional culture of Chinese Koreans.
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Longmen is a premier cultural tourism destination. Comprehensive visitor facilities, including museums, contextualize its history and artistry. It functions as an unparalleled open-air museum for students and researchers.
 
  
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Global Cultural Heritage
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With its unique taste and rich culture, Yanji cold noodles cross geographical boundaries and become an important carrier for the spread of Chinese Korean culture(中国朝鲜族）in China. With the development of social information, Yanji cold noodles have also deeply entered the vision of the national university, gradually entered the national market, and is a food that is very popular with people all over the country. After trying Yanji cold noodles, many tourists have enhanced their understanding of the Chinese Korean folk culture(中国朝鲜族民俗文化）of the Chinese people, and promoted them to become representatives of the charm of Chinese national food culture, and also promoted the exchange and mutual learning of multi-ethnic cultures.
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As a World Heritage Site, Longmen belongs to all humanity, fostering intercultural dialogue and appreciation for Chinese artistic and spiritual traditions. Its aesthetic principles continue to inspire contemporary creators.
 
  
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====A Comparison with Other Major Chinese Grottoes====
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===References===
  
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· Mogao Caves (Dunhuang): Celebrated for murals and polychrome sculptures, reflecting the eclectic cultural fusion of the Silk Road oasis, with stronger influences from Central Asia and Persia, and a greater emphasis on pictorial narrative.
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[1]赵俊.延吉市民俗食品全产业链发展：水平评价与策略分析[D].吉林大学,2024.DOI:10.27162/d.cnki.gjlin.2024.006689.  
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· Yungang Grottoes (Datong): Created earlier (5th century AD), exhibiting majestic, monumental power with bold, simplified forms and a formidable presence, reflecting Northern Wei's nomadic roots and early state Buddhism.
 
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· Longmen Grottoes: Represents the mature phase of Chinese Buddhist cave art, distinguished by its deep synthesis of foreign influences with Han Chinese traditions. Its location in the ancient imperial capital underscores its connection to state power, with Tang sculpture achieving a classical balance of idealized form and humanistic realism.
 
  
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====Unique Cultural Relics in Longmen Grottoes====
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[2]方佳西. 跨文化传播视角下中韩综艺原创对比研究[J].今传媒,2021,29(06):115-118.
  
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The epigraphic heritage is of exceptional importance:
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[3]刘琪.延吉市消费者对延边荞麦冷面购买意愿分析[D].延边大学,2020.DOI:10.27439/d.cnki.gybdu.2020.001011.
  
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· The "Longmen Twenty Inscriptions": Exemplary Northern Wei votive inscriptions, revered as masterpieces of early regular script calligraphy.
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[4]汪作佳.延边朝鲜族食品产业与经济的关系[D].延边大学,2018.
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· Binyang Middle Cave Inscriptions: Provide a detailed official account of the cave's construction.
 
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· Chu Suiliang's "Yique Buddha Niche Stele": A landmark in Chinese calligraphy, representing the maturation of Tang regular script.
 
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· Donor Imagery and Inscriptions: Countless small niche statues and brief inscriptions by ordinary worshippers constitute a priceless social archive of medieval Chinese life.
 
  
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===References===
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[5] 张淑贤,刘海洋. 民族文化旅游开发研究——以延边朝鲜族为例[J].社会科学战线,2011,(06):147-150.
  
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1. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (2000). Longmen Grottoes.
 
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2. Longmen Grottoes Research Academy. (Ed.). (2018). Archaeological Reports of the Longmen Grottoes. Cultural Relics Press.
 
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3. McNair, A. (2007). Donors of Longmen: Faith, Politics, and Patronage in Medieval Chinese Buddhist Sculpture. University of Hawaii Press.
 
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4. Wong, D. C. (2018). Buddhist Pilgrim-Monks as Agents of Cultural and Artistic Transmission. National University of Singapore Press.
 
  
 
===Terms and Expressions ===
 
===Terms and Expressions ===
  
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1.Grotto Art  石窟艺术
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Yanji Cold Noodles 延吉冷面
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2.Buddhist Iconography  佛教造像学
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3.Stele  碑刻
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Chinese Korean Nation 中国朝鲜族
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4.Calligraphy  书法
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5.Fresco  壁画
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Buckwheat Noodles 荞麦面
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6.Lotus Canopy  莲花藻井
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7.Buddhist Niche  佛龛
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Proofing Dough 醒面
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8.Arhat  罗汉
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9.Bodhisattva  菩萨
 
  
 
===Questions===
 
===Questions===
  
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1. Explain the UNESCO criteria under which the Longmen Grottoes were inscribed and why they meet these benchmarks.
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1. What does the cold noodle soup base taste like?
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2. Analyze the key differences between Northern Wei and Tang dynasty sculptural styles at Longmen, linking them to historical shifts.
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3. Assess the role of Empress Wu Zetian in the history of Longmen Grottoes.
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2. What are the core ingredients of noodles?
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4. Evaluate the main conservation challenges facing Longmen and the modern strategies employed.
 
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5. Illustrate how Longmen Grottoes materialize cultural exchange along the Silk Road.
 
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6. Discuss the dual value of the Longmen stone inscriptions.
 
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7. Compare the Longmen, Yungang, and Mogao grottoes in terms of artistic media, style, and historical context.
 
  
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===Answers===
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3. What are the core characteristics of Yanji cold noodles?
  
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1. The Longmen Grottoes were inscribed under UNESCO criteria (i) and (ii). Criterion (i): They are a masterpiece of human creative genius, showcasing the pinnacle of Chinese stone carving. Criterion (ii): They exhibit an important interchange of human values and testify to the sinicization of Buddhism from the 5th to 10th centuries.
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4. Where does Yanji cold noodles come from?
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2. Northern Wei Style: "Elegant emaciation," elongated forms, linear drapery, detached expression. Reflects early Buddhist ascetic ideals and nomadic-steppe influences before full sinicization. Tang Style: Rounded, volumetric forms, naturalistic drapery, benevolent expressions. Embodies the confident, worldly ethos of the High Tang and Buddhism's full integration into Chinese society.
 
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3. Empress Wu Zetian was a paramount patron. Her funding for Fengxian Temple was politically strategic; the Vairocana Buddha, bearing her features, visually equated the Empress with cosmic Buddhahood to legitimize her rule. This intensified the tradition of imperial identification with the Buddha.
 
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4. Challenges: Natural weathering (water seepage, pollution), structural instability, tourism pressure. Strategies: Rock anchoring, drainage systems, visitor flow management, 3D laser scanning for digital preservation, and international collaborative research.
 
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5. Early Northern Wei "wet-drapery" style and meditative Buddha figures derived from Gandharan prototypes show initial influence. The adaptation is seen in how these evolved into the Chinese "elegant emaciation" and later the fully sinicized Tang style, demonstrating selective absorption and creative reinterpretation.
 
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6. Historical Value: Primary sources providing dates, donor lists, and insights into medieval Chinese society and religion. Artistic Value: A tangible timeline of Chinese script evolution, studied as canonical models in the history of calligraphy.
 
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7. Yungang: Colossal stone statues; bold, simplified forms; strong Central Asian/Indian influence; early state Buddhism context. Mogao: Murals and stucco; narrative complexity; diverse Silk Road influences; oasis town context. Longmen: Fine limestone carving; humanistic realism; synthesis of foreign and Han Chinese aesthetics; imperial capital context.
 
  
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5. What local industries can Yanji cold noodles drive?
  
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龙门石窟：中国佛教石窟艺术的杰作
 
  
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目录
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===Answers===
  
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1.1 龙门石窟
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1. Sweet and sour taste.
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1.1.1 引言
 
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1.1.2 历史起源与营造时期
 
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1.1.3 艺术特征与风格演变
 
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1.1.4 文化历史意义
 
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1.1.5 保护与当代价值
 
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1.1.6 与中国其他主要石窟的对比
 
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1.1.7 龙门石窟的特色文物（如碑刻）
 
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1.2 参考文献
 
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1.3 术语
 
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1.4 问题
 
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1.5 答案
 
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==期末论文==
 
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===龙门石窟===
 
  
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====总体介绍====
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2. Buckwheat noodles.
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龙门石窟位于河南省洛阳市伊水两岸的石灰岩峭壁上，与敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟并称中国三大佛教石窟艺术宝库。其营造史跨越四百余年，始于北魏（公元386–534年），历经隋（公元581–618年）、唐（公元618–907年）两代鼎盛，后世续有零星增补。2000年，龙门石窟被联合国教科文组织列入《世界遗产名录》，被赞誉为人类杰出艺术创造力的典范，以及佛教艺术在中国传播、吸收与本土化进程的关键见证。
 
  
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石窟群沿伊河两岸绵延约一公里，现存窟龛2300余座，造像十万余尊，碑刻题记近2800品。造像规模悬殊，既有奉先寺中高达17.14米的卢舍那大佛，亦有精妙入微的微型雕像。每一尊造像都凝结着所属时代的审美意趣与工艺巅峰。除却无与伦比的艺术价值，龙门石窟更是一部石质化的历史档案，为我们理解中世纪中国的政治格局、经济状况、宗教信仰与文化风貌提供了独特视角，尤其清晰地揭示了佛教与中原王朝皇权之间错综复杂的关系。
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3. The delicate production techniques of the Koreans in China.
  
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====历史起源与营造时期====
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4. Chinese Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Yanbian.
  
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1、北魏时期（386–534年）：开创与汉化
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5. Tourism industry and catering industry.
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龙门石窟的系统性营造始于公元493年左右，紧随北魏孝文帝将都城从平城（今大同）迁至洛阳之后。此举是北魏推行汉化改革的核心步骤，而佛教则被用作凝聚民心、巩固皇权的精神工具。古阳洞、宾阳三洞等早期代表性洞窟，均由皇室和宫廷显贵主导开凿。此时期的雕塑风格以“秀骨清像”为典型特征：造像身形修长清瘦，面容宁静内省。受犍陀罗艺术影响，佛像面部轮廓鲜明，袈裟采用“曹衣出水”式的贴体薄衣雕刻，营造出空灵神圣的宗教氛围。
 
  
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2、隋唐时期（581–907年）：黄金时代
 
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短祚的隋朝起到了关键的过渡作用，其造像体态趋于丰满匀称。唐代则是龙门石窟发展的绝对巅峰。空前繁荣的国力和佛教在社会影响力的极盛，共同推动了皇家赞助达到高潮。武则天（在位公元690–705年）扮演了尤为重要的角色。她的慷慨布施对于营造龙门规模最大、最具标志性的奉先寺至关重要。寺内主尊——庄严的卢舍那大佛，被广泛认为融入了武后的容貌特征，象征着神圣佛权与世俗皇权的合流。唐代雕塑以雄健写实著称：佛像面容圆润饱满，表情慈祥可亲，衣纹褶皱自然流畅，完美体现了大唐盛世所崇尚的恢弘气度与文化自信。
 
  
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3、唐以后至近现代（907年以后）：衰落与劫难
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唐王朝瓦解后，政治分裂、经济重心转移以及理学思潮的兴起，导致大规模石窟营造活动几近停滞。后世虽有零星修缮和小型龛像增补，但无法与前朝比肩。千百年来，石窟饱受自然风化侵蚀。最为严重的人为破坏发生在19世纪末至20世纪初，大量造像，尤其是佛首和浮雕嵌板，遭到盗凿并贩运海外，造成不可挽回的文化损失。
+
==期末论文==
  
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====艺术特征与风格演变====
+
===延吉冷面===
 +
====1.延吉冷面的历史起源====
  
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1、从超验到人文的审美演进
+
延吉冷面来源于吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州独特的地理环境与民族交融语境之中。追溯到历史渊源，其延吉冷面的形成与中国朝鲜族祖先们的移民定居史一脉相承。中国朝鲜族祖先们从朝鲜半岛移民到中国东北地区后，由于东北地区盛产优质小麦、荞麦以及玉米结合中国朝鲜族移民们的先进种植技术，满足了中国朝鲜族移民为制作面条提供了丰富原料，因此，延吉冷面也形成了中国朝鲜族的特色传统美食之一。
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龙门石窟的风格演变清晰地勾勒出佛教艺术中国化的轨迹。北魏造像强调精神的超脱，以拉长、抽象化的形体传达出世之思。唐代雕塑则颂扬现世的存在与人性化的特质。造像体态饱满，面部表情散发着慈悲与宁谧。这种根本性转变，反映了佛教深度融入中国社会的过程，使得遥不可及的神祇转变为可亲可敬的圣者形象。
+
早期的延吉冷面制作工艺相对简朴，以本地盛产的荞麦为主要原料，再搭配自家熬制的骨汤，仅在家庭与小型餐馆中流传。随着时代的发展，延吉冷面也在传承中不断革新，冷面餐馆也在延吉城市里逐渐普及，深受本地人的喜爱。从1970年开始，延吉本地冷面餐厅开始逐渐优化汤料配方、丰富配菜种类，比如在冷面上放入鸡蛋、牛肉片、苹果、黄瓜等材料，将这一特色美食推向更广的市场，逐渐形成了如今兼具传统韵味与时代特色的“延吉冷面”。如今，随着延吉网红城市的发展，延吉冷面已超越地域与民族的界限，从延吉小城市街头巷尾走向全国视野，形成了中国朝鲜族非遗传承文化以及展现延边地域魅力的重要文化名片。
  
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2、丰富的造像题材与叙事艺术
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====2.延吉冷面的核心特色====
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石窟呈现了大乘佛教完备的神祇体系，包括各种佛、菩萨及护法天王等。许多洞窟雕刻了精美的叙事性浮雕，描绘佛本生故事、佛传故事以及经变画。这些视觉叙事具有教化功能，向当时大多数不识字的信众传达深奥的教义。
 
  
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3、独一无二的书法艺术宝库
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延吉冷面的独特魅力在于中国朝鲜族精细的制作工艺手法，从原料甄选到成品摆盘，每一个环节都蕴含着中国朝鲜族的智慧，形成了“汤清、面劲、料鲜”的核心特色。
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近2800品碑刻题记，常被称为“古碑林”，是龙门石窟最杰出的特色之一。这些题记为历史学和社会学研究提供了宝贵的一手资料。从文字演变角度看，它们展示了中国书体从北魏雄强方劲的隶书向唐代法度森严的楷书的演进历程。褚遂良书丹的《伊阙佛龛碑》等杰作，被尊为古典书法的典范法帖。
+
第一、荞麦面：面条是制作延吉冷面的基础，关键在于原料配比与工艺把控。延吉冷面以荞麦面为主，荞麦粉应占比达到70%以上，再少量搭配搭配淀粉易于增强面条弹性——纯荞麦粉制作的面条香气浓郁但易断裂，加入适量辅助粉后，能让面条保持筋道，煮后不易坨且能更好地吸附汤料味道。
 +
和面过程中，需要加入少量的盐水增强筋性，把面粉搅拌后反复揉搓至面团光滑有弹性，随后静置30分钟醒面，让面粉充分吸收水分。压面环节采用特制压面机反复压制，切成2-3毫米宽的细面条；煮面过程中水沸后下面，大火将大概煮2到3分钟后立即捞出，放入冰水中过凉1-2分钟，这一步是实现“冰爽筋道”口感的关键，既能迅速降温，又能让面条口感更紧实有嚼劲。
 +
第二、冷面汤：冷面汤是制作延吉冷面的关键，核心在“酸甜清爽、汤清不腻”，是再炎热的夏天中，延吉本地人解暑的武器。经典的中国朝鲜族冷面汤底配方需要一些时间与耐心，这是制作冷面汤底的最地道、风味最醇厚的方法。
 +
首先，冷面汤底首选牛骨，推荐优选骨髓丰富的牛骨，与牛肉整块一起用大火煮沸，撇净浮沫后转小火慢炖4-6小时。熬制过程中可以加入洋葱、生姜、大蒜等香料蔬菜去增香。
 +
其次，冷面汤的调制也是不可避免的。经过牛骨汤熬制3小时后，可以再加入切块苹果、梨，为熬制酸甜的冷面汤底提供果香的酸甜口味，中和牛肉腥味，使汤底更有独特的风味。汤底熬制后经过过滤残渣，加入白糖、苹果醋、盐等调料调味，控制好黄金酸甜比例，最终汤底会呈现“酸甜可口”的味道。最后将调味后的汤可以放入冰箱里冷藏，或者可以加入冰块降温，确保入口清凉透心。
 +
第三、配菜搭配：配菜搭配为制作延吉冷面过程中是必不可少的一环。配菜包括熟牛肉刀片、黄瓜丝、全熟鸡蛋、苹果片等。在摆盘冷面过程中,荞麦面上盖着牛肉、苹果、泡菜，上桌前从大桶中舀一勺冰凉酸甜的汤料，满满的一碗凉爽。这是延吉冷面留给很多人的印象，而似乎也只有这样做出的冷面才是最正宗。冷面讲究的是汤清——牛肉汤定是要将浮油撇清的；凉爽——无论是汤还是面，都要冰凉后食用。只有这样，才能将夏日的炎热统统抛到“面铺”外。配菜搭配不仅提供了丰富且清爽的口感，也增添了丰富的视觉盛宴。
  
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====文化历史意义====
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====3.延吉冷面的价值====
  
−
1、丝绸之路跨文化对话的交汇点
+
延吉冷面作为中国朝鲜族饮食文化的典型之一，具有中国朝鲜族特有的深厚的文化价值，同时在时代的发展过程中不断探索、不断传承、不断创新，并形成了如今延吉冷面的传统与现代的有机融合。
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龙门石窟是丝绸之路文化交流的丰碑。早期洞窟中可见来自南亚和中亚的犍陀罗、秣菟罗艺术风格的明显影响。然而，中国工匠依据本土艺术原则和汉族审美趣味进行主动的再创造，催生了一种独具中国特色的佛教艺术样式，展现了中国历史上吸收并转化外来文化影响的能力。
+
延吉冷面是延边朝鲜族文化中典型美食之一，我们可以从中国朝鲜族饮食习惯来可以看出，冷面无论是夏天还是冬天，一年四季中延吉冷面都是深受本地人的欢迎美食之一。
 +
此外，冷面还承载着中国朝鲜族的情感记忆，对本地人来说，一碗冷面联系着童年记忆以及家的味道等，成为连接中国朝鲜族的特有情感纽带。并且，延吉冷面成为延边独有的“文化标志”，吸引着很多外地人的口味体验乃至全国各地的食客专程前来，通过味觉体验了解中国朝鲜族的独有文化，吸引了不少人对中国朝鲜族文化的认可，并且推动了多民族文化的交流与融合。
 +
传承人也意识到“传承不是守着老摊子，而是要让老味道承载文化走得更远”，并积极参与非物质文化遗产项目活动，并且还会通过平台分享延吉冷面，或者也可以通过直播方法宣传延吉冷面，并且研发出的冷面列入为“吉林省非物质文化遗产代表性项目”等荣誉。
 +
如今，随着时代的发展，延吉冷面也会经过不断创新，适应了不同人群的多样化口味需求。同时，也可以通过宣传短视频、直播卖产品等方式，这些方法都可以让更多人了解关于延吉冷面背后的故事，也促进冷面文化走向全国化、国际化。
  
−
2、皇权赞助与社会秩序的视觉体现
+
====4.延吉冷面的影响力====
−
石窟主要是皇家工程或贵族精英的事业，这使其成为政治权力与虔诚信仰交织的强力视觉宣告。武则天与奉先寺的案例极具典范性，说明了艺术如何被用来神化统治者的权威。数量众多的供养人题记，细致记录了各社会阶层赞助者的信息，为了解中世纪中国的社会结构和佛教在社区生活中的渗透程度，提供了一扇难得的窗口。
 
  
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3、多学科研究的关键基石
+
延吉冷面作为“中国十大面条之一”，不仅深刻影响着延边地区，也对全国带来了独特的文化影响。
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作为中国规模最宏大、时代序列最完整的佛教石窟艺术群之一，龙门石窟为多个学术领域提供了不可或缺的研究素材。它对理解佛教造像与雕塑技艺在东亚的本土化具有重要价值。
+
延吉冷面文化推动了本地餐饮行业的发展。如今，延吉街头遍地都是冷面餐馆，比如，“延吉服务大楼冷面”、“顺姬冷面”、“金达莱冷面”等。其中“延吉服务大楼冷面”作为延边地方特色餐饮代表，曾获得“吉林省百姓口碑金奖单位”和“旅客最喜爱的吉林美食”等省级荣誉。并且，延吉冷面文化也是延吉的城市品牌之一，促进建设延吉“美食城市”称号，吸引了不少外地游客们的到来，深刻体验你中国朝鲜族的传统文化。
 +
延吉冷面凭借着独特的口感与浓郁的文化，跨越地域界限，成为传播中国朝鲜族文化的重要载体。随着社交信息的传播发展，延吉冷面也深深进入全国大众的视野里，逐渐走进全国市场，深受全国内人民欢迎的美食。很多游客通过尝试延吉冷面后，增强了对中国朝鲜族的民俗文化的进一步了解，并且推动了成为展现中国民族饮食文化魅力的代表，也促进了多民族文化的交流与互鉴。
  
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====保护与当代价值====
+
===参考文献===
 +
[1]赵俊.延吉市民俗食品全产业链发展：水平评价与策略分析[D].吉林大学,2024.DOI:10.27162/d.cnki.gjlin.2024.006689.
  
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1、保护挑战与现代守护
+
[2]方佳西. 跨文化传播视角下中韩综艺原创对比研究[J].今传媒,2021,29(06):115-118.
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龙门石窟的保护需要对抗千百年的自然风化和历史上的人为破坏。系统的保护工程于20世纪中叶展开，重点包括岩体加固、防治风化以及环境治理。2000年的“世遗”身份促进了国际合作。当代保护工作采用非侵入性技术，如用于高精度档案记录的3D激光扫描、数字化存档和微环境监测，以确保这一遗产能够完整地传承。
 
  
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2、遗产旅游与公众参与
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[3]刘琪.延吉市消费者对延边荞麦冷面购买意愿分析[D].延边大学,2020.DOI:10.27439/d.cnki.gybdu.2020.001011.
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如今，龙门是文化遗产旅游的首要目的地。景区已建成包括博物馆在内的综合性游客设施，帮助人们理解其历史与艺术内涵。它也是一座无与伦比的露天博物馆，提供了与原始历史文物直接对话的机会。
 
  
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3、全球文化遗产的遗产
+
[4]汪作佳.延边朝鲜族食品产业与经济的关系[D].延边大学,2018.
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作为世界遗产，龙门石窟属于全人类，促进世界对中国艺术成就和精神传统的欣赏。其美学原则持续启迪着当代的艺术家与设计师。
 
  
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====与中国其他主要石窟的对比====
+
[5] 张淑贤,刘海洋. 民族文化旅游开发研究——以延边朝鲜族为例[J].社会科学战线,2011,(06):147-150.
  
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· 敦煌莫高窟：以壮丽的壁画和彩塑闻名，反映了敦煌这个丝绸之路绿洲多元文化的融合，包含浓厚的中亚、波斯影响，更侧重于绘画叙事。
+
===术语===
−
· 大同云冈石窟：开凿时间更早（公元5世纪），展现一种宏伟、纪念碑式的力量，风格保留着鲜明的中亚和印度艺术元素，造型雄浑简括，充满震慑人心的超验性，反映了北魏的游牧根源。
+
Yanji Cold Noodles 延吉冷面
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· 龙门石窟：代表了佛教石窟艺术在中国成熟期的样貌，其显著特点在于将外来影响与成熟的汉文化艺术传统进行了深度融合。其位于古都洛阳的地理位置，凸显了与中央政权的紧密联系。其唐代雕塑达到了理想形式与人文写实主义的经典平衡。
 
  
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====龙门石窟的特色文物====
+
Chinese Korean nation 中国朝鲜族
  
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龙门的金石遗产具有非凡的价值：
+
Buckwheat Noodles 荞麦面
  
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· 《龙门二十品》：北魏造像题记精华，被奉为早期楷书（魏碑）的书法瑰宝。
+
Proofing Dough 醒面
−
· 宾阳中洞造像记：提供了该洞窟营造缘起、经过的详细官方记载。
 
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· 褚遂良《伊阙佛龛碑》：此唐碑是中国书法史上的里程碑，代表了唐代楷书的高度成熟。
 
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· 民间供养人造像与题记：由普通信众发愿镌刻的小型供养龛像及其题记，构成了一座无价的社会史料库，揭示了中世纪中国平民百姓的个人信仰与社会生活。
 
  
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===参考文献===
+
===问题===
 +
1.冷面汤底是什么味道的？
  
−
1. 联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心. (2000). 龙门石窟.
+
2.面条的核心原料是什么？
−
2. 龙门石窟研究院. (编). (2018). 龙门石窟考古报告. 文物出版社.
 
−
3. 倪雅梅 (Amy McNair). (2007). 龙门捐造者：中世纪中国佛教雕塑中的信仰、政治与赞助. 夏威夷大学出版社.
 
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4. 王静芬 (Dorothy C. Wong). (2018). 作为文化与艺术传播者的佛教巡礼僧. 新加坡国立大学出版社.
 
  
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===术语===
+
3.延吉冷面的核心特色是什么？
  
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1.Grotto Art  石窟艺术
+
4.延吉冷面源于哪里？
−
2.Buddhist Iconography  佛教造像学
 
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3.Stele  碑刻
 
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4.Calligraphy  书法
 
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5.Fresco  壁画
 
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6.Lotus Canopy  莲花藻井
 
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7.Buddhist Niche  佛龛
 
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8.Arhat  罗汉
 
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9.Bodhisattva  菩萨
 
  
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===问题===
+
5.延吉冷面能带动当地哪些产业？
  
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1. 阐述龙门石窟入选世界遗产所依据的具体标准及其符合原因。
 
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2. 分析龙门石窟北魏与唐代雕塑风格的核心差异，并将其与历史文化变迁相联系。
 
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3. 评价武则天在龙门石窟历史中的角色。
 
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4. 评估当前龙门石窟面临的主要保护挑战及现代应对策略。
 
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5. 结合实例，说明龙门石窟如何体现了丝绸之路上的文化交流与适应。
 
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6. 论述龙门石窟碑刻题记的历史价值与艺术价值。
 
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7. 对比龙门、云冈、莫高窟三大石窟的艺术媒介、风格特征与历史背景。
 
  
 
===答案===
 
===答案===
 +
1.酸甜口味
 +
 +
2.荞麦面
 +
 +
3.中国朝鲜族精细的制作工艺手法
 +
 +
4.延边朝鲜族自治州
  
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1. 龙门石窟依据标准(i)和(ii)入选。标准(i)：代表人类创造天才的杰作，展现了中国石雕艺术的巅峰。标准(ii)：对建筑艺术、纪念物艺术的发展产生过重大影响，或能为一种文化传统提供特殊的见证。龙门石窟展示了佛教石窟艺术的最高成就，并清晰见证了佛教中国化的关键进程。
+
5.旅游产业与饮食行业
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2. 北魏风格：“秀骨清像”，形体拉长，衣纹线条化，表情超然。反映了早期佛教的苦修思想及汉化前的草原审美影响。唐代风格：形体圆润饱满，衣纹写实自然，表情慈祥。体现了盛唐自信、入世的精神和佛教完全融入中国社会。
 
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3. 武则天是至关重要的赞助者。她资助奉先寺具有政治战略性；卢舍那大佛融其容貌，在视觉上将女皇与宇宙法身佛等同起来以正名其统治，强化了帝王与佛陀形象认同的传统。
 
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4. 挑战：自然风化（渗水、污染）、岩体结构问题、旅游压力。策略：岩体锚固与排水工程、游客流量管理、3D激光扫描数字化保存以及国际合作研究。
 
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5. 北魏早期“曹衣出水”衣纹和禅定佛像源自犍陀罗样式，显示初始影响。其后的“秀骨清像”及完全中国化的唐代样式，则体现了对外来元素的选择性吸收与创造性再诠释。
 
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6. 历史价值：一手文献，提供年代、供养人信息及中世纪社会与宗教 insights。艺术价值：中国书体演变的 tangible 时间线，是书法史上的典范法书。
 
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7. 云冈：巨大石雕；造型雄浑简括；受中亚/印度影响；早期国家佛教背景。莫高窟：壁画和彩塑；叙事复杂；多元丝路文化影响；绿洲城镇背景。龙门：精细石雕；人文写实；融合外来与汉族美学；帝国都城背景。
 

Revision as of 16:06, 29 December 2025

My name is Han Jiayan. I’m a 2025-level Korean Translation and Interpretation major,and I come from Yanbian, Jilin Province..

Final Exam Paper

Yanji cold noodles

1.Origin of Yanji cold noodles

Yanji cold noodles come from the unique geographical environment and ethnic blending context of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture(中国朝鲜族） in Jilin Province. Dating back to the historical origin, the formation of its Yanji cold noodles is in line with the history of immigration and settlement of Chinese Korean ancestors.（中国朝鲜族祖先） After the ancestors of Chinese Koreans immigrated from the Korean Peninsula （朝鲜半岛）to the northeast of China, because the northeast region is rich in high-quality wheat, buckwheat and corn combined with the advanced planting technology of Chinese Korean（中国朝鲜族） immigrants, which has satisfied Chinese Korean（中国朝鲜族）immigrants with rich raw materials for making noodles. Therefore, Yanji cold noodles have also formed Chinese Koreans. One of the special traditional delicacies.

In the early days, the production process of Yanji cold noodles was relatively simple, using locally rich buckwheat as the main raw material, and combined with home-made bone broth, which was only spread in families and small restaurants. With the development of the times, Yanji cold noodles are also constantly innovating in the inheritance, and cold noodle restaurants are also gradually popular in Yanji City and are deeply loved by local people. Since 1970, Yanji's local cold noodle restaurant began to gradually optimize the soup recipe and enrich the variety of side dishes, such as putting eggs, beef slices, apples, cucumbers and other ingredients on the cold noodles, pushing this special food to a wider market, and gradually forming today's "Yanji cold noodles" with both traditional charm and the characteristics of the times. Nowadays, with the development of Yanji's Internet celebrity city, Yanji's cold noodles have transcended the boundaries of geography and ethnicity, from the streets and alleys of Yanji's small cities to the national vision, forming a non-genetic inheritance culture of Chinese Koreans and an important cultural business card to show the regional charm of Yanbian.


2. The core features of Yanji cold noodles

The unique charm of Yanji cold noodles lies in the exquisite production techniques of the Chinese Korean（中国朝鲜族）people. From the selection of raw materials to the finished product arrangement, every link contains the wisdom of the Chinese Korean（中国朝鲜族）people, forming the core characteristics of "clear soup, strong noodles and fresh ingredients".

Buckwheat noodles: noodles are the basis for making Yanji cold noodles. The key lies in the ratio of raw materials and process control. Yanji cold noodles are mainly made of buckwheat noodles, and the proportion of buckwheat flour should reach more than 70%. With a small amount of starch, it is easy to enhance the elasticity of the noodles - the noodles made of pure buckwheat flour are rich in aroma but easy to break. After adding an appropriate amount of auxiliary flour, the noodles can be kept chewy, not easy to clup after cooking and can better absorb the taste of soup.

In the process of kneading, you need to add a small amount of salt water to enhance the texture. Stir the flour and rub it repeatedly until the dough is smooth and elastic, and then leave it for 30 minutes to let the flour fully absorb moisture. The noodle pressing link is repeatedly pressed by a special dough pressing machine and cut into 2-3 mm wide thin noodles; in the process of boiling the noodles, after the water boils, take it out immediately after boiling for about 2 to 3 minutes, and put it in ice water to cool for 1-2 minutes. This step is the key to achieving the taste of "icy glute", which can not only cool down quickly, but also make the noodles The taste is firmer and chewy.

Cold noodle soup: Cold noodle soup is the key to making Yanji cold noodles. The core is "sweet and sour, clear and not greasy soup", which is a weapon for Yanji locals to relieve summer heat in the hot summer. The classic Chinese Korean（中国朝鲜族）cold noodle soup base recipe requires some time and patience. This is the most authentic and mellow way to make cold noodle soup base.

First of all, the first choice for the cold noodle soup base is beef bones. It is recommended to choose beef bones rich in bone marrow. Boil over high heat with the whole piece of beef, remove the foam, turn to low heat and simmer for 4-6 hours. During the cooking process, you can add onions, ginger, garlic and other spiced vegetables to add flavor.

Secondly, the preparation of cold noodle soup is also inevitable. After the beef bone soup is boiled for 3 hours, you can add sliced apples and pears to provide a fruity sweet and sour taste for the sweet and sour cold noodle soup base, neutraling the fishy taste of beef, and make the soup base more unique. After the soup base is boiled, the residue is filtered, white sugar, apple cider vinegar, salt and other seasonings are added for seasoning, and the golden sour and sweet ratio is controlled. Finally, the soup base will present a "sweet and sour taste". Finally, the seasoned soup can be put in the refrigerator for refrigeration, or you can add ice to cool down to ensure that the mouth is cool and clear.

Side dish matching: side dish matching is an indispensable part of the process of making Yanji cold noodles. Side dishes include cooked beef blades, shredded cucumbers, well-cooked eggs, apple slices, etc. In the process of setting the cold noodles, the buckwheat noodles are covered with beef, apples and pickles. Before serving, a spoonful of cold and sour soup is scooped from the bucket, and the bowl is full of coolness. This is the impression left by many people by Yanji cold noodles, and it seems that only the cold noodles made in this way are the most authentic. Cold noodles pay attention to the clear soup - the beef soup must be cleared of the floating oil; cool - whether it is soup or noodles, it should be eaten after cooling. Only in this way can we throw all the summer heat out of the "face shop". The side dishes not only provide a rich and refreshing taste, but also add a rich visual feast.

3. The value of Yanji cold noodles

As one of the typical Chinese Korean（中国朝鲜族）food culture, Yanji cold noodles has the unique profound cultural value of Chinese Koreans. At the same time, in the development of the times, it has continuously explored, inherited and innovated, and formed an organic integration of the tradition and modern Yanji cold noodles.

Yanji cold noodles is one of the typical delicacies in the Chinese Korean culture(中国朝鲜族文化）of Yanbian. We can see from the eating habits of the Chinese Korean people(中国朝鲜族）in China that cold noodles are one of the popular delicacies of the locals all year round, whether in summer or winter.

In addition, cold noodles also carry the emotional memory of the Chinese Korean people(中国朝鲜族）in China. For local people, a bowl of cold noodles is related to childhood memories and the taste of home, etc., and becomes a unique emotional bond connecting the Chinese Korean people（中国朝鲜族）in China. In addition, Yanji cold noodles have become a unique "cultural symbol" of Yanbian, attracting many foreigners to experience the taste and even diners from all over the country to understand the unique culture of Chinese Koreans through taste experience, attracting many people to recognize Chinese Korean culture（中国朝鲜族文化）, and promoting the exchange and integration of multi-ethnic cultures.

The inheritor also realizes that "inheritance is not to guard the old stalls, but to let the old flavor carry the culture further", and actively participate in intangible cultural heritage project activities, and will also share Yanji cold noodles through the platform, or promote Yanji cold noodles through live broadcast, and the cold noodles developed are listed as "Jilin Province Representative projects of intangible cultural heritage" and other honors.

Nowadays, with the development of the times, Yanji cold noodles will also undergo continuous innovation to adapt to the diverse taste needs of different people. At the same time, it can also be done by promoting short videos, selling products live, etc. These methods can let more people know the story behind Yanji cold noodles, and also promote the nationalization and internationalization of cold noodles culture.

4. The influence of Yanji cold noodles

As one of the "top ten noodles in China", Yanji cold noodles not only deeply affects the Yanbian area, but also has a unique cultural impact on the whole country.

Yanji's cold noodle culture has promoted the development of the local catering industry. Nowadays, there are cold noodle restaurants everywhere on the streets of Yanji, such as "Yanji Service Building Cold Noodles", "Shunji Cold Noodles", "Jindalai Cold Noodles", etc. Among them, "Yanji Service Building Cold Noodles", as a representative of Yanbian's local characteristic catering, has won provincial honors such as "Jilin Provincial People's Word of Mouth Gold Award Unit" and "Travelers' Favorite Jilin Food". In addition, Yanji cold noodle culture is also one of the city brands of Yanji, which promotes the construction of the title of "food city" in Yanji, attracting many foreign tourists to deeply experience the traditional culture of Chinese Koreans.

With its unique taste and rich culture, Yanji cold noodles cross geographical boundaries and become an important carrier for the spread of Chinese Korean culture(中国朝鲜族）in China. With the development of social information, Yanji cold noodles have also deeply entered the vision of the national university, gradually entered the national market, and is a food that is very popular with people all over the country. After trying Yanji cold noodles, many tourists have enhanced their understanding of the Chinese Korean folk culture(中国朝鲜族民俗文化）of the Chinese people, and promoted them to become representatives of the charm of Chinese national food culture, and also promoted the exchange and mutual learning of multi-ethnic cultures.

References

[1]赵俊.延吉市民俗食品全产业链发展：水平评价与策略分析[D].吉林大学,2024.DOI:10.27162/d.cnki.gjlin.2024.006689.

[2]方佳西. 跨文化传播视角下中韩综艺原创对比研究[J].今传媒,2021,29(06):115-118.

[3]刘琪.延吉市消费者对延边荞麦冷面购买意愿分析[D].延边大学,2020.DOI:10.27439/d.cnki.gybdu.2020.001011.

[4]汪作佳.延边朝鲜族食品产业与经济的关系[D].延边大学,2018.

[5] 张淑贤,刘海洋. 民族文化旅游开发研究——以延边朝鲜族为例[J].社会科学战线,2011,(06):147-150.


Terms and Expressions

Yanji Cold Noodles 延吉冷面

Chinese Korean Nation 中国朝鲜族

Buckwheat Noodles 荞麦面

Proofing Dough 醒面


Questions

1. What does the cold noodle soup base taste like?

2. What are the core ingredients of noodles?

3. What are the core characteristics of Yanji cold noodles?

4. Where does Yanji cold noodles come from?

5. What local industries can Yanji cold noodles drive?


Answers

1. Sweet and sour taste.

2. Buckwheat noodles.

3. The delicate production techniques of the Koreans in China.

4. Chinese Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Yanbian.

5. Tourism industry and catering industry.


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期末论文

延吉冷面

1.延吉冷面的历史起源

延吉冷面来源于吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州独特的地理环境与民族交融语境之中。追溯到历史渊源，其延吉冷面的形成与中国朝鲜族祖先们的移民定居史一脉相承。中国朝鲜族祖先们从朝鲜半岛移民到中国东北地区后，由于东北地区盛产优质小麦、荞麦以及玉米结合中国朝鲜族移民们的先进种植技术，满足了中国朝鲜族移民为制作面条提供了丰富原料，因此，延吉冷面也形成了中国朝鲜族的特色传统美食之一。 早期的延吉冷面制作工艺相对简朴，以本地盛产的荞麦为主要原料，再搭配自家熬制的骨汤，仅在家庭与小型餐馆中流传。随着时代的发展，延吉冷面也在传承中不断革新，冷面餐馆也在延吉城市里逐渐普及，深受本地人的喜爱。从1970年开始，延吉本地冷面餐厅开始逐渐优化汤料配方、丰富配菜种类，比如在冷面上放入鸡蛋、牛肉片、苹果、黄瓜等材料，将这一特色美食推向更广的市场，逐渐形成了如今兼具传统韵味与时代特色的“延吉冷面”。如今，随着延吉网红城市的发展，延吉冷面已超越地域与民族的界限，从延吉小城市街头巷尾走向全国视野，形成了中国朝鲜族非遗传承文化以及展现延边地域魅力的重要文化名片。

2.延吉冷面的核心特色

延吉冷面的独特魅力在于中国朝鲜族精细的制作工艺手法，从原料甄选到成品摆盘，每一个环节都蕴含着中国朝鲜族的智慧，形成了“汤清、面劲、料鲜”的核心特色。 第一、荞麦面：面条是制作延吉冷面的基础，关键在于原料配比与工艺把控。延吉冷面以荞麦面为主，荞麦粉应占比达到70%以上，再少量搭配搭配淀粉易于增强面条弹性——纯荞麦粉制作的面条香气浓郁但易断裂，加入适量辅助粉后，能让面条保持筋道，煮后不易坨且能更好地吸附汤料味道。 和面过程中，需要加入少量的盐水增强筋性，把面粉搅拌后反复揉搓至面团光滑有弹性，随后静置30分钟醒面，让面粉充分吸收水分。压面环节采用特制压面机反复压制，切成2-3毫米宽的细面条；煮面过程中水沸后下面，大火将大概煮2到3分钟后立即捞出，放入冰水中过凉1-2分钟，这一步是实现“冰爽筋道”口感的关键，既能迅速降温，又能让面条口感更紧实有嚼劲。 第二、冷面汤：冷面汤是制作延吉冷面的关键，核心在“酸甜清爽、汤清不腻”，是再炎热的夏天中，延吉本地人解暑的武器。经典的中国朝鲜族冷面汤底配方需要一些时间与耐心，这是制作冷面汤底的最地道、风味最醇厚的方法。 首先，冷面汤底首选牛骨，推荐优选骨髓丰富的牛骨，与牛肉整块一起用大火煮沸，撇净浮沫后转小火慢炖4-6小时。熬制过程中可以加入洋葱、生姜、大蒜等香料蔬菜去增香。 其次，冷面汤的调制也是不可避免的。经过牛骨汤熬制3小时后，可以再加入切块苹果、梨，为熬制酸甜的冷面汤底提供果香的酸甜口味，中和牛肉腥味，使汤底更有独特的风味。汤底熬制后经过过滤残渣，加入白糖、苹果醋、盐等调料调味，控制好黄金酸甜比例，最终汤底会呈现“酸甜可口”的味道。最后将调味后的汤可以放入冰箱里冷藏，或者可以加入冰块降温，确保入口清凉透心。 第三、配菜搭配：配菜搭配为制作延吉冷面过程中是必不可少的一环。配菜包括熟牛肉刀片、黄瓜丝、全熟鸡蛋、苹果片等。在摆盘冷面过程中,荞麦面上盖着牛肉、苹果、泡菜，上桌前从大桶中舀一勺冰凉酸甜的汤料，满满的一碗凉爽。这是延吉冷面留给很多人的印象，而似乎也只有这样做出的冷面才是最正宗。冷面讲究的是汤清——牛肉汤定是要将浮油撇清的；凉爽——无论是汤还是面，都要冰凉后食用。只有这样，才能将夏日的炎热统统抛到“面铺”外。配菜搭配不仅提供了丰富且清爽的口感，也增添了丰富的视觉盛宴。

3.延吉冷面的价值

延吉冷面作为中国朝鲜族饮食文化的典型之一，具有中国朝鲜族特有的深厚的文化价值，同时在时代的发展过程中不断探索、不断传承、不断创新，并形成了如今延吉冷面的传统与现代的有机融合。 延吉冷面是延边朝鲜族文化中典型美食之一，我们可以从中国朝鲜族饮食习惯来可以看出，冷面无论是夏天还是冬天，一年四季中延吉冷面都是深受本地人的欢迎美食之一。 此外，冷面还承载着中国朝鲜族的情感记忆，对本地人来说，一碗冷面联系着童年记忆以及家的味道等，成为连接中国朝鲜族的特有情感纽带。并且，延吉冷面成为延边独有的“文化标志”，吸引着很多外地人的口味体验乃至全国各地的食客专程前来，通过味觉体验了解中国朝鲜族的独有文化，吸引了不少人对中国朝鲜族文化的认可，并且推动了多民族文化的交流与融合。 传承人也意识到“传承不是守着老摊子，而是要让老味道承载文化走得更远”，并积极参与非物质文化遗产项目活动，并且还会通过平台分享延吉冷面，或者也可以通过直播方法宣传延吉冷面，并且研发出的冷面列入为“吉林省非物质文化遗产代表性项目”等荣誉。 如今，随着时代的发展，延吉冷面也会经过不断创新，适应了不同人群的多样化口味需求。同时，也可以通过宣传短视频、直播卖产品等方式，这些方法都可以让更多人了解关于延吉冷面背后的故事，也促进冷面文化走向全国化、国际化。

4.延吉冷面的影响力

延吉冷面作为“中国十大面条之一”，不仅深刻影响着延边地区，也对全国带来了独特的文化影响。 延吉冷面文化推动了本地餐饮行业的发展。如今，延吉街头遍地都是冷面餐馆，比如，“延吉服务大楼冷面”、“顺姬冷面”、“金达莱冷面”等。其中“延吉服务大楼冷面”作为延边地方特色餐饮代表，曾获得“吉林省百姓口碑金奖单位”和“旅客最喜爱的吉林美食”等省级荣誉。并且，延吉冷面文化也是延吉的城市品牌之一，促进建设延吉“美食城市”称号，吸引了不少外地游客们的到来，深刻体验你中国朝鲜族的传统文化。 延吉冷面凭借着独特的口感与浓郁的文化，跨越地域界限，成为传播中国朝鲜族文化的重要载体。随着社交信息的传播发展，延吉冷面也深深进入全国大众的视野里，逐渐走进全国市场，深受全国内人民欢迎的美食。很多游客通过尝试延吉冷面后，增强了对中国朝鲜族的民俗文化的进一步了解，并且推动了成为展现中国民族饮食文化魅力的代表，也促进了多民族文化的交流与互鉴。

参考文献

[1]赵俊.延吉市民俗食品全产业链发展：水平评价与策略分析[D].吉林大学,2024.DOI:10.27162/d.cnki.gjlin.2024.006689.

[2]方佳西. 跨文化传播视角下中韩综艺原创对比研究[J].今传媒,2021,29(06):115-118.

[3]刘琪.延吉市消费者对延边荞麦冷面购买意愿分析[D].延边大学,2020.DOI:10.27439/d.cnki.gybdu.2020.001011.

[4]汪作佳.延边朝鲜族食品产业与经济的关系[D].延边大学,2018.

[5] 张淑贤,刘海洋. 民族文化旅游开发研究——以延边朝鲜族为例[J].社会科学战线,2011,(06):147-150.

术语

Yanji Cold Noodles 延吉冷面

Chinese Korean nation 中国朝鲜族

Buckwheat Noodles 荞麦面

Proofing Dough 醒面

问题

1.冷面汤底是什么味道的？

2.面条的核心原料是什么？

3.延吉冷面的核心特色是什么？

4.延吉冷面源于哪里？

5.延吉冷面能带动当地哪些产业？


答案

1.酸甜口味

2.荞麦面

3.中国朝鲜族精细的制作工艺手法

4.延边朝鲜族自治州

5.旅游产业与饮食行业

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