Difference between revisions of "User:7d47dqd6z9d"

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   <li>[http://laotie.5d6d.com/ http://laotie.5d6d.com/]</li>
 
   <li>[http://laotie.5d6d.com/ http://laotie.5d6d.com/]</li>
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</ul>
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== Fairy Circle Mystery Solved - ScienceNOW ==
 +
 +
<p>    All in all, Juergens found 10 to 20 times more biodiversity at fairy circles than in the surrounding desert. "These tiny termites have managed to turn    rainfall as little as 50 millimeters per year into a continuous, permanently livable ecosystem," he says. "Identification of this termite as opposed to    other candidates behind fairy circles is part of the story, but the more interesting story is that this insect evolved to be a masterpiece of ecosystem    engineering."</p>
 +
 +
<p>    "My view is that fairy circles have little, if anything, to do with termites," agrees Michael Cramer, a plant ecophysiologist at the University of Cape    Town. He now has a manuscript in review proposing that fairy circles are the product of natural vegetation patterns resulting from competition for scarce    resources. "The only way for this question to be properly answered,[http://www.dieselonsaletokyo.com/ Diesel アウトレット]," he says, "is with more thorough investigations and focused experiments."</p>
 +
 +
        </div>
 +
 +
<p>    Like others who came before him, Norbert Juergens was caught in the spell of fairy circles. These bare patches of ground, often outlined with a fringe of    tall grass, pockmark a 2000-kilometer-long strip of desert stretching from Angola to South Africa. Though the formations have confounded scientists for    years,[http://www.bluelabelonsalejp.com/ バーバリーブルーレーベル], Juergens&#8212;an ecologist at the University of Hamburg in Germany&#8212;thinks that he may be the first to crack the puzzle.</p>
 +
 +
<p>    Tschinkel agrees. "Juergens has made the common scientific error of confusing correlation&#8212;even very strong correlation&#8212;with causation," he says. "If    Juergens claims termites are killing the grass, he's got to show that they're actually attacking living plants. That's not easy to do, and he didn't do    it."</p>
 +
 +
<p>    This water sink, he thinks, also promotes the characteristic "luxurious belt" of high grass that often grows around the fairy circles' edges, because it    does not have to compete with thirsty neighboring plants. During the rainy season, the termites venture into the surrounding grasslands to feed, and in    extreme drought seasons they turn to their belt of high grass for sustenance. These nibblings slowly expand the circles' diameters over the years, Juergens    says.</p>
 +
 +
<p>    The strange saga of the fairy circles got even stranger last year. That's when Walter Tschinkel, a biologist at Florida State University in Tallahassee,    analyzed 4 years of satellite images of the formations in Namibia's NamibRand Nature Reserve. Tschinkel had been intrigued by the circles since firstencountering them on a vacation to Africa in 2005. The images revealed that some of the formations arose and others vanished over the 4-year period&#8212;the        Extrapolating from the data, Tschinkel estimated an average "lifespan" of 41 years. But he couldn't figure out what made them. Some suspected that termites    were killing the grass from below, but Tschinkel found no evidence that the insects caused fairy circles. Nor did he find anything wrong with the soil    itself.</p>
 +
 +
<p>    Juergens stands by his findings. He also says the termites should be marveled at for far more than their ability to make fairy circles. The formations, he    notes, act as small oases not just for their termite creators but also for a diverse assembly of desert fauna. He observed numerous species ranging from    insects to birds to mammals&#8212;including jackals, springbok, moles,[http://www.bluelabelonsalejp.com/ バーバリー傘], foxes, aardvarks, and others&#8212;spending time at the fairy circles, foraging either on    termites,[http://www.dieselonsaletokyo.com/ Diesel 時計], the high perimeter grass, or else preying on other species that aggregated there.</p>
 +
 +
<p>    Vivienne Uys, a termite taxonomist at the Agricultural Research Council in Pretoria, says that Juergens's findings on the biology of sand termites are    consistent with what scientists know about the species. But she says she needs more evidence to be convinced that the insects create fairy circles. "The    link between foraging activity of the termite resulting in the formation of a perfect circle of bare soil is unclear."</p>
 +
 +
<p>    Juergens believes that in their tunneling, sand termites damage plant roots and feed on them, slowly forming fairy circles in the process. He found the    termites in all of 24 newly forming fairy circles that he examined in Namibia. He's still at a loss as to why the fairy circles eventually "die," but he    hypothesizes that competition or predation by ants plays a role.</p>
 +
 +
<p>    Juergens's search for answers began a year after Tschinkel's. He started traveling throughout Africa in 2006&#8212;including to remote areas in Angola, still    reeling from its recent civil war&#8212;in search of fairy circles. He became intrigued with the formations after noticing, like Tschinkel,[http://www.louboutinforuzonejp.com/ ルブタン ピープトウシューズ], that the    mysterious patches seemed to come and go from the landscape. He recorded any signs of animal life that he came across in and around the circles, such as    tracks, dung, or nests. He also dug trenches from the center of the circles to the outside in order to find any subterranean organisms that may be lurking    below.</p>
 +
 +
<div class="content-main"> 
 +
 +
<p>    Juergens thinks that the sand termites&#8212;which must maintain body moisture to survive&#8212;build and tend to these circles on purpose. Whereas plants    quickly suck up the desert's stingy 100 millimeters of annual rain, the fairy circles' bare centers allow the rainwater to seep into the porous, sandy    earth, where it remains indefinitely. To quantify this, he stuck humidity probes into a range of depths in the fairy circles' bare centers, where the    devices recorded soil moisture over a period of four years. "These bare patches are water traps," Juergens says. "Over the years, I didn't measure 1 hour    with less than 5% water at 60 centimeters, which is certainly wet enough to support termite life."</p>
 +
 +
<p>    Tschinkel and others may have missed these "extremely clandestine" insects, which seem to "swim" through the sand, Juergens says, leaving only very fine    tunnels. Unlike some other termite species, they do not build complex underground galleries, have no aboveground nest, and emerge only occasionally at    night. Other researchers could easily overlook the insects' fine tunnels by digging too deeply or forcefully, says Juergens, who focused his efforts a few    centimeters to tens of centimeters beneath the surface. Juergens    , he reports online today in <em>Science</em>.</p>
 +
 +
<p>    During these investigations, which spanned 40 field trips and about 1200 sampled fairy circles, a pattern emerged. Using a process of elimination, Juergens    saw that only one species was nearly always present at the fairy circles he visited: the sand termite.</p>
 +
相关的主题文章:
 +
<ul>
 +
 
 +
  <li>[http://jurenhuashi.tk/thread-487131-1-1.html http://jurenhuashi.tk/thread-487131-1-1.html]</li>
 +
 
 +
  <li>[http://www.sdweihai.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=4971 http://www.sdweihai.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=4971]</li>
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  <li>[http://www.v7n.com/forums/blogging-forum/ http://www.v7n.com/forums/blogging-forum/]</li>
 
    
 
    
 
  </ul>
 
  </ul>

Revision as of 16:07, 4 July 2013

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Mapping the Psychedelic Brain - ScienceNOW

Nutt and Griffiths are interested in the therapeutic potential of hallucinogenic drugs. Griffiths is involved in a pilot study testing whether psilocybin and psychotherapy can ease end-of-life anxiety in cancer patients. Nutt's group is looking into using the drug to treat depression,ルブタン 靴 メンズ, and thisweek in The British Journal of Psychiatry, he and colleagues report that when people recallevents from their past. The drug also improved people's ability to access personal memories and related emotions, which the researchers say could be helpful during psychotherapy.


"It's a very interesting study that raises lots of new questions," says Roland Griffiths, a psychopharmacologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. He says the possibility that the drugs work by interfering with the default mode network is an appealing hypothesis that deserves further investigation.

The researchers performed two different types of MRI scans, one that measured blood flow throughout the brain and one that determined blood oxygenation, which neuroscientists generally assume is an indicator of neural activity. Contrary to the previous study, the scans showed that , including the posterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex. The researchers quizzed the volunteers after the psilocybin had worn off and found that people in which these regions were most inhibited tended to report the most intense hallucinatory experiences. Nutt says he's not sure why the findings differ from those of the PET study,ルブタン コピー, but he speculates that it could be due to the different time courses of the injectable drug his team used and the oral tablets used in the other research.

The posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortices are hubs in the so-called default mode network, a web of interconnected brain regions that becomes active when people allow their minds to wander. Some researchers have proposed that the default mode network is crucial for introspective thought and even for generating the sense of consciousness, and Nutt thinks the finding that psilocybin inhibits this network could help explain the surreal experiences the drug causes. "What I think is going on is that this network in the brain that pulls together a sense of self becomes less active,ルブタン サンダル," he says, "and you get this fragmented or dissipated sense of being."

Drugs like psilocybin, the active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms, play all sorts of tricks on the mind. They distort the perception of time, space, and self, and even untether the senses. Some researchers thought these strange effects might result from the drugs overexciting the brain. But the first study to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain activity in people who've taken psilocybin finds that the drug reduces neural firing in key communication hubs, essentially disconnecting some brain regions from each other.

In the new work, published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers led by psychopharmacologists Robin Carhart-Harris and David Nutt of Imperial College London used a different method, fMRI, to scan the brains of 30 people who were under the influence of psilocybin. The tight confines and loud noises of the scanner could be scary for someone on psilocybin,バーバリーブラックレーベル, Nutt says. To minimize the chances of anyone having a bad trip, the researchers recruited people who'd taken hallucinogens previously, and they delivered the drug intravenously so that it would have a faster—and shorter—effect than, say, eating magic mushrooms.

In Central America and elsewhere, hallucinogenic drugs have been used for centuries in healing and religious ceremonies. Recent years have seen renewed interest in exploiting them and potentially to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental illnesses. Yet neuroscientists know little about how these compounds act on the brain to cause such intensely altered experiences. Hallucinogenic drugs are tightly regulated, and few previous studies have tried to gauge their effects on the human brain. One study,バーバリーブルーレーベル, using positron emission tomography (PET), found that psilocybin increases brain metabolism, especially in the frontal cortex.

相关的主题文章:

Fairy Circle Mystery Solved - ScienceNOW

All in all, Juergens found 10 to 20 times more biodiversity at fairy circles than in the surrounding desert. "These tiny termites have managed to turn rainfall as little as 50 millimeters per year into a continuous, permanently livable ecosystem," he says. "Identification of this termite as opposed to other candidates behind fairy circles is part of the story, but the more interesting story is that this insect evolved to be a masterpiece of ecosystem engineering."

"My view is that fairy circles have little, if anything, to do with termites," agrees Michael Cramer, a plant ecophysiologist at the University of Cape Town. He now has a manuscript in review proposing that fairy circles are the product of natural vegetation patterns resulting from competition for scarce resources. "The only way for this question to be properly answered,Diesel アウトレット," he says, "is with more thorough investigations and focused experiments."

Like others who came before him, Norbert Juergens was caught in the spell of fairy circles. These bare patches of ground, often outlined with a fringe of tall grass, pockmark a 2000-kilometer-long strip of desert stretching from Angola to South Africa. Though the formations have confounded scientists for years,バーバリーブルーレーベル, Juergens—an ecologist at the University of Hamburg in Germany—thinks that he may be the first to crack the puzzle.

Tschinkel agrees. "Juergens has made the common scientific error of confusing correlation—even very strong correlation—with causation," he says. "If Juergens claims termites are killing the grass, he's got to show that they're actually attacking living plants. That's not easy to do, and he didn't do it."

This water sink, he thinks, also promotes the characteristic "luxurious belt" of high grass that often grows around the fairy circles' edges, because it does not have to compete with thirsty neighboring plants. During the rainy season, the termites venture into the surrounding grasslands to feed, and in extreme drought seasons they turn to their belt of high grass for sustenance. These nibblings slowly expand the circles' diameters over the years, Juergens says.

The strange saga of the fairy circles got even stranger last year. That's when Walter Tschinkel, a biologist at Florida State University in Tallahassee, analyzed 4 years of satellite images of the formations in Namibia's NamibRand Nature Reserve. Tschinkel had been intrigued by the circles since firstencountering them on a vacation to Africa in 2005. The images revealed that some of the formations arose and others vanished over the 4-year period—the Extrapolating from the data, Tschinkel estimated an average "lifespan" of 41 years. But he couldn't figure out what made them. Some suspected that termites were killing the grass from below, but Tschinkel found no evidence that the insects caused fairy circles. Nor did he find anything wrong with the soil itself.

Juergens stands by his findings. He also says the termites should be marveled at for far more than their ability to make fairy circles. The formations, he notes, act as small oases not just for their termite creators but also for a diverse assembly of desert fauna. He observed numerous species ranging from insects to birds to mammals—including jackals, springbok, moles,バーバリー傘, foxes, aardvarks, and others—spending time at the fairy circles, foraging either on termites,Diesel 時計, the high perimeter grass, or else preying on other species that aggregated there.

Vivienne Uys, a termite taxonomist at the Agricultural Research Council in Pretoria, says that Juergens's findings on the biology of sand termites are consistent with what scientists know about the species. But she says she needs more evidence to be convinced that the insects create fairy circles. "The link between foraging activity of the termite resulting in the formation of a perfect circle of bare soil is unclear."

Juergens believes that in their tunneling, sand termites damage plant roots and feed on them, slowly forming fairy circles in the process. He found the termites in all of 24 newly forming fairy circles that he examined in Namibia. He's still at a loss as to why the fairy circles eventually "die," but he hypothesizes that competition or predation by ants plays a role.

Juergens's search for answers began a year after Tschinkel's. He started traveling throughout Africa in 2006—including to remote areas in Angola, still reeling from its recent civil war—in search of fairy circles. He became intrigued with the formations after noticing, like Tschinkel,ルブタン ピープトウシューズ, that the mysterious patches seemed to come and go from the landscape. He recorded any signs of animal life that he came across in and around the circles, such as tracks, dung, or nests. He also dug trenches from the center of the circles to the outside in order to find any subterranean organisms that may be lurking below.

Juergens thinks that the sand termites—which must maintain body moisture to survive—build and tend to these circles on purpose. Whereas plants quickly suck up the desert's stingy 100 millimeters of annual rain, the fairy circles' bare centers allow the rainwater to seep into the porous, sandy earth, where it remains indefinitely. To quantify this, he stuck humidity probes into a range of depths in the fairy circles' bare centers, where the devices recorded soil moisture over a period of four years. "These bare patches are water traps," Juergens says. "Over the years, I didn't measure 1 hour with less than 5% water at 60 centimeters, which is certainly wet enough to support termite life."

Tschinkel and others may have missed these "extremely clandestine" insects, which seem to "swim" through the sand, Juergens says, leaving only very fine tunnels. Unlike some other termite species, they do not build complex underground galleries, have no aboveground nest, and emerge only occasionally at night. Other researchers could easily overlook the insects' fine tunnels by digging too deeply or forcefully, says Juergens, who focused his efforts a few centimeters to tens of centimeters beneath the surface. Juergens , he reports online today in Science.

During these investigations, which spanned 40 field trips and about 1200 sampled fairy circles, a pattern emerged. Using a process of elimination, Juergens saw that only one species was nearly always present at the fairy circles he visited: the sand termite.

相关的主题文章: