Basics of Chinese Culture

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Manual

• What to prepare for next session?

1. Tuesday+Wednesday: In the textbook, please read the texts of the next unit and try to answer the questions beneath.

2. Thursday+Friday: Find a Chinese sentence for each topic, translate it into English and paste it here until Friday.

3. Saturday+Sunday: Look at the translations of your fellow students. Correct at least one sentence for each topic.

4. In the session, please be quick when the questions are posed, to answer the questions on the texts.

Unit 8 Literature

A. Classical Literature

Questions

1. What does classical Chinese literature refer to?

Classical literature refers to the Chinese literature of a period of around 3,000 years between the beginning of Chinese history and the Opium War of 1840. --LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:07, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

2. What does pre-Qin literature refer to? What are its masterworks?

I t refers to the literature that produced before Qin Dynasty. The Book of Songs;"Li Sao"; "A lament".

3. What is Sima Qian’s greatest achievement?

He wrote the "Annals of the Grand Historian" (Shiji).--Root (talk) 09:08, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

4. Who are the representatives of Jian’an Literature?

Cao Cao , Cao Pi, Cao zhi--Evelyn (talk) 09:16, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

7. Who are the Eight Great Writers of Tang and Song”?

Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong, together with the late Tang writers Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, are known as the Eight Great Writers of Tang and Song.--Evelyn (talk) 09:12, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

8. What is the greatest literary achievement in the Yuan Dynasty?

zaju or poetic drama set to music.--Skyler (talk) 09:19, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

9. Can you name some representative Yuan writers and their masterworks ?

Guan Hanqing’s Snow in Midsummer (also known as The Wrongs Suffered by Dou E), Wang Shifu’s The Western Chamber and Ji Junxiang’s The Orhpan of Zhao.--Zoey YangQing (talk) 09:23, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

10. What are the greatest literary achievements in the Ming and Qing dynasties? Can you name some of the great Ming dramatists and their masterworks?

Among the famous plays of the Ming Dynasty are The Tale of the lute by Gao Ming and The Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu. Well-known Qing plays are The Peach Blossom Fan by Kong Shangren and The Palace of Eternal Youth by Hong Sheng.

11. Can you name some of the great Qing novelists and their masterworks?

My answer is: Cao Xueqin.--Root (talk) 09:03, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

两弯似蹙非蹙笼烟眉，一双似喜非喜含情目。

Her mist-wreathed brows at first seemed to frown, yet were not frowning; her passionate eyes at first seemed to smile, yet were not merry.

Chen Qiuxu

中国古典文学有诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种表现形式，在各种文体中，又有多种多样的艺术表现手法。

There are many forms of expression in Chinese classical literature, such as poetry, prose, novels, ci, fu and qu. In all kinds of literary forms, there are a variety of artistic expression techniques.

Hu Jingchen

汉赋其主要特点是铺陈写物，不歌而诵，是中国古代特有的一种文学体裁。

The main features of Han Fu are to lay out the writings and recite them without singing. It is a literary genre unique to ancient China.

Li Leyi

林黛玉是书中一位富有诗意美和理想色彩的悲剧形象,她美得让人由衷地心疼和爱怜，更具艺术魅力的是她无与伦比的丰富而优美的精神世界。

Lin Daiyu is a tragic image of poetic beauty and ideal brilliance in the book, she is so beautiful that people sincerely love her and feel pitiful for her, and her unparalleled abundant and elegant spiritual world is more artistically charming.

Li Qi

《红楼梦》是一部具有世界影响力的小说，举世公认的中国古典小说巅峰之作，中国封建社会的百科全书。

A Dream of Red Mansions is a novel of global impact, which is universally recognized as the peak of Chinese classical novels and as an encyclopedia of Chinese feudal society.

Luo Xiaodi

中国古典文学广义的指自先秦至清代末年的中国文学，包括作家、作品、文学事件，文体起源与发展历程，文学运动、流派，文学理论，作家作品的考据、研究等等。

In a broad sense, Chinese classical literature refers to Chinese literature from the pre-qin period to the end of the Qing Dynasty, including writers, works, literary events, the origin and development of literary style, literary movements, schools, literary theory, Textual Research and so on.

Li Haowen

儒林外史全篇没有贯穿始终的主要人物和故事框架，而是一个个相对独立的故事的连环套；前面一个故事说完了，引出一些新的人物，这些新的人物便成为后一个故事中的主要角色。

The whole book of Scholars has no main character who shows up from the beginning to the end, nor did a story structure. But it has several separate stories. They are connected by some new characters showing up in the previous story and then they will be the main characters in the next.

Liu Li

汉赋其主要特点是铺陈写物，不歌而诵，是中国古代特有的一种文学体裁。

The main characteristic of Han Fu is to lay out and write things without singing. It is a special literary genre in ancient China.

Qin Ruijing

《离骚》把最为生动鲜艳、只有在原始神话中才能出现的那种无羁而多义的浪漫想象，与最为炽热深沉，只有在理性觉醒时刻才能有的个体人格和情操，最完满地溶化成了有机整体。

Translation: “Li Sao”perfectly combines the most wild, vivid and colorful romantic imagination, which can only appear in the primitive myths, and the most intense and deep individual personality and sentiment, which can only be found in the moment of rational awakening, into an organic whole.

Shi Shuwen

《诗经》三百零五篇中，有一百四十四篇涉及植物，唯有诗歌最能释木。

Of the 305 passages in The Book of Songs, 144 passages relate to plants, only poetry can explain wood best.

Zhang Yuanling

《桃花扇》写李香君和侯方域的离合之情的部分不多，反而是国家兴亡之势的描写占了上风。因此他们之间的爱情，便成了沧海中的一粟，最后化作一缕云烟。

The Peach Blossom Fan is not long in the length of depicting the vicissitudes of Li Xiangjun and Hou Fangyu, but long in describing the fate of Ming Dynasty. Then their love was no more like a drop in the ocean, and finally disappeared as a cloud of vapor.

Luo Feng

Records of the Historians covers the world as it was then known to the Chinese and a 2500-year period from the age of the legendary Yellow Emperor to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in the author's own time.

《史记》记载了自黄帝至汉武帝太初年间（即司马迁所处朝代）共2500年的历史。

Ma Qian

《史记》被称为“史家之绝唱，无韵之离骚”。

Records of the Historian has the reputation of " the masterpiece of the history, the Li Sao without rhythm."

Li Xiangyun

中国诗词闻名世界，却也极难翻译。

Chinese poetry and ci lyric are famous all around the world, but they are very difficult to translate.

Ai Xin

《诗经》是我国第一部诗歌总集。编成于春秋时期，大抵是西周初年至春秋中叶500年间的作品，共305篇，代表了2500多年以前诗歌创作的最高成就。

The Book of Songs is the earliest anthology of verse in China, which presents the top achievement of poetic creation more than 2500 years ago. It is compiled during the Spring and Autumn period about 305 works, roughly composed from the early Western Zhou dynasty to the middle of the spring and autumn period.

Xia Ke

可怜无定河边骨，犹是春闺梦里人。

Those miserable piles of bones near the Wuding lake, are still sweet husbands in their wives’ dreams.

士为知己者死，女为悦己者容。

A man would die for someone appreciates him, a woman will dress up for someone she likes.

但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。

I wish the one I care about will live long and healthy, so we can share the same moon no matter how far apart we are.

Liu Siyu

《诗经》里的作品多方面描写了现实生活，表现了不同阶层人民在现实生活中的各种感受，真实地反映了现实生活。

Compositions in The Book of Songs depicted real life from various perspective, showed the feelings of people of different classes in it, and truly reflected it.

Sun Rui

《诗经》的作者身份十分广泛，有上层的公卿大夫，也有中下层的“士”，“风”类诗歌的作者大多是下层的平民百姓，同时这类诗歌大多是集体创作的。

The authors' identities of The Book of Songs are very broad, which include aristocracy of the upper class and also scholars of the middle and lower class. The authors of Wind Poetry are mostly common people of lower class. At the same time, this kind of poetry is mostly collective creation.

Yang Yuxin

《诗经》里的作品多方面描写了现实生活，表现了不同阶层人民在现实生活中的各种感受，真实地反映了现实生活。

The book of songs mainly described real life, showing all kinds of feelings of different people at different classes, truly reflecting people's real life at that time.

Yang Qing

在艺术上，窦娥冤体现了现实主义与浪漫主义风格的融合，反映了广大人民伸张正义、惩治邪恶的愿望。

Artistically, the Snow in Midsummer reflects the combination of realism and romanticism, and reflects the desire of the people to uphold justice and punish evil.

Yang Jiani

Journey to the West is a Chinese novel published in the 16th century during the Ming dynasty and attributed to Wu Cheng'en. It is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. In English-speaking countries, the work is widely known as Monkey, the title of Arthur Waley's popular abridged translation.

《西游记》是一部写于16世纪的明朝的中国小说, 作者是吴承恩。他是中国古典文学的四大名著之一。在英语国家，这部小说通常被称为“猴子”，源自Arthur Waley广为人知的翻译。

Yin Tanwen

中国古代四大名剧分别是《牡丹亭》、《桃花扇》、《长生殿》、《西厢记》。

There are four famous operas in ancient China, which called the Peony Pavilion, the Peach Blossom Fan, Palace of Eternal Youth, the Romance of the Western Chamber.

Yu Jing

文学是用语言塑造形象反映社会生活的一种语言艺术，是文化中极具强烈感染力的重要组成部分。

Literature is a kind of language art, using language to shape figures to reflect social life, and it is an important component with strong infection in culture.

Zhou Xiaolan

中国古典文学是中华民族最宝贵的文化遗产之一。

Chinese classical literature is one of the most precious cultural heritages of the Chinese.

Zhu Wenhao

甩发功，多为男性角色甩动头顶扎束的一绺长发，表现惊慌失措、悲愤交加、疼痛欲绝以及仓皇逃命、垂死挣扎等激烈异常的情绪和情境的一种表演特技。

Hair swing is one of a acting skills in Beijing opera. Usually, the male character whips a stunt of long hair from the top of his head to express abnormal emotions, such as panic, a mix of grief and anger, extreme pain, and to show a fierce situation like rushing to escape and struggling desperately.

Peng Lu

中国传统文化养育了中国古典文学，中国古典文学又大大丰富了中国传统文化，使传统文化更具有深刻的影响力。

Thanks to traditional culture, Chinese classical literature has become fertile, which, at the same time, enriches traditional culture and wins it more profound influence.

Guo Xinyi

《诗经》里的作品多方面描写了现实生活，表现了不同阶层人民在现实生活中的各种感受，真实地反映了现实生活，这是它的一大特色。

It is one of the most prominent characteristics of The Book of Songs that the real life is portrayed from more than one aspect in the poems and it manifests different feelings of different classes of people in their real life, so that the reality has its truly reflection.

Tips: 英文长句中一般评论在前，事实在后，所以可先翻译最后一句

英文中更喜欢用被动句，所以中间两句用被动形式更说得通

Liu Qinyu

The majority of the Odes date to the Western Zhou period (1046–771 BC), and were drawn from around 15 kingdoms, those which were mainly provinces and cities in the Zhongyuan area.

这本诗集可以追溯到西周时期（公元前1046-771），且其内容源自当时的15个王国，他们主要位于中原地区。

Liu Ying

原文：《尚书》的主要内容是尧舜至春秋时代一些君主和大臣的讲话，誓词，政令的记录，反映上古时代的政治观念和某些统治者的经验。

The Book of History mainly records the speeches, oaths and decrees of monarchs and ministers from Yao Shun period to Chunqiu period. It reflects political ideas in the ancient times and experiences of some governors.

Du Peixi

The Chinese classical poetry is a gem in the treasure house of Chinese literature as well as an important component of the Chinese traditional culture.

中国古典诗歌是中华文化宝库的一颗明珠,也是中华民族优秀传统文化的重要组成部分。

Tip：gem of the treasure house 的意思为珠宝屋里的宝石，为了使句子更多美感，翻译为宝库的一颗明珠。

Jiang Yun

水浒世界里只有一种颜色，那就是黑色。（中译英）

There is only a kind of color in Shui Hui Huan: black.

Li Shuo

《诗经》反映了劳动与爱情、战争与徭役、压迫与反抗、风俗与婚姻、祭祖与宴会，甚至天象、动物、植物等方方面面，是周代社会生活的一面镜子。

The Book of Songs is a mirror of social life in Zhou Dynasty, which reflects labor and love, war and corvee, oppression and resistance, customs and marriage, ancestor worship and banquet, even celestial, animal, plant and other aspects.

Peng Yu

The Dream of the Red Chamber was very highly regarded when it was published both in China and Japan and is reminiscent of a psychologically complex work like Dostoyevskiy’s.

《红楼梦》在中国和日本出版时都受到高度评价，让人联想到陀思妥耶夫斯基那样的心理复杂作品。

B. Modern Literature

Text

Chinese literature from the Opium War of 1840 to the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 in mainland China is known as modern Chinese literature. It is divided into two stages: the first stage, lasting from the Opium War to the May 4th Movement of 1919, features new literature, while the second stage, extending from 1919 to 1949, is marked by the rise of revolutionary literature.

With the invasions by foreign powers since 1840, China was gradually changed into a semi-feudal, semi-colonial society, and Chinese people rose heroically against foreign aggressions. Meanwhile, new literature appeared. Its works reflect the then political struggles and the extraordinary events of social life. Three representative writers of modern new poetry are Gong Zizhen (1792-1841), Huang Zunxian (1848-1905) and Liu Yazi (1887-1958). Other reformers who wrote sophisticated poems too include Lin Zexu, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and Qiu Jin.

Fiction constitutes an important part of the literature of this period and features the condemnation of social evils. Of the more than 1,000 novels of the time, the best are Exposure of the Official World by Li Boyuan, Strange Events of the Last 20 Years by Wu Jianren, The Travels of Lao Can by Liu E, and A Flower in an Ocean of Sin by Zeng Pu. These works are known as “the 4 great novels of exposure.” As a result of the increase of contacts with foreign countries and the efforts of progressive people to learn from the West, many foreign works were translated into Chinese. The leading translators were Yan Fu (1854-1921) and Lin Shu (1852-1924). Their influential translations include On the Origin of the Species by Charles Darwin and Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. During this period, about 1,000 works of fiction from foreign countries were translated into Chinese, promoting the development of new literature in China.

Drama flourished during this period. With the decline of kunqu, a form of southern opera which had dominated the theater from the 17th century to the 19th century, many more popular types of local operas came into being and developed. One of them was Beijing Opera. It took shape as an independent opera between 1840 and 1860. As it appealed to both the feudal rulers and ordinary people, it spread from north to south and from cities to villages, and thus became a “national opera.” The most famous Beijing operas include Empty City Ruse, Women Generals of the Yang House, The Fisherman’s Revenge, The Gathering of Heroes, The Jade Bracelet, and Havoc in Heaven.

On May 4, 1919, a massive anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement broke out in China. It aimed at overthrowing Confucianism and promoting science, democracy, and writing in the vernacular. The movement brought about the birth and development of a new Chinese literature. A group of progressive intellectuals treated literature as weaponry in their efforts to oppose feudalism and imperialism, and to reflect the sufferings of the working people and their struggle for liberation. Among them were the leading writers of the time, Lu Xun (1881-1936) and Guo Moruo (1892-1978). The important works of the 1920’s include Lu Xun’s Call to Arms and Wandering (short stories) and Guo Moruo’s The Goddesses, a collection of new poetry.

With the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921, the proletariat began to exercise its leadership in the new literary movement. Such well-known members of CCP as Deng Zhongxia, Yun Daiying and Qu Qiubai and such famous writers as Mao Dun (1896-1981), Guo Moruo and Lu Xun all advocated what they called “revolutionary literature.” In 1930, in order to wage more effective struggles against the Kuomingtang reactionaries, the Chinese League of Left-Wing Writers was established in Shanghai. The literary periodicals which the League writers published, such as The Dipper, Literature Monthly and Sprouts Monthly, played an important part in the development of Chinese revolutionary literature. Important works of this period include Mao Dun’s novel Midnight, Ba Jin’s (1904-2005) “Trilogy of Love”: Fog, Rain and Lightning and “Trilogy of Turbulent Currents”: The Family, Spring and Autumn, Lao She’s (1899-1966) novel Camel Xiangzi (also known as Richshaw Boy), Cao Yu’s (1910-2008) plays Thunderstorms and Sunrise, Tian Han’s (1898- 1968) play The Death of a Star, and poems by Yin Fu, Ai Qing and Zang Kejia.

In May 1942, during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Invasion, the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art was convened. In his famous “Talks at the Yan’an FLA,” Mao Zedong (1893-1976) emphasized that art must serve the people, mainly workers, peasants and soldiers, and explained the relationship between art and politics and that between art and life. Inspired by the “Talks,” writers and artists went in groups to the front and among the masses, living and working with them. As a result, a large number of outstanding works came out. Famous novels were Zhao Shuli’s (1903-1970) The Marriage of Young Blacky and Rhymes of Li Youcai, Ding Ling’s (1904-1986) The Sun Shines Over the Sanggan River, and Zhou Libo’s (1908- 1979) The Hurricane. Li Ji’s (1922-1980) Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang was an excellent long narrative poem. And the opera The White-Haired Girl by He Jingzhi (1924- ) and Ding Yi was most popular among the people, and it has been translated into several foreign languages and performed in many foreign countries ever since.

Questions

5. How did Beijing Opera become a “national opera”?

As it appealed to both the feudal rulers and ordinary people, it spread from north to south and from cities to villages, and thus became a “national opera.” Skyler (talk) 09:44, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

During the War of Liberation, themes of literature are generally the rural life in liberation areas and Chinese peasant’s struggle against the feudal rule and the system of exploitation.

解放战争时期，文学的主题一般是解放地区的农村生活和中国农民反对封建统治和剥削制度的斗争。

Chen Qiuxu

《狂人日记》是中国第一部现代白话文小说，首发于《新青年》月刊。文中讽刺了中国封建礼教和中国人的陋俗。

A madman's diary is Chinese first modern vernacular novel published in the monthly magazine New Youth. It satirizes the Chinese feudal ethics and the Chinese rotten customs.

Hu Jingchen

现代文学为中国的近现代社会创造了民族共同的想象空间，对中国近现代民族精神的形成和凝聚，民族国家的形成具有不可替代的重要作用。

Modern literature has created a common imagination space for China's modern and contemporary society, and it plays an irreplaceable and important role on the formation and cohesion of China's modern and national spirit and the formation of a nation-state.

Li Leyi

祥子是个绝对的好人，同时他的生活愿望又是那么普通，但是这样的祥子在当时的社会里却无法生存。

Xiang Zi was an absolutely good man, and his desire for life was so ordinary, but such a person could not survive in the society at that time.

Li Qi

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Chinese modern literature is a new literature formed with the influence of foreign literature, when great changes were taking place within Chinese society.

Luo Xiaodi

中国现代文学既是作家作品的历史，也是文学和文化思想的历史，也是中国社会接受和运用现代文学的历史。

Modern Chinese literature is not only the history of writers'works, but also the history of literature and cultural thought, as well as the history of the acceptance and application of modern Chinese literature.

Li Haowen

但是小凤仙在小有名气之后却心猿意马，“不在玩意儿上用功夫，专在交际上用功夫”，成了流氓绅士杨大爷的玩物，背叛了先生为之呕心沥血的戏剧事业。

However, Xiao Fengxian become absent minded when he gets a little famous. He doesn’t bury himself in Beijing Opera, but spares no effort in socializing. Finally, he ends up with being a toy to rich hooligan Yang, betraying the works in which Liu Zhensheng has devoted his whole life.

Liu Li

社会政治事件往往成为现代文学创作的题材源，引发文学创作和理论论争。

Social and political events often become the source of the subject matter of modern literary creation, causing literary creation and theoretical debate.

Qin Ruijing

相对于超越了特定地域审美趣味的昆曲而言，京剧更多地是特定地域文化的产物；相对于昆曲所代表的文人士大夫趣味，它更接近于底层和民间的趣味。

Compared with “kunqu” which transcends the regional aesthetic, Beijing Opera is the product of a specific region’s culture. Compared with “kunqu” that represents the interest of literati and officialdom, Beijing Opera is more closer to the interest of the lower class people.

Shi Shuwen

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Chinese modern literature is a new literature which is widely influenced by foreign literature under the condition of historical changes in Chinese society.

Zhang Yuanling

昆曲是一门集歌唱、舞蹈、道白、动作为一体的综合性很高的艺术形式，在刻画人物性格、表达人物心理状态等方面，形成了完整而独特的表演体系。

Kunqu is a category of art that high in comprehensiveness for integrating singing, dancing, narrating and action in one. It formed a complete and unique performing system in the aspects like depicting one’s character, expressing one’s mentality, and so on.

Luo Feng

Fiction constitutes an important part of the modern literature and features the condemnation of social evils.

在中国近现代文学史上，小说作为其重要组成，以针砭时弊为著。

Ma Qian

京剧的腔调以西皮和二黄为主，主要用胡琴和锣鼓等伴奏，被视为中国国粹。

Beijing Opera is regarded as Chinese national theater, of which the tune mainly are Xipi and Erhuang, and it accompanied with Huqin and drum for most of the time.

Li Xiangyun

近现代文学作品开始使用白话文。

Modern literature works began to use vernacular.

Liu Siyu

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Contemporary literature is a new literature which is widely influenced by foreign literatures under the condition of the historical changes within Chinese society.

这首诗对商妇的各个生活阶段，通过生动具体的生活侧面的描绘，在读者面前展开了一幅幅鲜明生动的画面。

This poetry showed readers a vivid picture by depicting a profile in different life period of the business woman vividly and specifically.

Xia Ke

一位本地英雄，

在废弃的停车场上，

唱歌，

玻璃晴朗，桔子辉煌。

A local hero, is singing in the abandoned parking lot, he is as clear as the the glass in the sun , and as gleam as the glowing orange .

酒进到嘴里，爱进到眼里，

这就是在衰朽和死亡之前，

我们应该学会的全部真理。

We drink with our mouths, we show love with our eyes,

and this is the truth we need to learn,

before we get old and die.

为了寻找你，我搬进鸟的眼睛，经常盯着路过的风。

To look for you, I moved into a bird’s eyes, and staring at the passing wind.

Ai Xin

20世纪70年代末的“伤痕小说”主要是指暴露“文革”十年灾难、揭露“文革”十年的黑暗现实给党和国家造成危害、给人们心灵造成创痛的小说，其主题是彻底否定“文化大革命”，揭露林彪“四人帮”，鞭挞丑恶灵魂，同情人民的遭遇，礼赞美好的情操。

"Scar literature" mainly refers to novels in the late 1970s, which expose the "cultural revolution" disaster and dark reality, which reveal the country’s harm and people’s heart trauma of the ten years. The themes completely deny "culture revolution", criticize Lin Biao "Gang of Four", lash ugly soul, sympathize with unfortunate experience and praise noble sentiment.

我先前总以为人是有罪的，所以枪毙或作监的。现在才知道其中的许多，是因为被人认为可恶。这才终于犯罪了。 --《可恶罪》 一九二七年

I had often thought that a man was shot or put into prison for his guilty; but now I know many of them crime at last because they are considered guilty. -- The Crime of Hate In 1927

Sun Rui

在文革前和文革当中，中国大陆的当代文学一直存在着潜在的创作，历次政治运动中被剥夺了写作权力的知识分子仍然在用笔表达内心的理想之歌和感情世界。

In the period before and during the cultural revolution, potential creation had always existed in the contemporary literature in Chinese mainland. The intellectuals who had been deprived of the right to write in all the political movements were still expressing their inner idea lsongs and emotional world with the pen.

Yang Yuxin

创作实践上要求反映现实政治社会内容，歌颂广大人民和英雄人物对外国侵略者的英勇抵抗。

In practice, composition is supposed to reflect realistic contents of political and social, praising people and heroes' brave resistance to foreign invaders.

Yang Qing

《激流三部曲》，包括《家》、《春》、《秋》，表达了巴金对自由、民主、尊重人格、人性解放的呼吁。

The Trilogy of Turbulent Currents, including The Family, Spring and Autumn, shows Ba Jin's appeal for freedom, democracy, respect for personality and liberation of human nature.

Yang Jiani

Lu Xun was born into a family of landlords and government officials in Shaoxing, Zhejiang; the family's financial resources declined over the course of his youth. Lu aspired to take the imperial civil service exam; but, due to his family's relative poverty, was forced to attend government-funded schools teaching "Western education".

鲁迅出生在浙江绍兴的一个官宦地主家庭里。在他年轻的时候，家里的财力逐渐衰退。鲁迅立志去参加科举考试，然而由于家庭的贫穷，他被迫参加了由政府资助承办的“西式教育”学校.

Yin Tanwen

新文化运动后，一群先进的知识分子将文学作为反帝反封建运动的武器，也用文学来反映劳动者的疾苦和他们为了自由所做的斗争。

After the new culture movement, a group of advanced intellectuals used literature as weaponry against imperialism and feudalism, and also to reflect the sufferings of the workers and their struggle for liberation.

Yu Jing

新民主主义文学中所孕育的社会主义因素﹐保证了文学的社会主义发展方向﹐到中华人民共和国成立后﹐便形成了社会主义文学的洪流。

The socialism factor bred in new democratic literature assured the literature socialism developing direction and formed socialism literature current after the founded of New China.

Zhou Xiaolan

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Chinese modern literature is a new literature which is widely influenced by foreign literature under the condition of historical changes in Chinese society.

Zhu Wenhao

梅兰芳的哑剧表演和服装展示的演出真是精美优雅，可爱绝伦，美妙得就像中国古老的花瓶或是刺绣的帷幔。这是一次接触，与一种在数世纪中不可思议地圆熟起来的文化的接触。

Mei Lanfang ’s pantomime performances and costume show performances are exquisitely elegant, lovely. They are as beautiful as ancient Chinese vases or embroidered curtains. This is a contact with a kind of culture, which formed and developed incredibly in centuries.

Peng Lu

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

With historical changes happening inside in China , Chinese modern literature is developed to a new literature though widely accepting foreign achievements.

Guo Xinyi

可以说，没有外国文学、文化的影响，中国现代文学的产生是无法想象的。

To say the least, the advent of Chinese modern literature is hard to imagine if without the impact of foreign literature and foreign culture.

Tips：“可以说”: to say the least

“产生”不一定都用production或者appearance，也可以用advent或emergence

Liu Qinyu

Lu Xun was born into a family of landlords and government officials in Shaoxing, Zhejiang; the family's financial resources declined over the course of his youth.

鲁迅出生于浙江绍兴的一个官僚地主之家。在他年少时，家道中落。

Liu Ying

虽然现代小说是全新的，但并不意味着它是孤立的，恰恰相反，它得益于对中国传统小说的继承和吸取。

Although contemporary literature is brand-new, it isn’t isolated; contrarily, it benefits from inheriting and absorbing the edges of traditional literature.

Du Peixi

In the field of poetry, Guo Moruo is the figure initiated the modern Chinese poetry with his outstanding example, The Goddess.

在诗歌领域，郭沫若是中国现代诗的首要人物，他杰出的代表作是《女神》。

Jiang Yun

这就是中国文学目前的问题，搞文学的在搞艺术，国家希望它服务于社会（中译英） People who belongs to literary are working on arts, but our country hopes it serve the society. This is the question lying in Chinese literature.

Li Shuo

《茶馆》结构上分三幕，以老北京一家叫裕泰的大茶馆的兴衰变迁为背景，展示了从清末到北洋军阀时期再到抗战胜利以后的近50年间，北京的社会风貌和各阶层的不同人物的生活变迁。

The structure of Teahouse is divided into three acts. With the rise and fall of a big tea house called Yutai in old Beijing as the background, it shows the social features of Beijing and the life changes of different figures in every class in about 50 years from the late Qing Dynasty to the period of the Northern warlords, then to the victory of the War of Resistance.

Peng Yu

Lu Xun, the harbinger and master of modern literature, composed the Madman's Diary, which was the first work set completely in exoteric language and which sharply revealed the essence of society.

鲁迅是现代文学的先驱和大师，《狂人日记》是第一部完全以通俗语言为背景，深刻揭示社会本质的作品。

C. Contemporary Literature

Text

Literature from the founding of New China in 1949 to the present day is referred to as contemporary literature. Guided by the literary policy of “letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend,” a great number of good works were produced from the early 1950’s to the mid 1960’s. Best examples are the novels Builders of a New Life by Liu Qing, Keep the Red Flag Flying by Liang Bin, Red Crag by Luo Guangbin and Yang Yiyan, The Song of Youth by Yang Mo, Tracks in the Snow Forest by Qu Bo, Great Changes in a Mountain Village by Zhou Libo, and Sanliwan Village by Zhao Shuli. The best plays include Teahouse by Lao She (1899-1966), Guan Hanqing by Tian Han (1898-1968) and Cai Wenji by Guo Moruo, the opera The Red Guards of Honghu, and the song and dance epic The East Is Red, and popular poems written by Ai Qing, Li Ji, Wen Jie, Guo Xiaochuan and He Jingzhi. All these works faithfully reflect the features of the age and people’s aspirations for a new life. They were of a great influence in inspiring people’s enthusiasm about and participation in the socialist construction.

During the 10-years Great Cultural Revolution, literature withered. But the great victory in smashing the Gang of Four in 1976 ushered in a new period. Various forms of literature began to flourish again. Take novels and short stories for example. From 1980 to 1986, more than 100 novels were published each year, while the number of short stories published each year since 1978 reached 10,000. Enormous progress was also made in reportage literature, poetry, essays, children’s literature, science fiction and minority literature. Meanwhile a large number of middle-aged and young writers emerged, such as Wang Meng, Jiang Zilong, Zhang Xianliang, Chen Rong, Zhang Jie, Gao Xiaosheng, Jia Pingwa and Wang Anyi.

Literature of the new period reflects various aspects of life of the changing society. “Wound Literature,” with “The Wound” by Lu Xinhua as its representative, exposes the persecution of people under the tyranny of the Gang of Four. Another type concentrates on the experience and Units gained during the 17 years after the founding of New China. “A Story out of Sequence” by Ru Zhijuan, “Lishunda Builds a House” by Gao Xiaosheng, “Lunar Eclipse” by Li Guowen, and A Tale of Mt. Tianyuan by Lu Yanzhou belong to this type. The new period literature is also featured by works about the reforms carried out in all fields. Among them are “Manager Qiao Assumes Office” by Jiang Zilong, Leaden Wings by Zhang Jie, and “30 Million Yuan” by Ke Yunlu. Well-known works on life and love include At our Middle Age by Chen Rong, “A Corner Forsaken by Love” by Zhang Xian, and Love Must Not Be Forgotten by Zhang Jie.

Multi-expressionism can be regarded as one of the characteristics of the works of this period. Many writers, especially older writers, still cling to realism. However, many middle-aged and young writers have been borrowing Western modernist techniques, such as stream-of-consciousness, symbolism and black humor. They have been trying to combine realism with modernism and even post-modernism to depict social life more profoundly from personal points of view.

Liu Xiaoting

"Remembering Past Times" is the management thought of the teahouse and "Reappearance of Traditional Folk Craft" is its style, so here has already been an ideal place in Beijing for foreigners to come as a guest and know about Chinese culture today.

“忆往昔”是茶馆的经营思想，“再现传统民间工艺”是茶馆的风格， 因此这里已经是来北京的外国人作为客人了解中国文化的理想场所。

Chen Qiuxu

巴金的长篇小说以描写家庭生活为主，家即社会，家庭是构成社会机体的细胞，家庭生活是社会生活的缩影。

Ba Gin's novels are mainly about family life. Family is the society, family is the cell of social organism, and family life is the epitome of social life.

Hu Jingchen

现代文学为中国的近现代社会创造了民族共同的想象空间，对中国近现代民族精神的形成和凝聚，民族国家的形成具有不可替代的重要作用。

Modern literature has created a common imagination space for China's modern and contemporary society, and it plays an irreplaceable and important role on the formation and cohesion of China's modern and national spirit and the formation of a nation-state.

Li Leyi

杨子荣是曲波以现实战斗中的真人为原型而塑造出的人物形象，更是一位革命斗争经验丰富、智勇双全的侦察英雄。

Yang Zirong is a character created by Qu Bo with a real image in the real battle, and he is also a reconnaissance hero, who contains rich experience and wisdom and courage in the revolutionary struggle.

Li Qi

《红岩》反映的是全国解放前夕光明与黑暗之间展开的一场生死较量。

Red Rock reflects a battle of life and death between light and darkness in China on the eve of national liberation.

Luo Xiaodi

中国当代文学体制沿袭1949年以后的官方文学体制，培养出大量庸俗腐朽，阿谀逢迎体制内作家。

The Chinese contemporary literary system follows the official literary system after 1949, and has produced a large number of writers who are vulgar, corrupt and sycophantic.

Li Haowen

贾平凹说，磁铁只对螺丝帽、铁钉起作用，不对石头、木块起作用，文学也同样。“我从来没有考虑过读者，越考虑，书越卖不动。”

Jia Pingwa says that, the magnet can only work with nails and screws. It can do nothing to the stone and the rock. It is just the same as literature. “ I have never ever thought of readers. The more I think, the less the book can be sold.”

Liu Li

中国平民作家直面现实，深层揭示社会矛盾，以文学的方式推动社会的发展与进步。

Chinese civilian writers face the reality directly, reveal the social contradictions deeply, and promote the development and progress of the society by means of literature.

Qin Ruijing

“伤痕”文学最初是带有贬斥含义的称谓，这些作品的感伤的、悲剧性的情感基调以及揭露性的取材趋向，被一些批评家看做五六十年代“暴露文学”“写阴暗面”等在80年代的重演。

"Wound literature” is a derogatory term at first. Some critics in 1980s regard it as a replay of the 1950s “exposure literature” and “writing dark side” because its sentimental and tragic emotional tone and revealing materials.

Shi Shuwen

中国当代文学，首先指的是1949年以来的中国文学；其次指的是发生在特定的社会主义历史语境中的文学，它限定在“中国大陆”这一范围之中。

Firstly, Chinese contemporary literature refers to the Chinese literature since 1949; Secondly, it refers to the literature that takes place in the specific historical context of socialism, which is confined to the scope of "Chinese mainland".

Luo Feng

Guided by the literary policy of “letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend,” a great number of good works were produced from the early 1950’s to the mid 1960’s.

在“百花齐放，百家争鸣”方针的指导下，20世纪50年代初至60年代中期，中国涌现了一大批优秀文学作品。

Zhang Yuanling

当某个集体的成员觉得他经历了可怕的事情，在群体意识上留下了难以磨灭的痕迹，成为永久的记忆，根本且无可扭转地改变了未来的认同，文化创伤就发生了。

Cultural trauma takes place when one of the group believes himself has experienced something horrible. It will make a irremovable mark on the group identification, which turns into a permanent memory, and changes their recognition of the future radically and irreversibly.

Ma Qian

中国当代著名作家王蒙点评贾平凹时说：“事实上，他的农民模样掩盖了他的精明、智能。他是个聪明、善于不露痕迹搞幽默的作家。”

When giving comments on Jia Pin'ao, a famous contemporary Chinese writer Wang Meng said:" In fact, his shrewdness and intelligence are covered by his looking of a peasant. He is a smart writer who is good at making fun of people in no trace."

Li Xiangyun

当代文学大致可分为四个阶段：新时期文学、80年代文学、90年代文学、新时代文学。

There are mainly four stages of contemporary literature: new-era literature, 80’s literature, 90’s literature, new-age literature.

Xia Ke

人生就像一场舞会，教会你最初舞步的人却未必能陪你走到散。

Life is just like a dance party, the one who taught you how to dance may not keep dancing with you until the end of the party.

人间没有永恒的夜晚，世界没有永恒的冬天。

There is no eternal darkness in the life, there is no eternal winter in the world.

我不配做一盏灯，那么就让我做一块木柴吧。

I’m not good enough to be a lamp, then, let me be a match.

Liu Siyu

近代文学的政治性、战斗性，随着近代社会的发展，愈来愈加强和显著了。

With the development of society, modern literature’s political nature and militancy became more and more strong and remarkable.

Ai Xin

《呐喊》中的阿Q是辛亥革命时期的农民典型。他是赤贫的雇农，被地主压迫，他不正视现实，常以精神胜利法自我陶醉，而忘却了自己失败者的悲惨屈辱的处境。

In the Cry to Arms, Ah-Q is a typical peasant during the Revolution of 1911. As a destitute farmhand oppressed by landlords, he did not face the reality, but often indulged himself in spiritual triumph to forget his own miserable and humiliating situation.

Sun Rui

中国现代文学以一九一七年发难的文学革命为开端。自此，中国文学发展历史进入一个新的时期。

The beginning of Chinese Modern literature is the literature revolution in 1017. Since then, the development of Chinese literature has entered a new period.

Yang Yuxin

尽管这一时期的文学在多样性发展上有所不足，并存在着粉饰现实的偏差，但具有中国民族特色及时代特色的主导性风格。

Although literature of this period is defective in diversity, and tries to gloss over realistic deviation, it possesses a dominant style with Chinese national characteristics and the characteristics of the times.

Yang Qing

《山乡巨变》具有浓郁的南国的地方特色，湖南山村清秀俊美的乡风水色和当地特有的风情民俗，赋予小说一种特殊的文化蕴涵，并创造出令读者心驰神往的优美意境。

Great Changes in a Mountain Village has strong local characteristics of southern China. The clear and beautiful scenery and unique local folklore of the mountain village in Hunan give this novel a special cultural meaning and create an attractive artistic conception.

Yang Jiani

Jia Pingwa is a Chinese novelist and short story writer. He was born in Dihua Town, Danfeng County, Shaanxi, graduated from Northwest University School of Arts in 1975, began to publish works in 1972. His novels includes "Shang State", "White Night", and the autobiographical "I am a Farmer". His 1993 novel, Deserted City was banned for its explicit sexual content by the State Publishing Administration. The novel was released 17 years later. His most famous novel is Shaanxi Opera, which won the Mao Dun Literature Prize.

贾平凹是中国小说和短篇小说家。出生于陕西省丹凤县翟华镇，1975年毕业于西北大学艺术学院。他的小说包括《商州》，《白夜》和自传《我是农民》。他1993年的小说《荒城》由于露骨性内容被国家出版总局禁止出版。这部小说于17年之后得到解禁。他最著名的小说是《陕西戏曲》，使他获得了茅盾文学奖。

Yin Tanwen

伤痕文学是20世纪70年代末到80年代初在中国大陆文坛占据主导地位的一种文学现象。

Wound Literature is a dominant literary phenomenon in China from the late 1970s to the early 1980s.

Yu Jing

自二十世纪末期开始，具有独立思想的中国自由文学的出现，使得中国当代文学大踏步进入世界先进文化行列，成为引领世界文学的先锋。

Since the late 20th century, Chinese Liberalism Literature with independent idea has appeared, making Chinese modern literature entered the world’s advanced culture ranks and became the pioneer of leading world literature.

Zhou Xiaolan

自二十世纪末期开始，具有独立思想的中国自由文学的出现，使得中国当代文学大踏步进入世界先进文化行列。

Since the end of the 20th century, the emergence of independent-mind Chinese liberal literature has made Chinese contemporary literature stride into the ranks of the world’s advanced literature.

Tips: we don’t need to translate the sentence exactly according to the original text, and inversion and reversion are useful method in translation.

Zhu Wenhao

中国杂技艺术以它无与伦比的精湛技艺，绚丽多层的传统节目，独特鲜明的民族风格，博得了国内外广大观众的赞赏和喜爱。人们从这项传承数千载，历万劫而不衰的形体表演艺术中，看到了中华民族勤劳、勇敢、智慧、乐观和不断追求超越自身与客观束缚的民族性格。

Chinese acrobatic art has won the appreciation and affection of the audience at home and abroad for its unparalleled superb skills, gorgeous multi-layered traditional programs, and unique and distinctive ethnic style. People have seen the Chinese people's diligence, bravery, wisdom, optimism, and constant pursuit of a national character that transcends their own and objective constraints from this form of performance art that has been passed on for thousands of years.

Peng Lu

自二十世纪末期开始，具有独立思想的中国自由文学的出现，使得中国当代文学大踏步进入世界先进文化行列，成为引领世界文学的先锋，并使中国当代文学达到历史的顶峰。

From late 20th century, the appearance of Chinese liberal literature featured individual ideas has made contemporary literature step into advanced culture of the world, the pioneer of world literature and reach the peak of history.

Guo Xinyi

“文化大革命”中政治生活的逆转，人为地遏止了正在发展着的上述文学趋势，粉饰与歪曲现实的文学逆流却获得恶性发展，造成了灾难性的后果。

Because of the reversion of the political life in the Great Cultural Revolution, the upward trend of literature was held back artificially while the countercurrent of literature that whitewashed and distorted the reality obtained vicious development, bringing about catastrophic consequences.

Tips: 翻译长句时先分析每个分句的关系，这个句子中有因果关系，因此可用because of连接。

Liu Qinyu

With the advent of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, Jia Yanchun was accused of being a counter-revolutionary and he spent the next ten years in a labor camp.

1966年文化大革命兴起后，贾彦春被打为反革命分子，并在一个劳动营中度过了十年。

Tip：有的地方中文语义上下文中包含了这层意思，就不需要直译出来了。

Liu Ying

原文：在市场的体制下，纯文学和通俗文学都无法离开出版运作和文化消费市场的选择

Under the current marketing system, pure literature and light literature are unable survive without choices from publication and consumers.

《尚书》The Book of History 政令 decree [C] an official order from a ruler or government that becomes the law 继承 inherit v. 通俗文学 light literature 反思：在翻译“体现”，“政治观念”或“什么理念”时，常常词语匮乏，不能想到更地道贴切的词语，如reflect, political ideas, political opinions, 这一方面要多积累。还有连接词也贫乏，句与句之间常常只会用简单的因果关系，转折与并列关系，接下来要多积累。

Du Peixi

晚清以来，个人主义思想从西方传入中国，极大地影响了中国现代文学的创作。

Since Late Qing, the thoughts of individualism streamed into China from the West, they influenced the creation of Chinese modern literature deeply.

Jiang Yun

《红岩》是一部为时代而生的小说，但是却缺乏对人性的思考，对生活的探索，树立价值观的色彩过浓。(中译英)

Red Crag a novel born for its era, of which the values are emphasized too much is lacking in the exploration if humanity and life.

Li Shuo

《彷徨》贯穿着对生活在封建势力重压下的农民及知识分子“哀其不幸，怒其不争”的关怀。

The concern of “mourn for their unfortunate, anger for their cowardice”to those farmers and intellectuals who was living under the weight of feudal forces runs through Wandering.

Peng Yu

Modern Chinese poems are also called “new poetry”. They usually do not follow any prescribed pattern.

现代中国诗歌也被称为“新诗”，通常不遵循任何规定的模式。

D.李白《长干行》and its Translations

Liu Xiaoting

大林寺桃花 Peach Blossoms in the Temple of Great Forest

白居易 Bai Juyi

人间四月芳菲尽，

All flowers in late spring have far and wide,

山寺桃花始盛开。

But peach blossoms are full-blown on this mountainside.

长恨春归无觅处，

I oft regret spring’s gone without leaving its trace,

不知转入此中来。

I do not know it’s come up to adorn this place.

Chen Qiuxu

唐诗是中华民族珍贵的文化遗产之一，是中华文化宝库中的一颗明珠，对于后人研究唐代的政治、风俗、文化等都有重要的参考意义。

Tang poetry is one of the precious cultural heritages of the Chinese nation and a pearl in the treasure house of Chinese culture. It has important reference significance for the later generations to study the politics, customs and culture of the Tang Dynasty.

Luo Xiaodi

十四为君妇，羞颜未尝开。

I'm so shy when I marry you at the age of fourteen.'

Li Haowen

“门前迟行迹”以下八句，通过节气变化和不同景物的描写，将一个思念远行丈夫的少妇形象，鲜明地跃然于纸上。

The eight lines, which are below the line “you wavered yourself before the gate”, depict a young married woman who misses her leaving husband dreadfully through the description of the changing solar terms and different objects.

Liu Li

李白善于从民间文艺和神话传说中吸取营养和素材，以此构成其诗特有的瑰玮绚烂的色彩。

Li Bai is good at absorbing nutrition and material from folk literature and mythology to form the unique magnificent and gorgeous color of his poems.

Qin Ruijing

在两年光景中，河商之妻从女孩变成为女人，充分认知到当两个成年人把各自的童年留在背后，需要做什么才能在时间的侵凌中保全一个人类家园。

In two years, the merchant’s wife grew up into a woman, and gully understood what should be done to preserve a homeland in the invasion of time whn two adults left their childhood behind.

Shi Shuwen

长干，在今天的南京市，位于秦淮区中华门外秦淮河南，在唐代，这里曾是商人们聚集的繁华地区，李白亲眼目睹了这里的是市井人情，看到商人的孩童们在这里玩耍嬉戏，感慨地写下了《长干行》。

Changgan, today's Nanjing city, is located in the south of Qinhuai river. In the Tang dynasty, it was a prosperous area where merchants gathered.

Zhang Yuanling

李白的《长干行》，通过一系列富有生活情趣的细节和心理侧面，成功地展现了一个丈夫远行的商妇丰富的内心世界。

In The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter, Li Bai successfully showed the inner world of a merchant’s wife by a series of details and mental side descriptions which are rich in the delight of life.

Luo Feng

十四为君妇，羞颜未尝开。

I became your bride when I was fourteen. I was bashful still at that time.

Li Xiangyun

庞德翻译的《长干行》被誉为20世纪美国最美的译诗。

The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter, translated by Ezra Pound, is regarded as the most beautiful translated poetry in 20th century in America.

Ma Qian

商妇的爱情有热烈奔放的特点，同时又是那样地坚贞、持久、专一、深沉。

Love of the businessman's wife is passionate and enthusiastic, but faithful, everlasting, pure, and deep at the same time. Tips: Dividing the sentence into several parts, and rearrange the order if necessary.

Yang Yuxin

这首诗对商妇的各个生活阶段，通过生动具体的生活侧面的描绘，在读者面前展开了一幅幅鲜明生动的画面。

This poem describes each lifeq stage of the merchant woman in a specific and vivid way, depicting vivid pictures to readers.

Yang Qing

诗人李白写过许多反映妇女生活的作品，《长干行二首》就是其中杰出的诗篇。 The poet Li Bai has written many poems reflecting women’s life, the two Ballad of a Merchant’s Wife are the outstanding poems.

Yang Jiani

妾发初覆额，折花门前剧；

While my hair was still cut straight across my forehead I played about the front gate, pulling flowers.

Yin Tanwen

《长干行》这首爱情叙事诗以商妇独白自述的手法，反映古代商人妻子的生活与情感。

The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter reflects the life and emotion of an ancient merchant's wife by the way of monologue as a love narrative poem.

Jiang Yun

李白是最早介绍到西方，并产生巨大影响力的中国诗人。（中译英）

Li Bai, the first Chinese poet introuduced to the Western countries, has a great influence on them.

Tips

When translating historical events, due to cultural differences, the translation of specific historical periods needs special attention.

在翻译有关文学的句子时，对于有些文学术语，我们自己要有一定的了解，才能把它翻译成合适的英语。因此，积累真的很重要。

Long sentence---short sentence

Li Haowen

“杨大爷”的翻译让人苦恼。Mr. Yang感觉用在一个流氓身上不太对，去电子词典里搜出来的是Uncle Yang， 这看起来也不对。记得曾见过将人的姓氏直接接在他的职业后面的用法，于是在此处便采用这种用法。

“节气”的翻译本想自己用climate，后觉得意思上有所偏差，在词典中查询得到solar terms的用法，但也有cycle的说法。后因为cycle只找到两处是做节气的意思，因此还是选用solar terms。

Qin Ruijing

The differences between Chinese and English makes it really hard to translate Chinese short sentences into English. One of the most important things is to place the modifiers in a proper position.

Shi Shuwen

I read the translation of the poems written by Li Bai and had some reflections. First, translate classical Chinese into modern Chinese, and then translate modern Chinese into English; Second, on the basis of 1, when translating into English, I should think carefully about the words and keep up with the rhythm of English poetry.

Zhang Yuanling

“最后化作一缕云烟”: 此句在中文中，大家都明白云烟会消散，所以作者省略了“消散”这个动词。再翻做英文时，应该把动词补上; 道白其实就是戏剧里读的旁白。

Dividing the sentence into several parts, and rearrange the order if necessary.

Unit 9 Beijing Opera and Acrobatics

A. Beijing Opera

Questions

1. How important is Beijing Opera in Chinese theatre?

Beijing Opera is the most representative of all forms of traditional Chinese dramatic art. --LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:20, 27 April 2020 (UTC) Beijing Opera is symbol of the cultural identity for China. So that it is almost the most important one in Chinese theatre.

2. Why do we say that classical Chinese drama is a comprehensive performing art?

because it is an ingenious combination of elements from many sources: traditional Chinese music, poetry, singing, recitation, dancing, acrobatics and martial arts--Evelyn (talk) 09:20, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

3. What do you know about the differences between Chinese drama and Western drama?

Theatrical art forms in many countries do not present singing, dancing and spoken parts in one single drama. However, traditional Chinese drama, including Beijing Opera, is a kind of entertainment which includes spoken parts, singing, dancing and acrobatics.--Skyler (talk) 09:24, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

4. What is expected of a B. O. performer in appearance?

They must be good- looking or attractive when appearing in make-up, of pleasing physical proportions, with a pair of expressive eyes and a rich variety of facial expressions. --LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:21, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

5. How should a B. O. performer pose on the stage?

Every movement on the stage is gracefully and precisely made and every pose assumed at the end of a movement makes the performer resemble a piece of well-executed sculpture, thereby increasing the aesthetic value of the acting.--Yammi (talk) 09:37, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

6. Why are theatrical forms of other provinces difficult for us to understand?

Each type employs the dialect of a particular locality, with a particular musical style and repertory typical of that area.--Yammi (talk) 09:40, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

7. How did Beijing Opera come into being?

Beijing Opera was the product of the merging in Beijing of Anhui and Hubei opera styles in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. --Evelyn (talk) 09:20, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

8. Why isn’t acting in B. O. restricted in time and space?

Because symbolism is essential.

9. Give examples to show the symbolic meanings of activities in Beijing Opera?

Bodily movements signify opening a door, entering or leaving a room, going upstairs or down, climbing a mountain or wading across a stream. Circling the stage, with a whip in hand, suggests riding a horse; riding in a carriage is represented by an attendant holding flags that are painted with a wheel design on either side of the performers; walking in a circle indicates a long journey; 4 soldiers and 4 generals flanking both sides of the stage represent an army several thousand strong; two men somersaulting under a spotlight shows the audience how they are groping and fighting in the dark; and on a stage bare of scenery, a performer holding an oar paddle and doing knee bends to simulate a heavy swell, demonstrates travelling on a boat.

Zhang Yuanling

10. What are the most important elements of B. O.?

music and singing --Ma Qian (talk) 09:28, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

11. What is the main stringed instrument used in B. O.?

the fiddle known as the jinghu (Beijing fiddle) supported by an erhu (second fiddle)--Yammi (talk) 09:28, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

12. Where are the main tunes of B. O. from?

The music of Beijing Opera combines the erhuang tune from Anhui Opera, the xipi tune from Hanju (Hubei Opera), and tunes and musical accompaniment of Kunqu (Kunshan Opera).--Zoey YangQing (talk) 09:31, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

13. What do you know about xipi tune and erhuang tune?

The xipi tune is usually used for expressing strong emotions while erhuang is a proper tune for deep and sorrowful feelings.--Skyler (talk) 09:28, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

14. What do you know about yunbai and jingbai?

in B.O.,spoken dialogues are done in two forms: yunbai, which sounds like the Hubei and Auhui dialects, and jingbai, which sounds like the Beijing dialect. The former is used by main and serious characters and the latter for minor and frivolous roles.--Liu Li (talk) 09:32, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

15. How are the main character roles in B. O. classified? What do they refer to respectively?

The character roles in Beijing Opera are divided into 4 main types according to the sex, age, social status and profession of the character. Sheng refers to male roles. It is subdivided into laosheng (middle-aged or old men), xiaosheng (young men) and wusheng (men with martial skills). Dan refers to female roles. Like sheng, dan is also subdivided into various types. Qingyi is a woman with a strict moral code; and laodan is an elderly woman. Jing refers to the roles with painted faces. They are usually warriors, heroes, statesmen or even demons. Jing can be further divided into wenjing (civilian type) and wujing (warrior type). Chou, or clown, is a comic character and can be recognized at first sight for his special make-up (a patch of white paint on his nose). Chou is subdivided into wenchou (civilian clown) and wuchou (clown with martial skills). --LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:26, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

16. Is facial painting applied to all character roles? What are red, gold and silver symbolic of in B. O.?

Yes,red for a cunning and deceitful character, gold and silver for gods and demons. --Yammi (talk) 09:34, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

17. Can painted facial patterns be used repeatedly? What can we do about them?

In Beijing Opera, facial painting, which is applied to Jing roles only, shows the character’s age, profession and personality by using different colors. Each color symbolizes a certain characteristic: red for a cunning and deceitful character, gold and silver for gods and demons. In Beijing Opera, over 1,000 painted facial patterns are used. Each pattern is designed for a specific historical figure and can never be used for another. What an actor can do to improve the pattern lies in his ability to make subtle and interesting changes within the fixed facial pattern. --Liu Xiaoting (talk) 02:03, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

18. Are the colors of B. O. costumes symbolic?

yellow for the imperial family, red for high nobility, red or blue for people of violent nature. --Evelyn (talk) 09:31, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

19. Do different roles wear different costumes?

Yes, they do. Because different robe colors indicate different social status---yellow for the imperial family, red for high nobility, red or blue for people of violent nature. There are appropriate costumes for each role. A scholar wears a blue gown; a general wears padded armour; an emperor wears a dragon robe.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 02:06, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

20. What else do you know about Beijing Opera?

Besides gorgeous clothes and headdresses, jeweled girdles for men and hair ornaments for women are also used in Beijing Opera.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 02:07, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

Beijing Opera is developed from absorbing many other dramatic dorms, mostly from the local drama 'Huiban' which was popular in South China during the 18th century. 京剧是在吸收许多其他戏剧形式的基础上发展起来的，主要是从18世纪在华南地区流行的地方戏剧“徽班”。

Hu Jingchen

中国戏剧蕴含着一种理性和国际性戏剧的种子，它那精确的方式方法可以适用于唤醒并引导磨炼过的群众争取一个美好的世界。 Chinese drama contains a kind of rational and international seed, which can precisely be used to wake those struggling people and guide them to strive for a beautiful world. --Jessie (talk) 06:52, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

由于京剧在形成之初，便进入了宫廷，使它的发育成长不同于地方剧种。 Because Beijing Opera entered the court at the beginning of its formation, its development and growth was different from other local operas.

Li Qi

京剧走遍世界各地，成为介绍、传播中国传统艺术文化的重要媒介。 Beijing Opera travels all over the world and becomes an important medium to introduce and spread Chinese traditional art and culture.--Liki (talk) 02:07, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Luo Xiaodi

京剧在文学、表演、音乐、舞台美术等各个方面都有一套规范化的艺术表现程式。 Beijing opera has a set of standardized artistic expression formula in literature, performance, music, stage art and so on.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 09:40, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Haowen

京剧的表演艺术更趋于虚实结合的表现手法，最大限度地超脱了舞台空间和时间的限制，以达到“以形传神，形神兼备”的艺术境界。 The expressing method adapted by the performing art of Beijing Opera is much more close to the integration of ideological and practical. It utmostly gets rid of the restrictions of the limits of the space and time on the stage, and thus achieves the art realm that the spirits are expressed by the body,and both of them are all obtained.

Liu Li

四大徽班进京献艺，揭开了中国京剧200多年波澜壮阔的历史序幕。

The arrival and performance of the four Hui Classes' in Beijing opened the magnificent history of Chinese Beijing Opera, which lasts more than 200 years. --Liu Li (talk) 06:35, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text: 京剧是综合性表演，即唱、念、做、打、舞为一体、通过程式的表演手段叙演故事，刻画人物，表达“喜、怒、哀、乐、惊、恐、悲”思想感情。 Translation: Beijing Opera is a comprehensive performance. It combines singing, speaking, performing, acrobatic fighting and dancing. It uses the stylized acting to portray and narrate the plot and characters and express characters’ feelings like joy, anger, sorrow shock, and fear.

Shi Shuwen

京剧流播全国，影响甚广，有“国剧”之称。以梅兰芳命名的京剧表演体系被视为东方戏剧表演体系的代表，为世界三大表演体系之一。

Peking Opera has been distributed throughout the country and has a wide influence. It is called "national opera". The Peking Opera performance system is named after Mei Lanfang and is regarded as the representative of the Oriental drama performance system and one of the three major performance systems in the world.

Zhang Yuanling

京剧的服装，是以明代日常生活的服装为基础，参照了宋、元两代服装的样式， 同时吸收了清代服装的某些特点， 经过历代艺术家概括 、提炼 、美化形成的 。 The costumes in Beijing Opera, based on the daily clothes in Ming Dynasty, considering the styles of clothes in Song and Yuan Dynasty, absorbing some characteristics of costumes in Qing Dynasty, is generalized, refined and modified by artists form generation to generation.

Luo Feng

Created and developed by talented artists several centuries ago, classical Chinese drama proves a comprehensive performing art with a unique form of its own---comprehensive because it is an ingenious combination of elements from many sources: traditional Chinese music, poetry, singing, recitation, dancing, acrobatics and martial arts, all blended into one great theatrical art without a trace of affectation. 中国传统戏曲起源于几个世纪前，由才华横溢的艺术家创造并发展，以其独特的艺术形式呈现了全面综合的表演——其全面性在于对中国传统音乐、诗歌、唱腔、朗诵、舞蹈、杂技和武术多种艺术形式的巧妙结合，使得京剧艺术浑然天成。

Ma Qian

“四大名旦”脱颖而出，是京剧走向鼎盛的重要标志。

The outstanding emergence of "Four famous male characters of Beijing Opera" is an important symbol of Beijing Opera in its peak time.--Root (talk) 09:43, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Li Xiangyun

京剧被视为中国国粹，位列中国戏曲三鼎甲“榜首”。 Beijing Opera is regarded as Chinese Quintessence, ranking on the top of the three crowns of Chinese opera.

Yang Yuxin

京剧的表演艺术更趋于虚实结合的表现手法，最大限度地超脱了舞台空间和时间的限制。 The performance arts of Beijing Opera is close to expression that combines reality and virtualitys, greatly getting rid of limit of time and space.--Evelyn (talk) 07:53, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Yang Qing

由于京剧在形成之初，便进入了宫廷，这使它的发育成长不同于地方剧种。要求它所要表现的生活领域更宽，所要塑造的人物类型更多，对它的技艺的全面性、完整性也要求得更严，对它创造舞台形象的美学要求也更高。 Since Beijing Opera entered the palace at the very beginning of its formation, its development was different from local operas. It is required to show a wider range of life areas, to create more types of characters, to have a more comprehensive and integrated skill and to create a more beautiful stage image.--Zoey YangQing (talk) 13:10, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Yang Jiani

Peking opera features four main types of performers. Performing troupes often have several of each variety, as well as numerous secondary and tertiary performers. With their elaborate and colorful costumes, performers are the only focal points on Peking opera's characteristically sparse stage. 京剧的表演者主要分为四个类型。有很多种类的主要表演团体，还包括许多二级和三级的表演者。穿着精美服装的表演者是京剧舞台上的唯一焦点。

Yin Tanwen

京剧伴奏乐器分打击乐器与管弦乐器。打击乐器被称为“武场”，管弦乐器则为“文场”。 The accompaniment instruments of Beijing Opera are divided into percussion and stringed instruments. Percussion instruments are known as "Wu Chang", while stringed instruments are known as "Wen Chang".

Yu Jing

1883年-1918年，京剧由形成期步入成熟期，代表人物为时称“老生后三杰”的谭鑫培、汪桂芬、孙菊仙。 During 1883 to 1918, Beijing Opera has developed from formative period to mature period. The representative figures are Tan Xinpei, Wang Guifen and Sun Juxian, and they are called “old after-born three”.--Yammi (talk) 10:05, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

京剧是中国影响最大的戏曲剧种，分布地以北京为中心，遍及全国各地 Beijing Opera is the most influential opera in China, distributed in Beijing as the center and throughout the country.

Zhu Wenhao

甩发功，多为男性角色甩动头顶扎束的一绺长发，表现惊慌失措、悲愤交加、疼痛欲绝以及仓皇逃命、垂死挣扎等激烈异常的情绪和情境的一种表演特技。 Hair swing is a acting skills in Beijing opera. Usually, the male character whips a stunt of long hair from the top of his head to express abnormal emotions, such as panic, a mix of grief and anger, extreme pain, and to show fierce situation like rushing to escape and struggling desperately

Guo Xinyi

1917年以来，京剧优秀演员大量涌现，呈现出流派纷呈的繁盛局面，由成熟期发展到鼎盛期，这一时期的代表人物为，梅兰芳、余叔岩。 Since 1917, scores of outstanding performers in Beijing Opera have emerged, presenting a prosperous situation with various genres. Beijing Opera was greeted with a shift away from mature period towards its peak, during which time Mei Lanfang and Yu Shuyan were representative performers in Beijing Opera. --Skyler (talk) 13:21, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

京剧的流派主要指演员的表演风格和艺术特点，乃透过师徒相传来传承和发展。 The school of Beijing Opera is mainly about performance styles and artistic characteristics, which are developing by master to apprentice inheritance.

Liu Ying

京剧形成以来,涌现出大量的优秀演员,他们对京剧的唱腔、表演,以及剧目和人物造型等方面的革新、发展做出了贡献形成了许多影响很大的流派。 Since the formation of Peking Opera, a large number of outstanding actors have emerged. They have contributed to the innovation and development of Peking Opera's singing, performance, repertoire and character modeling, and have formed many schools with great influence.

Du Peixi

借东风源自于四大名著当中的《三国演义》，又叫草船借箭. Taking advantage of the east wind is derived from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms which is one of the four classic. It's also called "Borrowing Your Enemy's Arrows".

Jiang Yun

相比评书，京剧经得起反复听，市场前景很广阔。 （中译英） Compared with storytelling, Beijing Opera which has a promising prospect stands up to be appreciated repeatedly

Li Shuo

京剧中把女性统称为“旦”，其中按照人物的年龄、性格又可细分为许多行当，饰演大家闺秀和有身份的妇女称为“正旦”，正旦在京剧中俗称“青衣”。 In Beijing Opera, women are called "Dan ", which can be subdivided into many types according to the age and character of the role. The women who plays as ladies are called "Zhengdan ", which is commonly known as" Qing Yi "in Beijing Opera.

Peng Yu

京剧有四种主要的角色类型:生(绅士)、旦(女子)、净(粗人)和丑(小丑)。 Peking opera features four main role types, sheng (gentlemen), dan (women), jing (rough men), and chou (clowns).

Text

Questions

1. What do you know about Mei’s early life?

Mei was born in Beijing into a family of Beijing Opera performers. He started to learn the art of opera when he was a little boy. He made his debut at the age of 11 and became well-known before he reached the age of 20. --Skyler (talk) 09:49, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

2. How many roles did Mei play in his career? What roles did he prefer to play?

In his career of 50 years, he played more than 100 roles, which include the emperor’s concubines, daughters of noble families, women generals and goddesses. In the performances, he demonstrated skillfully the different characters and personalities of these women. --Liu Li (talk) 09:54, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

3. What dances did Mei design to help express the character of the role he played? What other dances did he design?

In the opera, "Conqueror Xiangyu Parts with his Concubine", he uses a sort of sword dance. For the opera "The Fairy Scattering Flowers", he designed a silk-ribbon dance based on ancient Buddhist grotto frescoes. In addition, he created a plate dance, a horsetail whisk dance, a feather dance and a floral sickle dance. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 09:54, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

4. What plays are included in the repertory of the Mei School?

The repertory of the Mei School includes "Conqueror Xiangyu Parts with his Concubine", "The Drunken Beauty", "A Startling Dream of Wandering through the Garden", "Beauty Defies Tyranny", "Mu Guiying Takes Command", "The Fisherman’s Revenge" and "Phoenix Returns to its Nest". --Zoey YangQing (talk) 09:49, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

5. What did Mei contribute to the musical accompaniment?

Mei was the first to introduce erhu, a two-stringed musical instrument, into the Beijing Opera orchestra. Under Mei’s direction, Western musical instruments were also used to accompany Beijing Opera. --LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:51, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

6. Was Mei the first artist to introduce B. O. abroad? What do you know about his tours of Japan, America and the Soviet Union?

Yes, Mei was the first person to introduce Beijing Opera to foreign countries. With his troupe, Mei visited Japan three times. During his first visit in 1919, he was praised as an “outstanding performer of the Oriental art.” In 1929, Mei and his troupe toured the United States. In spite of the Great Depression, all the tickets for the 2-week premiere were sold out in only 3 days. Mei’s performances were a great success. Justin Brooks Atkinson, a drama critic, said in the New York Times: “You may feel yourself vaguely in contact, not with the sensation of the moment, but with the strange ripeness of centuries.” During his stay in the U.S., he met with the famous motion-picture actor Charles Chaplin and the American singer Paul Robeson. Six Years later, Mei introduced Beijing Opera to the Soviet Union. There he had the chance to meet the theatre super star Konstantin Stanislavski as well as other artists. They all felt that they could learn from the superb acting forms of Beijing Opera.--Liu Li (talk) 10:00, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

When Beijing fell to Japanese invaders, Mei grew a moustache (actors playing female roles cannot have moustaches) to show that he would never act under the rule of the puppet government.

当北京落入日本侵略者手中时，梅兰芳留了胡子（扮演女性角色的演员不能留胡子），以表明他永远不会在傀儡政府的统治下有所活动。

Hu Jingchen

梅兰芳的画清丽秀雅、神形兼备，有深厚的艺术修养。 Mei Lanfang has deep artistic cultivation. His paintings are delicate and elegant, full of both the spirit and the form. --Jessie (talk) 06:56, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

梅兰芳的唱腔醇厚流丽，感情丰富含蓄。 Mei Lanfang's singing is mellow and beautiful, with rich and implicit feelings.--Chloe (talk) 12:37, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Qi

1927年，北京《顺天时报》举办京剧旦角名伶评选。梅兰芳成为“四大名旦”之一。 In 1927, Beijing Shuntian Times held the Beijing Opera famous danjue actor selection. Mei Lanfang became one of the four famous actors of dan.--Liki (talk) 02:25, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Luo Xiaodi

梅兰芳8岁学戏，9岁拜吴菱仙为师学青衣，10岁登台。 Mei Lanfang studied drama at the age of Eight , became a student of Wu Lingxian at the age of nine, took the stage at the age of ten.

Li Haowen

梅兰芳将艺术和生活，和兴趣走到了一起，让中国传统书画走进戏剧，扩展了艺术领域，同时将原有的艺术壁垒打破，开创出新的出路，并将这种新式事物传到了国外。 Mei mingled art, life and interest together and led traditional Chinese art into the opera. It broadened the boundaries of art, broke the obstacles, and innovated a new road for the opera. Mei also took this renewed form of art in to the world.

Liu Li

梅兰芳的唱腔基本上是从传统唱法中来，但又无一腔照搬传统，而是以自己的润腔方式和行腔规律，将其化为具有从容含蓄的梅派韵味的唱腔。 Mei Lanfang's singing style is basically from the traditional singing method, but there is no copy of the tradition; instead, by using his own run-cavity way and the way of proceeding melody, he internalizes it into the easy and implicit Mei school vocal music. --Liu Li (talk) 06:42, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text：梅兰芳将自己的艺术创造历程归结为“简、繁、简”，初由朴素空乏充实至丰富多彩，再逐渐冲淡其中繁复累赘者，使整体归于精炼自然。 Translation: Mei Lanfang sums up his art creation process as “simple, complex and simple”. At first, he enriches his art from simple to colorful, and then gradually diluted the complicated and cumbersome parts to make his art refined and natural.

Shi Shuwen

梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。 More than 50 years of stage life, Mei Lanfang developed and improved the singing and performing arts of the Peking Opera, forming a unique style known as the "Mei style".

Zhang Yuanling

梅兰芳以动作的变化来表现杨贵妃从内心苦闷、强自作态到不能自制、沉醉失态的心理变化过程。 Through varying the actions, Mei demonstrated Yang Yuhuan’s mentality changing from upset but striking a proud pose to dead drunk and losing control.

Luo Feng

Although Mei has passed away, his art is well-remembered, and his impact on Beijing Opera remains. 虽然梅兰芳先生已逝，但其艺术将被世人铭记，其对京剧影响也将永存。

Ma Qian

《顺天时报》还将梅兰芳选为"伶界大王"，又捧为"四大名旦"之首，才定下梅派的百年江山。 Shuntianshibao also selected Mei Lanfang as "the king of opera performers" and recommended him as the leader of "Four famous male characters of Beijing Opera", which created the long history of Mei School.

Li Xiangyun

梅兰芳善于运用歌唱、念白、表情、身段、舞蹈等技艺，把人物的心理状态刻画入微。 Mei Lanfang was good at using such techniques as singing, chanting, expression, figure, dancing to depict the phycological states of the characters.

Yang Yuxin

梅兰芳将艺术和生活，和兴趣走到了一起，让中国传统书画走进戏剧，扩展了艺术领域。

Mei Lanfang combined art, life and interests. He added Chinese traditional painting into the drama, expanding the field of art.--Root (talk) 09:50, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Yang Qing

梅兰芳是“真正的演员，美的创造者”。 Mei lanfang is "a real actor, a creator of beauty".--Zoey YangQing (talk) 13:13, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Yang Jiani

In 1924, Mei went to Japan after hearing about a large earthquake that had caused destruction. During his stay, he not only performed, but he also donated to help the cause. 1924年梅兰芳得知大地震对日本造成了沉重的破坏, 于是前往日本。在日期间, 他在表演之余，积极捐款帮助日本进行灾后重振。

Yin Tanwen

梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。 In his more than 50 years of stage life, Mei Lanfang developed and improved the singing and performing arts of Dan in Peking Opera, forming a unique style of art school, which is known as the "Mei School".

Yu Jing

梅兰芳所创新的京剧梅派艺术，不仅是中国京剧与整个中国戏曲艺术的高峰，而且还位列世界三大表演体系之一。 MeiPai art which Mei Lanfang innovated is not only the peak of Bei Jing opera and all Chinese opera arts, but also listed in one of three major performance systems in the world.--Yammi (talk) 10:03, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

梅兰芳的一生，体现了不断革新、精益求精的敬业精神。 Mei lanfang's life embodies the spirit of continuous innovation and pursuit of perfection .

Zhu Wenhao

梅兰芳的哑剧表演和服装展示的演出真是精美优雅，可爱绝伦，美妙得就像中国古老的花瓶或是刺绣的帷幔。这是一次接触，与一种在数世纪中不可思议地圆熟起来的文化的接触。

Mei Lanfang's pantomime performances and costume show performances are exquisitely elegant, and lovely. They are as beautiful as ancient Chinese vases or embroidered curtains. This once was a contact with a kind of culture, which formed and developed incredibly in centuries.

Guo Xinyi

梅兰芳将诸多艺术领域的创作思想融于京剧艺术舞台表演之中，使京剧旦行的唱腔、表演艺术臻于完美的境界，成为旦行中影响深远的流派。

Mei Lanfang infused into Beijing Opera stage performances the creative ideas of many other forms of art, making the tunes and performing art of Dan in Beijing Opera verge on perfection and thus making it one of the influential genres in Dan.--Skyler (talk) 13:43, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

梅兰芳是中国京剧史上鼎盛期和清末以及中华民国成立后文化繁荣时期，承上启下最具代表性的人物。 Mei Lanfang is the most representative figure, who as a connecting link in the heyday of Chinese Beijing Opera and in a period of cultural prosperity in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

Liu Ying

他艺术成就的取得,固然与他的艺术天才,与他的家传、师教等分不开,同时也与他本人学艺的虚心求教、刻苦钻研精益求精有着密切的关系。 The achievement of his artistic achievements, of course, is inseparable from his artistic genius, his family history, teacher education, etc. At the same time, he also has a close relationship with his humility in learning art and studying hard.

Du Peixi

京剧行当中梅兰芳最擅演的是“旦”.京剧中把女性统称为“旦”，其中按照人物的年龄、性格又可细分为许多行当。 Meilanfang is good at playing the role of women in Beijing operas, called “Dan”. According to the age and personality of the character, there are many different kinds of Dans.

Jiang Yun

梅兰芳通过养鸽子极目眺远，练出了一双又黑又亮的眼睛，如一汪清澈的秋水，顾盼生辉。（中译英） Mei Lanfang owned a pair of bright dark eyes looking like a beautiful clear pond, which was practiced by breeding legions and staring at those quickly moving creature.

Li Shuo

以梅兰芳命名的京剧表演体系被视为东方戏剧表演体系的代表，为世界三大表演体系之一。 The Beijing Opera performance system named after Mei Lanfang is regarded as the representative of the oriental drama performance system and is one of the three major performance systems in the world.

C. Acrobatics

Liu Xiaoting

Chinese acrobats emphasize controlled strength and harmonious coordination with other acrobats to achieve fluid and agile movement that exudes power under control. 中国杂技演员强调控制力量和与其他杂技演员的协调，以实现在控制下散发流畅的力量和敏捷的运动。

Hu Jingchen

就历史悠久、群众基础雄厚和在海内外的影响而言，最著名杂技之乡的要数沧州吴桥了。 In the term of long history, great popularity and influence at home and abroad, the most famous hometown of acrobatics must be Wuqiao in Cangzhou.--Jessie (talk) 06:59, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

唐代杂技，宫廷与民间共同发展，民间既有街头小艺，亦有戏场献艺，观者达数千人。 In Tang Dynasty, acrobatics in court and folk developed together, and there are also types of street and theater, the number of audiences even reaches thousands.--Chloe (talk) 12:39, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Qi

"杂技"一词，是1950年中国杂技团成立时，由周恩来总理定名的。 The term "acrobatics" was decided by Premier Zhou Enlai when the Chinese acrobatic troupe was established in 1950.

Luo Xiaodi

杂技艺术从简单的技巧表演发展到有乐队、舞蹈、灯光等配合的综合艺术表演。 Acrobatic Art has developed from a simple skill performance to a comprehensive art performance with a band, dancing, lighting and so on.

Li Haowen

中国杂技有着严密的师承传统，又与姐妹艺术关系密切。中国杂技的每一种技艺都是代代相传，但同时它又从戏曲、舞蹈、武术中吸收了大量的营养。 Chinese acrobatics has a strict tradition of inheritance. It also has a close connection with related art form. Every trick in Chinese acrobatics is passed generation by generation. Further more, it is nourished and complicated by the opera, dance and Wushu.

Liu Li

由于杂技艺术来源于缤纷多姿的现实生活，“杂”是它的主要特征，故而“杂技”之名就此被确定下来。

Since acrobatics originate from the colorful real life, which mainly features variety, this is how the name "acrobatics" (miscellaneous techniques) has been determined.

Qin Ruijing

Text: 中国的杂技艺术甚至对外国科学家的发明产生过启迪心智的作用。根据李约瑟教授的记叙，法国科学家孟高尔费在发明降落伞前，就是有朋友介绍了东亚杂技演员运用雨伞作“走索”表演的防护道具而受到启示的。 Translation: Chinese acrobatics has even inspired foreign scientists when inventing. According to professor Needham, French scientist Montgolfier was inspired by his friend who had introduced to him that East Asian acrobats use umbrellas as protection when performing rope walking before he invented parachute.

Shi Shuwen

宋代以后，杂技的社会地位江河日下;元朝建立后，杂技沦落为走江湖、耍把戏的江湖艺术。 After the Song dynasty, the social status of acrobatics declined. After the establishment of the Yuan dynasty, acrobatics was reduced to the art of wandering around and playing tricks.

Zhang Yuanling

著名杂技“胸口碎大石”所用石头的质量很大，所以其惯性也很大，因此，当锤子很快的砸下去，石块的加速度很小，从而对人不会产生巨大的压力。 The stone that used in the famous acrobatics “ Chest broken stone” has big mass, and its inertia force is also big. Then, when the hammer hit the stone in a fast speed, the accelerated velocity is small, so that it will not throw huge pressure on people.

Luo Feng

As acrobatics became a folk art, it absorbed rich nourishment from the lives of ordinary people. This not only promoted its development but also enriched and enlivened its repertory. 杂耍来源于寻常百姓生活，逐渐发展为民间艺术。寻常百姓生活不但促进了杂耍的发展，而且使得其剧目更为丰富生动。

Ma Qian

杂技艺术在中国已经有2000多年的历史，杂技在汉代称为“百戏”，隋唐时叫“散乐”，唐宋以后为了区别于其他歌舞、杂剧，才称为杂技。 The art of acrobatics has a history of more than 2000 years in China, acrobatics was named "Hundred Dramas" in Han Dynasty, and "Scattered Music" in Sui and Tang Dynasties, but since Tang and Song Dynasties, in order to distinguish it from other song and dance shows and zaju, it was called acrobatics finally.

Li Xiangyun

杂剧最早见于唐代，意为“百戏”，泛指歌舞以外诸如杂技等各色节目。 Acrobatics first showed up in Tang Dynasty, which meant “hundred dramas”, referring to all kinds of programs besides singing and dancing.

Yang Yuxin

中国的杂技演员从第一次出国演出，就成为中国文化的使者、和平友谊的使者。 Since Chinese acrobats performed the first time, they have become the envoy of Chinese culture, peace and friendship.

Yang Qing

原始人在狩猎中形成的劳动技能，创造的武技与超常体能，在休息和娱乐时，在表现其猎获和胜利的欢快时，被再现为一种自娱游戏的技艺表演，这就形成了最早的杂技艺术。 The primitive people’ labor skill and martial skill and extraordinary stamina formed in hunting were reproduced as a kind of performance of self-entertainment when they were rest and entertainment and showed their joy of hunting and victory, which formed the earliest acrobatic art.

Yang Jiani

A seesaw (also known as a teeter-totter or teeterboard) is a long, narrow board supported by a single pivot point, most commonly located at the midpoint between both "ends"; as one end goes up, the other goes down. 跷跷板（又称跷跷板或跷跷板）是一种细长的木板，由单个枢轴点支撑，通常位于两个“端点”之间的中点。当一端上升时，另一端下降

Yin Tanwen

杂技是险中求稳、动中求静的艺术。 Acrobatics is the art of seeking stability in danger and tranquility in motion.

Yu Jing

杂技艺术中的很多节目是生活技能和劳动技术、武术技巧的提炼和艺术化。 Several programs in acrobatics art are refinery and artistic of life technology, labor technology and wushu technology.--Yammi (talk) 10:13, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

现代杂技特指演员靠自己身体技巧完成一系列高难动作的表演性节目 Modern acrobatics refers to a performance in which the performers perform a series of difficult movements with their own physical skills.

Zhu Wenhao

中国杂技艺术以它无与伦比的精湛技艺，绚丽多层的传统节目，独特鲜明的民族风格，博得了国内外广大观众的赞赏和喜爱。人们从这项传承数千载，历万劫而不衰的形体表演艺术中，看到了中华民族勤劳、勇敢、智慧、乐观和不断追求超越自身与客观束缚的民族性格。 Chinese acrobatic art has won the appreciation and affection of the audience at home and abroad for its unparalleled superb skills, gorgeous multi-layered traditional programs, and unique and distinctive ethnic style. People have seen the Chinese people's diligence, bravery, wisdom, optimism, and constant pursuit of a national character that transcends their own and objective constraints from this form of performance art that has been passed on for thousands of years.

Guo Xinyi

杂技艺术中的很多节目是生活技能和劳动技术、武术技巧的提炼和艺术化。

Many shows in acrobatics are the refinement and artistic forms of life skills, labor techniques and martial skills.--Skyler (talk) 13:58, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

走钢丝是在纤细金属线或绳子上走动的技艺，一般在高空中进行。 Tight-rope walking, usually in the high air, is a kind of acrobatics, which is on the fine wire or rope.

Liu Ying

因而在当前时代,加强自身的发展是杂技面临的重要考验,相关人员需要对杂技现状进行全面了解和掌握,继承优秀的杂技技巧,对杂技表演进行创新,从而提高杂技水平。 Therefore, in the current era, strengthening their own development is an important test for acrobatics. Relevant personnel needs to fully understand and master the current status of acrobatics, inherit excellent acrobatics skills, and innovate acrobatics performances to improve the level of acrobatics.

Du Peixi

南北朝时期，随着各民族艺术交流的频繁，杂技在这一时期呈现出兼收并蓄、多姿多彩的特点。 In Northern and Southern Dynasties, as frequent exchanges between ethnic groups in the arts, acrobatics in this period presents eclectic, colorful features. 

Jiang Yun

一个杂技演员对于节目技巧动作的接受能力、稳定性如何和职业高度能到哪，取决于该演员的基本功扎不扎实。（中译英） The ability to accept skills and actions of the acrobatic, the stability, and the ceiling of his occupation of a acrobat depend on the basic skills of him.

Li Shuo

杂技是一种有悠久历史的专门艺术，包括跳、身体技巧和平衡动作，较晚时又使用长杆，独轮自行车、球、桶、绷床及吊架等器械。 Acrobatics is a specialized art with long history, including jumping, body skills and balance movements. And later it used long pole, single wheel bicycle, ball, bucket, trampoline, hanger and other equipment.

Unit 10 Wushu and Qigong

A. Wushu

Text

Wushu, Chinese martial arts, is known in the west as kungfu. It is a cultural heritage of the Chinese people which has been enriched down through the ages. With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, it has a strong appeal to a vast multitude of people. Wushu may be traced back to prehistoric times, when our ancestors used stones and wooden clubs in hunting both for subsistence and self-defense. In tribal strifes, they used their tools of production as weapons of war. During the Shang (17th-16th century BC.) and Zhou (11th century-221 B.C.) dynasties, with the development of productive forces, especially the techniques in bronze casting, the variety of weapons increased and their quality improved. In the Jin (265-439) and Southern and Northern (420-581) dynasties, Wushu came under the influence of Buddhism and Taoism. Ge Hong (284-364), a famous physician and Taoist philosopher, integrated Wushu with Qigong, an important branch of traditional Chinese medicine. His theory of “external and internal work” in Wushu is still universally accepted today. In the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the court examination system required both military men and scholars to practice Wushu.

Because of its long history of incorporating differences in culture, ideology, region and usage, Wushu has developed into a great variety of schools and styles. There are over 100 schools of boxing in the Yellow River valley and about 80 in the Yangtze River basin. Each school has its own characteristics. Changquan demands quickness and valour, and is liked by young people. Taijiquan, characterized by its slow rhythm and gentle movements, is suitable for people of all ages, especially elderly people. Xingyiquan, vigorous in its balanced motions and poised steps, is popular with young and middle-aged people. Nanquan is wide-spread in China’s southern areas. Its practitioners utter shouts and cries now and then to make their movements more forceful. Shaolinquan, popular in the north, is known for its short routines of movements and their swiftness and vigor. In certain styles, such as tanglangquan (the Mantis Boxing) and zuiquan (the Drunkard Boxing), the practitioner imitates animals and birds as well as drunkards.

In spite of its rich variety, Wushu has four main types: barehanded boxing, the wielding of weapons, combat, and collective performances. The weapons used in Wushu fall into three categories: long weapons, including spears and broadswords; short weapons, such as short swords, daggers and hooks; and flexible weapons, which include nine-section cudgels and three-section cudgels.

However, Wushu is by no means limited to the external movement, but also emphasizes the full display of the internal temperament, mental attitude and potential of the practitioner. The practice of Wushu not only strengthens the bones and muscles but also the internal organs and intelligence. To be more specific, Wushu stresses that the mind directs the circulation of air flow (Qi) within the body and that the inner circulation of air generates the external strength, so demonstrating the combination of external and internal forces. Cultivating air flows inside the body in order to improve the basic structures inside the body is an important purpose of Wushu exercises.

Chinese Wushu is more than kungfu. It embodies a profound philosophy and a sense of human life and social values. It is the summation of the code of conduct for the adjustment of the relationships between people and between man and nature. Wushu emphasizes traditions, experience and rational knowledge, all of which are clearly reflected in the martial ethics of Wushu. Martial ethics advocates respect for human life, because mankind is regarded in China as the most valuable treasure of nature, ranking even above heaven, earth and truth. It requires that the practitioner exercise self-restraint, never abuse his abilities for personal gratification or to oppress those weaker than himself. He should seek to uphold justice, remain fearless in the face of brutality, and cultivate modesty and a spirit of cooperation.

Wushu is not only a way to enhance one’s health and skills. Its long association with dance has lent an enriching artistic quality. Meanwhile, its emphasis on posture, composure, self-control, spirit and lively exercise imbues it with a beautifying effect on the body, and a positive effect on the character. These qualities turn Wushu into Wuyi---martial artistry. Now, Wushu not only enjoys a great popularity in China, but is captivating the attention of more and more people in the world because of its uniqueness and charisma originating from the traditional oriental culture.

Questions

1. What is Wushu? Why is it appealing to many people?

Wushu, Chinese martial arts, is known in the west as kungfu.

With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, it has a strong appeal to a vast multitude of people.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 08:49, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

2. How did Wushu come into being?

Wushu may be traced back to prehistoric times, when our ancestors used stones and wooden clubs in hunting both for subsistence and self-defense. In tribal strifes, they used their tools of production as weapons of war. During the Shang (17th-16th century BC.) and Zhou (11th century-221 B.C.) dynasties, with the development of productive forces, especially the techniques in bronze casting, the variety of weapons increased and their quality improved. In the Jin (265-439) and Southern and Northern (420-581) dynasties, Wushu came under the influence of Buddhism and Taoism.--Yammi (talk) 08:55, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Why has Wushu developed into a great variety of schools and styles? How many schools do you know?

Wushu has developed into a great variety of schools and styles because of its long history of incorporating differences in culture, ideology, region and usage. Here are the schools I know: Changquan, Taijiquan, Xingyiquan, Nanquan, Shaolinquan, , tanglangquan (the Mantis Boxing) and zuiquan (the Drunkard Boxing).--Du Peixi (talk) 08:52, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

5. What are the 4 main types of Wushu? What are the 3 categories of weapons used in Wushu?

Wushu has four main types: barehanded boxing, the wielding of weapons, combat, and collective performances. The weapons used in Wushu fall into three categories: long weapons, including spears and broadswords; short weapons, such as short swords, daggers and hooks; and flexible weapons, which include nine-section cudgels and three-section cudgels.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 08:54, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

7. What’s martial ethics?

Martial ethics advocates respect for human life, because mankind is regarded in China as the most valuable treasure of nature, ranking even above heaven, earth and truth. It requires that the practitioner exercises self-restraint, never abuses his abilities for personal gratification or to oppress those weaker than himself/herself. He/She should seek to uphold justice, remain fearless in the face of brutality, and cultivate modesty and a spirit of cooperation. --Skyler (talk) 08:54, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

在众多武术套路中，太极拳最流行，而少林拳亦历史悠久，享有盛名。

Among the many forms，Taijiquan enjoys the highest popularity. Shaolinquan is one of the well-known forms of Wushu with a long history. --Liu Xiaoting (talk) 02:22, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Chen Qiuxu

中国武术的练习，正是为了强身健体，修身养性，不同于空手道，跆拳道的以攻为守，杀敌之意。

The practice of Chinese Wushu is just for the purposes of strengthening the body and cultivating one's nature. It is different from Karate's and Taekwondo’s intention of attack and killing.

Hu Jingchen

武功，在个人，是制止侵害，维护自身安全和权益的功力；在国家，是戢兵保大而定功的武器。

Regarding individuals, Wugong is a technique to prevent violations and to defend both, your own safety and your rights；regarding the country, Wugong is a weapon to cease hostilities, to protect the dignity and to ensure success.--Jessie (talk) 03:12, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

以表演来展示的武术，是舞术，无法展示出武术真正的实战作用与效果。 Wushu which is displayed by performance is a kind of dance, so it can not show the actual combat role and effect of Wushu.--Chloe (talk) 12:41, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Qi

作为中华民族炎黄子孙的生存技能，中国传统武术伴随着中国历史与文明发展，走过了几千年的风雨历程。 As a kind of surviving ability of Chinese people, Chinese traditional wushu have gone through thousands of years of wind and rain with the development of Chinese history and civilization.

Luo Xiaodi

中国武术，以中国传统文化为基础的、停止战斗的技术；是消停战事、维护和平的技术。 Chinese Wushu, based on Chinese traditional culture, is a technology for stopping fighting; it is a technology for ending wars and maintaining peace.

Li Haowen

当我们以表演、竞技、体育等来衡量我们的武术，其实，是以我们非常有限的几十年、上百年的“知识认知”，来定义我们沉淀进化亿万年而得的身体的使用价值，是非常局限、甚至是自我贬损的、摧毁的。 The definition we made to Chinese Wushu, based on our limited knowledge which exists for only tens or hundreds of years, is limited, even self-despised and destructive，if we want to balance Wuchu with performance, competition and sports.

Liu Li

武术，拥有消停战事、维护和平的实力。 Wushu has the ability to stop war and maintain peace.

Qin Ruijing

Text: 传统武术的武德，首重“尊师重道”，教人行善，练武术目的是锻炼身体，防身自卫，进而锄强扶弱，保家卫国。 Translation: The traditional martial ethics put honoring teachers, esteeming truth and teaching people to do good first. The purpose of practicing Wushu is to build up body, defend ourselves, and then curb the violent, assist the weak and protect the country.

Shi Shuwen

真正的中国武术：外御强敌强体魄,内养生命精气神。 The true Chinese Wushu can defend the strong enemy from the outside and strengthen the body, and nourish the vitality of life from the inside.

Zhang Yuanling

太极拳谚云“生命源头在腰间”，“其根在足，发之于腿，主宰与腰，形于手指”。

“The source of life is located in one’s waist”, and “The power is rooted in the feet, generated by the legs, controlled by the waist, and presented by the hands”, are sayings with regard to Taijiquan.

Luo Feng

武术分为徒手和持械两大类。拳术是徒手功夫的中心内容，也是练武的基础，向有“学武必先学拳”的说法。 Wushu has two main types: barehanded and with weapons. Boxing is part of the barehanded and also the basis of practicing wushu. “To learn boxing first before the practice of wushu” is a well-tried maxim.

Ma Qian

武术比赛分套路和散手两种类型，前者类似于艺术体操，后者类似于自由搏击。 Wushu competition could be divided into two types---a series of skills and trick and Sanda, the former one is like the rhythmic gymnastics, and the latter, kick boxing.

Li Xiangyun

1982年，武术冠军李连杰主演了电影《少林寺》。 In 1982, wushu champion Jet li appeared in the film Shaolin Temple.

Ai Xin

散打也叫散手，古时称之为相搏、手搏、搏击。以中国武术的踢、打、摔、拿四大技法为主要进攻手段。另外，还有防守、步法等技术。散打也是现代体育运动项目之一。 Sanda is also called Sanshou, known as phase combat, hand combat or combat in ancient times, taking four techniques of Chinese martial arts—to kick, hit, fall, take-- as the main means of attack. In addition, there are defense, footwork and other techniques. Sanda is also one of the modern sports.

Xia Ke

蛇拳是传统拳术的一种。属于模拟蛇的各种动作形象结合技击的象形拳类。主要流传于浙江、福建、四川、广东、台湾、香港一带。 She quan boxing is a kind of traditional style of Chinses boxing. It belongs to the pictographic fist that simulates the various movements and images of snakes combined with fighting skills. Mainly spread in zhejiang, fujian, sichuan, guangdong, Taiwan, Hong Kong area.

Liu Siyu

修习武术，是让人从身到心、由魂而魄得到提升而充满安全感，精壮神足。 Practicing Wushu gives people a strong sense of security of improving themselves from body to heart, from soul to spirit. It makes them feel strong and vibrant and have

Sun Rui

2020年1月8日，在瑞士洛桑举行的国际奥委会执委会会议通过了武术列入第四届青年奥林匹克运动会正式比赛项目的申请，这是武术首次成为奥林匹克系列运动会正式比赛项目。 On 8 January 2020, the IOC Executive Committee Meeting held in Lausanne, Switzerland, passed the application for Wu Shu to be listed in the official competition of the Fourth Youth Olympic Games, which was the first time that Wu Shu became the official competition of the Olympic series.

Yang Yuxin

修习传统武术，我们首先强调是修习我们头脑的思维方式与能力，以及相应的应变能力。 Wushu practice emphasizes improving the way and ability of thinking, and relevant coping capacity.--Evelyn (talk) 02:45, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

Yang Qing

国之大事，在戎在祀。这说的就是武术的重要性。 Military affairs and sacrifices are important events of nation. This is about the importance of Wushu. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:21, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Yang Jiani

wushu is the generic term for martial arts which includes both armed and unarmed routines. 武术是武术这种运动的通常用语。它包括用于搏斗的战斗型武术和非搏斗的日常武术。

Yin Tanwen

武术的核心哲学宗旨是止戈，武术强调的是养生之道。 The core philosophy aim of Wushu is to stop wars, and it emphasizes the way of health.

Yu Jing

作为中华民族炎黄子孙的生存技能，中国传统武术伴随着中国历史与文明发展，走过了几千年的风雨历程，成为维系这个民族生存和发展的魂、和承载中华儿女基因构成的魄。 As a living skill of Chinese descendants of the Chinese nation, traditional Chinese Wushu developed with Chinese history and civilization, walked through several thousands wind and rain, and became the spirit of national existence and development, carrying Chinese people’s gene.--Yammi (talk) 10:25, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

Zhou Xiaolan: 武术，是停止战斗的技术，而并非发起战斗的技术。 Martial arts are techniques to stop fighting, not to start fighting.

Guo Xinyi

中国功夫在世界上影响广泛，不仅出现了大量中国功夫题材的中外影视作品，更有少林、太极、咏春拳等中国功夫在全球广泛传扬。 Having a wide influence in the world, Kungfu stimulates not only the emergence of a large number of Chinese and foreign films and TV works with Chinese Kungfu themes, but also the wide spread of Chinese Kungfu such as Shaolin, Taiji and Yongchun Quan. Tips: 英文中名词使用更常见，因此可将汉语中的动词名词化。--Skyler (talk) 02:00, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

中国武术的早期发展多半缺乏文字记载，仅能靠师徒口耳相传。 The early development of Wushu only depended on teaching orally by masters to apprentices, as it lacked of written records.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 04:42, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Ying

搏斗运动集中体现了武术攻防格斗的特点，在技术上与使用技击基本是一致的。 Combating sport, which is basically in accordance with Jiji in terms of technique usage, integrates the attack-and-defense characteristics of wrestling in Wushu into itself. --Celeste (talk) 05:11, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Du Peixi

中国功夫，源远流长，内涵丰富，博大精深。 Chinese Kungfu has a long history, rich connotation，broadness and profundity.

Jiang Yun

中国武林最大的缺陷就是从来不承认自己有缺陷。（中译英） Kong Fu never concedes that there are flaws inside itself, which is the biggest flaw of it.

Li Shuo

武术，消停战事的技术。武术分别体现在国家的国防实力、和个人的安全防卫方面，在不同的时期和不同地方，有不同形式的应用。 Wushu, the technique of stopping war. Wushu is embodied in the national defense strength and individual security and defense. Wushu has different forms of application in different periods and different places.

B. Qigong

Text

At ancient times, Qigong was called Tuna (exhaling and inhaling), Lianqi (training of vital energy), Daoyin, Neigong (internal self-exertion training), sitting quietly, meditation, or breathing exercises. It is one of the legacies in the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine, and proves to have particularly outstanding effects in treating chronic and difficult diseases.

According to traditional Chinese medical theory, the Qi in Qigong is not only the air people breathe, but also the vital energy in the body, thus it is also called “genuine Qi” or “internal Qi.” In terms of modern medicine, “vital energy” is equal to disease resistance, adaptability to the environment and the healing ability of the body. The practice of Qigong causes one to exhale waste Qi, inhale fresh Qi, preserve the anti- pathogenic vital energy in the body, strengthen the health, resist senility and prolong life. After practicing for some time, one can become aware of a stream of heat (vital energy) or Qi being transmitted through the body. Sometimes this can be released from the body, and then it is known as external Qi. Internal Qi, on the other hand, follow the channels (or meridians, as they are sometimes called) and collaterals within the body.

According to traditional Chinese medicine, it is the channels and collaterals that link the five viscera and six entrails, limbs and bones, five senses and nine orifices with the various tissues and organs of the superficial portion of the body, giving the body an organic integrity. The channel system consists of the regular channels and extra channels, whereas the collateral system is composed of the Bie collaterals, Sun collaterals and Fu collaterals. However, the main trunks are the 12 regular channels and the Du and Ren channels. When the internal Qi is transmitted along these channels and collaterals, the blocks within them will be removed, the Qi and blood will synergize, and the vital energy will be preserved within the body.

Generally speaking, in Qigong training, the practitioner regulates the mind, the breathing and the physical body by way of exercises called daoyin, or guiding and inducing. In mental daoyin, the practitioner has to concentrate on one object so as to keep the cerebral cortex in a special inhibitory state. Breathing daoyin includes exhaling, inhaling, breathing out deeply, blowing, aspirating and holding the breath. Daoyin of the physical body requires various postures, such as walking, standing, sitting, kneeling, and massaging.

Qigong has a history of more than 3,000 years. In The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine, the oldest medical classic of ancient China, there is a chapter called “Natural Truth at Ancient Times”, which reads: “When one is completely free of wishes or ambition, he will get the genuine vital energy. When one concentrates his consciousness internally, how can disease attack him? One must breathe the essence of life, defending oneself independently by regulating one’s respiration to preserve one’s spirit and make the muscles remain unchanged.” Historically, there were numerous kinds of Qigong exercises, including those of the Taoists, Buddhists and Confucians. At present, 396 kinds of Qigong exercises have already been published in China. There are different classifications of Qigong. It can be classified into health-protecting Qigong, therapeutic Qigong and martial-art Qigong, or hard (tough) Qigong and soft Qigong. Hard Qigong is also called kungfu Qigong. Soft Qigong includes health-protecting Qigong and therapeutic Qigong. Qigong can also be classified into static Qigong, dynamic Qigong, hard Qigong and emitting Qigong. The first two refer to the Qigong practices with or without “external movements”, which means the involuntary movements occurring spontaneously when one has reached the state of tranquility. Emitting Qigong refers to the skill by which a Qigong master emits external Qi for treating patients or attacking the opponent at a certain distance in martial arts.

Qigong is becoming part of the daily life of millions of Chinese people as a way to keep fit in both mind and body. In its more developed form, it is effective in adjusting the functions of the nervous, respiratory, digestive, blood circulation and endocrine systems. In short, Qigong is somewhat able to prevent and treat diseases, protect and strengthen health, and prolong life.

Questions

1. What else was Qigong called at ancient times? Is it a legacy of Chinese martial arts or Chinese medicine?

At ancient times, Qigong was called Tuna (exhaling and inhaling), Lianqi (training of vital energy), Daoyin, Neigong (internal self-exertion training), sitting quietly, meditation, or breathing exercises. It is one of the legacies in the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine, and proves to have particularly outstanding effects in treating chronic and difficult diseases.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 08:56, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

2. What does Qi in Qigong mean? What’s internal Qi?

The Qi in Qigong is not only the air people breathe, but also the vital energy in the body, thus it is also called “genuine Qi” or “internal Qi.”--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 08:57, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

3. What do the channels and collaterals link? What are the main trunks? How are they connected with Qigong?

The channels and collaterals link the five viscera and six entrails, limbs and bones, five senses and nine orifices with the various tissues and organs of the superficial portion of the body, giving the body an organic integrity. The main trunks are the 12 regular channels and the Du and Ren channels. When the internal Qi is transmitted along these channels and collaterals, the blocks within them will be removed, the Qi and blood will synergize, and the vital energy will be preserved within the body. --Liu Qinyu (talk) 09:16, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

4. What is Daoyin? How to practice Qigong?

In Qigong training, the practitioner regulates the mind, the breathing and the physical body by way of exercises called daoyin.

The practitioner has to concentrate on one object so as to keep the cerebral cortex in a special inhibitory state. Breathing daoyin includes exhaling, inhaling, breathing out deeply, blowing, aspirating and holding the breath. Daoyin of the physical body requires various postures, such as walking, standing, sitting, kneeling, and massaging. --Zhang Yuanling (talk) 09:24, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

5. What does The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine say about Qigong?

“When one is completely free of wishes or ambition, he will get the genuine vital energy. When one concentrates his consciousness internally, how can disease attack him? One must breathe the essence of life, defending oneself independently by regulating one’s respiration to preserve one’s spirit and make the muscles remain unchanged.”--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 09:04, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

Qigong was originally created in ancient China thousands years ago and descended through various styles, such as Chinese medicine, Taoist, Buddhist, Confucian, Neo-Confucian, and traditional Chinese martial arts.气功起源于数千年前的中国古代，通过中医、道教、佛教、儒家、新儒家和中国传统武术等多种形式传承下来。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 02:58, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Chen Qiuxu

气功养生，是通过有意识的自我身心调整，来达到养生保健、防病治病的锻炼方法。

Qigong， is an exercise method to achieve health care, prevent and treat diseases through conscious self-mental adjustment.--Root (talk) 09:20, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Hu Jingchen

本来气功是练气修德，很具体很实际的，可是宗教化以后，就追求修炼成神、成仙、成佛了。 Originally, Qigong was to practice Qigong, very specific and practical. But after the religious practice, it became the pursuit of God, into the immortal, into the Buddha.--Jessie (talk) 04:14, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

中国气功强调天人合一，人和自然界有着密切不可分割的联系，人的机体受到气候、环境等因素的影响。 China's Qigong emphasizes the unity of nature and man, man and nature have an inseparable relationship, and human body is affected by climate, environment and other factors.--Chloe (talk) 12:54, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Qi

气功主要是通过使用自我暗示为核心的手段，通过调整心身平衡，达到健身治病目的的自我锻炼方法。 Qigong is a self-training way to achieve the goal of fitness and self-exercise, which mainly through the use of self-suggestion and through the adjustment of balance between physical and mind.

Luo Xiaodi

气功是一种中国传统的保健、养生、祛病的方法。 Qigong is a traditional Chinese method of health care, health preservation and disease elimination.

Li Haowen

如果从气功作用的心理生理学过程看的话，可将气功定义为：主要是通过使用自我暗示为核心的手段，促使意识进入到自我催眠状态，通过心理—生理—形态自调机制调整心身平衡，达到健身治病目的的自我锻炼方法。 From the point of the biological mental procession of Qigong, we can make a definition that it is a self-exercise to lead the thoughts into idiohypnotism by adapting method cored in self-implication, and through the self-adjusting system of mentality-biology-morphology to balance mind and body, and further to strengthen to body and cure diseases

Liu Li

气功是调身、调息、调心三调合一的心身锻炼技能。 Qigong is a training that integrates body movements, breath movements and mind movements.

Qin Ruijing

Text: “调息”又称“吐纳”，常出现于冥想和气功等传统养生方法中对于呼吸的一种称谓，是一种调整呼吸的方法，即吐出浊气，呼入清气的过程。 Translation: Regulating of breathing, also known as “tuna”, is often used as a name of breath in meditation, qigong and other traditional health maintenance methods. It is a ways to adjust the breath, that is, to exhale turbid air and breathe in fresh air.

Shi Shuwen

我国古代气功文献资料浩如烟海，在道家、儒医、医家书记中有大量气功文献记载。 The ancient Qigong literature in China is vast, and there are a large number of Qigong literature records in Taoist, Confucian and medical documents.

Zhang Yuanling

八段锦、太极拳等举措既能增强患者体质，又能让患者克服焦虑情绪，对患者非常有益。 Such methods like eight trigrams boxing, Tai Jiquan and so on, are beneficial to patients of covid-19. Not only can they strengthen patients’ body, but also help them overcome nervousness.

Luo Feng

气功，以调息、调身、调心为手段，意在强生健体. Qigong is a way to keep fit through regulating the mind, breathing and the physical body.

Ma Qian

反对者认为气功热混杂了很多伪科学的内容，宣扬特异功能的气功已经背离传统气功本义。 The opponents believed that many things about pseudoscience were mixed with the qigong rush, and that the Qigong that advocated special power had deviated from the original meaning of traditional Qigong.

Li Xiangyun

气功包括打坐、身体姿势和呼吸练习。 Qi gong includes meditation, body postures and breathing exercises.

Ai Xin

中央电视台曾经有一部纪录片真实地拍摄了一名武当弟子表演的飞身摘灯笼的轻功绝技。这名武当弟子略微助跑，脚一蹬门柱，便飞身将悬挂在6、7米高的灯笼从门檐上摘了下来。 CCTV used to make a documentary which really recorded a Wudang disciple’s Qing Kung stunt by a show of flying to get a lantern. He ran slightly, step on the doorpost, then flied to the lantern hanging in 6 or 7 meters high, and took it off from the door eaves.

Xia Ke

如果从气功作用的心理生理学过程看的话，可将气功定义为:主要是通过使用自我暗示为核心的手段，促使意识进入到自我催眠状态，通过心理-生理-形态自调机制调整心身平衡，达到健身治病目的的自我锻炼方法。 As for the psychophysiological process of qigong’s function, qigong can be defined as mainly through self-suggestion to promote the consciousness into the self-hypnosis state, and through mechanism which from the psychological to the physiological to the posture to adjust the mind-body balance, then achieve the purpose of fitness and treatment of the self-exercise method.

Liu Siyu

气功是人们在生产、生活、医疗保健等多种实践中，逐渐总结而形成的。 Qigong was formed by summarizing from multiple practices of producing living, health caring and so on.

Sun Rui

传统气功包括吐纳、导引、静坐等方式，是调身,调息,调心融为一体的心身锻炼技能。

Traditional Qigong, including breathing techniques (Tuna), guidance and meditation, is a mind-body training skill that integrates body, breath and mind.

Yang Yuxin

随着科学的向前发展，我们可以用现代科学的有关知识来认识气功，这将更加深化我们对气功实质的认识。

With the development of science, we can make use of the knowledge of modern science to get to know Qigong, which deepens our understanding of the essence of Qigong.

Yang Qing

中国古典的气功理论是建立在中医的养身健身理论上的，自上古时代即在流传。 The classical Qigong theory of China is based on the theory of keeping fit in traditional Chinese medicine, which has been in circulation since ancient times. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:23, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Yang Jiani

气功是目前在中国和世界广泛流行的一种运动，它可以用于娱乐运动和休闲，并且可以用来预防和自我修复潜在疾病，替代医学机器治疗，并且可以用于冥想、自我修养，以及武术训练的实践。

Qigong is now a movement popular throughout China and worldwide. It can be used for recreative exercises and relaxation, preventive medicine and self-healing. It can be used as an alternative treatment to medicine, meditation, self-cultivation and training for martial arts.

Yin Tanwen

原始的气功没有名称，后来被一部分人称为“舞”。 At first, Qigong had no name in ancient China. But it was later called "Dance" by some people.

Yu Jing

如果从现代行为医学的角度看，气功锻炼是对一种有利于心身健康的良性行为进行学习训练，最终以条件反射方式固定下来的行为疗法。 From medicine of modern behavior point of view, Qigong is a behavior therapy, learning and training a kind of good behavior which is conductive to physical and mental health, finally fixing by reflex.--Yammi (talk) 10:35, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

Zhou Xiaolan: 随着科学的向前发展，我们可以用现代科学的有关知识来认识气功，这将更加深化我们对气功实质的认识。 With the development of science, we can use the knowledge of modern science to understand Qigong, which will deepen our understanding of the essence of Qigong.

Guo Xinyi

随着科学的向前发展，我们可以用现代科学的有关知识来认识气功，这将更加深化我们对气功实质的认识。 Owing to the development of science, we are able to know Qigong through the respective modern scientific knowledge and our understanding of the essence of Qigong will be much deeper. --Skyler (talk) 02:25, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

轻功练习方法繁琐辛苦，且不易练成，但是历代武术名家都十分注重轻功的练习。

Generations of Masters of Wushu have taken Qigong practice seriously, though its methods are difficult and painstaking and it is hard to master it.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 06:01, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Ying

人之所以有生命活动，同样也是由于气的活动而维持的。

Human’s biological activities are also sustained by the activities of “Qi”.

Du Peixi

气功是一种用入静和调节呼吸等方式进行锻炼身体、防治疾病的方法。 Qigong is a kind of adjustment with meditation and breathing exercise and other ways to combat disease.

Jiang Yun

气功的产生几乎都是幻觉，会产生一系列的副作用。（中译英） Almost all the yield of Qigong is a kind of illusion with a chain of side effects.

Li Shuo

气功就是通过特定的修炼方法使机体的组织、器官在功能上更佳有序化与协同化的生理变化过程。 Qigong is the process of physiological changes that make the body's tissues and organs more orderly and cooperative in function through specific training methods.

C. Huo Yuanjia

Text

Huo Yuanjia (1868-1910) was born into a wushu master’s family in Dongguang County south of Tianjin. His father made a living as a bodyguard for wealthy people. As little Huo was very weak and often ill, his father decided not to teach him martial arts as his career. Yet every day, he watched his father and brothers practiced wushu and imitated them secretly in the depths of the forest of date trees. Moved by his determination and hard-working spirit, his father started to teach him. In 10 years, Huo learned the family’s exclusive boxing and the essentials of other schools of boxing as well. In 1890, a wushu master by the name of Du came from Henan to visit Huo’s father. His manner provoked a trial of strength with the boxers of the family. Huo’s brothers competed with him but were defeated. Then Huo fought with him. With one swift kick, Huo knocked his opponent to the ground. Thus Huo became famous in his village and the neighboring areas.

During a performance in 1901, a Russian boxer said something that insulted the Chinese people. When Huo heard this, he mounted the platform and reprimanded him severely. Scared by Huo’s bravery, the Russian boxer admitted his mistake and apologized. In the spring of 1909, an arrogant British boxer named O’Brien came to Shanghai and announced that he was willing to have a match with any Chinese. On learning this, Huo and one of his disciples went to Shanghai to meet the challenge. He also advertised that he was ready to fight any foreign boxers. Startled by Huo’s fearlessness, O’Brien left Shanghai quietly before the date of the match. This greatly enhanced the self-confidence and self-esteem of the Chinese people. Subsequently, Huo thought that if the Chinese people wanted to make their nation strong, they had to build up their bodies. For this purpose he set up a martial arts school where he served as the main coach. In 1910, with the school as the basis, the Chin Woo Athletic Association was established.

Many Japanese judo wrestlers in Shanghai grudged Huo Yuanjia his name and success. They arranged competitions between Huo and some of the best judo athletes from Japan. However, all of them were defeated by this Chinese wushu master. After attending a peace-making dinner given by the Japanese judo wrestlers, Huo died on Sept. 14, 1910. He is believed to have been poisoned at the banquet. Today, in his home-town, Huo’s tomb has been rebuilt. A museum and an arena for martial contests have also been built to memorialize Huo’s heritage.

Liu Xiaoting

Sun yat-sen spoke highly of huo yuanjia's courage and knowledge to "protect the country and strengthen the species". 孙中山对霍元甲“以武保国强种”的胆识给予了很高的评价。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 03:06, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Chen Qiuxu

霍元甲武艺出众，抱着为国雪耻，振奋民族的强烈愿望，在天津和上海，打败外国洋力士，为中华民族争得了荣光。 Huo Yuanjia is outstanding in martial arts, and upholds the strong desire to serve the country and inspire the nation. He defeats strong foreign men in Tianjin and Shanghai, and wins glory for the Chinese nation.

Hu Jingchen

孙中山对霍元甲“以武保国强种”的胆识给予了很高的评价。 Sun Yat-sen spoke highly of Huo Yuanjia’s courage and insight, boldness in protecting the country through military force.

Li Leyi

他的一生虽然短暂，但却轰轰烈烈，充满传奇色彩。 Although his life is short, but it’s magnificent and full of legend.--Chloe (talk) 12:56, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Qi

1910年6月1日,霍元甲结合时势，在农劲荪等武术界同仁协助下，在上海创办了“精武会”。 On June 1,1910, Huo Yuanjia established the "Jingwu Association" in Shanghai with the help of his colleagues in the wushu circle, such as Nongjin Sun.

Luo Xiaodi

在精武会成立10周年之际，他亲临大会，题写了“尚武精神”四个大字，以示对霍元甲的纪念。 On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the founding of the Jingwu Society, he went to the Congress and inscribed the four characters of "the spirit of militarism" in memory of Huo Yuanjia.

Li Haowen

精武以体，智，德三星会旗和三星会徽为标记，代表精武以体，智，德三育为宗旨，倡导和发扬爱国，修身，正义和助人的精武精神，还订有包括人格，风度，言行，服务，友谊等行为规范。 Jingwu used the flag and badge of three stars of stamina, wisdom and ethnics as its symbol, in order to represent its propose to teach these three points. It also advocated and exercised distilled Wushu spirits of patriotism, self-discipline, justice and helpfulness, along with criteria including moral quality, decency,the way of talking and behaving, service and friendship.

Liu Li

霍元甲出身镖师家庭，幼年体弱。

Huo Yuanjia was born into a Biaoshi family and he was weak in childhood.

Qin Ruijing

Text: 1910年6月1日，霍元甲在农劲荪等武术界同仁协助下，在上海创办了“中国精武体操会”（后改名精武体育会）。

Translation: On June 1, 1910, Huo Yuanjia founded the China Jingwu Gymnastic Association (later renamed Jingwu Sports Association) in Shanghai with the help of fellows such as Nong Jinsun.

Shi Shuwen

孙中山高度赞扬了霍元甲“护国强种”的勇气和知识。在精武会成立十周年之际，他来到会场，写下“尚武精神”四个字来纪念霍元甲。 Sun Yat-sen spoke highly of Huo Yuanjia's courage and knowledge of "protecting the country and strengthening the people". On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the Jing Wu association, he came to the meeting and wrote "warrior spirit" in four characters to commemorate Huo Yuanjia.

Zhang Yuanling

霍元甲，一个以武术发扬中华民族精神的武学宗师，被世人代代传颂。 Huo Yuanjia, a master of martial art, is extolled by people form generation to generation for his devotion on carrying forward the Chinese national spirit.

Luo Feng

霍元甲出生武术世家，然而他体弱多病，父亲担心他有辱霍家名声，因此不传授他武功。 Huo Yuanjia was born in a wushu master’s family. However, little Huo was quite weak and often fell ill when young. Afraid of him humiliating the family, his father decided not to teach him wushu.

Ma Qian

在国人的印象中，北有霍元甲，南有黄飞鸿，南北双侠都是中国武林有史可查的大英雄。 According to the memories of Chinese, there is Huo yuanjia in north and Huang feihong in south, and the two heroes in the north and south both could be found in the history of Chinese Wushu.

Li Xiangyun

美国电影发烧友长期对于看带字幕的电影缺乏兴趣，除了极个别的亚洲武侠电影，像《卧虎藏龙》、《英雄》、《霍元甲》。 American moviegoers have long shown scant interest in subtitled films, with some rare exceptions being Asian martial arts movies such as "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon," "Hero" and "Fearless".

Ai Xin

真实的霍元甲，并非生于世家，红颜皆杜撰，性格更不像影视剧里描述的那样剑拔弩张、沾火就着。并未打过擂台，霍元甲只有两次上擂台的经历，并都不战而胜。 In real history, Huo Yuanjia, is not born in a wealthy and grand family, never has any romantic affairs, and is not aggressive or irritable like the movie and TV series described. What’s more, he never experiences the fight in a ring, but has only went to the ring twice and won without a fight.

Xia Ke

霍元甲威震俄、英大力士，为中华民族雪洗了“东亚病夫”之耻，鼓舞了中华民众之志气，为亿万同胞所钦佩、仰慕。 Huo yuanjia shocked Russian and British hercules. He helped the Chinese nation get rid of the shame of being the "sick man of east Asia" and inspired the aspirations of Chinese people. He is admired by hundreds of millions of his compatriots.

Liu Siyu

霍元甲故居纪念馆从建成之日起已有数万的爱国人士前来参观瞻仰，重温霍元甲这位爱国英雄的传奇事迹和感人精神。 Memorial hall of Huo Yuanjia’s former house has been visited by thousands of patriotic people from the day when it was built. They come to here to feel the legendary stories and touching spirit of Huo Yuanjia, the patriotic hero.

Sun Rui

霍元甲幼年体弱，父亲不让他习武，担心元甲习武日后有损霍家名声，拒不授艺于他。但元甲志存高远，偷艺于父传兄弟之机。苦练于舍外枣林之僻。 When Huo Yuanjia was a child, he was frail, so his father didn’t allow him to learn WuShu. Huo’s father worried that his son would destroy the fame of Huo , refusing to taught him Whshu. However, Huo was aspiring. He learned furtively when his father taught his brothers and practiced hard in the jujube forest.

Yang Yuxin

由于喜欢行侠仗义，霍元甲逐渐在天津一带有了名气。 Because he had a strong sense of justice and was ready to help the weak, Huo Yuanjia became famous around Tianjin.--Evelyn (talk) 02:57, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

Yang Qing

霍元甲形象的传播与二十世纪重要武术团体——中国精武体育会的发展有非常密切的关系。 The spread of Huo Yuanjia's image is closely related to the development of China JingWu sports association, an important Wushu group in the 20th century. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:24, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Yang Jiani

In 1902, Huo responded to a challenge advertised by a Russian wrestler in Xiyuan Park, Tianjin. The wrestler openly called the Chinese "weak men of the East" because no one accepted his challenge to a fight. 1902年, 霍元甲在天津西苑公园应下了一位来自俄罗斯的摔跤选手的挑战书。这名摔跤选手公开宣称中国人是"东方弱者"，理由是没有人敢于向他挑战。

Yin Tanwen

孙中山赞扬霍元甲“欲使国强，非人人习武不可”之信念和将霍家拳公诸于世的高风亮节。 Sun yat-sen praised Huo Yuanjia for his belief that "to make the country strong, everyone are supposed to learn the martial arts", and for making his family’s exclusive boxing known to the world.

Yu Jing

1890年秋天，霍元甲打败了一个找上门来比武的武师，有了“武艺高强”的名声。 In autumn of 1890, Huo Yuanjia defeated a master who came to fight, and got the reputation “high martial arts”.--Yammi (talk) 10:38, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

Zhou Xiaolan: 在中国人的印象中，北有霍元甲，南有黄飞鸿，南北双侠都是中国武林有史可查的大英雄。 In the Chinese people's impression, there is Huo Yuanjia in the north and Huang Feihong in the south, who are the great heroes of the Chinese martial arts.

Guo Xinyi

在国人的印象中，北有霍元甲，南有黄飞鸿，南北双侠都是中国武林有史可查的大英雄。

As far as Chinese people know, there are Huo Yuanjia in the north and Huang Feihong in the south, both of whom are great heroes in the history of Chinese martial arts.--Skyler (talk) 02:30, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

1910年6月1日，霍元甲结合时势，在上海创办了“中国精武体操会”。 In June 1, 1910, Huo Yuanjia, combing the action situation, established “China Jingwu Gymnastic Association”.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 06:46, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Ying

霍元甲自幼体弱多病，其父不许他习武，也不让他跨入武房。 Huo Yuanjia was in poor condition accompanying with many diseases in his childhood, so his father prohibited him from learning Wushu, let alone entering the practicing room.

Du Peixi

霍元甲在武术方面有着很高的天赋，这对于他后来对“迷踪拳”有了一定的基础。 Huo Yuanjia has a great talent in Wshu,which lays a certain foundation for his later "lost track boxing".

Jiang Yun

霍元甲是一代武林宗师，他是与黄飞鸿、杜心武、杨露禅、叶问等人齐名的武术名家。（中译英）

Yuanjia, who is a master of Kong Fu, enjoys the same respectability with masters such as Huang Feihong, Du Xinwu, Yang Luchan and Ye Wen.

Li Shuo

关于霍元甲死亡的说法现今主要有两种，一种是被日本人毒死，还有一种就是少年练气功致病，死于自身病症。

There are two main theories about Huo Yuanjia's death today. One is that he was poisoned by the Japanese, the other is the disease lead by his Qigong exercise when he was young.

Unit 11 Traditional Medicine

A. Chinese Medicine

Text

A rich treasure house created by ancient Chinese people in their long years of struggle against diseases, traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology forms an independent school within the healing arts. It has made outstanding achievements over its 2,000-year history, during which it has improved continuously to remain widely practiced today.

Traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology incorporates the yin (negative) and yang (positive) theory and the theory of the five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth), both containing naive dialectical ideas of ancient China. The former holds that everything has a yin and yang side, the struggle and interaction between which is the source of the ceaseless emergence and change of all things in the universe. The latter says that all things in the universe are composed of the five indispensable elements of daily life, which move and change constantly to promote and restrain each other.

The physiological and pathological branches of traditional Chinese medicine focus on the internal organs, main and collateral “channels”, “vital energy” (Qi) and blood, exertions and discharges. Diagnoses are made within a complete observational system in which the nature of a patient’s disease is determined by the “four methods of diagnosis”---observing the overall way the patient looks, listening to the voice and observing any odor, asking questions, and feeling the patient’s pulse. Treatment then proceeds to balance the “eight principal syndromes”---yin and yang, exterior and interior, cold and heat, under activity and over activity. Other Chinese therapies include acupuncture and moxibustion, which involve the study of “channels” and “points” on the human body, and such methods of treatment as massage and Qigong (breathing exercises).

Traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology embodies a great many valuable ideas and views which have been proved through practice. One of the most important is that, instead of treating only the symptoms, traditional Chinese medicine takes into consideration every aspect of a patient’s condition to form a unified idea of it under the theories of yin and yang and the five elements before deciding on its treatment. For example, in the case of a disease probably requiring surgery, Chinese medicine is concerned with the general physiological changes which may have brought about the condition and, beyond operating or applying some form of therapy, seeks to improve the patient’s ability to resist the disease. Preventive medicine, so highly acclaimed by people today, has always been stressed in traditional Chinese medicine. Included in its preventive measures are giving early treatments, developing physical immunities and “combating evil with evil”.

The experience of traditional doctors in understanding, observing, analyzing and treating disease has been handed down mainly through medical literature. According to an incomplete count, there are about 8,000 pieces of such literature extant today, most of them dealing with clinical medicine. The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine, On Typhoid and Other diseases and The Herbal Canon of Shen Nong are the 3 representative medical works written before the third century B.C. The first, the earliest existing Chinese medical masterpiece, was completed during the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.). Consisting of 18 volumes and 162 chapters, it laid the theoretical base of Chinese medicine by giving fairly scientific explanations of the physiological functions of the human body, symptoms of diseases and the principles of diagnosis and treatment. The other two books were written in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). On Typhoid and Other Diseases deals mainly with the dialectical method of diagnosis, methods of treatment and prescriptions, while The Herbal Canon of Shen Nong, the earliest extant work of pharmacology, listing 365 drugs, laid the groundwork for Chinese pharmacology.

Altogether, more than 5,000 varieties of Chinese medicinal herbs are in use now. According to traditional pharmacology, the properties of drugs are differentiated by their “four characteristics” (cold, cool, warm and hot) and their “five tastes” (hot, sour, sweet, bitter, salty). Chinese Medicines traditionally have been prepared in the forms of pills, powder, ailment, pellets, tincture, drinks, syrup, lumps and gelatin. Now they are also prepared as injections, tablets, dissoluble and sprays. Among the many nationally famous Chinese pharmaceutical works are Tong Ren Tang in Beijing, Da Ren Tang in Tianjin, Hu Qingyu Tang in Hangzhou, Lei Yunshang Tang in Suzhou, and Jiuzhi Tang in Changsha.

Though Chinese medicine has its own system of theories, therapeutic principles and methods of treatment, the Chinese medical workers were called on to investigate the whys and hows of traditional Chinese medicine from a modern scientific point of view and develop a new Chinese medicine which combines Western medicine. The result is the present co-existence and simultaneous development of the three branches of medicine in China---Chinese, Western and Chinese-Western.

Questions

1. What are the 2 theoretic bases of traditional Chinese medicine? What do they mean?

Traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology incorporates the yin (negative) and yang (positive) theory and the theory of the five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth)

The former holds that everything has a yin and yang side, the struggle and interaction between which is the source of the ceaseless emergence and change of all things in the universe. The latter says that all things in the universe are composed of the five indispensable elements of daily life, which move and change constantly to promote and restrain each other. --Zhang Yuanling (talk) 08:38, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

2. How are diagnoses made in Chinese medicine? What are “the 4 methods”?

Diagnoses are made within a complete observational system in which the nature of a patient’s disease is determined by the “four methods of diagnosis”---observing the overall way the patient looks, listening to the voice and observing any odor, asking questions, and feeling the patient’s pulse.

3. What does treatment in Chinese medicine proceed to do?

Treatment proceeds to balance the “eight principal syndromes”—yin and yang, exterior and interior, cold and heat, under activity and over activity.

4. What other therapies are there in Chinese medicine?

Other Chinese therapies include acupuncture and moxibustion, which involve the study of “channels” and “points” on the human body, and such methods of treatment as massage and Qigong (breathing exercises).--Skyler (talk) 09:07, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

6. What measures are taken in Chinese preventive medicine?

Preventive measures are giving early treatments, developing physical immunities and “combating evil with evil”.

7. What are the 3 greatest Chinese medical works written before the 3rd century B.C.?

The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine, On Typhoid and Other diseases and The Herbal Canon of Shen Nong.--Shmily. (talk) 08:51, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

8. What’s the earliest existing Chinese medical masterpiece? What do you know about its history, contents and importance?

The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine is the earliest. It was completed during the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.). Consisting of 18 volumes and 162 chapters, it laid the theoretical base of Chinese medicine by giving fairly scientific explanations of the physiological functions of the human body, symptoms of diseases and the principles of diagnosis and treatment.--LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:03, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

9. What do you know about the history and contents of the other 2 masterpieces?

The other two books were written in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). On Typhoid and Other Diseases deals mainly with the dialectical method of diagnosis, methods of treatment and prescriptions, while The Herbal Canon of Shen Nong, the earliest extant work of pharmacology, listing 365 drugs, laid the groundwork for Chinese pharmacology. --Liu Qinyu (talk) 09:02, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

11. What are the 3 branches of medicine in China?

The three branches of medicine in China are Chinese, Western and Chinese-Western.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 08:36, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

五行学说是中国古代哲学的重要成就，五行即木、火、土、金、水，但是这并不代表五种物质，而是五种属性。五行于中医则体现了具备这五种属性的人体五大系统的相互关系。木火土金水这五个符号分别代表肝心脾肺肾所统领的五大系统。 As the important achievement of ancient Chinese philosophy, five elements theory is composed by the follow objects: wood, fire, earth, metal and water, which mean five attributes, rather than substances. It embodies the interrelationship with the five human body systems which represent the liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney respectively in traditional Chinese medicine.

2. Chen Qiuxu

中药主要来源于天然药及其加工品，包括植物药、动物药、矿物药及部分化学、生物制品类药物。

Traditional Chinese medicine mainly comes from natural medicine and its processed products, including plant medicine, animal medicine, mineral medicine and some chemical and biological products.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 09:22, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

This medicine has the functions of Purging Heat and dredging intestines, cooling blood and detoxifying, and relieving congestion and dysmenorrhea.

这味药具有清热通肠、凉血解毒、缓解充血痛经的作用。--Du Peixi (talk) 09:22, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

4. Guo Xinyi

中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本汉方医学，韩国韩医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。

It was in the primitive society when Chinese medicine came into being, whose theory realized its basic formation during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and has been summarized and developed in the successive dynasties. In addition, Chinese medicine imposed a profound influence on the countries of cultural sphere based on Chinese characters, laying foundation for the development of Japanese Chinese medicine, Korean medicine and so on.

Tips: 前后两句若主语为同一个或有相关联系，可缩合成一句。--Skyler (talk) 07:00, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

每种中药都具有一定的味道，某些药物就是以它们所特有的滋味来命名。 Each Chinese medicine has a certain taste, and some drugs are named for their unique tastes.

6. Jiang Yun

中医这个概念根本就不应该存在，它只是一个政治概念，而不是学术概念。（中译英） Chinese medicine is not an academic concept but a political notion, which should not exist.

7. Li Haowen

新冠肺炎疫情中，中医药在救治工作中也发挥了更加重要、更为广泛的作用,强化中西医结合、中医深度介入诊疗过程，成为医疗救治的鲜明特点。 During the covid-19 pandemic, Chinese medicine has played a much more important role and has a far-ranging impact.

8. Li Leyi

长期以来，我们对药文化的研究与宣传，力度很不够，长此以往，无疑对中药事业的继承、发展与推广是十分不利的。 For a long time, our research and propaganda on Chinese Medicine culture are not strong enough. If things go on like this, it is undoubtedly unfavorable to the inheritance, development and promotion of traditional Chinese Medicine.--Chloe (talk) 04:50, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

中医认为人是自然界的一个组成部分，由阴阳两大类物质构成，阴阳二气相互对立而又相互依存，并时刻都在运动与变化之中。

Chinese medicine believes that men are a part of nature, consisting of the two main categories of substances “yin” and “yang”. “Yin” and “yang” mutually antagonistic, moving and changing all the time.--Liki (talk) 03:10, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

由于中药以植物药居多，故有“诸药以草为本”的说法。

Because Traditional Chinese Medicine is mostly based on herbal medicine, there is statement of "all medicine is herb-based". -- Li Shuo

11. Li Xiangyun

我们日常烹饪中所用的调料其实大多是具有显著药用作用的香料与中药。 Many of our everyday cooking seasonings are actually spices and herbs that possess powerful healing properties.

12. Liu Li

中药的独特理论体系和应用形式，充分反映了我国自然资源及历史，文化等方面的特点。 The unique theoretical system and application form of TCM fully reflect the characteristics of Chinese natural resources, history and culture. --Liu Li (talk) 02:51, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

随着循证医学及相关科学知识的普及，中医与中药的有效性和安全性受到了越来越多受到质疑。With the popularization of evidence-based medicine and related scientific knowledge, the effectiveness and safety of the TCM have been doubted increasingly.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 07:18, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

中医,一般指以中国汉族劳动人民创造的传统医学为主的医学，所以也称汉医。 Chinese medicine always refers to the medicine which is mainly based on the traditional medicine created by the Chinese Han working people. Therefore it is also called Han medicine.

15. Liu Xiaoting

中医药是中华文明瑰宝，是5000多年文明的结晶，在全民健康中发挥着重要作用。 As a treasure of the Chinese civilization and the crystallization of a 5,000 civilization, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has played an important role in the health of the whole nation.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 02:42, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

16. Liu Ying

Liu Ying 中药为数众多，而一味药常有数种功效，内容复杂，容易混淆 Chinese medicine varies in quantity, contains complex knowledge, and owns different functions even in one medicine, thus it’s easy to confuse one with another.

17. Luo Feng

中医是中华民族在长期的生活、医疗实践中，通过积累，反复总结经验而逐渐形成的。 Traditional Chinese medicine is gradually formed through the accumulation and repeated summarization of medical practice in the long-term life.

18. Luo Xiaodi

中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) refers to the substances which are used to prevent, treat and diagnose diseases and have the function of rehabilitation and health care under the guidance of TCM theory.

19. Ma Qian

在文化大革命期间，中医作为“古为今用”的医学实例得到中国共产党政策上的支持而得以发展。

During the Cultural Revolution, Chinese medicine was developed as an example of "serving the past to the presence" with the public support of the Communist Party of China.

21. Peng Yu

所谓道地药材，又称地道药材，是优质纯真药材的专用名词，它是指历史悠久、产地适宜、品种优良、产量宏丰、炮制考究、疗效突出、带有地域特点的药材。

The so-called genuine medical materials, as known as authentic medical materials, is the proper term for top quality and pure medical materials. They have a long history, suitable production places, good variety, magnificent production volume, concoct in a sophisticated way, outstanding curative treatment, with regional characteristics. --PengYu Aiden (talk) 04:06, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 《黄帝内经》奠定了人体生理、病理、诊断以及治疗的认识基础，是中国影响极大的一部医学著作，被称为医之始祖。

Translation: The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine, which laid the foundation of understanding human physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment, is a major medical work of great influence in China and is called the earliest ancestor of medicine.

23. Shi Shuwen

中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。

Traditional Chinese medicine refers to the substance which is used to prevent, treat and diagnose diseases under the guidance of theory, and it has the function of rehabilitation and health care.

24. Sun Rui

按照病情的不同需要和药物的不同特点，有选择地将两种以上的药物合在一起应用，叫做配伍。 Compatibility means use two or more medicines together selectively, according to different needs and different characteristics of medicines.

25. Xia Ke

拔火罐疗法是用罐状器，借火热的作用，使罐中产生负压，吸附在皮肤的穴位上，造成局部充血、瘀血来治疗疾病的一种方法。 Cupping therapy is a method of treating diseases by hot pot, which generates negative pressure in the pot and adsorbs on the skin acupoints, causing local congestion and blood stasis.

26. Yang Jiani

Chinese traditional medicine uses an incredible array of animals, vegetables and minerals to treat the individual rather than the illness, aiming to restore the harmony of opposing but complementary forces, known in China as yin and yang. 传统的中国药方使用令人难以置信的动物、蔬菜与矿物质的组合，来治疗个人而非治疗疾病，旨在恢复对立又互补的能量之间的和谐，中国人称之为阴阳.

27. Yang Qing

经络被定义为人体内运行气血的通道，起沟通内外，网络全身的作用。 Main and collateral channels are defined as channels of Qi and blood in the human body, which play the role of communicating inside and outside, and connecting the whole body. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:46, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

无论是中国人，还是外国人，对中药丰富的文化内涵缺乏全面深刻的理解，故而导致某些误识。 Both Chinese people and foreigners lack comprehensive and profound understanding of the rich cultural connotation of Chinese medicine.--Evelyn (talk) 00:26, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

29. Yin Tanwen

中医理论来源于对长期医疗经验的总结及中国古代的阴阳五行思想。 The theory of Chinese medicine comes from the summary of the long-term medical experience and the thought of yin-yang in ancient China.

30. Yu Jing

中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。 Chinese medicine appeared in primitive society, basically formed in Spring and Autumn Period, developed and was summarized in successive dynasties.

31. Zhang Yuanling

五味的实际意义是标示药物的实际滋味，或提示其基本作用。 The real value of “five tastes” is indicating the exact flavour of the medicine , or reminding us of its basic function. Tips: 注意理解句中两个“实际”的意义，翻做英文时，要能够区分开来。--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 09:29, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

32. Zhou Xiaolan

中医药，是包括汉族和少数民族医药在内的我国各民族医药的统称。

Traditional Chinese medicine is a general term for all ethnic medicines in China, including those of the Han and ethnic minorities.

33. Zhu Wenhao

Zhu Wenhao中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。 Traditional Chinese medicine was born in the primitive society. The theory of traditional Chinese medicine was basically formed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

B. Diagnosis and Pharmacology

Text

In traditional Chinese medicine, doctors use four basic diagnostic methods: observing, listening and smelling, inquiring, and palpating. To diagnose a disease, a Chinese physician observes the patient’s facial expression, skin color and sensation, tongue coating, and nutrition; listens to the patient’s voice, moans, breathing and cough, and smells his body odor; inquires about the disease condition and history, and feels his pulse. Of the four methods, pulse-feeling of palpation is the most important. The doctor uses three fingers to feel the pulse so as to find out the quality, power, rate and rhythm of the patient’s pulse. A good doctor can distinguish more than 20 types of pulse. Through palpation he can diagnose what the disease is. These 4 methods are believed to have been systemized by Bian Que, a physician who lived in the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.). In addition to the 4 fundamental methods of diagnosis, such laboratory exams as testing the urine were used at ancient times.

Doctors of Chinese medicine adopt various methods to treat diseases. One of them is utilizing medicinal herbs, animals and minerals. The legend about Shen Nong (God of Husbandry) tasting a hundred kinds of herbs shows that the ancient Chinese used natural substances to cure diseases. Shen Nong’s Canon of Herbs, compiled in the first and second centuries, records more than 300 natural drugs including herbs, fruit, cereals, insects, animals, fish and metals. Li Shizhen (1518-1593), the most outstanding Chinese pharmacologist and physician in the 16th century, conducted investigations and researched the effects of different kinds of drugs. In order to learn more about the numerous medicinal herbs, he went into the mountains and wilds and talked with farmers, woodcutters, herb collectors and hunters. He even planted herbs himself and tasted them to see their effects. On the basis of his investigation and research, he completed his great work on pharmacology, Compendium of Materia Medica, in 1578. The book contains about 1,900,000 characters and lists more than 1,800 kinds of drugs. It has played an important role in traditional Chinese medicine.

Since the establishment of New China, the Chinese government has made great efforts to promote the development of natural medicines, which are believed to have minor or no side-effects. In 1983, the State Council organized professional groups with about 20,000 members from all over the country to carry out a nation-wide investigation of the varieties of medicines. Their research reveals that one third of the 30,000 plants that exist in China have medicinal value. On the basis of the results of that investigation, Chinese experts have written several books, including Resources of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Divisions of Traditional Medicine in China, and A Collection of Maps of Traditional Chinese Medicine. All this work enriches man’s knowledge in using natural medicine against disease.

There are various drug forms in Chinese medicine. At ancient times, people just chewed medicinal herbs and swallowed them. With the use of fire, the decoction form was used. Because boiling can sterilize the herbs and enables the effective ingredients to dissolve, decoction is still the most common drug form used today. Tincture was also popular at ancient times. Oracle bone inscriptions indicate that wine was used with drugs as early as the Shang Dynasty (16th-11th century B.C.). Doctors of Chinese medicine believe that wine can help enhance the therapeutic effect and preserve the property of drugs. Dispersion, mentioned in many classical medical books, is another drug form. Medical substances are ground into powder and the patient takes the powder or applies it to the affected area. Ointment has been used for a long time. Some ointments are used for relieving pain; some reducing the inflammation of boils; some for the healing of a wound. Drugs are also made into the pasted form, which can be preserved for a long time. The pellet form has been very popular. Various drugs are ground into powder and then made into pills. Since New China was founded, drug forms have been improved. They are more convenient for patients to take. Many drugs which used to be taken in the decoction form are made into pills, powder, syrup, capsules and even injections.

Questions

1. How does a doctor of Chinese medicine diagnose a disease?

In traditional Chinese medicine, doctors use four basic diagnostic methods: observing, listening and smelling, inquiring, and palpating. To diagnose a disease, a Chinese physician observes the patient’s facial expression, skin color and sensation, tongue coating, and nutrition; listens to the patient’s voice, moans, breathing and cough, and smells his body odor; inquires about the disease condition and history, and feels his pulse. --Qin Ruijing (talk) 08:29, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

3. What do you know about Shen Nong and his medical book?

Shen Nong was a legend in ancient time.It is said that he tasted a hundred kinds of herbs and used natural substances to cure diseases.His Canon of Herbs, compiled in the first and second centuries, records more than 300 natural drugs including herbs, fruit, cereals, insects, animals, fish and metals.

4. How did Li Shizhen investigate the effects of medicinal herbs?

Li Shizhen (1518-1593), the most outstanding Chinese pharmacologist and physician in the 16th century, conducted investigations and research the effects of different kinds of drugs. In order to learn more about the numerous medicinal herbs, he went into the mountains and wilds and talked with farmers, woodcutters, herb collectors and hunters. He even planted herbs himself and tasted them to see their effects. On the basis of his investigation and research, he completed his great work on pharmacology, Compendium of Materia Medica, in 1578. The book contains about 1,900,000 characters and lists more than 1,800 kinds of drugs. It has played an important role in traditional Chinese medicine. --Shi Shuwen (talk) 08:44, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

感冒是一种疾病，临床可见恶寒、发热、头身疼痛等症状，但由于引发疾病的原因和机体反应性有所不同，又表现为风寒感冒、风热感冒、暑湿感冒等不同的证型。 Cold is a disease, clinical symptoms such as aversion to cold, fever, headache and body pain, but the cause and the body reaction are different like chill cold, wind-heat cold, heat-wet cold and other different syndromes.

2. Chen Qiuxu

中国第一部药物学专著《神农本草经》就是劳动人民在自然斗争、生产斗争的实践中得到的药物知识的总结。

Sheng Nong's herbal classic, the first monograph on pharmacology in China, is a summary of drug knowledge gained by the working people in the practice of natural struggle and production struggle.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 09:29, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

中医诊断学的基本原则有三：整体审察、诊法合参、病证结合。 There are three basic principles of TCM diagnostics: overall examination, combination of diagnosis and treatment, and combination of disease and syndrome.

4. Guo Xinyi

简而言之，中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、诊断、治疗疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。

Briefly speaking, Chinese medicine is a kind of substance used for disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment, with the function of rehabilitation and health care under the guidance of the theory of Chinese medicine.

Tips: 汉译英中可采用动词的名词化更符合英语的标准。--Skyler (talk) 08:23, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

英国李约瑟( Joseph Needham)称赞李时珍为“药物学界中之王子”。《本草纲目》为本草学集大成之作。 Britain's Joseph Needham has hailed Li Shizhen as "the prince of Medicine" and Compendium of Materia Medica as a collection of herbal medicine.

6. Jiang Yun

中医药是指在中医学的理论和临床经验指导下，应用于医疗保健的药物。（中译英） Chinese medicine means the medicine applied to medical care according to the Chinese medical theory and clinical experience.

7. Li Haowen

药物在应用或制成各种剂型前，根据医疗、调制、制剂的需要，而需要进行必要的加工处理。 According to the need of treatment and making process, some necessary process should be done to the medicine before its application and being made into different forms.

8. Li Leyi

切脉时应注意安静的环境，如患者刚经过剧烈的活动，应先让休息片刻，然后诊脉。

Palpating needs a quiet environment, if the patient has just undergone strenuous activities, he or she should first take a rest, and then let the doctor feel the pulse.--Chloe (talk) 04:46, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

问诊是医生通过对病人或陪诊者进行有目的地询问，以了解病情的方法。 Inquiring is a way that a Chinese physician inquires patients or his companions with special intentions to diagnose a disease.--Liki (talk) 03:13, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辨证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。 Traditional Chinese medicine, which carries the experience and theoretical knowledge of the ancient Chinese people fighting against diseases, is a medical theory system gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectical thought

11. Li Xiangyun

研究进一步证明，红茶作为普通的居家饮品，有着广泛的生理和药理学用途。 The study provides further evidence of the wide range of beneficial physiological and pharmalogical effects of this common household item.

12. Liu Li

症状虽然只是疾病所反映的现象，但它是判断病种、辨别证候的主要依据，因而在中医诊断中具有重要的意义。 Although the symptom is only the phenomenon reflected by the disease, it is the main basis to judge the disease and syndrome, so it is of great significance in the diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine. --Liu Li (talk) 02:56, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

脉诊在我国有悠久的历史，它是我国古代医学家长期实践的经验总结。 Pulse-taking owns a long history in our country, which is the fruit of long-term practical experience of ancient medical scientists.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 07:28, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

中医在诊断疾病时，往往通过病人的自我感觉和医生观察到的病人的一些外在表现来推断病人内部的病理变化。 In Chinese medicine, doctors always infer pathological changes of patients through sense of self and observable external performance of them in the process of diagnosis.

15. Liu Xiaoting

Organizational Diagnosis is an effective ways of looking at an organization to determine gaps between current and desired performance and how it can achieve its goals. 组织诊断是一种观察组织的有效方法，以确定当前和期望的性能之间的差距，以及如何实现其目标。

17. Luo Feng

中医医理认为人体内有12条经脉与15条络脉，认为经脉是人体气血活动的通道。 According to Traditional Chinese medicine, there are 12channels and 15 collaterals, as passages through which the Qi and blood can be conducted.

18. Luo Xiaodi

中医学以阴阳五行作为理论基础，将人体看成是气、形、神的统一体。Traditional Chinese medicine regards the human body as the unity of Qi,form and spirit based on the theory of WuXing.

19. Ma Qian

脉象的产生与心脏的波动，心气的盛衰，脉道的通利和气血的盈亏直接相关。 The pulse is directly related to the beating of hearts, the ups and downs of the hearts' spirit, the openness of pulse vessels and the richnt and deficiency of qi and blood.

21. Peng Yu

“望闻问切四字，诚为医之纲领。” The guiding principles of medicine refers to four Chinese characters that are looking, smelling, inquiring, palpating.--PengYu Aiden (talk) 04:10, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 实际上，煎中药是中药里的有效成分不断释放、溶解的过程，当中药与药液中的浓度平衡后，这一过程就停止了。 Translation: In fact, decocting Chinese medicine is a process that the active ingredients continuously release and dissolve. It stops when the concentration of the ingredients in the liquid and ingredients in the medicine are balanced.

23. Shi Shuwen

中医诊断学的基本原则有三：整体审察、诊法合参、病证结合。 The basic principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine diagnostics are as follows: holistic examination, combined diagnosis, and combination of disease and syndrome.

24. Sun Rui

切脉辨证，早在《内经》、《难经》就有记载，经历三千年来的不断总结，对于何证出现何脉已有详细论述。 Feeling pulse to diagnose diseases was recorded in Neijing、Nanjing. Having been summarized for 3000 years, what pulse for what syndrome has been discussed in detail.

25. Xia Ke

远古时代人们为了生存从生活经验中得知某些天然物质可以治疗疾病与伤痛，这是药物的源始。 In ancient times, people learned from life experience that certain natural substances could cure diseases and pains in order to survive. This was the origin of medicine.

26. Yang Jiani

Compendium of Materia Medica also contains information that has since been proven to be erroneous due to the contemporary limited scientific and technical knowledge. For example, it is claimed that lead is not toxic. 本草纲目中也夹杂了一些由于当时科学和技术不发达而产生的谬论，比如它宣称铅无毒。

27. Yang Qing

四诊指在感官所及的范围内，直接地获取信息，医生即刻进行分析综合，及时作出判断。 The four diagnosis refer to get the information directly within the range of all senses. The doctors analyze information immediately, and make judgment in time. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:54, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

人们生活水平提高要求更多更好的新药，药物科学的发展为新药开发提供了理论基础和技术条件。 Improvement of people's living conditions demands more and better new medicine. The development of pharmacology provides theory basis and technique condition for developing new drugs.

29. Yin Tanwen

煎药容器以砂锅、搪瓷器皿、不锈钢为宜，严禁用铁器。 The vessel that decoct Chinese medicine is appropriate with arenaceous pot, enamel vessel, stainless steel vessel. And no iron is allowed.

30. Yu Jing

神农在尝百草的过程中，识别了百草，发现了具有攻毒祛病、养生保健作用的中药。 Shen Nong, when tasting a hundred herbs, recognized all kinds of herbs, discovered traditional Chinese medicine’s function: poison attack, dispelling illness, life cultivation and health preservation.

31. Zhang Yuanling

根据疾病的临床表现，通过辩证审因，诊断出疾病所在的肝脏经络部位，按照归经来选择适当药物治疗. According to the clinical syndromes of the disease, doctors can diagnose which main channels and collateral channels part of the liver is the disease in through dialectical thinking and cautious reasoning, and choose the proper medicine and therapy based on channel tropism. Tips: “辩证审因”意义非常抽象，要将其具体化。在汉语中，动词可以做主语，所以在翻做英语时，要适当添加主语。--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 09:33, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

32. Zhou Xiaolan

症状虽然只是疾病所反映的现象，但它是判断病种主要依据，因而在中医诊断中具有重要的意义。 Although the symptom is only the phenomenon reflected by the disease, it is the main basis to judge the disease, so it is of great significance in the diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine.

C. Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Text

Acupuncture and moxibustion are important components of Chinese traditional medicine. The historical development of the two therapies shows Chinese people’s wisdom and creativity. Unearthed materials and extant historical records show that impressive results had been obtained as early as the time between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Han Dynasty. The earliest success with acupuncture and moxibustion is recorded in Records of the Historian by Sima Qian, a historian of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.). An account is given in “Biography of Bian Que” of how that renowned doctor brought a patient out of coma by applying acupuncture needles to the proper points of his body.

Acupuncture treats diseases by puncturing certain points of the body with various types of metal needles, while moxibustion is the application of heat produced by ignited moxawood (made of dry moxa leaves) over the points of the skin or certain locations in the human body. Although the equipment and materials used are different, the therapeutic and preventive results in both cases are similarly achieved, i.e. achieving the aim of prevention and treatment of diseases by promoting the smooth circulation of the channels, and adjusting Qi and blood by stimulating the points and channels. Clinically, acupuncture and moxibustion are often used jointly and are thus known as acupuncture and moxibustion therapy. They prove remarkably effective in curing many kinds of ailments. Among its merits are its wide scope of application in curing and preventing internal, surgical, gynecologic and pediatric diseases and diseases of the five organs (ear, eye, lip, nose and tongue); its quick and notable curative effect; its easy applicability at a low cost; and its production of little or no side effect.

In acupuncture, a point means a specific spot on the body at which needling or moxibustion is applied to evoke a certain reaction in certain regions or viscera so as to produce therapeutic effects. The acupuncture points were discovered one by one in the development of acupuncture and moxibustion, and every point was named according to its specification to facilitate memorization and clinical use. The discovery of their functions marked a significant progress in acupuncture. Apart from establishing their positions and therapeutic value, it contributes to the “theory of channels and collaterals,” which is vital to the further development of acupuncture. Early acupuncturists had repeatedly observed that the sensation produced by a definite needle manipulation at a point always passed along to other parts of the body along definite routes, and that points in different areas might have similar functions. By linking these points or the closely related ones, lines of points were established, and so arose the concept of “channels and collaterals”, which implied the relationship among sets of points, and between those points and the respective viscera.

Those vertically distributed “trunk lines” were described by ancient physicians as “channels”, implying “passage”, while the branches of these “channels” were referred to as “collaterals”, implying a “network.” According to Chinese traditional medical books, there were 12 channels, 15collaterals, and 8 extraordinary channels interwoven into a system of channels and collaterals, linking the viscera and the body surface, the head and the limbs into one integrated whole.

For thousands of years acupuncture and moxibustion therapies have been widely popular as methods of preventing and treating diseases. They are an indispensable part of the entity known as Chinese medicine and pharmacology. Naturally, they are increasingly acceptable to the world.

Questions

1. What do you know about the earliest success with acupuncture and moxibustion?

The earliest success with acupuncture and moxibustion is recorded in Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian, a historian of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.). An account is given in “Biography of Bian Que” of how that renowned doctor brought a patient out of coma by applying acupuncture needles to the proper points of his body. --Liu Qinyu (talk) 09:32, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

2. What do acupuncture and moxibustion mean respectively?

Acupuncture treats diseases by puncturing certain points of the body with various types of metal needles, while moxibustion is the application of heat produced by ignited moxawood (made of dry moxa leaves) over the points of the skin or certain locations in the human body.--Skyler (talk) 09:49, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

4. What are some of their merits?

Among its merits are its wide scope of application in curing and preventing internal, surgical, gynecologic and pediatric diseases and diseases of the five organs; its quick and notable curative effect; its easy applicability at a low cost; and its production of little or no side effect.--DU PEIXI (talk) 09:37, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

7. What do you know about the network of channels and collaterals?

Those vertically distributed “trunk lines” were described by ancient physicians as “channels”, implying “passage”, while the branches of these “channels” were referred to as “collaterals”, implying a “network.” According to Chinese traditional medical books, there were 12 channels, 15collaterals, and 8 extraordinary channels interwoven into a system of channels and collaterals, linking the viscera and the body surface, the head and the limbs into one integrated whole. --Liu Qinyu (talk) 09:35, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

针灸疗法是祖国医学遗产的一部分，也是我国特有的一种民族医疗方法。千百年来，对保卫健康，繁衍民族，有过卓越的贡献。 Acupuncture is a part of Chinese medicine heritage, but also a unique method of national medical treatment. For thousands of years, it has made remarkable contributions to the protection of national health and reproduction.

2. Chen Qiuxu

针灸疗法的特点是治病不靠吃药，只是在病人身体的一定部位用针刺入，达到刺潋神经并引起局部反应，或用火的温热刺激烧灼局部，以达到治病的目的。

The characteristic of acupuncture therapy is that it does not depend on taking medicine, but needling into a certain part of the patient's body to prick the nerves and cause local reaction, or burn the part with the warm heat of the fire to achieve the purpose of treatment.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 09:31, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

Acupuncture treatment is gentle, painless, and, invariably, most relaxing. 针灸疗法很温和，不痛，而且总是令人放松。

4. Guo Xinyi

远在唐代，中国针灸就已经传播到日本、朝鲜、印度、阿拉伯等国家，并在他国开花结果，繁衍出具有异域特色的针灸医学。

As early as the Tang Dynasty, acupuncture has spread to countries like Japan, Korea, India and Arab, along with its blossom in these countries and the production of acupuncture medicine with exotic features.--Skyler (talk) 08:26, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

针灸不仅可以为人服务也可以对付动物。例如，日本人为做出世界上最美味的寿司，给金枪鱼做针灸。 Acupuncture can be used not only for people but also for animals. For example, the Japanese make the best Sushi in the world by giving acupuncture to tuna.

6. Jiang Yun

针灸是替代医学的一种，其特征是将细针插入人体（中译英） Acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine in which thin needles are inserted into the body.

7. Li Haowen

现代艾灸，虽无传统艾灸之弊病，但疗法单一，有时好转反应太强烈，使有些客人难以承受，这正是其单一疗法的局限性所造成。 Though without the disadvantages of moxibustion, the treatment of modern moxibustion is way too simple. Some patients can not take it because of the strong and fierce recovery, which is exactly caused by the limitation of the simple therapy.

8. Li Leyi

针灸疗法在临床上，按中医的诊疗方法诊断出病因，找出疾病的关键，辨别疾病的性质。 When Acupuncture and Moxibustion therapy is used in clinical practice, it should use the way of traditional Chinese medicine to diagnose the cause of the disease, find out the key of it, and identify the essence at first.--Chloe (talk) 04:51, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

针灸能治疗很多病情，最多的就是治疗成人痘和减肥。 Acupuncture and moxibustion can be used to cure many diseases. The most common use is to cure adult pox and adiposity.--Liki (talk) 03:15, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

针灸是一种“内病外治”的医术，通过经络、腧穴的传导作用来治疗全身疾病。 Acupuncture is a kind of medical skill of "treating internal disease by external way ", which can treat systemic diseases through the conduction of channels and acupoints.

11. Li Xiangyun

长久以来围绕着针灸疗法的一层神秘面纱在于为什么这项医术似乎只要把针刺入穴位即可减轻疼痛。 One of the long-standing mysteries surrounding acupuncture is why the technique only seems to alleviate pain if needles are inserted at specific points.

12. Liu Li

针灸对各个器官组织的功能活动均有明显的调整作用，特别是在病理状态下，这种调节作用更为明显。 Acupuncture and moxibustion has an obvious regulating effect on the functional activities of various organs and tissues, especially in the pathological state. --Liu Li (talk) 02:59, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

中国古代人民很早以前就用针灸办法保健强身。 Chinese used acupuncture to keep healthy long time ago.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 07:37, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

随着炼铁技术的进步，金属针逐渐得到了推广。金属针逐渐代替了砭石，从而扩大了针刺的实用范围，加快了针灸的发展进程。 With the development of iron manufacturing, metal pins gradually spread widely. They took the place of stone needle, expanded application range of needles, and accelerated the develop process of acupuncture.

15. Liu Xiaoting

作为凝聚着中华民族的智慧和创造力的独特文化表现形式，中医针灸稳定的实践频率以及历代延续的完整知识体系，为保障相关群体的生命健康发挥着重要作用，并成为其持有人文化认同的重要符号。 As a unique form of cultural expression that embodies the wisdom and creativity of the Chinese nation, traditional Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion has played an important role in ensuring the life and health of relevant groups and has become an important symbol of their cultural identity.

17. Luo Feng

对病患者升上的穴位进行针灸治疗，可由经络对患病部位起刺激作用，从而达到治疗伤病的目的。 Acupuncture and moxibustion stimulate the diseased parts by the meridians and collaterals, so as to treat the injury.

18. Luo Xiaodi

针灸疗法是祖国医学遗产的一部分，也是我国特有的一种民族医疗方法。 Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a part of the medical heritage of the motherland, and is also a unique national medical method in China.

19. Ma Qian

在20世纪70年代，以中国向全世界公布针刺麻醉的研究成果为契机，国际社会掀起了一股渴望了解针灸学和应用针灸治病的热潮，这是一次世界性的针灸热潮。 In the 1970s, China showed the whole word the research findings of acupuncture anaesthesia, and took this as a opportunity, a rush to desire to know acupuncture and moxibustion and its application to treat disease happened in the international community, and this was the first worldwide acupuncture and moxibustion rush.

21. Peng Yu

针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。它是一种“内病外治”的医术。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗全身疾病。 Acupuncture, an unique Chinese way to treat diseases, which treats an internal illness by external treatment, is targeted to cure whole body through the conduction of channels and acupoints with certain operation methods.--PengYu Aiden (talk) 04:15, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 中医施针的穴位，按深度分为天、人、地三层，当针灸达到每一层时，均有“针感”，患者会感到酸、胀、麻，而施术的医生则有粘针的感觉。 Translation: The acupuncture points in Chinese medicine are divided into three layers: heaven, man and earth. When acupuncture reaches each level, there is a sense of acupuncture. The patients will feel sore, swollen and numb, and the doctors will feel a sense of sticking needles.

23. Shi Shuwen

在唐代，中国针灸就广泛传播到日本、朝鲜、印度、阿拉伯等国家，并在他国繁衍出具有异域特色的针灸医学。 In the Tang dynasty, Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion was spread to Japan, Korea, India, Arabia and other countries widely, and developed the exotic acupuncture and moxibustion in other countries.

24. Sun Rui

2010年11月16日中医针灸列入“人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录”。 On November 16th, 2010, acupuncture and moxibustion was listed in Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

25. Xia Ke

针灸能治疗很多病情，用于美容，最多的就是治疗成人痘和减肥。 Acupuncture can treat many conditions, for beauty, the most is to treat adult acne and weight loss.

26. Yang Jiani

Acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine. It is commonly used for pain relief, though it is also used to treat a wide range of conditions. 针灸是除了药物以外的另一种选择。它多数情况下用于缓解疼痛。除此之外，它也可以用于治疗许多疾病。

27. Yang Qing

针灸已被证实在减轻手术后疼痛、怀孕期反胃、化疗所产生的反胃和呕吐、牙痛方面是有效的且其副作用极低。 Acupuncture and moxibustion has been proved to be effective in reducing post-operative pain, nausea during pregnancy, nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, and toothache with minimal side effects. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:57, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

针刺工具由砭石、骨针、竹针发展到了金属针，从而扩大了针灸疗法的适应范围。 Acupuncture toos developed from stone needle, spicule and bamboo needle to metallic needle, which expands the application range of acupuncture.

29. Yin Tanwen

针灸治疗同样对心理疾病和情感的问题有治疗效果，东方的医学一直以来都把这些问题与身体疾病联系在了一起。因为无论是压力，悲伤或是动怒都会使得出现身体循环不平衡的萌芽。 Acupuncture is also effective in treating mental and emotional problems, which eastern medicine has long associated with physical ailments. Whether it's stress, sadness, or anger, it can lead to an imbalance in the body's circulation.

30. Yu Jing

中医针灸成功地列入《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》，不仅将使早已满载传奇的毫针和艾叶为更多世人所分享，也将为整个中医药事业的发展设定全新的历史坐标。 TCM acupuncture and moxibustion was successfully enlisted into Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, which not only made the acupuncture needle and wormwood leaves that have been full of legend shared by more people, but also will set a new historical coordinate for the development of whole traditional Chinese medicine.

31. Zhang Yuanling

艾灸与针灸一样，都是以脏腑理论为指导，以经络学说为依据，故艾灸与针灸的治疗原理相同。但不同的是，针灸刺入皮下，艾灸则置于皮上。 Like acupuncture, moxibustion is also directed by the principle of viscera, based on the theory of channels and collaterals, so the two share the same principle of treating. The difference is that the needle used in acupuncture is stabbed into one’s skin, whereas the moxa cone used in moxibustion is placed on one’s skin. Tips: 第二句主语的添加--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 09:37, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

32. Zhou Xiaolan

针灸具有协调和激活身心功能的功效。 Acupuncture has a harmonizing and energizing effect on mind and body.

D. The Development of Chinese Medicine

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

华佗，东汉末年著名的医学家，与董奉和张仲景被并称为“建安三神医”，被后人称为“外科圣手”、“外科鼻祖”，是中国最早开始进行全身麻醉外科手术的医生 Hua Tuo, a famous medical scientist in the late Eastern Han dynasty, known as the "three magic doctors of Jian 'an" along with Dong Feng and Zhang Zhongjing, is the first doctor to perform general anesthesia surgery in China who is honored as "the holy hand of surgery" by posterity.

2. Chen Qiuxu

秦汉之际，药学已初具规模，西汉时期已有药学专著出现，《神农本草经》是现存最早的药学专著。

At the time of Qin and Han Dynasties, pharmacy had begun to take shape. In the Western Han Dynasty, pharmaceutical monograph appeared. Sheng Nong's herbal classic is the earliest existing pharmaceutical monograph.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 09:37, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

China's accession to the WTO is a valuable opportunity for the development of traditional Chinese Medicine industry. 我国加入WTO，为中药产业的发展提供难得的机遇。

4. Guo Xinyi

华佗采用酒服“麻沸散”施行腹部手术，开创了全身麻醉手术的先例。这种全身麻醉手术，在中国医学史上是空前的，在世界医学史上也是罕见的创举。

Hua Tuo conducted abdominal operations with “mafeisan” in alcohol, setting a precedent for general anesthesia, which is not only unprecedented in the history of Chinese medicine, but also a feat rarely seen in the history of world medicine.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 10:09, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

《伤寒杂病论》的体例是以六经统病证，周详而实用。 The style of On Typhoid and Other Diseases is based on the six meridians, which is detailed and practical.

7. Li Haowen

华佗重视预防保健，“治人于未病”，观察自然生态，教人调息生命和谐。 Hua Tuo attached great importance to premedication. He preferred cure the patients before they get sick. He liked to observe the nature and tell people how to stay in harmony with life.

8. Li Leyi

综合疗法为扁鹊行医时的主要治疗措施。 Comprehensive therapy is the main treatment for Bian Que to cure patients.--Chloe (talk) 04:53, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

唐朝以后，中国医学理论和著作大量外传到高丽、日本等地。 After Tang Dynasty, a great number of Chinese Medicine theories and works are spread to other countries such as Koryo and Japan.--Liki (talk) 03:17, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

春秋战国时期，扁鹊总结前人经验，提出“望、闻、问、切”的方法，奠定了中医临床诊断和治疗的基础。 During the Spring and Autumn Period, Bian Que summed up the previous experience and put forward the method of "looking, listening, inquiring, and taking,", which laid the foundation of clinical diagnosis and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine.

12. Liu Li

发扬传统、吐故纳新、中西结合、面向当代，成为中医学发展的态势。 Carrying forward the tradition, bringing up the old and embracing the new, combining Chinese medicine and Western medicine, facing the contemporary, have become the trend of TCM development. --Liu Li (talk) 03:03, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

华佗首创用全身麻醉法施行外科手术，被后世称为外科鼻祖。 Hua Tuo created the usage of general anesthesia when carrying out surgeries, and he was called the Master of Surgery by the later generations.

---

15. Liu Xiaoting

With the important of people’s living standards, health food has become a major consumer products, traditional medicine health and health culture, is health food developed an important theoretical basis and effective material source, development with Chinese characteristics health foods can be the promotion of national industries and the modernization of the continuous development of Chinese medicine. 随着人们生活水平的提高,健康食品已经成为一个主要的消费品,传统医学卫生和健康文化,是保健食品开发的重要理论基础和有效的物质来源,发展具有中国特色的保健食品可以促进民族产业和中医药现代化的不断发展。

17. Luo Feng

扁鹊因其精湛的医术而闻名天下，人们便将黄帝时传说中的名医“扁鹊”的美名赠给他，而把他的真名忘了。 Qin Yueren was well known for his superb medical skills. People named him “Bian Que”, a famous doctor in the legend of the Yellow Emperor, but thus forgot his real name.

18. Luo Xiaodi

隋唐时期特别是唐代，是中国封建社会的鼎盛时期，医药文化也绚丽纷呈，医药学思维活跃，内外交流频繁，出现空前昌盛的局面。 The Sui and Tang dynasties, especially the Tang Dynasty,were the heyday of China's feudal society, with splendid medicine culture,active medicine thinking, frequent internal and external exchanges and unprecedented prosperity.

19. Ma Qian

华佗则以精通外科手术和麻醉名闻天下，还创立了健身体操“五禽戏”。 Hua Tuo was famous for his proficiency in surgery and anesthesia among the world, and he also created a kind of gymnastics---the frolics of five animals.

21. Peng Yu

《伤寒杂病论》是中国第一部从理论到实践、确立辨证论治法则的医学专著，是中国医学史上影响最大的著作之一。 "On typhoid and other diseases" is the first medical monograph in China to establish the rule of syndrome differentiation and treatment from theory to practice, and it is one of the most influential works in the history of Chinese medicine.--PengYu Aiden (talk) 04:21, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 至明清时，伤寒论中的方剂，被尊为“经方”，影响远至朝鲜、日本。 Translation: In Ming and Qing dynasties, the prescriptions in On Typhoid and Other Diseases are expected as classical prescription, which also influences countries as far as Korea and Japan.

23. Shi Shuwen

习近平强调，要着力推动中医药振兴发展，坚持中西医并重，推动中医药和西医药相互补充、协调发展，努力实现中医药健康养生文化的创造性转化、创新性发展。 President Xi stressed that efforts should be made to promote the revitalization and development of traditional Chinese medicine, stick to balance importance to both traditional and western medicine, promote the complementary and coordinated development of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, and try hard to accomplish the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional Chinese medicine health culture.

24. Sun Rui

中医产生于原始社会，春秋战国中医理论已经基本形成，出现了解剖和医学分科，已经采用“四诊”。 Chinese Medicine came into being in the primitive society. The theory of Chinese medicine has formed in Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. Anatomy and medical subdivisions emerged, and four diagnoses have been adopted.

25. Xia Ke

针灸能治疗很多病情，用于美容，最多的就是治疗成人痘和减肥。 Acupuncture can treat many conditions, for beauty, the most is to treat adult acne and weight loss.

26. Yang Jiani

As the quintessence of traditional culture, TCM (traditional chinese medicine) carries the wisdom and spirit of the predecessors, which should be preserved and cherished.作为传统文化的精髓，中医继承了前人的智慧和精神，应该加以保护和珍惜。

27. Yang Qing

毛泽东五十年前提倡“西医学中医”，是用现代科学方法继承发展中医。 Mao Zedong advocated “western medicine should learn from Chinese medicine” 50 years ago, which is to inherit and develop Chinese medicine with modern scientific methods. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 07:00, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

扁鹊认为对疾病需要预先采取措施，把疾病消灭在萌芽里，这样可以达到事半功倍的效果。 Bian Que believed that we should take measures in advance to nip diseases in the bud, which could get twofold results with half the effort.

29. Yin Tanwen

中医诞生于原始社会，在2000多年前的春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成。 Chinese traditional medicine was born in the primitive society, and its theory was basically formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring states Period more than 2,000 years ago

30. Yu Jing

《黄帝内经》,它是中国传统医学四大经典著作,也是我国医学宝库中成书最早的一部医学典籍。 Huangdi Neijing is one of four classics of Chinese traditional medicine, and also the earliest medical book in the treasure house of Chinese medicine.

31. Zhang Yuanling

无论官宦之家还是庶民百姓，凡来求诊的人，张仲景都热情接待，细心诊治，每每药到病除，以至于声名远播。  Anyone, regardless of his status, that came for medical consultations, would be received with keen interest and carefully treated by Zhang Zhongjing. Each given prescription was so correct and could cure the disease completely that made him enjoyed a widespread reputation. Tips: “官宦之家”和“庶民百姓”把词义抽出来就是指一个人的地位。考虑好选哪个主语最容易连接句子。--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 09:40, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

32. Zhou Xiaolan

早在几千年前的远古时代，我们的祖先在日常饮食劳作在与大自然的抗争中就积累了一些用药知识。 As early as thousands of years ago in ancient times, our ancestors accumulated some knowledge of medicine in the daily diet and the struggle with nature.

Unit 12 Major Religions

A. Buddhism

Text

Buddhism was said to be founded in India in the 6th century BC by Siddhartha Gautama, son of a nobleman and member of the Kshatriya caste, near the present borders of India and Nepal. He is also known by the titles Skamania (the sage of the Sakya family) and Tathagata (the follower of truth). It is said that at age 29 he was confronted with the sights of an old man, a sick man, a corpse and a wandering ascetic. With eyes opened to aspects of life newly revealed to him, he broke from the material world and became an ascetic. But six years later, he gave up mystic concentration that at last brought him enlightenment under a bodhi tree. He then founded an order of mendicants and spent his next 45 years preaching his ideas.

The Four Noble Truths preached by Gautama Buddha are: 1. that sorrow is the universal experience of mankind, and everyone is subjected to the trauma of birth, sickness, decrepitude and death, 2. that the cause of sorrow is desire, especially the desire of the body and the desire for personal fulfillment, and the cycle of birth is perpetuated by the desire for existence; 3. that the removal of sorrow can come only from the removal of desire, that is to say, that happiness can be achieved only if these desires are overcome; and 4. that desire can by systematically abandoned if one follows the Noble Eight-Fold Path.

The Noble Eight-Fold Path includes the following eight tenets:

1. The “Right Knowledge” is the first step to believe that all life is suffering, that suffering is caused by desire for personal gratification, that suffering can be overcome, and that the way to overcome it is to follow the Eight-Fold Path.

2. The “Right Aspiration” is to be passionately involved with the knowledge of what life’s problems basically are.

3. The “Right Speech” is to avoid lies, idle talk, abuse, slander and deceit as these things remove a person from the prospect of attaining happiness.

4. The “Right Behavior” is to show kindness and to avoid self-seeking and personal fulfillment in all actions. It also includes five rules: “Do not kill;” “Do not steal;” “Do not lie;” “Do not be unchaste;” and “Do not drink intoxicants.”

5. The “Right Livelihood” is to engage in a suitable activity to earn a living. Buddha considered spiritual progress impossible if one’s occupation, such as slave- dealing or prostitution, pulled in the opposite direction.

6. The “Right Effort” is the will to develop virtues and to curb passions.

7. The “Right Mindfulness” is to practice self-examination and to cultivate self- knowledge, to overcome the state of semi-alertness, and to become aware of what is happening to oneself.

8. The “Right Absorption” is the way to God through psychological exercises, the mental exercises to penetrate deep into the psyche where the real problems and answers lie and to achieve a personal experience of what lies hidden away within.

By following the Noble Eight-Fold path, the Buddhist aims to attain “nirvana”, a condition beyond the limits of the mind, thoughts, feelings, desire, the will, and a state of bliss and ecstasy.

There are two types of Buddhism in China, Mahayana (Big Raft) Buddhism and Hinayana (Little Raft) Buddhism.

Mahayana Buddhism was introduced into regions inhabited by the Han people, the largest ethnic group in China, in the first century. The earliest Buddhist temple, the Baima (White Horse) Temple, was built in Luoyang during the reign of Emperor Mingdi in 68 with the help of 2 Indian monks. Mahayana Budddhism reached its peak of popularity during the Sui and Tang (581-907) dynasties.

Mahayana Buddhism emphasizes the existence of many Buddhas. It focuses on Buddhas in heaven and on people who will become Buddhas in the future. It believes that these present and future Buddhas can save people through compassion and grace. Today it comprises 8 main sects: the Sanlun (Three Treaties) Sect; the Faxiang (Dharma Characteristic) Sect (also known as the Yoga Sect); the Tiantai Sect; the Huayan (Flowery Splendor) Sect; the Jingtu (Pure Land) Sect; the Chan (Zen) Sect; the Ritsugaku Sect; and the Esoteric Sect.

The doctrines of the various sects played an important part in the development of philosophical ideas in China. Their influence is seen in thousands of Chinese classics, many of which are of great literary value. The Vimalakirti, Saddharma-pundarika- sutra (Lotus Sutra) and Surangama-samadhi-sutra have always been special favorites of scholars. Mahayana Buddhism brought to Chinese literature new conceptions, styles and techniques of wording and phrasing. The first Chinese woodblock printing was a series of pictures based on the Tripitaka in Chinese. Buddhist paintings and sculptures turn out a rich source of material for the study of Chinese art and history. Whether it is the murals of the Dunhuang caves or the stone carvings of the Longmen, Yungang, and Dazu grottoes, the works highlight a brilliant chapter in China’s cultural history. China’s pagoda architecture and statue art are mostly the work of Mahayana Buddhist designers.

China’s music, astronomy, medicine and gymnastics also reveal Mahayana Buddhist influences. As early as the 2nd century, Buddhist songs were already sung by the Chinese. Yi Xing (673-727), a monk of the Tang Dynasty, was the first to compute the length of the meridian. He compiled a number of books on astronomy and mathematics. In medicine, more than 10 prescription texts from India were translated into Chinese by Buddhists, and they were used in China during the Tang Dynasty. Finally, in gymnastics, the monks of the Shaolin Temple developed various exercise methods imported from India into a special form of Wushu by incorporating Chinese martial art techniques.

Four mountains in China are particularly sacred to Mahayana Buddhists. They are Wutai in Shanxi Province, Putuo in Zhejiang Province, Emei in Sichuan Province, and Jiuhua in Anhui Province.

Hinayana (or Pali) Buddhism was introduced from Burma, in about the 9th century, into regions inhabited by the Dai, Bulang, Achang, and De’ang ethnic groups in Yunnan Province. Today its followers are mainly people of these ethnic groups as well as Bai, Jing (Ginzu) and Lahu nationalities. In China it is called Pali Buddhism, because Pali is the ancient Indian language spoken in Buddhist temples. Hinayana Buddhism emphasizes the importance of Buddha as a historical figure, the virtues of monastic life and the authority of the Tripitaka.

Lamaism is a form of Buddhism intermingled with indigenous Tibetan religion, Bon. Tibetan Buddhism slowly adopted some of the Bon rites, while Bon eventually took on Buddhist teachings and disappeared. Lamaism gained its Buddhist knowledge mainly from Han Mahayana Buddhist sources. Of the various sects that eventually developed within Lamaist Buddhism, the main ones are Nyingma, Sakya, Kagyu, Bon, and Gelug.

The Nyingma Sect was founded by Padmasambhava, or “the Lotus-born one,” an Indian master of Esoteric Buddhism who was invited to Tibet to preach Buddhism during the later half of the 8th century. This sect is also called the “Red Sect” because the monks of this school wear red hats. The Sakya Sect is also known as the “Striped Sect” because of the three stripes of red, white, and black that are painted on the walls of all its monasteries. The Kagyu Sect is also called the “White Sect” because its monks used to wore white robes. The Bon Sect is also known as the “Black Sect”. It grew directly as an overlay of Buddhism on top of Bon tradition.

By far the most powerful of the Lamaist sects is Gelug, or the “Yellow Sect”, so called because the monks wear yellow hats. Founded in 1392 by Tsongkapa, an advocate of religious reform, it grew rapidly into the sect with the largest following. Part of the reason for this is the political support from the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) government, which appointed their leader, the Fifth Dalai Lama, to “unitfy the tribes” in Tibet. Ganden, Sera, Drepung. Tashilhunpo, Ta’er, and Labrang are the principal monasteries of this sect.

In taking on some of the traditions of Bon, Lamaism created its own system of leadership, that of rule by persons designated as Living Buddhas. Such persons are believed to be the reincarnations of deceased Living Buddhas. Thus in Lamasim, some special persons are literally born into Buddhahood, whereas in Han Buddhism, followers move toward Nirvana only through good work, and in Pali Buddhism they can attain the same condition through devotion.

The system for designating Living Buddhas was formulated by the Kagyu Sect more than 100 years before the Yellow Sect came into existence. It relies on a committee of monks who search for a soul boy (one into whom the soul of a previous Living Buddha has settled). The monks start this search one year after the death of the previous Living Buddha. They travel in different directions from their temple to find all male children born when the former Living Buddhe died.

When such soul boys are found (there may be several), each is presented with a group of utensils, some of which were possessions of the previous Living Budddha. If the child takes interest in one of the utensils owned by the previous Living Buddha, the boy is assumed to be the possible reincarnation. A second test is then administered to make sure. This involves the ritual of asking advice from a protecting spirit. If two or more potential soul boys pass these two tests, lots are drawn from a gold urn to determine the correct identity.

The process of selection and control remains in the hands of a select group of monks---the search committee. One of their members acts as regent until the boy reaches an age when he can be elevated in a grand ceremony to the position of Living Buddha, usually sometime between the ages of 12 and 18. The members of the search committee remain as the Living Buddha’s assistants until he is old enough to replace them. Should the new Living Buddha die young, the same group of monks become the committee to select the next Living Buddha.

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

卍是佛教相传的吉祥的标帜，是佛祖的心印，来自梵文，意为吉祥万德之所集，藏语叫做雍仲。 Swastika is the symbol of Buddhism’s auspicious sign and the heart seal of Buddha, which comes from Sanskrit representing the collection of auspiciousness and virtues and is called Yongzhong in Tibetan.

2. Chen Qiuxu

佛教信徒修习佛教的目的即在于依照悉达多所悟到修行方法，发现生命和宇宙的真相，最终超越生死和苦、断尽一切烦恼，得到究竟解脱。

The purpose of practicing Buddhism is to find out the truth of life and the universe according to Siddhartha's method of practice. Finally transcend death and suffering, and cut off all troubles to get the ultimate liberation.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 10:56, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

佛教的观点是，道德行为是通过掌握自我和欲望，培养仁爱和同情而自然产生的。 The buddhist view is that moral behavior flows naturally from mastering one's ego and desires,cultivating loving-kindess and compassion.

kindess---kindness.

The view of Buddhism is that moral behavior is naturally produced by mastering ego and desire and cultivating benevolence and compassion.--Chloe (talk) 05:16, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

4. Guo Xinyi

佛教对中国文化产生过很大影响和作用，在中国历史上留下了灿烂辉煌的佛教文化遗产。

Buddhism has made a great influence on Chinese culture, leaving in Chinese history a brilliant and splendid cultural heritage of Buddhism.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 00:53, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

Revision: Buddhism has exerted great influence on Chinese culture and left a splendid buddhist cultural heritage in Chinese history.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 04:43, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

史学家范文澜曾说，不懂佛学就不懂中国文化。

The historian Fan Wenlan once said that one can not understand Chinese culture without understanding Buddhism.

7. Li Haowen

活佛转世制度创立后，藏传佛教各教派为了自己的利益，纷起仿效，相继建立起大大小小数以千计的活佛转世系统。

Since the Soul Boy was introduced, hundreds of separated Soul Boy systems have been established continuously by the sects of Lamaism for the interest of themselves.

8. Li Leyi

佛教既反对杀生，也反对自杀，更倡导护生。 Buddhism is opposed to killing and suicide, and advocates caring for life.--Chloe (talk) 04:40, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

佛教对中国文化产生过很大影响和作用，在中国历史上留下了灿烂辉煌的佛教文化遗产。例如，我国古代建筑保存最多的是佛教寺塔。 Buddhism had a great influence and impact on Chinese culture, leaving glorious and resplendent heritages of Buddhism culture in Chinese history. For example, the largest preserved number of Chinese ancient building is Buddhism temple and tower.

10. Li Shuo

由于受到印度教及后来传入印度的伊斯兰教的排挤，公元八、九百年左右，印度的佛教在印度本土消失。而能保留佛教并发展佛教的中国就成了当今世界佛教的真正故乡。 Due to Hinduism and Islam later introduced into India, Buddhism in India was marginalized and then disappeared in India around 800 AD and 900 AD. China, which can preserve Buddhism and develop Buddhism, has become the true hometown of Buddhism in the world today.

11. Li Xiangyun

佛教饮食的限制导致了肉类调味品和荤食替代品的出现。 The restrictions of Buddhist dietary lead to the replacement of meat seasonings with vegetarian alternatives.

12. Liu Li

佛经中的动人故事常常成为艺术家们绘画的题材，顾恺之、阎立本、吴道子等历代画家皆以擅长佛画而闻名。

The moving stories in Buddhist sutra often become the subject of artists' paintings. Gu Kaizhi, Yan Liben, Wu Daozi and other painters in the past dynasties are famous for their buddhist paintings.

--Liu Li (talk) 06:18, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

佛教重视人类心灵和道德的进步和觉悟。 Buddhism takes the development and perception of the human mind and morality seriously. --Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:48, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

佛教否定宿命论，认为人有命运，但是不鼓励人听天由命，而是希望人开创命运。 Buddhism denies fatalism. It believes that people have a destiny, but does not encourage people to submit to the will of Heaven, and instead, hopes that people can create their own destiny.

15. Liu Xiaoting

The Buddhist canon consists of a vast corpus of texts that cover philosophical, devotional, and monastic marrers, and each of the major divisions of Buddhism has its own distinct vision of what it considers to be canonical scriptures. 佛教经典由大量的经文组成，涵盖哲学、宗教和僧侣问题，并且佛教的每一个主要分支都有自己独特的版本，要求其内部人员将其奉为规范。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 03:40, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

16. Liu Ying

佛不是万能，佛不能赐我们以解脱，他只能教导我们，我们还是要凭自己的努力才得解脱。 The Buddha isn’t one of omnipotent that frees us but the one who enlightens us, and it’s us who free ourselves through hard work.

18. Luo Xiaodi

公历纪元前后，印度佛教开始由印度传入中国，经长期传播发展，而形成具有中国民族特色的中国佛教。 Around the Christian era, Indian Buddhism began to spread from India to China, after a long period of dissemination and development, formed Chinese Buddhism. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:35, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

末日传言没有任何佛教经典依据，佛教是给人信心、给人希望、给人欢喜的宗教，佛教徒不应该轻易相信和传播世界末日的说法。 The rumor of doomsday has no basis form Buddhist classics, Buddhism is a religion that gives people confidence, hope, and happiness, therefore, Buddhists should not believe the rumor easily and spread it randomly.

20. Peng Lu

印度佛教最初传入中国，因文化背景全然不同，故被视为与当时流行的黄老神仙方术同类，仅通行于少数的王公贵族之间. When Indian Buddhism was first introduced into China, it was regarded as the same kind of magic as the popular Yellow Immortals at that time and only used among a few nobles, due to its totally different cultural background.

21. Peng Yu

Nirvana, or the liberation from cycles of rebirth, is the highest aim of the Theravada tradition. 涅槃，又称超脱轮回，是修炼小乘佛法的终极目标。 --PengYu Aiden (talk) 07:27, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 藏传佛教可以说是完整地保存了整个佛教的形式与精髓，相反地，汉地佛教则依据本地风俗而舍弃了一些内容。 Translation: Tibetan Buddhism can be said to have preserved the form and essence of Buddhism completely. On the contrary, Han Buddhism has abandoned some contents according to local customs.

23. Shi Shuwen

公历纪元前后，印度佛教开始由印度传入中国，经长期传播发展，而形成具有中国民族特色的中国佛教。 Around the Gregorian era, Indian Buddhism began to be introduced into China from India. After a long spread and development, Chinese Buddhism with Chinese national characteristics was formed.

24. Sun Rui

从南北朝开始中国佛教进入兴盛发展阶段。南北朝时佛教已遍布全国，出家、在家佛教徒数量增加很快，北魏《洛阳伽蓝记》记载洛阳城中寺庙鼎盛时达到1367所。 Since the North and South Dynasty, Chinese Buddhism has entered a stage of prosperity and development. In the North and South Dynasty, Buddhism had spread all over the country. The number of monks and Buddhists at home increased rapidly. It is recorded in Record of Buddhist Temples in Luo Yang that there were 1367 temples in Luo Yang at the heyday.

25. Xia Ke

佛教信徒修习佛教的目的即在于发现生命和宇宙的真相，最终超越生死和苦、断尽一切烦恼，得到究竟解脱。 The purpose of learning Buddhism is to discover the truth of life and the universe, and finally transcend the life，death and suffering, cut off all the troubles, and finally achieve liberation.

26. Yang Jiani

救人一命，胜造七级浮屠。

To save one’s life is better than to build a Seven-level floating slaughter.

27. Yang Qing

佛教对中国文化产生过很大影响和作用，在中国历史上留下了灿烂辉煌的佛教文化遗产。 Buddhism has exerted great influence on Chinese culture and left a splendid buddhist cultural heritage in Chinese history. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:36, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

到了汉末时代，佛教逐渐由上层遍及民间，由少数人逐渐扩展到多数人。

By the end of Han Dynasty, Buddhism gradually spread from the upper class to ordinary people, and extend from minority to majority.

29. Yin Tanwen

命由己造,相由心生。 Life is what yourself make it,and the face is the external performance of the heart.

correction: Life is made by oneself, and face manifests one's heart.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 01:21, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

30. Yu Jing

佛教否定宿命论，认为人有命运，但是不鼓励人听天由命，而是希望人开创命运。

Buddhism denies fatalism and considers that humans have destiny. But it didn’t encourage humans to be guided by destiny, but hoped them to create the fate.

Buddhism doesn't agree with fatalism and considers that human have destiny.Instaed of encouraging huamn to abandon themselves to their fate, it wished human to create the fate their own.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 05:42, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

31. Zhang Yuanling

其实众生皆有"佛性"，这个佛性是我们能思考和体会到宇宙万物的本源，但是众生由于业力和执著的纠缠而佛性蒙尘，不能找到"本我真心"，所以执著一个假名"我"和种种欲望，而始终在六道生死中不断的痛苦流转。

“Buddha nature” is the original source of the thoughts and experiences about everything in the cosmos. Actually, every life has it. But it was clouded by the dust in the secular world because of Karma and insistent tangle which prevent them from finding out one’s ego and heart. They are addicted to a fake “ego” and various desires so that are painfully circling in the six realms of existence.

32. Zhou Xiaolan

佛教否定宿命论，认为人有命运，但是不鼓励人听天由命，而是希望人开创命运。

Buddhism denies fatalism and believes that people have a destiny. In stead of encouraging people to submit to fate, it hopes that people can create their destiny.

B. Daoism

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

渡劫，道教术语，主要出现于修真小说，意思是指人可以通过修炼来获得特殊的能力。这是一个违背天理的过程，上天会降下劫难，只有渡过这些劫难才能继续修炼。 Dujie, a Daoist term, mainly used in Xiuzhen novels, means that people can acquire special abilities through practice. This is a process against the law of nature and is promoted only if the man survives through suffering from God.

2. Chen Qiuxu

道教教祖老子把“道”作为宇宙本体、万物规律，是超越时空的神秘存在

Laozi, the founder of Taoism, regards "Tao" as the noumenon of the universe and the law of all things, which is a mysterious existence beyond time and space.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 10:57, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

correction: Laozi, the founder of Taoism, regards "Tao" as the noumenon of the universe, the law of all things, and a kind of mysterious existence beyond time and space.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 01:28, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

=3. Du Peixi

人与自然的关系始终是人类社会关注的问题,而道家的根本理念是"自然观"。 The relationship between man and nature has always been a concern of human society,and the basic principle of Daoism is "nature".

4. Guo Xinyi

唐朝尊老子为祖先，奉道教为国教，采取措施大力推崇道教，提高道士地位。

In Tang dynasty, Laozi was honored as the country’s ancestor; Daoism was worshiped as the state religion and vigorously advertised through measures; Taoists' status was also heightened.

Tips: 当句子中没有确切的主语时，可考虑用被动语态。--Guo Xinyi (talk) 01:00, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

唐太宗李世民实行道家无为治国政策。

Emperor Taizong of Tang pursued a policy of governing the country by doing nothing.

7. Li Haowen

道教为多神崇拜，尊奉的神仙是将道教对“道”之信仰人格化体现。

There are many Gods in Taoism. The Gods worshiped are the representative of the personalization of Taoist beliefs.

8. Li Leyi

封建统治者常常利用道教为巩固统治服务，祈求国家长治久安。 Feudal rulers often used Taoism to serve the consolidation of rule and pray for the long-term stability of the country.--Chloe (talk) 04:43, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

道教具有征服自然的精神，各种追求突破生命极限的方术实践推动了古代科学技术的发展，东亚的化学、矿物学、植物学和药物学都起源于道家。 Daoism has the spirit of conquering nature, and all kinds of medicine seeking to break through the limits of life has promoted the development of ancient science and technology. East Asia's chemistry, mineralogy, botany and pharmacology all originated from Daoism.

11. Li Xiangyun

玄帝宫位于云台山主峰茱萸峰顶，被道教信徒称为“北顶”，和武当山“南顶”之称相对应。 Xuandi Palace, located on the top of Zhuyu Peak-the main peak of Yuntai Mountain, is called as North Top by Daoist Devotees, in corresponding with South Top of Wudang Mountain.

12. Liu Li

西汉前期的统治者推崇无为而治的黄老之学，造就了“文景之治”的盛世。

In the early Western Han Dynasty, the rulers advocated the thought of Yellow Emperor and Lao Zi,governing with non-interference, which brought about the flourishing era of Wen-Jing.--Liu Li (talk) 07:10, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

道教是中国本土宗教，以“道”为最高信仰。 Daoism is Chinese domestic religion, which regards “Dao” as its supreme faith.

14. Liu Siyu

道教作为传承道家思想的主力，先后产生了魏晋玄学、隋唐重玄学和宋元明清内丹学，在学术领域的地位自然不言而喻。 Daoism, as the main force of spreading Taoist theories, produced metaphysics in Wei and Jin dynasties, metaphysics in the Sui and Tang dynasties, and internal alchemy in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. And its position in the academic field is self-evident.

15. Liu Xiaoting

In Chinese religion, the Daoist tradition- often serving as a link between the Confucian tradition and folk- has generally been more popular and spontaneous than the official(Confucian) state cult and less diffuse and shapeless than folk religion. 在中国的宗教中，道家传统作为宗教和民间传统之间的纽带，通常比官方的国家崇拜（儒家）更受欢迎和自发，比宗教更少散漫和不成型。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 03:51, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

16. Liu Ying

道教创立了一种中国性的无政府主义思想，这种思想十分怀疑儒家那种中央集权式的统治方式。 Daoism created a Chinese idea of non-government, which seriously doubts the centralization governing of Confucianist.

Revision: Daoism created a kind of Chinese anarchism that was very suspicious of the centralized Confucian way of governing.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 05:22, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

18. Luo Xiaodi

道教是中国本土宗教，以“道”为最高信仰。 Taoism is China's native religion, with "Tao" as the highest belief. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:39, 25 May 2020

In China, Taoism is the indigenous religion, which regards "Tao" as the highest belief.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 05:59, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

道教以“道”为最高信仰，认为“道”是化生万物的本原。 Daoism regards "transformation" as the supreme belief, and has a thought that "transformation" is the essential origin that produces everything.

20. Peng Lu

道教与中华民族同呼吸、共命运，道教的历史与中国历史紧密相连 Taoism shares the same breath and destiny with the Chinese nation, and its history has a close relation with that of China.

21. Peng Yu

The philosophy grew from an observance of the natural world, and the religion developed out of a belief in cosmic balance maintained and regulated by the Tao. 道家子弟总结和归纳了宇宙平衡的思想认知，由此形成了道家学派，对自然世界的观察，形成了其哲学思想。--PengYu Aiden (talk) 07:28, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 道教是一个崇拜诸多神明的多神教，主要宗旨是追求长生不死、得道成仙、济世救人。 Translation: Daoism is a polytheistic religion that worships many deities. The main purposes of Daoism are to seek immortality, become immortal and rescue people.

23. Shi Shuwen

道教在中国古代鬼神崇拜观念上，以黄、老道家思想为理论根据，承袭战国以来的神仙方术衍化形成。 Daoism in ancient China worship of ghosts and gods, based on the thought of Huang and Lao Daoism, inherited the fairy art since the warring states period.

24. Sun Rui

茅山道人葛洪将道教神仙方术和儒家纲常名教相结合，构建了一套长生成仙体系，为士族丹鼎道教奠定了理论基础。 Mount Mao Taoist priest constructed a system of longevity and immortality by combining Taoism arts of necromancy with moral Confucian obligations and preaching, laying a theoretical foundation for Shizu Danding.

25. Xia Ke

在中华传统文化中，道教是与儒学和佛教一起的一种占据着主导地位的理论学说和寻求有关实践练成神仙的方法。 In traditional Chinese culture, Taoism is one of the dominant theories along with Confucianism and Buddhism, and it seeks ways to practice and become an immortal.

26. Yang Jiani

Laozi's thoughts involve cosmism, ontology, philosophy and political science."Tao", as the core of Laozi's thoughts, has cosmogenetic and ontological meanings. 老子思想涉及宇宙论、本体论、人生论和政治学，“道”是贯穿其中的主线。

27. Yang Qing

道教徒不吃四种肉食--牛肉、乌鱼、鸿雁、狗肉，因为牛、乌鱼、鸿雁、狗分别代表忠、孝、节、义。 Taoists do not eat four kinds of meat -- beef, mullet, swan goose and dog, because the cow, mullet, swan goose and dog respectively represent loyalty, filial piety, abstinence and righteousness. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:43, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

道教以“道”为最高信仰，认为“道”是化生万物的本原。

Daoism regards "the Way " (Dao)as the supreme faith, the essence and origin of all things.

29. Yin Tanwen

道教的第一部正式经典是《太平经》，完成于东汉，因此将东汉时期视作道教的初创时期。 The first official classic of Taoism was Scripture of the Great Peace, which was finished in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Therefore, the Eastern Han Dynasty is regarded as the initial period of Taoism.

30. Yu Jing

道教以“道”为最高信仰，认为“道”是化生万物的本原。 Daoism regards “Dao” as the highest belief, considers “Dao” as the source of all.

31. Zhang Yuanling

人类凭借其科学知识和技术力量而部分超越自然对人的束缚之后，不再能正确地认识人与自然不可分离，和谐共生的统一关系，误以为自己是天地万物的主人，可以战胜和支配自然，将人类赖以生存的自然环境看作可以无限榨取和勒索的对象。

After partly overcoming the constraints that given by nature through the power of science and technology, human being can no longer correctly recognize that the relationships between human and nature should be inseparable and in harmony with each other. We mistakenly regard our own as the master of all in the universe who is able to defeat and control nature, and view nature which we rely for existence as the one can be oppressed and extorted without limit.

32. Zhou Xiaolan

道教以“道”为最高信仰，认为“道”是化生万物的本原。

Taoism takes "Tao" as the highest belief and believes that "Tao" is the source of all things.

C. Islam

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

伊斯兰教传入中国的路线主要有两条，一条是海路，一条是陆路。唐宋时期的早期传入，以海路为主；元代的大规模新疆地区的伊斯兰教传入，则基本上靠陆路。 There are two ways for Islam spreading to china, one by sea, another by land. Sea routes dominated in the early Tang and Song dynasties; land routes mainly proceeded in Yuan Dynasty around Xinjiang.

2. Chen Qiuxu

伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教师等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam has developed from the religion of a single ethnic group in the Arab region to the religion of a multi-ethnic belief in the world. It is the result of the wide spread of Islam in the Arab countries through continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and sending missionaries to all over the world.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 10:58, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

穆斯林认为善行是通往天堂的途径，这和基督教的信仰正好相反。 Muslims believe that virtue is the way to heaven,which is opposite from Christians' belief.

4. Guo Xinyi

1958年宗教改革以及1966年文化大革命爆发，我国许多地区的清真寺受到破坏,《古兰经》等典籍被焚毁,伊斯兰教受到极其严重的影响。

In China, since the eruption of the Religious Reformation in 1958 and the Great Cultural Revolution in 1966, Islam has suffered a serious influence, with mosques in many areas devastated and classics such as the Koran burned.

Tips: 适当转换语序，先general再specific

5. Hu Jingchen

伊斯兰教早期向世界的传播，与阿拉伯帝国的向外征服有着密切的联系。

The early spread of Islam to the world was closely related to the outward conquest of the Arab Empire.

7. Li Haowen

伊斯兰教的复兴者穆罕默德曾经说过：“求知对穆斯林男女都是天命。”“求知须从摇篮到坟墓。”“教育孩子一次，强于施粮一升。”“你们教人知识，给人方便，报人喜训，不可恐吓，若生气动怒时应当沉默。”

Mohammed ,the revivalist of Islam, once said “it is the destiny of all Muslims thirsting for knowledge”, “one should seek for knowledge from birth to death” ,“ teaching a child once is better than giving a litre of rice”, and “you should pass on knowledge, leave others convenience, tell others the good news. No treat is permitted, and silence should occur when fury rise.”

8. Li Leyi

中国的医学、武术、建筑，还有其他很多中国文化，都受到伊斯兰文化的影响。 Chinese medicine, martial arts, architecture, and many other Chinese cultures are influenced by Islamic culture.--Chloe (talk) 04:46, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

由于回族人信仰伊斯兰教，共同的信仰增强了凝聚力，从而促进了民族共同心理状态的形成。 Hui people believe in Islam. The common belief strengthens the cohesion, thus promotes the formation of the common psychological state of the nation.

11. Li Xiangyun

The throwing of shoes is considered an insult in the Muslim world. 扔鞋在穆斯林世界被看作一种侮辱。

correction: Throwing shoes is considered as an insult in the Muslim world.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 01:45, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

12. Liu Li

中国的医学、武术、建筑，还有其他很多中国文化，都受到伊斯兰文化的影响。

Chinese medicine, martial arts, architecture and many other Chinese cultures are all influenced by Islamic culture.--Liu Li (talk) 06:45, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

伊斯兰教的复兴是阿拉伯半岛社会经济、政治和宗教发展演变的必然。 The revival of Islam is an inevitable result of the socio-economic, political and religious development of the Arabian peninsula.

14. Liu Siyu

伊斯兰教的复兴是阿拉伯半岛社会经济、政治和宗教发展演变的必然。 The revival of Islam is an inevitable result of the socio-economic, political and religious development in the Arabian Peninsula.

15. Liu Xiaoting

The earliest mosques were modeled after Muhammad's in both design and purpose, and despite a wide variety in architectural styles, contemporary mosques still embrace the general features of Muhammad's initial design. 最早的清真寺在设计上和用途上都是仿照穆罕默德的，尽管建筑风格多种多样，但当代清真寺仍然具有穆罕默德初步设计的一般特征。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:01, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

16. Liu Ying

在唐朝和宋朝年间，有的传教士们通过水路来到中国，抵达中国广州等其他中国南方口岸，在中国建造了一些清真寺 During Tang and Song Dynasty, some of the missionaries reached southern ports such as Guangzhou in China by water, and established mosques there.

18. Luo Xiaodi

伊斯兰教传入中国内地的年代，学术界尚无定论。一般认为是在公历651年从阿拉伯传入中国的泉州、广州等地。 When Islam was introduced into mainland China, the academic circle has not reached a conclusion. It is believed to have been introduced to China from Arabia in the year 651 in the Gregorian calendar, such as Quanzhou and Guangzhou.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:46, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

起初，伊斯兰作为一个民族的宗教，接着作为一个封建帝国的精神源泉，然后又作为一种宗教、文化和政治的力量，一种人们生活的方式，在世界范围内不断地发展着，乃至成为21世纪世界的三大宗教之一。 Islam, as a national religion at first, the spiritual source of a feodal country later, and then a kind of religious, cultural, and political power, a lifestyle, has been developing in the range of world, and even becomes one of the three main religions in the world in 21th century.

20. Peng Lu

中国历代伊斯兰教界仁人志士，都承担起民族团结、社会和谐的使命。 Generations of Chinese Islamic believers have undertaken the mission of ethnic unity and social harmony.

21. Peng Yu

A core belief taught in Islam is that human beings are unique among God’s creation. 伊斯兰教的核心思想之一就是在上帝的所有创造中，人类是最为独特的。--PengYu Aiden (talk) 07:32, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 事实上，每个清真寺都将周围穆斯林自然地组织在一起，形成一个地区性的宗教和民政组织单位，这就是所谓的教坊。 Translation: In fact, each mosque organizes muslims surrounding naturally, and forms a regional religious and civil administration organization, which is the so-called "jiaofang."

In fact, the so-called "jiaofang" is a regional religious and civil administration organization that is formed by mosques, each of which spontaneously organizs the muslims surrounded together.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 06:11, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

23. Shi Shuwen

据全国人口普查统计，中国大陆穆斯林人口约3000万人。遍布全国各省(区)的大多数城乡，主要聚居于新疆、宁夏，甘肃、青海、陕西、河南、河北、云南、山东、山西、安徽、北京、天津等地区。 According to the national census, the Muslim population in mainland China is about 30 million. It covers most of the urban and rural areas in most provinces (regions), mainly concentrated in Xinjiang, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, Yunnan, Shandong, Shanxi, Anhui, Beijing, Tianjin and so on.

24. Sun Rui

伊斯兰教分逊尼派和什叶派两大教派，中国主要是逊尼派。 Islam is divided into Sunnite, which was the main Islam denomination in China, and Shia.

25. Xia Ke

伊斯兰教基本信条为“万物非主，唯有真主，穆罕默德是安拉的使者” The basic belief of Islam is "there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah".

26. Yang Jiani

Islam began in the early-7th century. Originating in Mecca, it quickly spread in the Arabian peninsula and by the 8th century the Islamic empire was extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus river in the east. 伊斯兰教始于7世纪初。它起源于麦加，并迅速在阿拉伯半岛传播，到了八世纪，伊斯兰帝国从西部的伊比利亚扩展到东部的印度河。

27. Yang Qing

伊斯兰教是个希望和平的宗教，这一点能从伊斯兰教崇尚绿色看出。 Islam is a religion that hopes for peace, which can be seen from their worship for green. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:47, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

伊斯兰教适应了中国文化，也影响着中国文化。中国的医学、武术、建筑，还有其他很多中国文化，都受到伊斯兰文化的影响。

Islam adapted to and influenced Chinese culture. Chinese medicine, Wushu, architecture and many other Chinese cultures are influenced by the culture of Islam.

29. Yin Tanwen

据全国人口普查统计，中国大陆穆斯林人口约3000万人。遍布全国大多数城乡，主要聚居于新疆、宁夏等地区。 According to the national census, the Muslim population in mainland China is about 30 million. Spreading over most of the urban and rural areas, they mainly concentrate in Xinjiang, Ningxia or other regions.

30. Yu Jing

1958年宗教改革以及1966年文化大革命的爆发，我国许多部分地区的清真寺受到破坏。 Mosques in many parts of our country were destroyed because of the religious reform in 1958 and the breakout of the Great Cultural Revolution.

31. Zhang Yuanling

伊斯兰教法以国家和法律的名义对违法行为进行惩罚和制裁，以调整社会关系，处理社会矛盾，维护公共秩序和公共安全，保障各个群体和个人权利的享有和义务的履行。

Islamic pedagogy imposes punishments and sanctions against illegal acts in the name of country and laws to adjust social relations, deal with social conflicts, secure public order and safety, ensure that each group and individual enjoy their rights, in the meanwhile, assume their responsibilities.

32. Zhou Xiaolan

起初，伊斯兰作为一个民族的宗教，接着作为一个封建帝国的精神源泉，然后又作为一种宗教、文化和政治的力量，一种人们生活的方式，在世界范围内不断地发展着，乃至成为21世纪世界的三大宗教之一。 At first, as a religion of a nation, then as a spiritual source of a feudal empire, then as a religious, cultural and political force and a way of life, Islam has been constantly developing in the world, and has even become one of the three major religions in the world in the 21st century.

D. Christianity

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

基督教忌讳崇拜除上帝以外的偶像，认为其所信仰的上帝是宇宙独一的主宰。十戒确认上帝的独一性并反对任何上帝的“代替品”。 Christianity prohibits the worship of idols other than God which is believed as the sole ruler of the universe and affirms the uniqueness and rejects any substitute of God in the Ten Commandments.

2. Chen Qiuxu

基督徒的成长离不开教会，教会被称为是一切敬诚之人共同的母亲，是神圣而圣洁的，也是公义而普世的。

The growth of Christians cannot be separated from the church, which is called the common mother of all sincere people. It is holy, righteous and universal.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 10:59, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

基督教信仰以耶稣基督为中心，以圣经为蓝本。 Christian belief is centered on Jesus Christ and based on the Bible.

4. Guo Xinyi

改革开放以后，随着宗教政策落实和社会经济发展，中国基督教不但迅速复苏，而且有了引人注目的发展。

After the reform and opening up, Chinese Christianity achieved its rapid revival and remarkable progress since the implementation of religious policies and the development of social economy.

Tips: 汉译英中动词的名词化。

Revision:After the reform and opening up, with the implementation of religious policies and the development of social economy, Chinese Christianity has not only recovered rapidly, but also made remarkable progress.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 06:48, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

基督教无论从规模，还是从影响方面，都堪称世界第一大宗教。

Christianity is considered as the largest religion in the world, both in size and influence.

7. Li Haowen

基督教信仰以耶稣基督为中心，以圣经为蓝本，核心思想是福音，即上帝耶稣基督的救恩，充分彰显了上帝对全人类和整个宇宙舍己无私的大爱。

Christian beliefs are Jesus Christ-centered, and regard the Bible as their blueprint. And the core thought is gospel, which is the salvation from Jesus Christ, which fully shows his great and selfless love to human and the universe.

8. Li Leyi

基督教新教在华医疗事业是在华传教事业的重要组成部分。 The medical service of Protestantism is an important part of their missionary work in China.--Chloe (talk) 04:49, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

他在广州做了大量文化工作，包括了第一个把《圣经》全文翻译成中文并予以出版；还编辑出版了中国历史上第一部英汉字典——《华英字典》。他展开了基督新教在中国的宣教历史。 Robert Morrison did a lot of cultural work in Guangzhou. He is the first person who translated the Bible into Chinese and published it. He also edited and published the first English Chinese dictionary —— A Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Chinese history. He launched the history of Protestant propaganda in China.

11. Li Xiangyun

基督教与我国其他宗教一样是构建和谐社会的一支重要力量，这是现代社会分工赋予的角色。 The Christianity, like other religions in our country, is a main force to construct our society's harmony. It 's a role given by the modern society's division of work.

12. Liu Li

鸦片战争之后，随着一系列不平等条约的订立，外国传教士在“传教条款”的保护下，纷纷涌入中国，基督教新教传教士也是如此。

After the First Opium War, with the conclusion of a series of unequal treaties, foreign missionaries, under the protection of "missionary clauses", poured into China, as did protestant missionaries.--Liu Li (talk) 07:01, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

基督教无论从规模，还是从影响方面，都堪称世界第一大宗教。

Christianity is ranked as the world’s largest religion, not only in scale but also in influence.

Christianity can be ranked as the world’s largest religion, regardless of its scale or influence.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 06:18, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

天主教前身是基督教创立初期存在于罗马帝国西部拉丁语地区的西派，与存在与罗马帝国东部希腊语地区的东派相对。 The predecessor of Christianity is the western sect which existed in the Latin region of the western part of the Roman empire in the early days of Christianity, and was opposed to the eastern sect existing in the eastern Greek region of the Roman empire.

15. Liu Xiaoting

Christianity addresses the historical figure of Jesus Christ against the background of, and while seeking to remain faithful to, the experience of one god. 基督教以历史人物耶稣为背景，在寻求保持忠诚的同时，也强调了对这位神的信仰。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:32, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

18. Luo Xiaodi

明末清初天主教在中国努力开展传教工作时，英国一些基督教新教教徒也开始注意向中国传教。 During the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, when the Catholic Church was trying to carry out missionary work in China, some Protestantism in Britain also began to pay attention to missionary work in China. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:44, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

至今主要发达国家，除了日本，都是基督教文化主导的国家。 Up to now, all of those main developed countries except Japan are dominanted by Christianity culture.

20. Peng Lu

基督教徒曾在中国成立各种组织来帮助当地的百姓，以破除迷信、戒烟禁赌、辅导妓女从良等. Organizations have been set up by Christian believers in China to help local people, helping to break up superstitions, to quit smoking and to set prostitutes free and virtuous.

21. Peng Yu

The word orthodox (“right believing”) has traditionally been used in the Greek-speaking Christian world to designate communities or individuals who preserved the true faith (as defined by those councils), as opposed to those who were declared heretical. 东正教中的“正”，在传统希腊语境的基督世界中，和异教徒截然相反，指保有正统的思想的个人和组织。--PengYu Aiden (talk) 07:31, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 解放后，天主教开展了“三自”运动，使天主教由帝国主义的侵略工具变成为中国教徒独立自主自办的宗教事业。 Translation: After the liberation, the Catholic church launched the “San Zi” movement, which turned it from a tool of imperialist aggression into an independent religious career established by Chinese Christians.

23. Shi Shuwen

中国教会坚持独立自主自办的原则办好教会，走爱国爱教道路，深化神学思想建设，践行社会主义核心价值观，积极与社会主义社会相适应。 The church in China adheres to the principle of independence and self-management to run the church well, takes the road of loving the country and respecting Christianity, deepens the construction of thought, practices the core socialist values, and actively adapts itself to the socialist society.

24. Sun Rui

根据中国人民大学关于宗教与社会主义相适应的研究报告中的结论，中国基督教是当代中国包括佛教、道教、伊斯兰教在内的五大合法宗教中，与社会主义现代化事业最为适应，现代化程度最高的宗教。 According to the conclusion in a report of RUC on the adaptation of religion to socialism, Chinese Christianity is the most suitable one for socialist modernization and most modern one among the five legal regions in China, which includes Buddhism,Taoism and Islam.

26. Yang Jiani

The Greek New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity. Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture. 希腊的新约《圣经》中，讲述了耶稣曾做出的教导，和关于耶稣人格的讨论，还包括在公元一世纪时基督教所发生的故事。基督教徒将新约和旧约都视为神圣的基督教经文。

27. Yang Qing

洗礼被视为基督教一项重要的宗教仪式，是基督教入教仪式。 Baptism is regarded as an important religious ceremony of Christianity. It is a Christian admittance rites. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:56, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

基督徒的成长离不开教会，教会被称为是一切敬诚之人共同的母亲，是神圣而圣洁的。

The growth of Christian is inseparable from church, which is regarded as the common mother of all reverent and honest people, which is holy and pure.

第一个which从句会不会有歧义呢，是修饰church还是the growth of Christian.

The growth of Christian is inseparable from the church. The church is holy and pure, which is regarded as the common mother of all reverent and honest people.--Chloe (talk) 05:04, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

29. Yin Tanwen

基督教的传统认为印度使徒是最早将基督福音带到中国的人。 Christian tradition insists that the Indian apostles were the first to bring the Gospel of Christ to China.

30. Yu Jing

基督教相信圣灵，认为圣灵是赐生命的主。 Christianity believes in the Holy Spirit, regards it as the master who gives life.

correction: Christianity believes in the Holy Spirit, regarding which (/and regards it) as the master who gives life.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 01:41, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

31. Zhang Yuanling

道教和佛教都讲因果报应，即善有善报恶有恶报。而基督教和伊斯兰教则有所不同。只要相信上帝或真主为唯一，就能上天堂，一切罪行都可以得到救赎。

Daoism and Buddhism believe in karma which refers to “what goes around , comes around.” Rather, Christianity and Islam are different. If solely believing in God or Allah, any sin would be saved, and going to the heaven would be certain.

Both Taoism and Buddhism speak of karma, that is, good begets good and evil begets evil. Christianity and Islam are different. If you believe in god or Allah as the only one, you can go to heaven and be redeemed for all your sins.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 06:54, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

32. Zhou Xiaolan

基督教在人类发展史上一直有着极为重要且不可替代的关键作用和深远影响。 Christianity has always played an extremely important and irreplaceable role in the history of human development.

Unit 13 Classical Philosophy

A. Confucius and Confucianism

Students' Homework: Translations

29. Yin Tanwen

儒家思想以仁为核心的思想体系 Confucianism is an ideological system which reagrds benevolence as its core.

B. Daoism

Students' Homework: Translations

29. Yin Tanwen

道家学说具有丰富的辩证思维意蕴,它具有朴素辩证主义。 Taoism theory has a rich implication of dialectical thinking, and it has the Simple Dialectics.