Appropriateness Theory

Creating Approprateness Theory

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• Appropriateness Theory - 易扬帆 殷美达

I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!

我在文章中所举出来的例子会涉及一些人们约定俗成的道德规范，所以我认为您的这个理论是不是表达的是不仅仅只是考虑源文本和目标文本的内容传达，更多的还会去考虑两个文本背后所需要遵循的伦理道德的意思。 可以检查译文可能会不遵循两个entities或者communities之间的伦理道德的关系，最后违背了appropriate theory。 当然我相信人工智能长期来说也会学习道德。 我觉得为了解释appropriateness theory最容易的是用一些已经存在的理论，选择一些例子让读者理解为什么这些理论都有限。 有可能skopos达到了十分，但是翻译还是不对或者不理想。但是用appropriateness theory可以指路怎么提高这个翻译例子的质量。 如果你能找到一些例子，用传统的翻译理论打不到最理想的结果，那我们可以发展自己的Appropriateness Theory想出来一个办法，怎么把这种例子也能翻译的好。 意思就是我们去寻找一些如今还存在着问题亟待解决的译本，然后尝试着用appropriateness theory去解决，而不仅仅只是局限于伦理道德这一个方面。 发展出我们自己的appropriateness theory去提高译文的质量？ 当然appropriateness theory大家都可以做贡献，最后只有一种appropriateness theory，包括你们所提到的解决方法。 所以这个appropriateness theory是一个规模比较大的，它能够修理现在存在翻译理论的一些缺点。 为了找合适的具体的使用例子当然也需要完全懂传统的理论，也要理解它们的限制和缺点。 翻译者一般不按照理论翻译。只是咱们学者用理论。我们只要找一个例子我们觉得翻译的不太好。然后我们看一下按照哪一种传统的理论这个翻译应该还是好的，也没有办法提高质量。比如按照skopos是好的，因为在墓地读者达到跟在原来读者相同的作用。（比如一个假的新闻关于俄国女孩子anna在德国被难民抢劫的在俄国引起反德国的感情，翻译成德文以后在德国也引起从俄国移民到德国的俄国人少数民族的感情。按照appropriateness theory，假的新闻更笨不要翻译成其他语言，引起感情的后果是已经融入德国文化的俄国人开始意识到自己是俄国人，然后他们说他们在德国被压迫并请俄国跟德国打战争。这种例子在美国选举方面也有，在新馆疫情媒体报道方面也有）。然后我们想一想怎么还是可以提高质量（当然这个例子比较敏感，可以加两个词“假的”就提高了质量，但是也会有一些不那么敏感的例子，可以用另外一种方式提高质量）。找到了以后我们就按照这个发展Appropriateness Theory。

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1 Ei Mon Kyaw: Appropriateness Theory in Translation Studies

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Student Name Ei Mon Kyaw, Student No. 202111080021

Abstract

This chapter is on ....This paper is an analysis to the .... of language and translation. Translation has been influenced by many social and intercultural factors. In this paper, ........ will be surveyed.

Key words

Translation Theory, Appropriateness Theory, Translational Studies

Literature Review

Interpreting theories and interpreting studies are as old as human languages. According to Seyed Hossein Heydarian, every language has a specific fingerprint of translation strategies (Woesler 2020, 345). The translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek in the 3rd century BCE is regarded as the first major translation in the western world. This translation is known as the “Septuagint”, a name that refers to the seventy scholars who were commissioned to translate the Hebrew Bible in Alexandria, Egypt. Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical.The translator’s role as a bridge for “carrying across” values between cultures has been discussed since Terence, a Roman playwright who translated and adapted Greek comedies into Latin in the 2nd century BCE.Cicero famously cautioned against translating “word for word” (“verbum pro verbo”) in “On the Orator” (“De Oratore”, 55 BCE): “I did not think I ought to count them [the words] out to the reader like coins, but to pay them by weight, as it were.” Cicero, a statesman, orator, lawyer and philosopher, was also a translator from Greek to Latin, and compared the translator to an artist.The debate about sense-for-sense translation vs. word-for-word translation dates back to antiquity. The coiner of the term “sense for sense” is said to be Jerome (commonly known as St. Jerome) in his “Letter to Pammachius” (396). While translating the Bible into Latin (a translation known as the “Vulgate”), Jerome stated that the translator needed to translate “not word for word but sense for sense” (“non verbum e verbo sed sensum de sensu”).

Kumārajīva, a Buddhist monk and scholar, was a prolific translator into Chinese of Buddhist texts written in Sanskrit, a monumental work he carried out in the late 4th century. Kumārajīva’s clear and straightforward translations focused more on conveying the meaning than on precise literal rendering. They had a deep influence on Chinese Buddhism, and are still more popular than later, more literal translations.

The spread of Buddhism led to large-scale translation efforts spanning more than a thousand years throughout Asia. Major works were sometimes translated in a rather short time. The Tanguts for example took mere decades to translate works that had taken the Chinese centuries to translate, with contemporary sources describing the Emperor and his mother personally contributing to the translation, alongside sages of various nationalities.

Large-scale translation efforts were also undertaken by the Arabs after they conquered the Byzantine Empire, in order to offer Arabic versions of all major Greek philosophical and scientific works.

Roger Bacon, a 13th-century English scholar, was the first to assess that a translator should have a thorough knowledge of both the source language and the target language to produce a good translation, and that he should also be well versed in the discipline of the work he was translating.

The first “fine” translations into English were produced by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century. Chaucer founded an English poetic tradition based on translations or adaptations of literary works in Latin and French, two languages that were more established than English at the time. The “finest” religious translation was the “Wycliffe’s Bible” (1382-84), named after John Wycliffe, the theologian who translated the Bible from Latin to English.

The linguistic-oriented 'science’of translation has continued strongly in Germany and the concept of equivalence associated the ling. approach has declined.The rise of theories centered around text types (Reiss;) and text purpose (the skopos theory of Reiss and Vermeer). Contrastive analysis has fallen by the wayside.Translation is a form of interhuman communication. Jakobson said it has three ways:intralingual, interlingual, and intersemiotic.Translation linguistics - equivalency theory (lists of equivalent terms - prescriptive) – styistique compare (Vinay/Darbelnet, Malblanc) – Eugene Nida (sense/style/function equivalent bible translator – has overcome linguistic simplification by looking at function).They could not explain validity/correctness of different translations. 1970s finetuning of equivalency Koller 1992.leaving equivalency.translatological text linguistics and pragmatism – descriptive translation studies considered text as a whole, author, translator. Profited from contemporanian speech act theory. “situation adequacy of the target text is more important than semantic, syntactic or formal equivalency”. Hönig/Kußmaul: “text bound communication between translator and identifiable target readers” (communication function). 4 pragmatic basic types: 1. target readers of source and target text are similar => target text must fit expectations of target readers (functional, target-reader-directed) 2. source text is directed to source readers => translation documentary-alienating 3. target directed texts (texts which should be interpreted) => interpreter/translator can use source text freely to achieve function in target text

descriptive translation studies (target text is most important). Interdisciplinary stratification model (Snell-Hornby 1988): situative translation – functional translatology: scopos theory (Reiß/Vermeer 1984/²1991) translation is complex, intercultural communicative act of translator (finally valued important), translation order defines if target text shall be functional adequate or inadequate.

References

Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona Muenster: LIT

Ei Mon Kyaw

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--EIMONKYAW (talk) 13:18, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw -Ei Mon Kyaw-EIMONKYAW (talk) 13:18, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

2 Asep Budiman: Appropriateness in Translation: A Critical Evaluation

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Student Name Asep Budiman, Student No. 202111080020

Abstract

The concept of appropriateness can be considered holding an important position in translation studies. However, it has been rather controversial one, causing many debates among translators as to its nature, definition, and interchangeability with equivalence. The aim of the present paper is to provide a critical evaluation of the appropriateness theories proposed by some influential experts in the field.

References

--Asep Budiman (talk) 15:16, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

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I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!

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3 Yi Yangfan: Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Ray's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music

Abstract

In today's diverse society, the aesthetic demand for foreign music is gradually growing. Among the various genres of music, English pop music is the most widely circulated. However, there is little research on the translation of lyrics in China, and the translation works are of varying quality, which is worthy of further discussion and research. Lana Del Ray is a popular American singer, widely known for her retro lyrical style and cinematic sound. This article uses appropriateness theory as a guide to study the translation of Lana Del Ray's lyrics in QQ Music, in the hope that it will have some reference value for the translation of lyrics.

Key Words

Appropriateness;English Songs;Lyric Translation

Introduction

Due to the rapid development of the Internet and multimedia, many English songs have been translated into various versions upon their release. However, due to a number of factors, the quality of the translations is generally not high. However, as people's aesthetic standards improving, the translation of lyrics is gradually being taken seriously. This is evident from the fact that Bob Dylan won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2016. Lyrics have their origins in poetry, and many lyricists still write words using imagery, rhetoric and rhyme to create poetry, so many translators unconsciously translate lyrics in the same way they translate poetry. But because the lyrics, when set to an arrangement, are more emotionally focused than poetry that focuses not only on form but also on emotion, the lyrics are sometimes even without a fixed form. This is why translators can experience emotional discontinuity in the translation process, i.e. some words in the translation are chosen more to fit the form than the emotion, and there is a disconnect between the emotions above and below. This paper examines the translation of the lyrics of Lana Del Ray's song in QQ Music as an example of a work that adequately conveys the singer's lyrical content but neglects the consistency of emotion, and attempts to address this phenomenon using appropriateness theory.

1.Xu Yuanchong's Translation Theory in Lyric Translation

1.1 Three beauties Theory

It is well known that Mr. Xu Yuanchong is an accomplished translator of poetry. He has been engaged in literary translation for more than 60 years, and his translations cover Chinese, English and French languages. In the second half of the 20th century, Mr Xu Yuanchong proposed the "Three Beauties Theory", based on Lu Xun's "A History of Chinese Literature", in which he said that "beauty of meaning touches the heart, beauty of sound the ear, and beauty of form the eye". "In other words, poetry should not only be faithful to the original text, but also "beautiful in meaning, beautiful in sound" and "beautiful in form". He said that the beauty of meaning should reproduce the beauty of the context of the original text, such as symbolic meaning, punning meaning, deeper meaning, meaning beyond words, etc.; the beauty of sound mainly refers to the rhyme, rhythm and double sound of the original text; and the beauty of form requires the translation to maintain the form of the original text as far as possible (e.g. length, counterpoint, etc.). The translation should not only convey the original meaning of the original text, but also the rhythm and charm of the original text. The "Three Beauties" theory plays an important role in guiding the translation of poetry. The three beauties are likeness of meaning, likeness of sound and likeness of form. The pursuit of likeness means conveying the content of the original text, without mistranslation, omission or over-translation. In Mr Xu's view, the translation of poetry must reflect rhyme and meter. "If the original poem uses rhyme but the translation does not, then the imagery, mood and atmosphere of the original poem cannot be transplanted in any way, because the content and form of the poem are inseparable". As for the beauty of form, this refers mainly to the 'length' and 'symmetry' of the poem. "It is best to achieve similarity of form, or at least 'general neatness'." Mr Xu also believes that the three beauties are not juxtaposed, but rather have a priority and order of importance. "Of the three beauties, beauty of meaning is the most important, beauty of sound is secondary, and beauty of form is even less important. We need to achieve all three beauties as much as possible while still conveying a beautiful meaning. If we cannot have all three, then we may not require similarity of form or sound in the first place; but we must convey the beauty of sound and form of the original text as far as possible.

4 Yin Meida

Abstract

We are living in a time when globalization is developing rapidly, where translation serves as indispensable medium for communication and cooperation between countries and regions. Various translation theories and techniques sprang up to meet the needs of exchanges of different kinds, and conflicts arose as to what type of translation theory and technique should be adopted. However, the boundaries between translation theories are not so clear and they are not mutually exclusive. In fact, we often adopt several translation theories and techniques in the same text because each could explain perfectly well some particular aspects of the text. But there are still problems with respect to the standards or criteria for the quality of translation, which might be addressed by the addition of appropriateness theory on the basis of other translation theories. This paper will take a deep look at Skopos theory proposed by K.Reiss and Hans.J.Vermeer in the translation of ……,so as to establish the theory of appropriateness as the guiding principle in the translation of……（to be continued）