20221231 LangCult 8

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202270081670 谢紫佳 Xie Zijia 英语笔译(English translation)

Chinese Mystery Novel

谢紫佳Xie Zijia,202270081670

Abstract

The term 'Zhiguai' refers to the account of strange and bizarre events, and generally refers to the Zhiguai novel, one of the classical Chinese novels, which mainly recounts stories and legends of ghosts and spirits. The 'ghost'is an object of legend and belief that has been perpetuated from ancient China, forming a unique Chinese ghost culture. It was a genre that took 'ghosts' as the subject of storytelling, created and flourished in the Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties, reflecting the spread of metaphysical culture and Buddhism and Taoism at the time.

Key words

Mystery novels; Ghost culture

题目

中国志怪小说

摘要

“志怪 ”一词指的是对怪异事件的记述，一般指志怪小说，是中国古典小说之一，主要记述鬼神的故事和传说。“鬼 ”是一种传说和信仰的对象，从中国古代一直延续至今，形成了独特的中国鬼文化。它是一种以'鬼'为故事主题的体裁，在魏晋南北朝时期创造并盛行，反映了当时玄学文化和佛教、道教的传播。

关键词

志怪小说；鬼文化

Overview

“Once the golden wind and jade dew meet, it is better than countless on earth.” In 1987, Leslie Cheung and Joey Wong, two magnificent actors, performed together in the movie "The Ghost of Sinn Ying", since then the female ghost Nie Xiaoqian became a synonym for beautiful female ghosts, the movie has also become an unsurpassed classic of this kind of film. The country seems to have always had a strong interest in these kinds of fox ghost stories, stories of foxes and ghosts, and myths and legends of foxes and fairies charming people, and dreams of the dead are spread everywhere, and stories such as "Liaozhai Zhiyi" and "Sojourner's Tale" have always been talked about, and "The Legend of the New White Lady" and "Painted Skin" and other film and television productions are endless. These kinds of stories are fascinating, it is different from "Journey to the West", "Feng Shen Yan Yi" based on the high mythological system, fox ghost stories, Zhiguai novels are more like a kind of mythological system close to the folk people. They also reflect the bottom people's fear of ghosts and gods, their desire for freedom and love, and their pursuit of justice and honesty, and are highly rebellious and educational.

The history of development of Chinese Mystery novel

As one of the forms of classical Chinese fiction, Zhiguai has existed from ancient times to the present, such as the well-known "Shan Hai Jing" during the Warring States period, and "Han Wu Nei Zhuan" and "Shen Yi Zhuan" during the two Han dynasties. However, it was during the Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties that it was really written and circulated on a large scale, which was directly related to the religious superstition and metaphysical culture of the society at that time, as well as the spread of Buddhism and Taoism.

Famous allusions in Chinese Mystery novel

The mention of this type of novel brings to mind the peak of classical short stories - "Liaozhai Zhiyi" and its author Pu Songling. The stories of Liaozhai are mainly divided into three categories: a kind of ghost and fox love story, in which the characters are unafraid of feudal rituals and advocate people to bravely pursue love; the second is to attack the devastation of the examination on the readers, and the author, Pu Songling, as a repeatedly famous failed reader, often complains about the examination in his book; the third category is to expose the brutality of the ruling class and the oppression of the people, which has social significance. In addition to the well-known fox-ghost love stories such as "Nie Xiaoqian", "Painted Skin" and "Yingning", there are also Taoist stories such as "Taoist Priest of Laoshan", zombie horror stories such as "Corpse Transformation", gods and ghosts stories such as "Kao Chenghuang", folk stories such as "Ventriloquism" and political satire stories such as "Promotion of Weaving", which are rich and colorful. However, not all of these wonderful stories are original to Pu Songling, and many of them have been passed down and evolved through the generations. For example, "Nie Xiaoqian" is a female ghost in Liaozhai, and Ning Caishen is a scholar, and the two met by chance in a broken temple; while the previous version of the story is the Yuan Dynasty Zheng Guangzu's miscellaneous drama "Qian Nv LiHun", the predecessor of "Qian Niu Leixiang" is the legendary novel "LiHun Ji" by Chen Xuan You in the Tang Dynasty. In this version there is no Nie Xiaoqian, only the heroine Qianniang, and there is no Ning Caishen, only the male protagonist Wang Zhou. Qianniang fell in love with Wang Zhou, but could not be together due to feudal rituals, so her soul left her body to live with Wang Zhou (and gave birth to 2 children), and her body was lying sick in her mother's house, and finally her soul and body were merged into one. Also worth mentioning is the Eastern Jin dynasty Gan Bao wrote the "Sou Shen Ji", in which most of the stories are short, simple plot, camera fantasy, extremely rich in romanticism. The main characters in this book are ghosts, demons and immortals, a mix of Buddhism and Taoism, and the stories are mostly about gods and spirits, and some of them are folk legends. Some of the famous stories include "Ganjiang Mo Ye", "Dong Yong and the Weaving Maid" and "Li Ji".

Conclusion

What we need to note when we read the Zhiguai novels is that the spiritual stories in the weird and spiritual novels are feudal superstitions, and their existence has its own special historical background and social reasons, we as the new generation should not be addicted to the demons, foxes and ghosts and seek immortality by reading such books. Then why do we still read the novels? In the process of reading, one can examine the backward ideology of the author's time and the reasons behind it. For example, in the story "Sou Shen JI", Li Ji kills a snake. Li Ji is a woman and there is an evil snake in her hometown and the place needs to sacrifice the girl for peace. However, Li Ji was brave enough to ask for the sacrifice and killed the snake, making her a heroine. This story is originally a tribute to women, but it also implies the idea of patriarchal thinking: Li Ji said: "My parents are not blessed, they have only six daughters, not a single son, and even if I have children, it seems that I have none, I do not have the merit and virtue to save my parents, so since I cannot provide for my parents, and spend my clothes and food in vain, there is no benefit in living, so I might as well die early. I might as well die. If I sell my body, I can get some money and use it to support my parents, isn't that good? Her parents loved her and never agreed to let her go. So Li sent herself away quietly, and her parents could not stop her after all. So in a story, there are both "progressive ideas" and "regressive ideas", we as readers should be able to distinguish between right and wrong in the process of reading, taking the best and removing the worst.

References

[1]黄景春.神仙传记类志怪小说之生成[J].山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2022,45(05):121-127.DOI:10.13451/j.cnki.shanxi.univ(phil.soc.).2022.05.013. [2]尹策.志怪小说与魏晋史学[J].铜仁学院学报,2022,24(04):18-24. [3]李星星. 魏晋南北朝志怪小说中的离魂故事研究[D].西北师范大学,2022.DOI:10.27410/d.cnki.gxbfu.2022.000113. [4]苏大壮.《搜神记》对《山海经》神仙故事的承继与发展[J].汉字文化,2022,No.308(10):49-50+54.DOI:10.14014/j.cnki.cn11-2597/g2.2022.10.052.

Questions

1.Which two actors were the main actors in The Ghost of Sinn Ying? A.Edison Chen and Celina Cheung B.Leslie Cheung and Joey Wong C.Nicholas Tse and Maggie Cheung D.Daniel Wu and Stephen Fung 2.Which dynasty did zhiguai really spread? A.Tang dynasty B.Han dynasty C.Song dynasty D.Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties 3.Which book is ‘Liji kills a snake’ from? A.Feng Shen Yan Yi B.Liao Zhai Zhi Yi C.Sou Shen Ji D.You Yang Za Zu

Answers

1.B;2.D;3.C

202270081671 熊丹 Xiong Dan 英语笔译(English translation)

Comparison of Chinese and western food culture under the background of “Chinese Culture Exporting

熊丹Xiong Dan,202270081671

Abstract

Chinese and Western food cultures are very different, their dining methods, objects, etiquette and eating concepts are also different. However, with the development trend of globalization, the communication of various nationalities is increasing, and the food culture begins to learn from and integrate with each other to a certain extent. Starting with the differences in the focus of Chinese and Western food cultures, this paper compares Chinese and Western food cultures under the background of cultural export.

Key Words

Food culture,differences

题目

基于中国文化输出背景下的中西方饮食文化对比

摘要

中西方饮食文化千差万别,其用餐方式、对象、礼仪与饮食观念也各不相同。但伴随着全球化的发展趋势,各民族交流日益增多,饮食文化开始出现一定程度的借鉴与融合。本文从中西方饮食文化中所关注的重点的差异等方面入手,基于文化背景输出下对中西方饮食文化进行了比较

关键词

饮食文化，区别

Introduction

Food culture is an important part of human civilization, which is influenced by different food cultures in China and the West. Chinese and Western countries have great differences in dietary concept, dietary content, cooking way and tableware use and so on. Under the current background of promoting cultural prosperity, this paper takes food culture as the entry point and analyzes the differences between Chinese and western food cultures, hoping to reduce some cultural conflicts in cross-cultural communication. This paper makes a comparative analysis of Chinese and Western food cultures from the perspective of intercultural communication to provide reference experience for promoting the prosperity and development of Chinese food culture and cross-cultural communication.

Manifestation of differences between Chinese and Western diets

1. Dietary Concept Influenced by different historical and cultural environments and geographical conditions, Chinese and western food cultures are different in many aspects. 1) The diet concept in our country is mainly extreme taste.Under the influence of this concept, people pay more attention to the eating experience, and the taste of food is an important source to give people good feelings. 2) Chinese food concept more attention to Yin and Yang harmony. In the diet to pay more attention to the food itself for the harmonization and health care of the viscera. 3) The food concept of our country is still mainly reflected in the principle. Food can not only maintain survival, but also give people taste enjoyment with rich and delicious taste. At the same time, it can make people feel healthy and positive cultural sentiment from food, and also reflect the pursuit of noble sentiments in cooking and tasting food. The western concept of diet is reflected in the following aspects: 1) The western concept of diet is reflected in the collocation of dietary nutrition. This combination is analyzed more from a professional nutritional perspective. Under this concept of diet, Westerners do not pay much attention to the appearance, flavor and taste of food itself, but to ensure the health and safety of human body by eating large pieces of meat and raw fresh vegetables. 2) In the western diet concept, although the ingredients of western food are very fine, the preparation methods are mostly simple, so it has high efficiency, which is well reflected in the fast food industry. 3) The western concept of diet is also mainly reflected in seasoning. In the process of making food, there are a variety of seasonings, such as milk and cheese and so on. 4) In western food culture, the collocation of food materials mainly depends on the shape and color, which is mainly based on the bright color, because this kind of food collocation can stimulate the appetite better. 2 Diet Content 1) Our diet is mainly composed of grains and other crops, while vegetables, fruits and meat are mostly eaten as complementary foods. And our country tends more to cooked food. 2) There is a great difference between the north and the south, which is mainly sweet in the south and salty in the north. 1) Western countries are mainly based on animal food, red meat is the staple food on the table, vegetables are complementary food. 2) Western food are mainly cold food 3 Diet style 1)In Chinese families, "reunion dinner" and "New Year's Eve dinner" are the outstanding manifestations of Chinese food culture. This is because China has always been a family culture, and the connection of blood relationship and family has always been a highly respected culture. 2)Chopsticks are the most commonly used tableware in our country and spoon is an auxiliary tableware. 1)In the Western,occidentals put into practice Individual Dining System, which is influenced by the individualism culture of the West. People respect individuality and each other's space. 2)Dining is generally AA - based, Western tableware is also based on knife and fork.

Reasons for the differences in food culture

1. The influence of geographical environment. The geographical environment provides the physical basis for people's diet. China has fertile soil and mild climate,which is suitable for the growth of crops. In the west, there is a temperate maritime climate, which is suitable for the development of animal husbandry, so meat and dairy products become the main body of western diet culture. 2. The influence of national character. Under the influence of Confucianism, China pursues harmonious beauty, which is reflected in the dietary emphasis on the harmony of the five flavors, drinking and eating together. Influenced by nomadic culture and maritime culture, the West is independent and aggressive, so the separation of knives and forks in the diet and meals are the embodiment of its national character 3. The influence of religious culture. The West is dominated by Christianity, and the "Blessed Virgin Mary" has influenced the respect for women in Western food culture. However, in China, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are in parallel. In its teachings, the diet mainly avoids raw food and neither affirms the status of women in society. The former has influenced a preference for cooked food and vegetarianism in the Chinese diet, while the latter has kept women away from the table for years.

Conclusion

By comparing the differences between Chinese and western food culture, the barriers of Chinese and Western food culture can be eliminated and reduced. At the same time, understand the root of differences, so as to achieve smooth communication in cross-cultural communication. More importantly, with the export of culture, Chinese food culture will also keep pace with The Times. Take food innovation as an example. KFC, as a world-famous fast food skin brand, introduced burger flavors more in line with Chinese people's habits, such as "Sichuan-flavored double chicken leg burger", when it was promoted in China. KFC also operates the main fried chicken products at the same time launched the century egg lean porridge, fried dough sticks and other very Chinese characteristics of the food. It is KFC's understanding of Chinese people's eating habits on the basis of a thorough understanding, so that the brand can achieve long-term development.

References

[1]孙远用.跨文化视域下的中外饮食文化对比研究；评《中西饮食文化比较》[J].食品安全质量检测学报，2021，12（20）；8299-8300 [2]李纪扬.跨文化交际背景下中西方饮食文化的对比[J] .北方文学，2019（32）：188-190 [3]林伟杰.中西方国家饮食文化与餐桌礼仪对比分析[J].大众文艺，2019（20）：261-262 [4]陈思妍.中西方饮食文化差异对比在大学英语教学中的应用研究[J].校园英语，2019（8）：19. [5]彭希艳.中西方思维方式差异对饮食文化的影响分析[J].食品安全导刊，2020（33）；57-58 [6]任闯.简析中西方饮食文化的差异[J].现代交际，2019（8）：72. [7]胡文仲，跨文化交际学概论[M]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999. [8]The Differences in Food Culture between China and Western Countries[J]. 廖紫锐.  校园英语. 2018(41) [9]Study on the Differences Between Chinese and Western Diet Culture[J]. 卢冬梅,邱凌锋.  校园英语. 2017(36)

Questions

1.what’s the differences between Chinese and Western diets? A.Dietary Concept B. Diet Content C.Diet style D.all of above. 2.what is the the western concept of diet?(多选） A.The western concept of diet is reflected in the collocation of dietary nutrition. B.the ingredients of western food are very fine, the preparation methods are mostly simple, so it has high efficiency C.The western concept of diet is also mainly reflected in seasoning. D.the collocation of food materials mainly depends on the shape and color 3.Does the infuence of geographical environment is the reason for the differences in food culture? A .Yes B.No C.Not clear 4.what’s the significance by comparing the differences between Chinese and western food culture ? A.the barriers of Chinese and Western food culture can be eliminated and reduced. B.understand the root of differences, so as to achieve smooth communication in cross-cultural communication C.Chinese food culture will also keep pace with The Times. D.all of above.

Answers

Correct answers are: . 1. D . 2.ABCD . 3.A . 5.D

202270081700 徐思禹 Xu Siyu 英语口译(English interpretation)

An Introduction of Errenzhuan in Northeast China

Xu Siyu 202270081700

Abstract

Errenzhuan is popular in the northeastern part of China, just as Yu Opera is in Henan province. It is fair to say that Er ren zhuan has exerted great influence on China, and that it is an important part of northeastern culture. This paper will give a brief introduction of it.

Key Words

Eerenzhuan, Folk culture

摘要

二人转在中国东北地区十分流行，就像豫剧在河南省也很流行一样。可以说二人转对中国整体而言有很大的影响，二人转是东北文化中的重要一部分。本文将简要介绍东北二人转。

关键词

二人转，民俗文化

Introduction

China boasts more than 360 kinds of Quyi, which have their unique characteristics on stage. Errenzhuan, “translated as song-and-dance duet”, is one of them. It has four forms of unique performances: singing, dancing, storytelling and performing. Performers completed their performances with the help of fans and silk handkerchiefs. Many household classics have emerged throughout time. This paper will introduce the development history of it and its performances briefly and then introduce some classics.

The history of Errenzhuan

Errenzhuan dates back to the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) and it has more than 300 years of history. (2011: Su Jingchun) It is also known as “Bengbeng”, “Xiaoyangge”, “Chungexi” and so on. (2011: Su Jingchun) It originated in Liaoning province, Jilin province and Heilongjiang province, which are the three provinces in the northeast of China. It’s said that Errenzhuan was originally a combination of Yangge dance and Lianhualuo. Yangge dance (rice field dance), used to celebrate harvest, is known for its loud music and strong rhythm. Errenzhuan this name was first seen in the Taidong Daily in 1934 and was officially recorded in 1953. In 1952, after the performance gala was held, the name received national recognition. (2014: Yu Haikuo) Today, Errenzhuan this name is still widely used. It maintains its popularity among senior citizens in the northeast of China. However, it fails to attract young generations. Many measures have been adopted to attract their interest and enable them to develop this unique art.

The six parts of Errenzhuan

Errenzhuan features six parts. The first part is Datong where a 10 to 15 minutes’ preclude is performed. After that, the clown and his partner come out to perform Sanchangwu part. Then comes the third part-Changshitou, which is designed to let audience quiet down. The fourth part is storytelling, introducing the background of the story to be performed. The fifth part is singing where performers sing some special folk songs to set the tone of the story. The last part is Changzhengwen, during which performers sing, dance and tell the story. (China.org.cn: full house for Errenzhuan)

The three categories of Errenzhuan

Errenzhuan falls into three categories. The most important kind is a duet by a clown and a performer who plays the role of a woman. It is a mix of singing, dancing and storytelling. The most well-known classics of this kind include The West Chamber and The Blue Bridge. Another kind is a solo where the performer sings and dances alone. Hong Yue’e Had a Dream is of this kind. The third kind is like an opera in that the performer plays the part of a woman or an old man. Lord Bao Gong makes an apology is of this kind. (ChinaCulture.org.cn: Errenzhuan)

The props of Errenzhuan

A performance without the help of waving fans or handkerchiefs would not be complete nor wonderful. Fans were originally made of paper, but in one performance paper fans were replaced by silk fans. And since then, performers have begun to use fans made of silk instead. Sometimes, performers use two fans, which is called dual-fan；Sometimes they use one fan and one handkerchief, which is called single-fan. Handkerchiefs were originally square and their color was consistent with that of performers’ clothes. However, they have been changed into two overlapped square ones, and as a result one handkerchief has eight angles. Each angle is hung with something shiny to add weight. (2017: Zheng Tianwen)

The classics of Errenzhuan

Blue Bridge, one of the classics, will be introduced in this paragraph. This is a story about Lan Ruilian and Wei Kuiyuan. Lan Ruilian was forced to marry a man that she never loved. One day, she happened to meet Wei Kuiyuan on the blue bridge. After a long talk, they felt for each other and they decided to go together. However, something went terribly wrong on the day on which they settled. Wei Kuiyuan was rushed away by an unexpected flood and moments later Lan Ruilian committed suicide. We can see a sense of awakening feminism in this story in that Lan Ruilian was so brave that she abandoned her past life to pursue love and that she dared to put an end to her life at the sight of her lover’s death. The desire for love and freedom can be seen.(2022: Zhou Jiayao) The West Chamber is another classic throughout time and is still popular across the northeast of China. It is adapted from the one written by Wang Shifu to entertain the residents living in the northeast of China. Its language is turned into something vulgar from something elegant. The Errenzhuan version of The West Chamber involves a lot of use of dialect and the jokes that common people enjoy. Another prominent change is that Cui Yingying ran after Zhang Sheng rather than the man running after the woman. It’s not the case in every other version except for the Errenzhuan version of The West Chamber. An independent and brave woman is depicted in the story. A strong sense of feminism is demonstrated. (2013: Zhang Chong)

Conclusion

In this paper, the brief history of Errenzhuan, its six parts, kinds as well as two of its classics have been briefly introduced. It vividly represents the folk culture in the northeastern part of China, and the unique characteristic of the people there-passionate and straightforward.

= = References = =

Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona Muenster: LIT

= = Terms and Expressions = =

Egg 鸡蛋 . Hen 鸡

= = Questions = =

1. What was first, egg or hen? (preferrable are multi choice questions) . A Egg. B Hen. C Eggs were already produced by animals before chicken occured. D This is a rhethorical question, there is no answer to it, I refuse to answer. . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ... .

= = Answers = =

Correct answers are: . 1. C . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ...

202270081672 颜琦 Yan Qi 英语笔译(English translation)

Eunuchs in Ancient China

颜琦Yan Qi, 202270081672

Abstract

Eunuchs have long functioned as an integral part of Chinese imperial feudal system since they were created. In Chinese history, the castrated or emasculated imperial court servants dealt with the court affairs for the emperors but some of them took part in politics and economic activities and even owned military rights. This paper will discuss the characteristics of eunuchs and important historical events on them during different historical periods, so that readers can understand the political power of eunuchs to the feudal dynasties in ancient China.

Key Words

Eunuchs, Chinese Feudal System, Political Influence

题目

中国古代的太监

摘要

太监自产生至灭亡，几乎始终与中国的封建制度紧密联系在一起，对中国古代的政治经济活动产生了深远的影响。经过漫长的历史演变时期，太监的地位也发生了一定程度的变化。本文将沿太监的产生、发展、高潮、衰弱至灭亡的历史时期，展示其基本特征和历史重要事件，从而使读者了解中国古代的太监和太监这个群体对中国封建王朝起到的政治力量。

关键词

太监，中国封建制度，政治影响

Introduction

A Eunuch is a castrated or emasculated man who brought to serve the royal household in the inner chamber of the palace. Eunuchs were generally the only men other than the emperor who were allowed to enter the inner courtyards where the imperial family and concubines lived. Other men, including officials, military guards and even male relatives of the emperor, were not only not allowed to enter the inner sanctums but were often required to leave the palace grounds at night. Eunuchs acted as fetchers and carriers, bodyguards, nurses, and essentially performed the roles of valets, butlers, maids, and cooks combined. Despite their privileged position, the general public's view of eunuchs was extremely negative as they were regarded as the lowest class of all servants. Mencius had recorded that there are three ways of being unfilial and the most serious is to have no heir. Since eunuchs were unable to have children, they had always been considered a “third sex” or “feminized men” in ancient China.

Political Power of Eunuchs in History

1. Rising period

Chinese early eunuchs appeared in the slave society. In order to meet the need of maintaining the purity of the blood relationship of the supreme ruler's family, a small number of eunuchs have been used at that time. Generally, they only have the status of slaves in their families, with low status, limited duties, and less ability to interfere in political affairs.

With the establishment of the feudal autocratic monarchy system, the eunuch system quickly matured accordingly during Qin and Han dynasties. Especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the number of eunuchs increased greatly, and a relatively systematic and complete system on the establishment and selection of eunuchs' institutions. The phenomenon of eunuchs interfering in state affairs and even manipulating the handle of the state happens in large numbers. The harm caused by eunuchs' authoritarian power to feudal politics also began to appear. During this period, the difference between internal and external officials appeared and eunuchs became increasingly important in royal life.

2. Unstable period

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in the internal struggle of the ruling clique, the eunuchs were once dealt a devastating blow. During the Three Kingdoms, Jin dynasties and Southern and Northern dynasties, it was difficult for the eunuch to be unified, nor for the eunuch power to expand. The southern regimes, with the Han landlord class as the main body, completely inherited the traditional eunuch system, but the scale of eunuch institutions and eunuchs was obviously not comparable to that of the Eastern Han Dynasty in the unified period. Under the situation that the political, economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups were greatly developed at that time, the northern political powers with the minority nobles as the main body were widely influenced by the traditional culture of the Central Plains, thus accepting and implementing the eunuch system in their respective political powers. Among them, the eunuch system implemented by the Northern Wei Dynasty was particularly complete, and the eunuch power was rampant for a time in the Northern Wei Dynasty. After the establishment of the powerful and unified empire of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the development of the eunuch system took a similar old road to that of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The eunuchs' system became more complete, and the eunuchs' power expanded rapidly. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the situation of eunuchs' autocratic power became increasingly fierce. Between the bureaucratic group in the outer court and the eunuch group in the inner court. The dispute between Nanya and Beisi has lasted for decades. Eunuch dictatorship greatly deepened the political crisis in the late Tang Dynasty. The eunuch system of the Song Dynasty followed the previous dynasty. Eunuchs took part in various military activities at that time in Song Dynasty, and the phenomenon of upper eunuchs meddling in politics also occurred from time to time. In the process of accepting the extensive influence of feudal civilization in the Central Plains, the regimes established by the nobles of Liao, Jin, Yuan and other ethnic minorities also established their own eunuch systems.

3. Booming Period

After the Ming Dynasty was founded, the feudal autocratic rule was further strengthened, and the eunuch system entered its heyday in its own development history. In the Ming Dynasty, the eunuchs' organization was huge, the number was numerous, the scope of power was extensive, and the status and power were prominent, all of which reached an unprecedented level. The eunuchs of the Ming Dynasty always played an important role in the political struggle within the ruling class. The eunuch's power in Ming Dynasty was extremely expanded, and he was fully involved in the political, military, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields of the feudal state power. As the representative of the decadent forces at that time, the eunuchs' group acted arbitrarily, which seriously intensified social contradictions and accelerated the process of corruption and decline in the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, the scope and number of eunuchs' posts were strictly limited, and a set of specific and detailed laws and regulations on eunuchs' management were formulated. The above measures have achieved obvious results, effectively curbing the expansion of eunuchs. However, in the late Qing Dynasty, the situation of the Empress Dowager Cixi hanging down the curtain to listen to politics provided a new opportunity for eunuchs to do politics. Under the wing of the ruling mother's egg, the upper eunuchs bossed around at the end of the Qing Dynasty. The situation of eunuchs' interference in government affairs is likely to make a comeback. At this time, great changes have taken place in the social development of China, the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle of the people of China has developed in depth, the situation of bourgeois democratic revolution has been constantly rising, and the rule of the Qing Dynasty, together with the feudal autocratic monarchy, has fallen apart. With the Revolution of 1911 overthrowing the feudal monarchy, the eunuch system in China also ended. Although there are still some eunuchs left in the Forbidden City, where the deposed emperor of the Qing Dynasty temporarily lived, it is no longer a formal national political system.

Famous Eunuchs

During the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) eunuchs were often made military commanders. One such figure was Tong Guan (1054-1126 CE) who was Emperor Huizong's most important general. He won famous victories in the north-west border regions in his youth, quashed the Fang La rebellion in Zhejiang province and continued to loyally serve his emperor into his seventies. Guan was also honoured with an official biography where it is recorded he was a painter of some talent. The biography, which appears in the Song History, displays the typical disdain and prejudice that eunuchs suffered even if they were such talented individuals as Guan. Another famous eunuch was Zheng He (1371-1433 CE) who made seven voyages to the Indian Ocean for Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE). One of He's fleets was composed of 317 ships, including 62 'treasure ships' full of gifts for foreign rulers and over 30,000 men. On his various travels, He followed Arab trading routes and stopped off at such far-flung places as Vietnam, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, and East Africa. He then returned to China and wowed the court with his exotic captures such as giraffes, lions, and fabulous gems.

Conclusion

Eunuchs were powerful political players in ancient Chinese government. Originating as trusted slaves in the royal household they were ambitious to use their favoured position to gain political power. Advising the emperor from within the palace and blocking the access of officials to their ruler, the eunuchs were eventually able to acquire noble titles themselves, form a bureaucracy to rival the state's and even select and remove emperors of their choosing. Their influence on government would result in the falling of dynasties and last right up to the 17th century.

References

[1]Cartwright, Mark. "Eunuchs in Ancient China." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified July 27, 2017. [2]Melissa Dale. Understanding Emasculation: Western Medical Perspectives on Chinese Eunuchs. Social History of Medicine, Feb 2010. [3]Jennifer Jay. Another Side of Chinese Eunuch History: Castration, Marriage, Adoption, and Burial. Canadian Journal of History, XXVIII 1993. [4]Anderson Mary. Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1990 [5]余华青 . 中国宦官制度史 . 上海：上海人民出版社， 1993 ：30. [6]来可泓."我国宦官制度考略." 上海大学学报(社会科学版) .05(1990):105-111. [7]黄帅."龙脉之殇——论古代中国之阉宦与政制." 探索与争鸣 .05(2016):129-132. [8]冷东."二十世纪九十年代中国宦官研究综述." 史学月刊 .03(2000):123-132.

Questions

1. . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ... .

Answers

Correct answers are: . 1. C . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ...

202270081673 杨思吟 Yang Siyin 英语笔译(English translation)

==Topic==TCM serve as a treatment for Long COVID

Yang Siyin, 202270081673.

Abstract

Traditional Chinese medicine has been passed down for more than one thousand years and has its own complete theoretical system and mature prescriptions. Due to its characteristics of multicomponent, multitarget and multipathway treatment, it can be used in combating COVID. Nowadays, as living with COVID has become the norm for people around the world, TCM can still be a treatment for Long COVID.

Key Words

TCM; Long COVID; Lianhua Qingwen; Omicron

题目

中医可作为长期疫情中的一种治疗方式

摘要

中医有一千多年的历史，有自己完整的理论体系和成熟的药方。由于其多成分、多靶点、多途径治疗的特点，可用于抗击新冠肺炎。如今由于新冠病毒已渗透到世界各地人们的日常生活中，中医仍然可以作为治疗长冠病毒的一种方法。

关键词

中医；长期疫情；连花清瘟；奥密克戎

Introduction

Since the outbreak of COVID in 2019, the whole world has lived with it for 3 years. With the continuous evolvement of the virus, medical workers and professors strove to search for effective approaches and treatment. However, It is uncertain that how long we will live with COVID. Nowadays, China has launched new policies to combat COVID. In the consideration of residents’ livelihood and economic recovery, there will be no quarantine periods, periodic nucleic acid testing, QR code and so on in China. It seems that everything will restore in normalcy early in the future. However, the virus is still there and it evolves with the passing of time. Hence, individuals should be more vigilant and careful during the Long COVID period, as the possibility to get infected will mount. Nowadays, Omicron strain has replaced Delta virus, becoming the main epidemic strain. The Omicron variant spreads much faster and causes less severe disease than the original virus, Beta, Delta variants, etc. Compared with Delta virus, Omicron strain has the characteristics of stronger infectivity and faster transmission, but patients infected by this strain may have little possibility to suffer severe and critical types. Effectively, if infected, there is no need to worry about your health as the effects of this variant are less severe and critical and TCM can be an option of treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used in the treatment of infectious diseases in China for thousands of years, including SARS, influenza, and community-acquired pneumonia. Now, it has widely been used in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. COVID-19 is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). At present, no specific antiviral drug exists for the treatment of COVID-19. But TCM has been proved to be one effective method to combat COVID.

The advantages of TCM

The multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway treatment characteristics of TCM have great advantages in combatting COVID-19. [Chang-Liang Yao,Wen-Long Wei,Jian-Qing Zhang,Qi-Rui Bi,Jia-Yuan Li,Ikhlas Khan,Rudolf Bauer,De-An Guo, 2022, 14] First of all, Traditional Chinese medicine can promote the interaction of various drugs to maximize the therapeutic effect and minimize the toxic and side effects at the same time. For instance, the addition of TCM, such as Lianhua Qingwen and Chinese herbal compounds, may improve the clinical efficacy of COVID-19 treatment and decrease the risk of unfavorable clinical events. Secondly, TCM has the advantage of flexibility, and the rich components in TCM formulas exert different synergistic effects for different variants. Nowadays, the virus changed over time and will proceed to change as it circulated. Due to the characteristics of the symptomatic treatment in TCM, they are still effective against the current variants. Thirdly, TCM are affordable, safe and effective. Normally, every pharmacies in China will contain these medicines. Hence, residents can buy these medicines in advance, preparing for the future challenge.

TCM for the prevention of Long COVID

TCM for the prevention of epidemic diseases includes both specific and non-specific procedures. In terms of specific prevention, TCM is used for prevention and control, isolation and avoidance of evil, disinfection and insecticide. Non-specific prevention refers to the enhancement of the immunity of humans to prevent infection. By improving the self-healing capacity to expel external evil from the body, performing daily exercise and keeping emotions calm are non-specific measures. The main principles of Chinese medicine use are to tonify qi to protect humans from external pathogens, disperse wind and discharge heat, and resolve dampness.

TCM for the treatment of Long COVID

According to researches, TCM can produce a reduced rate of progression to severe COVID-19 and it can shorten duration of fever, cough, and fatigue, help patients with inflammatory relieve their symptoms and help shorten the time between receiving treatment and inflammation absorption. During the evolution of COVID, TCM is mainly used to cure patients' clinical symptoms, block the spread of the disease and prevent patients from getting worse. Patients with mild and moderate COVID-19 infections may experience symptoms, such as cough, fever, diarrhea, headache, sore throat, muscle pain, joint pain, fatigue, and loss of smell and taste. Researches show that TCM, such as Lianhua Qingwen, can significantly reduce the rate of clinical COVID-19 cases worsening to the classifications of severe or critical cases. [Jianping Liu,Fei Dong,Nicola Robinson, 2022, 3] According to researches, Lianhua Qingke tablets may treat COVID-19 by relieving respiratory symptoms, such as coughing. For mild and moderate COVID-19 cases, Tanreqing could significantly shorten the duration of negative conversion. With different symptoms, patients can choose different traditional Chinese medicines. For instance, JinYinHua KouFuYe can be used to relieve cough; Huoxiang Zhengqi Water is often used for colds, headache, chest tightness, abdominal pain, vomiting. Lianhua Qingwen is mainly used to treat fever, muscle soreness, nasal congestion, cough, headache and other symptoms. Moreover, in clinical treatment, the combination of TCM and other drugs can improve efficiency and fever, with good clinical safety. Normally, three medications (Lianhua Qingwen capsules, Jinhua Qinggan granules, and Xuebijing injection) and three prescriptions (Lung Clearing and Detoxifying decoction, Huashi Baidu Fang, and Xuanfei Baidu Fang) have been selected as the recommended Chinese medicines for the treatment of COVID-19.[Han-ting Wu,Cong-hua Ji,Rong-chen Dai,Pei-jie Hei,Juan Liang,Xia-qiu Wu,Qiu-shuang Li,Jun-chao Yang,Wei Mao,Qing Guo,2022,416.] These three medications are all herbal drugs approved for sale, and all three play an important role in the treatment of COVID-19 and have significant clinical effects in patients with COVID-19.

Conclusion

TCM has always been used in the combat of COVID, and it will continue to serve as a treatment for the Long COVID. Due to its rich components and to the characteristics of the symptomatic treatment, it is still effective for evolved variants. Moreover, residents can use TCM for the prevention and treatment of COVID with less side effects and better safety. It can be used to relieve symptoms in a safe and effective way. In the future, the combination of TCM and western medicine can play a crucial role in combating Long COVID, especially for patients with severe symptoms.

References

[1]天人合一的智慧——中医发展史概述[J].东方养生,1996(06):4-8. [2]吴舒灵,朱宇,郑丹丹,杨乐和,赵承光,赵海洋.中医药在新型冠状病毒肺炎治疗中的研究进展[J].药学研究,2022,41(09):588-594.DOI:10.13506/j.cnki.jpr.2022.09.006. [3]Chang-Liang Yao,Wen-Long Wei,Jian-Qing Zhang,Qi-Rui Bi,Jia-Yuan Li,Ikhlas Khan,Rudolf Bauer,De-An Guo.Traditional Chinese Medicines Against COVID-19: A Global Overview[J].World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2022,8(03):279-313. [4]Jianping Liu,Fei Dong,Nicola Robinson.State-of-the-art evidence of traditional Chinese medicine for treating coronavirus disease 2019[J].Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences,2022,9(01):2-6. [5].Han-ting Wu,Cong-hua Ji,Rong-chen Dai,Pei-jie Hei,Juan Liang,Xia-qiu Wu,Qiu-shuang Li,Jun-chao Yang,Wei Mao,Qing Guo.Traditional Chinese medicine treatment for COVID-19: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses[J].Journal of Integrative Medicine,2022,20(05):416-426.

Terms and Expressions

Omicron strain 奥密克戎（冠状病毒变种） JinYinHua KouFuYe 金银花口服液 Lianhua Qingwen 连花清瘟 Huoxiang Zhengqi Water 藿香正气水 Lung Clearing and Detoxifying decoction 清肺解毒汤 Jinhua Qinggan granules 金花清肝颗粒 and Xuebijing injection血必净注射液 synergistic effects 协同效应

Questions

1.What treatment characteristics of TCM make it effective to combat COVID-19? A.multicomponent B.multitarget, C.multipathway D. All of A,B,C 2.What in TCM formulas exert different synergistic effects for different variants? A.The rich components B. the advantage of flexibility C.the symptomatic treatment in TCM 3.What can Linghua QingWen treat? A.fever, muscle soreness B.nasal congestion C.cough and headache 4.What can JinYinHua KouFuYe treat? A. to relieve cough. B.abdominal pain C.vomiting

Answers

Correct answers are: . 1. D . 2. A . 3. ABC . 4. A

202270081674 杨晰微 Yang Xiwei 英语笔译(English translation)

Foshan Paper-cutting Culture

杨晰微 Yang Xiwei, 202270081674

Abstract

With a long history of over one thousand years in China, Paper-cutting art has formed different local styles throughout the country. Foshan paper-cutting, reputed for its unique regional styles and distinctive cultural features, was listed as one of the intangible cultural heritages of China in 2006. This paper focuses on introducing the origin, development, categories and themes of Foshan paper-cut, and further exploring its current situation.

Key Words

Foshan paper-cut art, Cultural heritage, Features

题目

佛山剪纸文化

摘要

剪纸艺术在中国有一千多年的悠久历史，在全国各地形成了不同的地方风格。佛山剪纸以其独特的地域风格和鲜明的文化特色而闻名，于2006年被列为中国非物质文化遗产之一。本文着重介绍了佛山剪纸的起源、发展、种类和题材，并进一步探讨了佛山剪纸的现状。

关键词

佛山剪纸艺术，文化遗产，特色

Introduction

Located in Guangdong province, Foshan is a main birthplace of Lingnan culture, which is featured with ingenuity, diversity, openness and so on. Foshan paper-cutting is deep rooted in broad and profound Lingnan culture. Consequently, it possesses strong Lingnan cultural features. Then it becomes one of major schools of Chinese paper cutting. Foshan paper-cut is different from that in northern China which is resolute, bold and magnificent, and reflects the unique dexterity, elegance and fresh and beautiful features of that in southern China.(Yang Mingxia 2015, 82)

Origin and Development

Paper-cutting in Foshan originated during the Song Dynasty and flourished during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with a history of more than 800 years. Since the Ming Dynasty, Foshan paper-cutting has been produced in large quantities by specialized industries, and the products were sold across the country and even exported to South Asian countries. (Liang Genxiang 2001, 16) After the heyday of traditional paper-cutting in the Ming and Qing dynasties, Foshan's commerce and handicrafts were hit hard by the invasion of foreign capitalism after the Opium War. Foshan traditional paper-cutting has begun to decline during the period of the Republic of China, is moribund during the anti-Japanese war period. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Foshan paper-cutting was given a new lease of life. On May 4, 1956, the Foshan Qiuse Craft Society was established, and in September of the same year, it was renamed the Foshan Folk Art Research Society, with a paper-cutting workshop, and became the main base for the creation, research and sale of modern Foshan paper-cutting. Since the reform and opening up, the Foshan Folk Art Research Society has invested a total of more than 2 million yuan to protect, transform and innovate the traditional craft of Foshan paper-cutting.(Liang Daguang 2009, 221)

Categories

There are two categories: one is cut with scissors and the other is carved with an engraving knife. The later is a characteristic in Foshan, and is also the main industry of Foshan paper-cutting. This type of paper cuttings can be carved into 20-30 sheets at a time, which is suitable for mass production. This category of paper cuttings can be divided as followings.

A.Single-color Paper-cuts

This type of paper cutting contains one color and red is the most often used. It is the basis for all other types of paper cutting.

B.Lining Paper-cuts

According to the different materials uesd, it can be divided into paper lining material, copper lining material, silver lining material, etc. Among them, copper lining paper cuttings is unique to Foshan. This technique is to use copper foil to cut the pattern of main body and then add different colored pieces of paper onto it as the back.

C.Color Paper-cuts

Different materials can be used like paper, silver or copper. Among them, copper material is the most special. It is a combination of painting and paper-cutting art form. Firstly, use a knife to carve out the outline of the picture on the copper foil sticked onto a paper later. Then, mix watercolor with glue to paint lines.

D.Copper Chisel Paper-cuts

This is one of the most characteristic varieties of Foshan paper-cutting, which is not engraved with a knife, but with a small copper chisel on copper foil, similar to a ball pen, with a wooden mallet to knock out small round beads in line with the image. (Su Liman, Liang Danni 2010, 160)

Themes

The themes of Foshan paper-cuts are mostly loved by the masses. According to different themes, Foshan paper-cut can be divided into three categories.

The first one is the auspicious and festive category, which usually expresses good wishes and implications with the help of flowers, birds, insects, fish and other auspicious things, which are often matched with other elements. (Wang Juan 2008, 131)

The second is the folk custom activities which have strong ethnic customs and local characteristics under the long-term influence of Lingnan culture. Such as lion dances, dragon dance, weddings and temple fairs. These folk custom activities with Foshan characteristics are the indispensable paper-cut themes.

The third is folk stories from the past, mythology and literature, which reflect people's spirits, virtues and cultural concepts. For example, one of Foshan's representive paper cutting works of Qing Dynasty, "Ms Chan's boat chase", is the love story between nun Chan Miaochang and scholar Pan Bizheng who broke through the fedual ethical code and finally got married in the story of Jade Hairpin written by Gao Lian of Ming Dynasty.(Yu Xiangyi et al. 2020, 51)

Current Situation

Modern Foshan paper-cut has formed new characteristics. For example, the production division of labor has been specialized. The function of paper-cutting has changed from folkloric practical to artistic appreciation. The form of paper-cutting has been derived from small window flowers to large murals. Based on above, Foshan paper-cutting as a cultural resource has been transformed into a cultural product, realizing the interaction between skill transmission and production and marketing. (Zou Jinlin 2014, 36)

However, it also faces problems such as the loss of inheritors, the extinction of related industries such as raw materials, market instability and tax pressure, which need to be solved by all parties. For instance, schools in Foshan could launch handicraft courses to help students get closer to this charming art andlearn the culture behind it.(Huang Huanchen 2019, 136)

Conclusion

For hundreds of years, Foshan paper-cuts not only represents the people's pursuit for a better life but also influences every part of human lives. This paper aims to promote the protection and dissemination of Foshan paper-cutting culture.

References

Huang Huanchen黄浣尘.(2019).佛山剪纸文化发展研究初探[Research on the Development of Foshan Paper-cutting Culture].艺术教育Art Education (05) 135-136. Liang Daguang梁达光.(2009).佛山剪纸.[Foshan paper-cutting].大众文艺(理论)Popular Literature and Art (Theory) (20) 221. Liang Genxiang 梁根祥.(2001).佛山剪纸[Foshan Paper-cuttings].Guangzhou:Lingnan Art Publishing House广州:岭南美术出版社. Su Liman, Liang Danni苏里曼,梁丹妮.(2010).佛山剪纸造型艺术的探讨[Discussion on Foshan Paper-cut Plastic Art].包装工程Packaging Engineering (24) 160-162+166. Wang Juan王娟.(2008).论佛山剪纸艺术特色[On the Characteristics of Foshan Paper-cut Art].装饰Decoration (08) 130-132. Yan Mingxia颜明霞.(2015).广东佛山剪纸的岭南文化特色[The Lingnan Cultural Features of Poaper-cutting in Foshan, Guangdong Province].延边党校学报Journal of Yanbian Party School (05) 82-85. Yu Xiangyi, Yi Xin, Hu Fangyuan, et al.余香怡，易欣，胡芳园，等.(2020).非物质文化遗产的活化与传承——以佛山剪纸在家具设计中的应用为例[The Activation and Inheritance of Intangible Cultural Heritage -- Taking the Application of Foshan Paper-cut in Furniture Design as an Example].家具Furniture (01) 50-53. Zou Jinlin邹瑾琳.(2014).佛山剪纸艺术的传承与发展探究[The Inheritance and Development of Foshan Paper-cut Art].美术教育研究Art Education Research (11) 34-37.

Terms and Expressions

Lingnan culture 岭南文化 Foshan Qiuse Craft Society 佛山秋色工艺社 Foshan Folk Art Research Society佛山市民间艺术研究会 single-color paper-cuts 纯色剪纸 lining paper-cuts 衬料剪纸 color Paper-cuts 写色剪纸 copper chisel paper-cuts 铜凿剪纸 copper foil 铜箔 Ms Chan's boat chase 陈姑追舟 Jade Hairpin 《玉簪记》 window flowers 窗花 large mural 大型壁画

Questions

1.When was Foshan paper-cutting listed as one of the outstanding intangible cultural heritages of China？ A.In 2005. B.In 2006. C.In 2007. D.In 2008.

2.When did the Foshan paper-cutting flourish? A.Tang Dynasty. B.Song Dynasty. C.The Ming and Qing Dynasties. D.The Southern and Northern Dynasties.

3.What is one of the most characteristic varieties of Foshan paper-cutting? A.Single-color paper-cuts. B.Lining paper-cuts. C.Color paper-cuts. D.Copper chisel paper-cuts.

4.What are the themes of Foshan paper-cutting? A.The auspicious and festive category. B.The folk custom activities C.Folk stories. D.Above all.

Answers

Correct answers are： 1.B 2.C 3.D 4.D

202270081712 余海铭 Yu Haiming 朝鲜语笔译(Korean translation)

Chinese minority costume culture

余海铭 Yu Haiming,202270081712

Abstract

The costumes of China's ethnic minorities are the national costumes worn by each of China's ethnic minorities in their daily lives and on festive and ceremonial occasions. Due to geography, climate, customs, economy and culture, the 55 ethnic minorities in China have formed different styles of costumes. Chinese minority costume culture is a treasure trove of colorful art with a long history.

Key words

Minority; costume culture

题目

中国少数民族服饰文化

摘要

中国少数民族服装是中国各少数民族日常生活以及节庆礼仪场合穿用的民族服装。由于地理环境、气候、风俗习惯、经济、文化等原因，中国55个少数民族的形成了不同风格的服饰。中华少数民族的服饰文化是一个具有悠久历史、绚丽多彩的艺术宝库。

关键词

少数民族；传统服饰

introduction

Costume is an indispensable thing in our life, and the culture of national costume is the crystallization of Chinese national wisdom, and the costumes of various nationalities all reflect the unique perception and outstanding creativity. （Yifan Jia,2022）Here, let's take a look at the characteristic costumes of each ethnic group.

Miao

Miao men wear short clothes with large lapels, which open to the right and are mostly blue or black in color. Miao women's headscarf mainly has two kinds: one is black cloth spiked cap, with a pad under the cap, and the pad is embroidered with exquisite flower patterns. The production of chic, dark blue embroidered with lace spiked turban set in the outer edge, after the cap hanging down a red band long and leg. Miao women seldom wear earrings, but only when they are dressed up, and they rarely wear hand and foot ornaments, and they do not have the habit of wearing neck rings.

Bai

pants underneath. In the western mountains of Yunnan's Ergun County, every adult Bai man wears a small and delicate embroidered purse. Women's clothing varies from place to place, but in the Dali region, they mostly wear white tops, red shoulders, or light blue tops, black velvet collar coats, embroidered short waists, wide blue pants, and embroidered "Baijie shoes".（Du Minghui Chen Huihui,2020）

Wa

Wa worship red and black, and most of their clothing is made of black and decorated with red, which basically retains the ancient characteristics of the mountainous region. Wa women have distinctive decorations, preferring to wear large ears, wide bracelets and thin vine rings, signifying the rugged and bold character of Wa people. Relatively speaking, there is nothing special about men's clothing except for the black bag on the head. But like tattoos, most of which in the chest stabbing bull head, wrist stabbing birds, legs stabbing mountain and forest patterns. Out, often carrying a flowered cloth bag, wearing a long knife or musket, giving people a sense of majestic and powerful.

Qiang

Ancient Qiang people use sheep as a totem and have the custom of worshipping sheep. Sheep are the wealth and the essential trading and material economic sources in the lives of the Qiang people. Sinologists have verified that the word “羌” is actually a variant of the word “羊”. The Qiang ethnic and the sheep have a close relationship. Because the sheep are gentle, easy to be tamed, and the fur is the best clothing to resist the cold, so it has a lot of use value. Therefore, the Qiang people can not only obtain the necessities of life from the sheep but also use the sheep as a tribute to the ritual sacrifices, because the people of the Qiang ethnic believe that the sheep have a soul and can shelter and protect the safety of their tribal members. As a result, sheep worship and sheep totems have been created.（Chunlei Song, Bing Zhao，2018，225-226）

Manchu

Manchu costumes are characterized by men wearing robes with horseshoe sleeves, waist band, or wear a long robe over a lapel coat, women wear a long and foot surface of the flag dress, or over the shoulder, etc.. Whether men's or women's wear are particularly loose, the upper body is basically in line with the body contour of the cut, the sleeves are mostly "tight sleeves", but the hem or skirt has a unique design element "two sides open". the 1930s, Manchu men and women are wearing straight-style wide lapels and large-sleeved robes. Women's cheongsam hem to the calf, with embroidered floral decorations. Male cheongsam hem and ankle, no ornaments. 40s, by the impact of new trends in domestic and foreign clothing, Manchu male cheongsam has been abandoned, female cheongsam from wide sleeves to narrow sleeves, straight to tight waist, slightly larger hips, hem recovery, long and ankle. Manchu dress is mainly designed to protect the cold and easy to ride and hunt. (Leng Xuehua, 2011)

Uyghur

Uyghur costumes are more fancy, very beautiful and rich in characteristics. Uyghur men pay attention to black and white effect, so that rough and spirited. Uyghur women like to use contrasting colors to make the red brighter and the green more emerald. Uyghurs are a flower-loving nation, people wear embroidered hats, embroidered clothes, embroidered shoes, embroidered scarves and embroidered bags, and their clothes and dress are all closely related to flowers.

Conclusion

In recent years, although the economic level of minority areas has been improved, due to the remote location and fewer inheritors, minority costume culture has begun to "lose" the crisis, if not given attention, will lead to the decline of ethnic costume culture, or even disappear. As a carrier of national history and culture, ethnic costume culture carries profound cultural value and significance, and has an important role in promoting the development of today's society.( Li Wenjing,2021)

References

[1]浅谈白族服饰的文化符号, 杜明慧，陈慧慧, 2020 [2]Study on Qiang’s Costume Culture-A Case Study of the Qiang’s Costumes in Li County, Chunlei Song, Bing Zhao,2018, DOI:10.4236/jss.2018.66020，页码：225-234 [3]A Pragmatic Equivalence Approach to Chinese Minorities Costume Translation，Yifan Jia，2022, DOI: 10.25236/IJFS.2022.041117 [4]浅谈中国少数民族满族服饰文化特点，冷雪花，2011 [5]中国少数民族服饰文化的当代价值及影响研究，Li Wenjing,2021

Terms and Expressions

Manchu 满族 Uyghur 维吾尔族

Questions

1.Which ethnic group is honored with white color? A.Bai B. Uyghur C.Miao 2. In the 1930s, Manchu men and women wore straight style robes with wide lapels and large sleeves. A.Ture B.False 3. Which ethnic group has the sheep as its totem？ A. Uyghur B. Qiang C.Miao

Answers

1.A;2.A;3.B

202270081675 张海珊 Zhang Haishan 英语笔译(English translation)

Warfare in Ancient China

Zhang Haishan张海珊202270081675

Abstract

China's long history witnessed its own practices and innovations in warfare as rulers perpetually fought to dominate this vast nation and protect its borders from invading neighbors. Since the Warring States, China had produced perhaps the largest and most advanced technology and manual on warfare in the ancient world. This short paper will focus on some major weapons, equipment, and vehicles used specifically for the purpose of warfare in ancient China.

Key Words

Warfare, Chariot, Cavalry, Crossbow, Sword

题目

古代中国战争

摘要

中国古代统治者为了占领疆土，保卫边疆不受邻国的侵犯，不断在战争中进行着实践和创新。 自战国以来，中国生产了古代世界数量最多、最先进的战争技术和指导手册。本文将重点介绍中国古代战争中主要使用的武器、装备及车辆。

关键词

战争，战车，骑兵，弩，剑

Chariot

Relative records in ancient documents, many archaeological findings in recent years, as well as materials inscribed on tortoise shell and on bronze all provide sources for the research of chariot in Central Plains Area in the late of Shang Dynasty. It was utilized successfully in many wars of the time as a status symbol, a shock weapon, to chase the enemy, or as a vehicle for archers and commanders. However, with lighter and more convenient infantry were invented and especially following the introduction of cavalry, its limitations were exposed with the consequence that the chariot became relegated to a peripheral role in warfare from the 3rd century BCE(Qin Dynasty). Chariots were typically two-wheeled, with either two or four horses. The main carriage body was around a meter long and 0.75 meters wide, with an opening at the rear to provide egress for troops. There was a 3 meters long draught-pole, with a draw-pole attached at right angles to which the horses were attached. Wheels were wooden with a diameter of around about 1 to 1.5 meters, attached to a 3 meters long wooden axle, secured at either end with a bronze hubcap.

Cavalry

Cavalry units were used as a shock weapon, just as their predecessor the chariot had been. Horsemen could attack the enemy to break up their infantry lines and disrupt the opposing commander's planned tactical formations. Armed with bows and able to fire them on the move, riders could engage in hit-and-run attacks. The government of the Western Han dynasty overhauled the horse administration, which greatly increased the number of state-owned horses and laid a solid foundation for the establishment of a large cavalry army. Once acquired, horses were looked after well on state-controlled grasslands and stables where they were kept in cool sheds in summer and warm ones in winter. Their manes were kept trimmed, their hooves cared for, and in battle, they wore blinkers and ear protectors to minimize the effects on their nerves of the noise and action of the battlefield. To protect them to some degree from enemy spears, horses sometimes wore an armor-plated covering hanging from their necks made of bronze, iron and leather or cloth. As to the men that would ride the horses, the government of the Western Han Dynasty not only improved the fighting skills and physical strength of the soldiers, but also shaped the strong cohesion and centripetal force of the army.

Bow and Crossbow

The bow and crossbow were already one of the main weapons of the Chinese army in Qin Dynasty, and they were constantly improving and developing. In the Song Dynasty, they were reached a very high standard. Because the northern nomads had a large number of cavalry, and The Song Dynasty lacked enough cavalry to resist them, the rulers of the Song Dynasty chose to use bow and crossbow to fight the cavalry. Therefore, the Song Dynasty army was equipped with a large number of bow and crossbows. The bow and the crossbow occupied the highest proportion in the equipment of the Song Dynasty army, when the proportion is the highest, it can reach 80 percent. The craftsmen in Song Dynasty summed up the experience of their predecessors, and created the new type of bow and crossbow, such as Chashao Bow（插消弓）、Kuoshan Bow（阔闪弓）、Shenbi Crossbow（神臂弓）、Mahuang Crossbow（马黄弩）etc.(Song, 2021) The Chinese crossbow (弩) with its horizontal bow and short wooden stock fired single or multiple bronze-headed arrows. Early arrow heads had two blades but these developed over time and three blades became the norm, matching the number of vanes and increasing the accuracy of the flight. The trigger and firing mechanism was made of metal, usually bronze.

Sword

Although the bow and crossbow were the main weapons in China's history, the sword played its part, especially when warriors were forced to dismount and face the enemy at close quarters. The origin of the sword can be traced back to the Huangdi era of Xuanyuan, and during the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, it entered into the Bronze Age, and there were long swords, short swords, and distant shooting weapons. The earliest Chinese swords were very long, necessitated both hands to wield and were designed not for cutting and slashing but as a weapon to stab and thrust at the enemy, just as halberds and spears had been used earlier. By now made with iron, another development was to coat the sword blade's core with a chromium alloy to produce a sharper edge. Experimentation with pommels also gave the sword a much better balance. Another innovation was a change in the handle shape to an asymmetrical form which stopped it swiveling in the hand. The same result was achieved by adding one or two moulded rings to the handle or a cord wrap for extra grip. When not in use the blade was kept in a scabbard of leather or lacquered wood and hung from a waist belt.

Conclusion

Warfare became more technologically advanced and ever more destructive. Chariots gave way to cavalry, bows to crossbows and, eventually, artillery stones to gunpowder bombs. However, due to the Confucian philosophy and its accompanying literature which stressed the importance of other matters of civil life, the act of war had scarcely been glorified in ancient China. Even such famous works as Sun-Tzu's The Art of War (5th century BCE) warned that, "No country has ever profited from protracted warfare” (Sawyer 2007, 159).

References

宋凌云. 宋代弓弩研究[D]. 暨南大学, 2021 邢成才. 商代后期中原地区的战车研究[D]. 郑州大学, 2012. 熊莉. 中国古代剑的发展与演变过程 [J]. 武术研究, 2018.3(03):38-40. 杨之锋. 西汉文帝至武帝时期骑兵建设研究 ——以马政、格斗兵器、战术等为例[D]. 哈尔滨师范大学, 2022. Lewis, M.E. The Early Chinese Empires. Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press, 2010. Peers, C.J. Ancient Chinese Armies, 1500 B.C.-200 B.C. Osprey Publishing; edition (1990-03-22), 2017. Sawyer, R.D. The Seven Military Classics Of Ancient China. Basic Books, 2007.

Terms and Expressions

Warring States 战国 Bronze Age 青铜器时代 halberd 戟 spear 矛 chromium alloy 铬合金 the Art of War 孙子兵法

Questions

1. When did the chariot become relegated to a peripheral role in warfare?

A.Zhou Dynasty B.Qin Dynasty C.Han Dynasty

2. Western Han dynasty established a large cavalry army, true or false?

A.True B.False

3. Song Dynasty created the new type of bow and crossbow including:

A.Chashao Bow B.Kuoshan Bow C.Shenbi Crossbow D.Mahuang Crossbow

Answers

1.B

2.A

3.ABCD

202270081676 张珂珂 Zhang Keke 英语笔译(English translation)

Chinese Noodles Culture

Zhang Keke张珂珂202270081676

Abstract

Noodles are a traditional Chinese noodle dish and are loved by the people. Noodles have a long history of consumption in China, and the richness of local produce and customs has given rise to a wide variety of noodles with different characteristics and flavours, which are integrated into people's lives. In this article, we will focus on the history of noodles, development status and the cultural connotation behind noodles.

Key Words

History of noodles, Noodles by region, Chinese custom

题目

中国的面条文化

摘要

面条是中华民族的传统面食，深受各界各族人民群众的喜爱。 面条在中国的食用历史悠久，各地丰富的物产和生活习俗，蕴育出了不同特色和口味的面条，其种类繁多，面条融入人们的生活。在这篇文章中，我们将重点介绍面条的历史，发展现状以及面条背后的文化内涵。

关键词

面条历史，各地面条，中国习俗

Introduction

Noodles are a common food. Originated in China, noodles have more than 4,000 years of production and consumption history. Noodle is a kind of health food, which is easy to make, convenient to eat and rich in nutrition. It can also be used as both staple food and fast food. It is made by grinding flour of grains or beans with water into a dough. There are many kinds of patterns and varieties. In China, there are different kinds of noodles.

The History of Chinese Noodles

Noodle is a very ancient food with a long history, and it has been recorded in China's Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, new types of noodles increased. In the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, there were more kinds of noodles, one of which had hardness and chewiness and was called "wet noodles can tie shoelaces." By the Song and Yuan Dynasties, dried noodles began to appear.

1.In the Han Dynasty, cooked wheaten food was collectively known as “pancake”.

Noodles had a long history and the earliest recorded usage of the word “Mian” was in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was because noodles should be cooked in soup that noodles were also known as biscuit. While the word “Miantiao” came later.

2.In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, noodles were being built.

During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the "water cake" in Jia Sixie's Qi Min Yao Shu was similar to modern noodles. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, people began to try to roll noodles and cut noodles with some tools instead of tearing them with their hands. A variety of noodles became more abundant and the custom of eating birthday noodles arose.

3.By the Song Dynasty, new types of noodles increased at a faster pace.

People in the Song Dynasty know about eating, which is famous in history. For example, Su Shi, the famous poet, loved to eat and cook. As many as thirty kinds of noodles have been well documented in many books in the Southern Song Dynasty

4.In the Yuan Dynasty, dry noodles were invented.

In the Yuan Dynasty when dry noodles began to appear, people have already known the simple preservation of noodles. It was also an achievement of noodles in history. (Zhang Hejira, Qin Gaimei 2020, 18-19)

The Current Situation of Noodles

In the 21st century, there are more varieties of noodles. Different regions also produced distinctive noodles. Well-known examples of distinctive noodles include Noodles with Soy Bean Paste, Beijing Style (zhajiangmian), stewed noodles(huimian) in Henan, Shanxi sliced noodles, Lanzhou beef noodles, Shaanxi oil splashed noodles, Wuhan hot-and-dry noodles, Chongqing noodles, etc. (Xu Ping 2016, 58-59)

1.Lanzhou Beef Noodles

Lanzhou beef noodles is a traditional food in Lanzhou, originated from the Qing Dynasty Jiaqing years. A classic bowl of hand-pulled noodles comes with beef broth, slices of beef, coriander and spring onions. It is said that the best beef noodles should acquire the following five features: clear soup, clean white turnips, brilliant red chili oil, green parsley and yellow noodles.

2.Shanxi Sliced Noodles

Sliced noodle is the most popular food in Shanxi province. Cutting by knives, it earns its name: shaved or sliced noodle. It is well-known at home and abroad due to its unique flavor. Sliced noodles include a variety of condiments, such as tomato sauce, meat sauce, mutton soup, etc., loved by people in China and even around the world. With the development of the times, knife noodles machine came into being. It can knead and cut noodle very fast with high production.

3.Henan Stewed Noodles

Henan also has a flu out Chinese snack: stewed noodles(huimian). What a cheap and delicious delicacy! In the streets of Zhengzhou in Henan province, there are numerous restaurants mainly providing the stewed noodles and they vary in size and tastes. A bowl of delicious Henan stewed noodles, soup and noodles are very important. (Li Xuzheng, Han Yaren, Hong Weiwei 2022, 37)

The cultural Connotation behind Chinese Noodles

Noodles always play an important role in people's festive banquets.

Chinese people often eat noodles on their birthdays, so noodles are also called “longevity noodles.” It is said that, one day, the imperial chef made a table full of delicious noodles in order to celebrate the birthday of Emperor Wu. He felt that noodles were very cheap and it did not conform to his status, so he felt unhappy. The chef was so afraid. At that time, there was a wise person beside the emperor, called Dongfang Shuo. Seeing such a dilemma, Dongfang Shuo said loudly: “Long live our great emperor!” And then the emperor felt so confused. So the wise person explained, “the reason why Peng Zu in ancient time lived to age 800 was that his face was long. Therefore, the moral of long and thin noodles is wishing you a good health and longevity of life. Hearing that, the emperor was very happy. So the story spread by word of mouth.

On the wedding day, The bride’s family would prepare longevity noodles and send to the bridegroom’s. At night, the noodles would be boiled and distributed into two bowls, one was for the bride and the other was for the bridegroom. And then someone would ask the groom:“raw or not?” The groom would answer:“raw!” It turns that In China, raw has the similar pronunciation with the word “having a baby”, meaning a wish for children. (Xue Cui 2022, 35)

Conclusion

As a traditional staple food of the Chinese，noodle has a history of more than 4 000 years. Noodle is simple but nutritious delicacy. Only in China, there are a variety of noodles. In addition, noodles have their distinctive characteristics in different parts of China. They have both unique flavor and many other cultural connotations. A bowl of authentic Chinese noodles is not only local cultural continuity, but also contains rich folk cultural connotation.

References

Zhang Hejia张合家，Qin Gaimei秦改梅(2021). 探索面条的演进史[J] . 科学之友 18-19 面条沿着黄河走[J] 餐饮世界 2021（07）54-57

我国面条的历史[J] 文史天地 2021（10）93

Xu Ping 徐平. (2016). 让你想念的那一味：京城南北面条[J] 农产品市场周刊（21）58-59

Li Xuzheng李旭正, Han Yaren韩亚仁, Hong Weiwei洪微微(2022). 面条之路：传承三千年的奇妙饮食[J] 餐饮世界（02）37

Xue Cui雪翠. (2022) 面条与婚育习俗 山东农机化 35

Terms and Expressions

Noodles with Soy Bean Paste, Beijing Style北京炸酱面

Stewed noodles河南烩面

Shanxi sliced noodles山西刀削面

Lanzhou beef noodles兰州牛肉拉面

Wuhan hot-and-dry noodles武汉热干面

Questions

1.When has noodle been recorded in China?

A.Han Dynasty B.Song Dynasty C.Yuan Dynasty

2. When did dried noodles begin to appear?

A.Han Dynasty B.Yuan Dynasty C. Qing Dynasty

3.Which is originated from Shanxi Province?

A.Sliced noodles B.Beef noodles C.Hot-and-dry noodles

Answers

1.A

2.B

3.A