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202270081625 白婷 Bai Ting 英语笔译(English translation)

Drinkers' Wager Game

白婷 Bai Ting, 202270081625

Abstract

The drinkers' wager game is a particular method in China to help create a more pleasant atmosphere while drinking. As a crucial part of the ancient feast culture, the drinkers' wager game plays a critical role in the history of Chinese literature and culture, deeply affecting the formation and development of quzi Ci-poems of the Sui, the Tang, and the Five Dynasties, xiaoling Ci-poems of the Song Dynasty and sanqu of the Yuan Dynasty. (Li Ling 2015, 5)

Key Words

drinkers’ wager game; wine culture; drinking

题目

酒令

摘要

酒令是酒席上的一种助兴游戏。作为古代宴饮文化的重要组成部分，酒令在中国文学史和文化史上有着非常重要的地位，对隋唐和五代时期的曲子词、宋代时期的小令、元代时期的散曲的形成和发展影响深远。

关键词

酒令，酒文化，喝酒

Ⅰ. Introduction

The drinkers' wager game is a Chinese folk custom, which first appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty and flourished in the Tang Dynasty. It is generally referred to as an artificial order among the seats, and the rest will take turns to verse, make couplets or do some other similar games, and the violators or the losers will be punished. Refined scholars and well-educated men often use poems, couplets, crossword puzzles, and riddles as drinkers' wager games. In contrast, ordinary people employ simple and unprepared games more at the banquet, such as the drum-and-pass game. (Zhang Hongan 2013, 2)

Ⅱ. The Development of Drinkers’ Wager Game

There are different drinkers' wager games in different historical periods, mainly including the following four kinds: (Yao W, Dechsubha T 2022)

1.TouHu（投壶）

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the drinkers' wager game started to develop. People who drank together took to a game called "TouHu." It was a traditional game requiring players to throw arrows or sticks from a set distance into a large canister. The Book of Rites recorded the rules and methods of throwing bottles in the pre-Qin period. The rules and rituals of the game were elaborate, with the hosts and guests having to give way three times before the game could be played. (Zhang Y. 2007)

2.Winding Stream Party（流觞曲水）

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the drinkers' wager game made massive progress. The winding stream party was an ancient drinking game in which a cup of wine was floated down a stream with people seated on both sides. Participants must compose a Tanka poem beside a stream within a time limit set by the passage of a lacquer cup of sake floating towards them on the water. When the cup reached the poet, he was expected to drink its contents, either as a celebration of the poem's completion or as a forfeit if he had not composed a suitable verse in time. It was Wang Xizhi who popularized it, and the poems composed at this event were recorded in Wang's famous work, the Lantingji Xu.

3.SheFu（射覆）

During the Tang Dynasty, the drinkers' wager game flourished. "SheFu" in the Tang Dynasty was a popular game in which one used a utensil to fasten an item and asked the other to guess. If he guessed wrong, he would drink. "She" in "SheFu" means "guessing." The poet Li Shangyin wrote it in one of his poems. (Ma Guojun 1993)

4.Budaoweng（不倒翁）

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the drinkers' wager game continued to make headway. Among the various drinking games prevailing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the most popular one was "Budaoweng." It was a tumbler, typically hollow, with a weight inside the bottom hemisphere. The master twisted the tumbler vigorously. The tumbler would wobble for a few moments while it sought the upright orientation. Moreover, the last person the tumbler stopped to face was the one required to drink.

Ⅲ. The Categories of Drinkers’ Wager Game

The drinkers' wager game has many forms, depending on the drinkers' social status, literacy status, and interest. Generally, there are three categories: general games, literary games, and competing games.(Liao Huaying 2015, 175)

1.General Games

These games do not require much acumen and are thus easy to learn and play. Ladies attending banquets may play general games such as telling jokes and passing down a flower to the beats of a drum ( 击鼓传花). The latter game requires diners to pass a flower around to the accompaniment of drumbeats. When the drumbeats suddenly stop, the diner found with the flower still in his or her hand will have to pay a forfeit by drinking a cup of wine. More often than not, the great tension of the flower delivery adds a touch of fun and excitement to the game.

2.Literary Games

Literary games exert a particular fascination on educated scholars and intellectuals, for they who are equipped with knowledge prefer such games as composing poems, solving word puzzles, and guessing riddles.

3.Competing Games

Competing games typically include archery, arrow pitching, dice throwing, and finger guessing. Furthermore, the most common and straightforward way of playing the drinkers' wager game is the finger-guessing game, usually with two drinkers involved. Both should stretch out their fingers to indicate a certain number from one to ten, while they should simultaneously shout out the sum of the two numbers. The one who makes the correct guessing is the winner, and the other shall drink a cup of wine as a punishment.

Ⅳ. The Functions of Drinkers’ Wager Game

The drinkers' wager game boasts considerable knowledge, cultural, and communicative functions. First, it helps increase knowledge. The guessing activity requires rich knowledge reserves and brain flexibility. Second, it is favorable to cultural exchanges. The game is steeped in cultural connotations, with the content having its origins in poetry, ancient books, and historical classics, which not only ensures the cultural connotation of the game but also contributes to the spread of culture. Finally, it is conducive to cementing friendships. At the banquet, one can meet old friends and make new friends. Both sides need to understand the other when new friends meet. Drinking helps fashion a vibrant and lively atmosphere, and people will communicate freely and soon make acquaintances.

Ⅴ. Conclusion

In conclusion, the development of the drinkers' wager game is serious, martial, elegant, and a return to simplicity. As a traditional means of banquet entertainment that has been around for thousands of years, the culture will continue to exist, although the forms of the drinkers' wager game have been reshaped. It is not only a way to create a more amicable atmosphere but also a token of witnessing the history of our ancient civilization from ancient times to the present.

References

[1].李零. 北大藏秦简《酒令》[N]. 北京大学学报, 2015-3(5).

[2].张洪安. 我国古代酒令游戏发展演变考释[J]. 兰台世界：上旬, 2013(3):2.

[3].麻国钧. 中国酒令大观[M]. 北京出版社, 1993.

[4].廖华英. 中国文化概况[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 2015:175-176.

[5].Zhang Y. Textual Research on Development and Vicissitude of"Touhu"in Ancient China[J]. Journal of Yulin Normal University(Natural Science), 2007.

[6].Yao W, Dechsubha T. A Survey of Traditional Chinese Drinking Games[J]. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 2022, 31.

Terms and Expressions

1. drinkers' wager game 酒令

2. feast culture 酒宴文化

3. The Book of Rites. 《礼记》

4. Lantingji Xu 《兰亭集序》

5. Tanka 短歌

6. TouHu 投壶

7. Winding Stream Party 流觞曲水

8. SheFu 射覆

9. Budaoweng 不倒翁

10. archery 射箭

11. arrow pitching 投箭

12. dice throwing 掷骰子

13. canister 罐，筒

14. tumbler 不倒翁

Questions

1.When did the drinkers' wager game first appear?

A)in the Western Zhou Dynasty; B)in the Sui and Tang Dynasties; C)in the Northern and Southern Dynasties; D)in the Ming and Qing Dynasties;

2.Ordinary people often use poems, couplets, crossword puzzles, and riddles as drinkers' wager games.

A)True; B)False;

3.How many categories does the drinkers' wager game have?

A)2; B)3; C)4; D)5;

4.What kind of games do archery, arrow pitching, dice throwing, and finger guessing belong to?

A)general games; B)literary games; C)competing games;

Answers

1.A

2.B

3.B

4.C

202270081703 蔡思 Cai Si 日语笔译(Japanese translation)

Land Boat Dance

                                                                                  Cai Si蔡思, 202270081703.

Abstract

Land Boat Dance, also called the boating dance, land-boat, or lotus-collecting boat, is a folk dance with one dance playing the woman passenger carrying the prop boat around her and another playing the boatman with an oar. It is similar to the bamboo-horse dance and the donkey dance in the form of performance.

Key Words

Land Boat Dance, Folk Dance

摘要

跑旱船，是一种中国民间舞。流传极广，一般多在春节、元宵节演出。演出时，一人立于旱船中，另一人手拿“连响”，相当于掌舵人员，其余人在边上敲锣打鼓，旱船便根据节奏的变化进行表演，各地的"旱船"名称虽有所不同,但表现形式大同小异。

关键词

跑旱船，民间舞

Introduction

Land boat dance is one of the Han folk performing arts, generally performed in the Spring Festival and Lantern Festival. It is said that the land boat dance is a form created by the people in the land area to pay homage to the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. The earliest written records can be found in the middle and late Tang Dynasty documents, which have been more than 1000 years ago. The southern land boat moves gently, singing and dancing, while the northern land boat moves roughly, sometimes dozens of land boats compete with each other, the scene is spectacular. The folk dance features of land boat dance are mainly reflected in three points: One is the packaging of clothing props, the second is the performance of water movements, and the third is the tacit cooperation between the boatman and the boat girl.

The land boat

The hull of the boat is made of bamboo, wood and sorghum straw by hand. It is covered with colorful silk, painted with symbolic folk patterns such as water pattern, lotus flower, lotus leaf and carp. The bottom of the boat is hollow, and the hull is decorated with flowers, embroidered ball, basket of flowers, colorful lights, mirror and tassels. Generally, they are 1.67~2.33 meters long, and the large ones can reach more than 3 meters.

The Performer

Performers often paint their faces with white powder and blush, thick eyebrows and red lips. The boat girls wear red square scarves, flower foreheads, red clothes, colorful trousers, cloth shoes and red waist bands. The festive colors are particularly eye-catching. The boatman wears a blue duck tail scarf, a white beard, a blue double-breasted jacket with black trim, a light blue skirt, blue knickers, black boots, and a black cloth belt around his waist, with the aesthetic characteristics of folk opera.

The Performance

During the performance, the boatman holds the pole to "pole the boat" , the bamboo pole in his hand is opposite to the person, when the land boat and the person go forward, it goes backward; Land boat and people backward, it forward. The "boat girl" in the back with the boatman rowing do corresponding dance action: Running, walking, squatting, rubbing, etc., she manipulates the boat, ups and downs or makes the boat move smoothly, quite vividly portraying the scene of sailing on the water. In order to maintain the coordination of dance movements, the boat girl needs to tie the cloth rope belt on the two shoulders, then tie the cloth rope belt on the boatside, and finally put on the dance costume for performance.

What action the boatman does, the boat girl must follow to make the corresponding action, follow the boatman's footsteps with the boat potential and move. The traditional dance steps of land boat include round field, stop boat, set sail, chase round field, release wild boat, etc. Boaters are usually one person, sometimes two, four or even seven people share a boat. The rest of the people beat drums and gongs on the side, accompanied by musical instruments: Big gongs, small gongs, drums, cymbals, etc., land boats will be performed according to changes in rhythm. At the end of the opening music, the boatman and the boat girl will perform and sing alternately, and the accompanist will also accompany the singing at the end of each paragraph, with the sound of gongs and drums still going on. There is more than one boat, three or five groups lined up in a line, with the tacit cooperation of the boatman, rising and falling from time to time, rotating and bumping with the "waves," just like a vivid picture of a boat running on water.

The reason why the land boat dance lags behind: 1.The impact of modern culture The art of land boat has also been impacted by modern culture. Urban culture has been flowing into rural areas constantly. Pop music and square dance have attracted people's attention. Traditional folk art has been gradually neglected or even abandoned by people. 2. Lack of inheritors Since the death of the older generation of folk artists in the 1970s, the development of the land boat has lagged behind, and the inheritance has also been broken. There are two main reasons: one is that the skills of the older generation of folk artists have not been passed on to the ideal successor, and the other is that the new generation of young people are no longer willing to learn. 3.Few opportunities to perform Usually, there is only one performance every year on the Lantern Festival .This kind of folk custom activity performance is carried out under the guidance of the government's behavior. Without the support of relevant parts and funds, the land boat dance may not be performed again. In order to complete the performance needs a lot of manpower, material resources support, at the same time, the performance has no income, but also brings great pressure to the performers.

Conclusion

With the acceleration of the pace of life and the rich variety of entertainment, from the end of the 1970s, with a number of old artists have died, many troupes slowly disbanded, land boat dance gradually declined. However, in recent decades, with people's attention to folk art, folk Shehuo in some areas have begun to declare cultural heritage and excavate their folk cultural values, among which land boat dance have also been further publicized and protected.

References

[1]皮瑞.经久不衰的社火艺术——论“划旱船”的民间舞蹈特色[J].剑南文学(经典教苑),2012(07):249.

[2]常庆庆.文化视阈下的民间社火艺术——马寨“跑旱船”[J].歌海,2014(06):41-45.

[3]付智佳.论汉族民间舞的跑旱船[J].戏剧之家(上半月),2010(11):49.

Terms and Expressions

land boat 旱船

boatman艄公

cymbal镲

Shehuo 社火

Questions

1. The land boat dance is in honor of whom？ A Qu Yuan. B Li Bai. C Du Fu.

2. Boaters are usually one person, sometimes two, four or even seven people share a boat. A ture .B false

3. The reason why the land boat dance lags behind A The impact of modern culture. B Lack of inheritors . C Few opportunities to perform .

Answers

Correct answers are:

1. A

2. A

3.ABC

202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation)

Chinese Surnames and Clan Names

Chen Jing 陈婧, 202270081627

Abstract

China has a long history of surnames and clan names, which is closely connected with national politics, social system, characteristics of the times, marriage system, customs and so on. Therefore, the evolution of Chinese surnames and clan names together with their origins and types can help us better understand Chinese culture.

Key Words

surnames, clan names, evolution, origins, types

题目

中国的姓与氏

摘要

中国的姓氏历史悠久，与国家政治、社会制度、时代特征、婚姻制度、风俗习惯等密切相关。因此，了解中国姓氏的演变、起源和种类可以帮助我们更好地了解中国文化。

关键词

姓，氏，演变，来源，种类

Ⅰ. Chinese Surnames and Clan Names

Before Han Dynasty, surnames and clan names were separate definitions in China. The Chinese character of “surname”, namely “姓”, is composed of the characters “女” and “生” (“女” refers to “female” and “生” refers to “give birth to”). The surname comes from the maternal line and the clan name from the paternal line. (Yu Chang 2014, 58)

In matriarchal society, human beings only knew their mother but not their father, and the surname represents a person's maternal lineage. Most of the ancient Chinese surnames have the "女" side, such as Ji(姬), Jiang(姜), Si(姒), Yao(姚), Hao(好), etc., which reflects the close relationship between the "surname" and the matrilineal lineage. With the social development and the multiplying population, the advantages of male in production and warfare continued to emerge. Clan groups emerged strong male leaders who wanted to distinguish his own group with a certain title, and this is where the "clan name" comes from. Clan names such as Xuanyuan(轩辕), Shennong(神农) and Fuxi(伏羲) in ancient legends reveal its origin. (Yu Chang 2014, 58)

Ⅱ. The Evolution of Chinese Surnames and Clan Names

Before the Zhou Dynasty, emperors only had surnames, and the upper classes had surnames and clan names, while ordinary people didn’t have surnames or clan names, only the first name. Things changed during the Warring States period when clan name was no longer the privilege of the upper class. From then on, especially after the First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 BC (Li Qinghua 2012, 10), clan name and surname were fused into the last name or surname. It was in Han Dynasty that all Chinese surnames and clan names were treated as surnames, which was a turning point in the evolution. After a long period of development, there are numerous Chinese surnames with diverse origins and different types. (Lin Dengping 2014, 87)

So, how many surnames are there in China? 468 surnames are collected in Surnames, written in the early years of Northern Song Dynasty. A total of 6362 surnames are found in various historical documents according to modern statistics, but it can be asserted that not all these 6362 surnames are still used now. Some of them were just used in history but for a very short time. (Tian Yaqi, Ni Jingjie 2001, 46)

Ⅲ. The Origins of Chinese Surnames and Clan Names

The origins of Chinese surnames can be summarized as follows.

1.Vassal states like Xia(夏), Qi(齐) and Lu(鲁).

2.Names of fiefdoms. Officials and scholars of the court were rewarded fiefs for their contribution to the states. Then the names of the fiefs were used as their surnames, such as Cui(崔), Lu(卢), Bao(鲍), etc.

3.Names of residents. For example, the one who moved to Ji Mountain was called "Ji clan"(稽氏); the one who took charge of the East Mongolia was called "Meng clan"(蒙氏).

4.Surnames given by the ancient emperors. They were also based on the names of residents. The surname Jiang(姜) was given to those who lived along the Jiang River and Ji(姬) was given to those who lived along the Ji River.

5.Take the order of different generations or the seniority order of the same generation as the surname. In the first case, the son of a vassal was surnamed as Gongzi(公子), and the son of a Gongzi was called Gongsun(公孙). Surnames like Bo(伯), Zhong(仲), Shu(叔), Ji(季) belong to the second case.

6.Posthumous names such as Zhuang(庄), Kang(康) and Xuan(宣).

7.The titles of family. According to The Spring and Autumn Annals, descendants whose ancestor received a posthumous name can be considered a family. The Songs of Chu documented that clans like Zhao(昭), Qu(屈) and Jing(景) used the posthumous names of their ancestors as their surnames.

8.Official positions or the titles of nobility. Officials used their positions as surnames such as Taishi(太史), Taishi(太师), Sima(司马), Sikong(司空), etc. And the nobility were surnamed by their titles like Huang(皇), Wang(王) and Gong(公).

9.Take a person’s reputation as the surname. For example, a man called Yang Yinggan was beheaded and his descendants were surnamed as Xiao(枭).

10.Take skills as surnames. The descendants of those who practiced “witchcraft” (“巫术” in Chinese) were the Wu(巫) clan. A person who specialized in “divination” (“占卜” in Chinese), his descendants were surnamed as Bu(卜). The descendants of the “craftsmen” (“工匠” in Chinese) were surnamed as Jiang(匠).

11.Take events as surnames. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the old prime minister Tian Qianqiu was so old and frail that he rode in a cart (“车” in Chinese) every time he entered and left the prime ministerial palace, and everyone called him Prime Minister Che(车) at that time. Later, his descendants used "Che" as their surname. (Tian Yaqi, Ni Jingjie 2001, 44-45)

Ⅳ. Types of Chinese Surnames

The structure of Chinese surnames is relatively complex. They can be divided into 5 types.

1.Single-character surname. Most of Chinese surnames are single-character. For example, Wang(王), Li(李), Zhao(赵), etc.

2.Two-character surname. There are three kinds of two-character surname. For the first kind, the surname consists of two irrelevant characters which should be used together. Surnames like Ouyang(欧阳), Shangguan(上官) and Huangfu(皇甫) are common ones. The second kind was formed by the union of two families through marriage or adoption, which can be passed on from generation to generation. For example, Lufei(陆费), Qianwang(钱王), Fanjiang(范姜), etc. The third type is the combination of the father's and mother's surnames such as Zhangwang(张王), Lideng(李邓) and Dengguo(邓郭). The first surname usually comes from father’s and the second from mother’s. Traditionally, this kind of surname cannot be passed on.

3.Three-character surname. Such as Zhukehun(朱可浑), Buliugu(卜柳谷), Houmochen(侯默晨), etc.

4.Four-character surname. Four-character surnames account for a small share, and most of them derive from ethnic minorities, such as Aixinjueluo(爱新觉罗).

5.Multi-character surname. The emergence of multi-character surnames was also influenced by Chinese minorities, such as Hutixibuye(呼提西布也). (Lin Dengping 2014, 86)

Ⅴ. Conclusion

Chinese surnames and clan names have deep cultural and historical connotations and have a variety of origins and different types. Chinese surname culture is a key to decipher the structure of ancient Chinese society and a bond to enhance the cohesion of the Chinese nation. (Xiao Rui 215, 65-66)

References

Li Qinghua 李庆花. (2012). 中国姓名文化考略. Shandong Normal University 山东师范大学.

Yu Chang 余昌. (2014). 中国人的姓氏与名字. New Hunan Review新湘评论. (16), 57-59.

Lin Dengping 林登萍. (2014). 中英姓氏的结构和变迁对比研究. Journal of Chifeng University（Soc.Sci）赤峰学院学报(汉文哲学社会科学版)(10), 86-88.

Tian Yaqi 田亚岐, Ni Jingjie 倪景杰. (2001). 我国姓氏的起源与发展. Journal of Xi'an Educational College Journal of Xi'an Educational College 西安教育学院学报(01), 43-47.

Xiao Rui 肖锐. (2015). 论中国姓氏文化研究意义. Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences) 中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版)(04),63-66.

Terms and Expressions

Surname 姓

Clan name 氏

Maternal line 母系

Paternal line 父系

Maternal/matrilineal lineage 母系血统

Posthumous name谥号

The title of nobility爵位

Surnames 《百家姓》

The Spring and Autumn Annals 《春秋左氏传》

The Songs of Chu 《楚辞》

Questions

1.Which surname is from maternal lineage?

A.Shennong(神农) B.Ji(姬) C.Fuxi(伏羲)

2.When did all Chinese surnames and clan names were treated as last names?

A. Zhou Dynasty B. During the Warring States Period C. Han Dynasty

3.Which is the surname of descendants of those who specializes in “divination”?

A.Wu(巫) B.Bu(卜) C.Jiang(匠)

4.What does the surname of “Che” originate from?

A.Posthumous names B.Event C.Official position

Answers

1.B

2.C

3.B

4.B

202270081628 陈淑敏 Chen Shumin 英语笔译(English translation)

Chinese Ancient Headdress

陈淑敏Chen Shumin, 202270081628

Abstract

Headdress culture is important in ancient China. Most of the ancients had long hair, and they cared about etiquette, thinking that with hair dishevelled was a very impolite behavior. Therefore, they needed to rely on headdresses to take care of their hair and maintain deportment in daily life. With the continuous development of productive forces and the ancients' unremitting pursuit of beauty, the headdresses developed, leaving a lot of headdress culture for modern people.

Key Words

ancient headdress, development, type, pattern

题目

中国古代头饰

摘要

头饰文化是中国古代非常重要的一种文化，古人多是长发，又非常在乎礼仪，认为披头散发是非常不礼貌的一种行为，因此日常生活需要依靠头饰打理自己的长发，维持自己的仪态。随着生产力的不断发展和古人对美的不懈追求，头饰不断发展，种类逐渐丰富，为现代人留下了不少的头饰文化。

关键词

古代头饰，发展历程，种类，图案

Introduction

The ancients believed that the hair and skin of the body could not be easily damaged by others, because they were given by parents and heaven. They regarded the hair as an important part of the human body. If it was not a major event, the hair could not be easily broken, so they attached great importance to the modification of the hair. Ancient headdresses are exquisite, wonderful, ornate with high artistic value. They not only reflect the traditional Chinese aesthetics, but also provide a novel angle for later generations to study the ancient Chinese culture.

Ⅰ.The development of Chinese ancient headdress

In primitive times, people did not have a systematic cognition of beauty. At that time, people usually lived and worked with their hair down, so there were no hair accessories for tying hair. With the development of productivity, in order to work and live more conveniently, people began to tie their hair with some materials, and hair accessories appeared. However, the hair accessories at that time were mainly for practical purposes, not the decorative purposes. In the Neolithic Age, influenced by totem culture, people began to decorate their hair with some beautiful feathers and flowers, which was also the starting point of Chinese headdress culture.[1] With the improvement of craft and the technique of mining, from the Qin and Han Dynasties, headdress began to be decorated with gems. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, headdress styles became more diversified. In the Tang Dynasty, the North and South of China were unified, and the country was politically stable and economically developed. Such prosperity undoubtedly promoted the breakthrough of the headdress culture and reached the peak of richness and grace, while the elegant and gorgeous headdress of the Tang Dynasty became restrained and simple in the Song Dynasty. After the Mongol rule of Yuan Dynasty, headdress culture absorbed a large number of minority headdress styles, and headdress culture developed further under the influence of multi-ethnic culture. In the Qing Dynasty, there appeared the headdress culture represented by the Qitou(旗头).[2] All these show that the development of ancient headdress culture was constantly enriched. These different styles of headdress culture represent the political, economic and cultural charm of different times. Different headdresses represent a trend of the times.[3]

Ⅱ.The type of Chinese ancient headdress

Various kinds of headdress appeared in ancient China, but the eight main ones are respectively are ji(笄), hairpin(簪), chai(钗), hua sheng(华胜，花胜), step swing(步摇), phoenix crown(凤冠), dian(花钿) and fine-toothed comb(梳篦). Ji is a hair accessory used by ancient Han women to hold up their hair or hats. Since the Zhou Dynasty, when a girl was over 15 years old, if she had been allowed to marry, she would hold the "ji ceremony"(笄礼). Their braids would be twisted to the top of head and ji would be fastened to show her adulthood. So 15-year-old is called the “ji year"(笄年). [4]; Hairpin is the development of ji, so its effect is similar to ji, and hairpin is the most basic fixing and decoration tool in ancient Chinese hairstyles; Chai is a kind of jewelry consisting of two strands of cross-hairpin, in the shape of two wire strands twisted together at the end of the decoration, which must be set off by a tassel pendant ; Step swing, made up by gold, silver, jade or agate, is attached to the hairpin or chai, and it will vibrate with walking; dian is a kind of ornament on a woman's face in ancient times. It is made of gold and silver and pasted on girls' forehead. Hua sheng is a flower-shaped jewelry, often inserted in the bun or attached to the fronthead; The fine-toothed comb, also known as' zhi '(栉), began as a hairdressing tool , and gradually became a hair ornament. Phoenix crown, a traditional crown worn by imperial concubines and noblemen's concubines in ancient China, is decorated with phoenix-like jewelry and is usually very elegant and ornate.

Ⅲ.The pattern of Chinese ancient headdress

In order to make various headdresses more elaborate and ornate, ancient Chinese people often carved different patterns on headdresses. Common patterns include geometric patterns, animal and plant patterns. After transforming the position and size of simple lines, curves and broken lines, a variety of geometric patterns can be obtained, such as broken lines, water paisley, grain and so on. The most common animal patterns are dragon and phoenix patterns, which are usually regarded as symbols of power. In addition to the dragon and phoenix patterns, other animal patterns are also active in headdresses, such as squirrel, mandarin duck, butterfly, fish, etc. The mandarin duck means happy love and marriage, the squirrel means many children, etc. Ancient Chinese people loved nature and believed that the coexistence of man and nature was the most perfect artistic conception. The worship of "unity of nature and man" was also projected into the shape of headdress, which resulted in the common flower and plant patterns on headdress. Among them, four gentlemen in flowers - plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum, are the most common plant patterns.[5]

Ⅳ. Conclusion

The history of China goes back thousands of years. We are born in the modern era, and we don't have the ability to go back to the past to witness the shocking history and the exquisite headdress that embodies human wisdom. Fortunately, we can see the books that record the past and the cultural relics buried underground, and take these historical materials and cultural relics as evidence of history so as to witness and inherit the enduring headdress culture.

References

[1] 秦小丽.(2012).中国古代发饰研究——以新石器时代一早期青铜时代资料为主. 考古学研究(00),690-728.

[2]白莹莹.(2018).浅析中国画中的古代头饰特点——以魏晋南北朝至宋代时期为例. 美与时代(上)(07),36-38.

[3] 王鑫玥.(2019).中国古代发饰起源与早期发展. 哈尔滨学院学报(12),136-140.

[4] 李婉璐.(2018).中国古代发簪之美及笄礼的现代价值. 戏剧之家(23),235.

[5] 张军 & 李细珍.(2020).宋代金银头饰纹样特征及其文化内涵研究. 美术大观(05),93-95.

Terms and Expressions

hair accessaries发饰

the Neolithic Age 新石器时代

gem 宝石

tassel pendant 流苏

hairdressing tool 理发工具

broken line 折线纹

water paisley 水波纹

mandarin duck 鸳鸯

Questions

1.When was the beginning of the headdress culture in ancient China？ A. Xia dynasty B. paleolithic age C. neolithic age D. primitive times

2.When were ancient Chinese Ancient Headdresses influenced by minority cultures？ A. Tang dynasty B. Song dynasty C. Yuan dynasty D. Qing dynasty

3.There are eight main kinds of headdress in ancient China, and they areji, hairpin, chai, hua sheng, step swing, phoenix crown, dian and fine-toothed comb. A. True B. False

4.What are the patterns of ancient Chinese headdress? A. geometric patterns B. animal patterns C. plant patterns D. human figures

Answers

1.C

2.C

3.A

4.ABC

202270081629 陈思阳 Chen Siyang 英语笔译(English translation)

Evolution history of ancient Bridges in China

陈思阳Chen Siyang, 202270081629

Abstract

Bridges are an important part of ancient Chinese architecture. For thousands of years, the industrious and intelligent Chinese people have built tens of thousands of wonderful and magnificent Bridges. The brilliant achievements of ancient Chinese Bridges have attracted worldwide attention. They once occupied a lofty position in the history of the development of Eastern and Western Bridges and were widely recognized by the world. However, there are many kinds of ancient Chinese Bridges, and the development and evolution process is long. This article aims to introduce the evolution history of ancient Chinese Bridges.

202270081683 陈彦希 Chen Yanxi 英语口译(English interpreting)

Online Shopping Trend in China

陈彦希 Chen Yanxi, 202270081683

Abstract

You only need to stay at home, swipe your phone, select, and purchase, and your parcels will be delivered to your hands. This is the most popular "online shopping culture". Nowadays, almost everyone could get access to the Internet, online shopping has been gradually favored by more people, becoming a convenient and fashionable lifestyle.

Key Words

Online Shopping Carnivals; E-commerce; Development Trend of Online Shopping

题目

中国网购风潮

摘要

足不出户，刷手机、选购、付款、送货到手……这种隔空取物的购物方式就是时下最流行的“网络购物文化”。随着网络大规模进入普通家庭生活，网络购物已逐渐受到更多人的青睐，成为一种便捷而时尚的生活方式。

关键词

网络购物节；电子商务；网购发展态势

Introduction

Where does online shopping come from? The Internet was first born in the United States, and then Americans put shopping on the Internet, forming the new shopping mode -- online shopping (OS). In China, Jack Ma borrowed from American online shopping sites such as eBay and Amazon and founded Alibaba. After that, online shopping in China (OSC) began to develop.

Online shopping carnivals, also known as Black Fridays, in a short period of time, to achieve large-scale promotions of goods, quickly improve brand image, and significantly increase product sales, especially in countries like China (Zeng et al.,2019). For example, Alibaba’s Double 11 online shopping carnivals grew from 2009 to 2019 by at least 27% year-on-year, reaching a total transaction volume of 74.1 billion USD in 2020, almost double compared to 2019, with more than 250,000 Chinese and international brands being sold and 2.3 billion orders processed (Alibaba Group,2020; Yu et al.,2018).

Reasons for the Development of Online Shopping in China

OS is a new consumption mode that connects merchants and consumers through the Internet. More and more people choose OS for the following reasons.

(1) Cost-effective price As a new way of shopping, OS does not need to rent shops; at the same time, many products are sold directly by manufacturers, which reduces some unnecessary links between production and sales, making the price lower than that of physical stores. (Yan, 2010)

(2) Abundant commodities Compared with traditional physical stores, online stores have a complete range and rich categories. An online shop is a collection of goods from all over the country and even abroad, to meet the different needs of different people.

(3) Convenience OS is not limited by time and space. In addition, OS relies on logistics transportation, and goods are delivered by couriers, which not only saves shopping time but also simplifies shopping methods.

(4) Herd mentality Some groups (such as students) are influenced by the surrounding environment and have the illusion of needing something and blindly follow the trend to buy certain goods. (Ren, 2019)

Development Trend of Online Shopping in China

(1) OS has increasingly become the mainstream consumption mode As we all know, with the development of the Internet, people's consumption patterns and living habits are changing. OS has become more and more the mainstream consumption pattern and living habits of people.

(2) Rapid penetration of e-commerce The rapid penetration of e-commerce is more obvious in various industries, so more people gradually choose and favor OS, completing the evolution from “the love of a few people” to “national online shopping carnivals”.

(3) Rising popularity in the third- and fourth-tier cities The influence of OS is penetrating from coastal areas to inland areas, and netizens in third- and fourth-tier cities will become the next wave of online shopping carnivals. (Zhang, 2011)

(4) China will continue to lead the world in online shopping A report from the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) says China's online shopping market is the largest in the world.

The Harms of Online Shopping Cannot Be Ignored

(1) Online shopping takes up a lot of living expenses OS mainly adopts Alipay, Huabei, and other payment methods, so the real situation of cash flow cannot be seen, and the payment of funds often exceeds the estimated cost. Many students and office workers even need to repay their “debt” at the beginning of a month and save money in the middle and at the end of the month.

(2) The process of online shopping rights protection is tedious Some goods online have serious quality problems, and even some merchants sell fake goods. Many people encounter this situation and communicate with the seller, the seller refuses to admit or the seller agrees to return the goods for a refund, but the consumer should bear the postage. Although some people know how to protect their rights, because of the long process and cumbersome procedures, the end is not settled. (Ren, 2019)

(3) Security problems of online shopping When purchasing goods online, you need to present your name, address, mobile phone number, and other important information to both the seller and the OS platform. Once mobile phone numbers are leaked, harassing calls and spam text messages will appear from time to time, which affects people’s normal life.

Conclusion

At present, OSC is in the third stage of rapid development, the consumer group is expanding, and consumers are more and more accustomed to OS, which increasingly becomes a way of life. In the next 3 to 5 years, the structure of OSC will be stable, favorable factors will increase, and unfavorable factors will be gradually improved. The development momentum of OSC is good.

References

Alibaba Group. (2020). Alibaba Generates RMB498.2 billion (US$74.1 billion) in GMV during the 2020 11.11 Global Shopping Festival (November 12, 2020).

Müller Astrid,Joshi Maithilee,Thomas Tobias A.. Excessive shopping on the internet: recent trends in compulsive buying-shopping disorder[J]. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences,2022,44.

Yu, H., Zhang, R., & Liu, B. (2018). Analysis on consumers’ purchase and shopping well-being in online shopping carnivals with two motivational dimensions. Sustainability, 10(12), 4603.

Zeng, M., Cao, H., Chen, M., & Li, Y. (2019). User behaviour modeling, recommendations, and purchase prediction during shopping festivals. Electronic Markets, 29(2), 263–274.

任艳.高校大学生网购现状及对策分析[J].戏剧之家,2019(25):160-161.

闫振寰. “网购”渐成时尚生活风潮[N]. 张家口日报,2010-03-05(004).

张诚.淘宝“全民疯抢”看网购未来趋势[J].数字通信,2011,38(06):7.

Terms and Expressions

parcel 快递；包裹

"online shopping culture" “网购文化”

Online Shopping Carnivals 网络购物节

e-commerce 电子商务

eBay 易趣（购物网站）

Amazon 亚马逊（购物网站）

Alibaba 阿里巴巴（购物网站）

Black Friday “黑五”

Alibaba’s Double 11 online shopping carnivals 淘宝“双十一”购物节

physical store 实体店

logistics transportation 物流运输

courier 快递公司

the third- and fourth-tier cities 三四线城市

netizen 网民

the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) 波士顿咨询集团

Alipay 支付宝

Huabei 花呗

cash flow 现金流

Questions

1.(T/F)Online shopping carnivals, also known as Black Fridays.

2.What are the reasons for the development of online shopping in China?

A.cost-effective price B.abundant commodities C.convenience D.herd mentality

3.Which development trend of online shopping in China is right?

A.OS has increasingly become the mainstream consumption mode B.slower penetration of e-commerce C.rising popularity in the first-tier cities D.China won’t continue to lead the world in online shopping

4.(T/F)The development momentum of OSC is good.

Answers

Correct answers are:

1.T

2.ABCD

3.A

4.T

202270081630 陈烨 Chen Ye 英语笔译(English translation)

Chinese Dumpling Culture

陈烨Chen Ye, 202270081630

Abstract

The Chinese food culture is very profound and dumplings are one of the most representative food eaten by Chinese people from the south to north all over the year. Although vary the customs and traditions of dumplings, the only thing that remains constant is the blessing behind them. This text will describe the Chinese dumpling culture in terms of its origins, allusions, and customs.

Key Words

Dumpling Culture；Traditioanl Customs; Implied Meaning

题目

中国的饺子文化

摘要

中国的饮食文化博大精深,其中饺子是从南到北，从年头到年尾，中国人都离不开的一种非常具有代表性的食物。然而吃饺子的风俗习惯和讲究颇多，不同地区也有差别，但唯一不变的是饺子背后所蕴含的祝福。所以本文将从饺子的起源及其典故，包饺子和吃饺子相关的习俗以及饺子背后的寓意来介绍中国的饺子文化。

关键词

饺子文化；传统风俗；寓意 =

1.The origin and allusions of dumplings

Dumplings were first invented by the ancient Chinese medical sage Zhang Zhongjing(张仲景). The story of "Dumpling Soup" has been passed down to this day: when Zhang Zhongjing went to his hometown, he saw many poor people suffering from hunger and cold, and their ears were frozen and rotten. He was so distressed that he was determined to save them. So he asked his disciples to set up a medical hut and a cauldron in a vacant lot, and opened it on the winter solstice to give medicine to the poor to treat their wounds.The medicine was called "Jiao Ear Soup"（娇耳汤）, which was made by boiling mutton, chillies and some cold-removing herbs in a pot, then chopping them up and wrapping them in dough. After eating the soup, the people were warmed up and their ears were cured.“Jiao ears”are also known as later dumplings. 　　It has been nearly 1800 years since Zhang Zhongjing's death, but the story of his "Dumpling Soup" has been widely circulated among the people.Today, we don't use dumplings to treat frozen ears, but they have become the most common and favourite food.

2.1 Special times for eating dumplings

A.Chinese New Year's Eve

The New Year's Eve dumpling feast is the grandest and most heart-warming family feast, representing the family's joyous reunion and good fortune. Then, men, women and children fire firecrackers and make offerings of dumplings in front of the portraits of the God of Wealth and the God of Zao to pray for peace and prosperity in the coming year.

B.New Year’s Day of the Chinese lunar calendar

On the first day of the New Year, dumplings are eaten for good luck and to welcome the new year. The dumplings are served on the table as they resemble Yuanbao.

C.The fifth day of the first lunar month

Eating dumplings is "broken five"（破五). According to folklore, from the first to the fifth day of the first month there are many taboos, people should not act rashly.After the fifth day of the Lunar New Year, it means that the New Year has passed safely, so dumplings are eaten to congratulate the secure passage of the New Year.

D.The Dragon Head-raising Day

On the second day of February, when “the dragon raises its head”(龙抬头), people expect "the big barn to be full and the small barn to flow"（大仓满，小仓流), which means that means that there will be a good harvest this year and the warehouse will be filled with grain. The dumplings eaten are called "dragon ears".

E.The three periods of the hot season

There is a folk saying that "the first of the three periods of the hot season is for dumplings, the second of the three periods of the hot seasony is for noodles"(头伏饺子，二伏面). As a gourmet food, dumplings can be eaten to appease the appetite and signify a safe passage through the hot summer.

F.Start of Autumn

Eating dumplings is also known as "autumn fat"（贴秋膘）. Because people tend to lose appetite and lose weight in summer. In autumn, eating dumplings makes up for the deficiency of the stomach, and supplement the loss of nutrition to restore the body's vitality

G.Winter Solstice

Eating dumplings on the winter solstice is associated with Zhang Zhongjing's invention of a cold-relief soup, which means that eating dumplings on the winter solstice can prevent the ears from freezing.

2.2 Rules for making and eating dumplings

First of all, the more people involved in making dumplings, the better, meaning affinity and popularity. Secondly, we should eat dumplings in order of seniority: seniority high eat first. Besides, we can't eat odd numbers of dumplings , because it is unlucky.

2.3 Dumpling eating habits in different regions

In different parts of China, the shape and meaning of dumplings can vary. For example, in Suzhou and Hangzhou, egg dumplings on New Year's Eve. In Henan, dumplings are cooked with vermicelli, called "vermicelli dumplings"（粉皮饺子）, meaning "jade belt wrapped around treasure"（玉带缠宝）; in Shaanxi（陕西）, dumplings are cooked with noodles, called "golden silk through yuanbao "（金丝穿元宝）In Shandong, people eat vegetarian dumplings in the hope that the new year will be plain and peaceful. As can be seen from these different practices and symbolic meanings, eating dumplings is associated with attracting wealth and prosperity.

Apart from this, the most obvious difference in dumpling eating habits is between the North and South. In the south, dumplings are generally considered to be a snack, while in the north they are considered to be staple food. To analyse the specific reasons, I think the main reason is that the understanding of staple food is different between the south and the north of China. People in the north consider all food made from rice or noodles to be a staple food, while the south counts only rice as a staple food. Fundamentally, this is because of the difference in geographical structure between the north and the south, with the environment in the north being suitable for crops such as wheat and sorghum, while the south is more suitable for rice cultivation.

Conclusion

Dumplings have different meanings at different times of the year, and the custom of eating dumplings varies from region to region. However, the only constant is that dumplings are a symbol of good fortune and wishes for the future, and they are also a symbol of reuinion of family.

References

梁凤英.中国人的饺子文化[J].华人时刊,2018(02):67-69.

伊人.承载着文化和情感的中华传统美食——饺子[J].文化产业,2020(04):46-47+50-51.

SARAH SANDERSON.Addicted to Dumplings[J].Beijing Review,2011,54(11):48.

Eat Dumpling and Say good-Bye to the Year[J].Women of China,1999(02):46-47.

JENNIFER LIM.Chinese Dumplings Hold Place in History[J].Women of China,1994(10):52.

Terms and Expressions

1.Jiao Ear Soup娇耳汤

2.the God of Wealth and the God财神爷

3. the God of Zao灶王爷

4.Yuanbao元宝

5.The Dragon Head-raising Day 龙头节

6.The three periods of the hot season 暑伏

7.the first of the three periods of the hot season 头伏

8.Start of Autumn立秋

9.autumn fat贴秋膘

10.Winter Solstice冬至

11.egg dumplings蛋饺

12.vermicelli dumplings粉皮饺子

13.jade belt wrapped around treasure玉带缠宝

14. golden silk through yuanbao 金丝穿元宝

Questions

1 "Jiao Ear Soup"（娇耳汤）was made by boiling , chillies and some cold-removing herbs.

A.pork B.mutton C.beef D.fish

2.we can't eat odd numbers of dumplings,because it is______.

A. unlucky B. disrespectful C.unpalatable D.imperfect

3.On Chinese New Year’s Eve, people make offerings of dumplings in front of the portraits of ______ and the God of Zao.

A.the God of Beauty B.the God of Love C.the God of Wealth D.the God of Marriage

4.Who invented Dumplings?

A. Sun Simiao B.Li Shizhen C.Hua Tuo D. Zhang Zhongjing

5.In which region are dumplings made with vermicelli?

A.Suzhou B.Hangzhou C.Henan D.Shanxi

Answers

Correct answers are: 1.B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.C

202270081631 丁粤 Ding Yue 英语笔译(English translation)

The Development of the Talent Selection System in Ancient China(except from keju)

丁粤Ding Yue, 202270081631

Abstract

Talent is one of the most valuable wealth of a country. In order to consolidate their rule over the country, the ancient feudal rulers of China successively formulated and implemented a series of talent selection systems. In order to help us better understand the development of the talent selection system in ancient China，this paper will introduce the hereditary official system, the talent selection system of the Zhou dynasty，the recommendatory system and the Nine-grade appraisal system in chronological order and analyze their influence on ancient Chinese society.

Key Words

Talent selection system；the hereditary official system；the recommendatory system；the Nine-grade appraisal system

题目

中国古代人才选拔制度的发展（不包含科举制）

摘要

人才是一个国家最宝贵的财富之一。为了巩固对国家的统治，中国古代封建统治者先后制定并实行了一系列人才选拔制度。为了帮助我们更好地了解中国古代人才选拔制度的发展，本文将按照时间先后顺序介绍世官制、周朝的人才选拔制度、察举制和九品中正制，并分析它们对中国古代社会的影响。

关键词

人才选拔制度；世官制；察举制；九品中正制

1.1 The hereditary official system

The hereditary official system, also known as Shiqing Shilu system, was mainly used in the Xia dynasty and Shang dynasty. It determined the appointment of government officials at all levels through family blood relationship, limited the official position to the scope of the nobility, and made sure that the descendants of the nobility inherit the power of their ancestors from generation to generation.Under this talent selection system, the vast majority of appointed officials come from the nobility, and the common people have few opportunities to become officials. With the increasing corruption of the aristocratic class, the hereditary official system gradually exposed its inherent drawbacks and was eventually replaced by the new talent selection system.（Wei Jingyuan 2014）

1.2 The talent selection system of the Zhou dynasty

In the Zhou Dynasty, in addition to inheriting the hereditary official system of the Shang Dynasty in the rank of ministers, they began to select and appoint talents from the low-level officials and at the grass-roots level. There are mainly two kinds of methods: "Xiang Sui" and " Select Gong Shi". "Xiang Sui" was to recommend competent people to the imperial court every three years by local officials in the suburbs of the capital. These recommended people were either appointed or became an official after studying in a national educational institution. "Gongshi" refers to the talents contributed by the vassal states to the Zhou Dynasty. According to the Book of Rites - The King System, the King of Zhou asked the vassal states to elect Xiushi according to their villages and then promoted them to Situ, which were called "Xuanshi"; The outstanding talents of Situ would receive further education in the national public schools and they were called "Junshi". After finishing their learning, they were called "Zaoshi". Then the outstanding talents from the "Zaoshi" were selected and reported to the King of Zhou. They would be promoted to the position of Sima and called "Jinshi". After that, the King of Zhou selected talented people from "Jinshi" and presided over the discussion of their official positions and salaries.（Wu Haiyan 2020）

1.3 The recommendatory system

In the Han Dynasty, the feudal autocratic regime was further developed, and the previous talent selection system could not meet the needs of centralized rule, so the recommendatory system was adopted. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a whole set of official selection system was established and developed to select talents, namely, the recommendatory system. It included regional recommendation and emperor recruitment. The system of selecting talents as officials from bottom to top was one of the most important ways of selecting officials in the Han Dynasty.The recommendatory system in the Han Dynasty mainly used "virtue and talent" as the basis for selecting talents, and "filial piety" and "incorruptibility" as its important inspection items. （Yang Xin，Yu Dandan 2014）Compared with the hereditary official system, the recommendatory system has a wider selection range and more emphasis on virtue and talent, which plays a positive role in promoting social progress and development.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the recommendatory system continued to be implemented. But with the vicious expansion of the powerful landlord forces, the family background became the main basis for elections. Under the situation that the system of selecting officials was becoming increasingly corrupt, a group of powerful families who had been officials for generations and controlled the central or local political power emerged, which led to the formation and development of aristocratic landlords who had been officials for generations.（Du Fei 2016）

1.4 The Nine-grade appraisal system

The Nine-grade appraisal system was an important talent selection system in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. It was firstly implemented in the Three Kingdoms Period and abolished in the Sui Dynasty. The local administrative departments set up "Zhongzheng" to assess the virtues and talents of local people.The assessment results are divided into nine grades. The grades were the basis for conferring officials. At first, this system was committed to solving the problem of the unification of the imperial election of officials and the village deliberation, and was a continuation of the official election tradition of the Han Dynasty.（Yang Xin，Yu Dandan 2014） However, at the turn of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the system has changed. Because the position of "Zhongzheng" was monopolized by aristocratic families, the family background became the basis for talent selection. The Nine-grade appraisal system became a bureaucratic selection system to protect the hereditary political privileges of the gentry.

2.The influence of the talent selection system in ancient China

In the long-term development of China's feudal society, the rulers of previous dynasties established a series of talent selection systems to consolidate their dominant position. Although in different historical periods, the standards and methods for rulers to select talents were different, they had the same historical role. That is, they played a huge role in maintaining the ruling position of the landlord class and promoting the development of feudal society. At the same time, although these systems are constantly changing with the changes of the times, they were unable to jump out of the locking defects of the hierarchical system, the constraints of moral ethics and the influence of feudal economy. All the talent selection system in previous dynasties have defects and loopholes to varying degrees.（Lin Suping 2010）

Conclusion

Talents are the precious wealth of a country. We should recognize and inherit the advantages of the talent selection systems in ancient China and discard their feudal shortcomings. We must establish a correct concept of talents, respect knowledge and talents.

References

[1]Wei Jingyuan 韦靖源.中国古代社会人才选拔制度探析[J]. [On the talent selection system in ancient china] 黑龙江史志, Historical Records of Heilongjiang 2014(23):112-113.

[2]Yang Xin，Yu Dandan 杨鑫,于丹丹.浅谈我国人才选拔制度的演变[J].[Brief Discussion on the evolution of talent selection system in China]长春师范大学学报, Journal of Changchun Normal University 2014,33(07):26-28.

[3]Wu Haiyan 武海燕.漫谈中国古代人才选拔制度[J].[Random talk about the talent selection system in ancient China] 文史月刊, Literary monthly 2020(05):72-75.

[4]Du Fei 杜非.中国古代的人才选拔制度[J].[The talent selection system in ancient china] 人才资源开发, Talent resource development 2016(01):70-71.

[5]Lin Suping 林素萍.中国古代人才选举机制的发展历程[J].[The Development Course of Talent Election Mechanism in Ancient China] 新高考, New College Entrance Examination 2010(03):33-34.

Terms and Expressions

The hereditary official system 世官制

The recommendatory system 察举制

The Nine-grade appraisal system 九品中正制

Aristocratic class 贵族阶级

The vassal states 附庸国

autocratic regime 专制政权

filial piety 孝

incorruptibility 廉

village deliberation乡里清议

Gentry 士族

Loopholes 漏洞

In the rank of minister 在士大夫阶层

The Book of Rites 《礼记》

feudal society 封建社会

landlord class 地主阶级

hierarchical system 等级制度

Questions

1.After finishing their learning, what would "Junshi" be called？ A."Gongshi" B."Jinshi" C."Zaoshi" D."Xiang Sui"

2.Which of the following was not the talent selection system in ancient China unable to jump out of?

A.the locking defects of the hierarchical system B.changing with the changes of the times C.the influence of feudal economy D.the constraints of moral ethics

3.In which dynasty was the recommendatory system adopted？ A.Zhou B.Han C.Wei D.Jin

4.In which dynasty was not the hereditary official system adopted？ A.Xia B.Shang C.Zhou D.Wei

Answers

Correct answers are:

1.C

2.B

3.B

4.D

202270081632 付静 Fu Jing 英语笔译(English translation)

Abstract

Language taboo is a common social phenomenon. In China, language taboos are considered as offensive as cultural ones. This paper will briefly introduce major kinds of language taboos in ancient China, hopefully to help know about Chinese cultural traditions in language use.

Key Words

Language taboo, Appellation, Name, Privacy, Inauspicious words

题目

中国古代语言禁忌

摘要

语言禁忌是一种普遍的社会现象。在中国，语言禁忌和文化禁忌一样被认为是冒犯性的。本文将简要介绍中国古代语言禁忌的主要种类，以期了解中国语言使用的文化传统。

关键词

语言禁忌，称谓，姓名，私隐，不吉利词

Introduction

Ancient Chinese believed that everything was spiritual, and the language they spoke could be understood by normal people as well as spirits (ghosts or gods). Since in their belief they might be protected or punished by spirits according to the language they spoke, they would avoid to say words leading to punishments, which were known as taboo words in ancient China. Generally, language taboos include two aspects: the worship of spiritual things, and the prohibition and substitution of improper language. (Liu Caixia, 2010) And they can also be classified into four types, which are taboo of appellation, taboo of name, taboo of privacy, and taboo of inauspicious homophonic words.(You Rujie, 1993)

Taboo of Appellation

In ancient China, family members or relatives, were often strictly addressed according to their family hierarchy and relationship.(Liu Caixia, 2010) However, there are situations where some of normal address would be replaced by other titles because of taboo.

The first reflects parents’ taboo psychology towards spirits in certain regions. Some ancient young parents worried that appellation like "father” or “mother" were too heavy for them to raise children successfully; some parents reckoned that their life were full of bad luck because of “the god of misery”, so they changed address to avoid being known by the god their relationship with children, thus their children could get rid of misfortune; others, through the eight characters of their kid’s birth, worried that there would be restrictions and conflicts between them and their kid, so the appellation of parents would be replaced by other titles. For example, in Daejeon, Fujian Province, the family title "father" is replaced by "A Shu (uncle) ", or "A Xiong" or "A Ge “(the elder brother) " and “mother” is accordingly replaced by "A Shen (aunt)” or " A Sao (the sister-in-law)”.(You Rujie, 1993)

The second mirrors taboo of unlucky numbers in appellation. For example, in the Wu dialect, it is taboo to use "four" in family address such as “Si Shu (the fourth uncle)” and “Si Shen (the fourth aunt)”. Instead, "little" would be a replacement in the title and renamed as “Xiao Shu” or “Xiao Shen”. In addition, since the pronunciation of “Er Ge (the second elder brother)” sounds the same with “Ni Gu (nun)”, people in Shanghai renamed "Er Ge " to "Er A Ge".(You Rujie, 1993)

Taboo of Name

In ancient China, taboo of name usually refers to two types of taboo.

The first taboo is to mention names of emperors and their royal family. Normally, common people could not speak out or even use the characters in those names directly. Therefore, common people’s names would be changed into other characters, so did those of places to show respect and awe to royal family. For instance, the name of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty was “Heng”, so the name of “Mountain Heng” was changed into “Mountain Chang”. (You Rujie, 1993)

The second taboo of name is to call the birth name of the elder or a friend directly, so normally every child would be given an extra name known as “ Zi” on his or her coming-of-age ceremony for others to call as a replacement to the birth name known as “Ming”. That is why ancient people would have a surname and two given names. (You Rujie, 1993)

Taboo of Privacy

Different from "privacy" in communication in the west, which mainly involves personal information such as age, property, salary level and so on, ancient Chinese regarded "privacy" as information on private parts of the human body, such as sexual contents and excretion relating to reproductive organs. Therefore, people would avoid using words relating to those topics, as well as their homonyms and phonetic mix-ups, in daily communication, and use euphemisms instead. For instance, ancient Chinese would use “Chu gong" instead of saying “go to the toilet". When it comes to sexual topics, they would use “Tong Chuang (share the bed)” to imply the sexual behavior between husband and wife, while "Xun Hua Wen Liu (looking for flowers and asking willows)” or “Tou Ji Mo Gou（stealing chickens and thieving dogs）” would be used to imply improper sexual behavior or sexual misconducts. (Liu Xingjun, Haozhilun,1996)

Taboo of Inauspicious homophonic words

Taboo of unlucky homophonic words can be divided into three categories: taboos on special days or events (festivals or celebrations), taboos in everyday life and taboos of social stratification. (You Rujie, 1993)

Taboos on special days or events generally refer to unlucky words relating to death or other bad consequences. When ancient Chinese killed domestic birds or animals for cooking on festivals or celebrations, they would say other words instead of “kill” or “dead”. For instance, “Sha ji (to kill a chicken)” would be changed to “Fu ji（to prostrate a chicken）” and a “dead duck” would be called as “Wen ya”. (You Rujie, 1993) In addition, on the day when two ancient Chinese got married or engaged, people could not say "Chong (repeat) " and "Zai (again)”, since those words implied “marry again”, and that was considered inauspicious. (Liu Xingjun, Haozhilun,1996)

Taboos in daily life differ from regions to regions because of different regional dialects. Take Wu dialect in Zhejiang as an example, people in Jiaxing called “Jiang you (soy sauce)” as “Yan se (color)”, since Jiaxing people made sericulture as their major industry and the pronunciation of “Jiang (stiff)” implies the death of silkworms. In Haining, since the pronunciation of vinegar in the dialect was similar with that of “Cuo (wrong)”, people would call vinegar as “Ren xian” to avoid saying “Cuo”. (You Rujie, 1993)

Taboos of social stratification differ from fields to fields. For example, boatmen see “Chen (sink)” as taboo, so they would avoid to pronounce “Chen" in their daily life. When an ancient boatman filled a bowl with rice, he would call this behavior as “Tian fan (add rice)” instead of “Cheng fan”. (You Rujie, 1993) What is more, ancient monks regarded "lǘ (donkey)" as taboo, because monks are bald and hate to be called "Tu lǘ (bald donkey) ". Also, Taoist priests would avoid "Niu (bull)", because they hate to be called "Niu bi zi (bull nose) ". So, these words should be avoided when talking to people in those fields mentioned above. There are more taboo words of this kind and they mainly refer to avoidance of laughing at other people's defects. (Liu Xingjun, Haozhilun,1996)

Conclusion

In ancient China, people explained nature by means of fantasy and imagination, and prayed for blessing and avoided punishments from spirits by avoiding language taboos. From generation to generation, these language taboos have been partially handed down and become a very important part of Chinese language and culture to enable people in modern times to get a glimpse of language use in ancient times as well as Chinese traditions.

References

[1]You Rujie 游汝杰(1993)《中国文化语言学引论》[Introduction to Chinese Cultural Linguistics] 高等教育出版社[Higher Education Press] (1993.04)

[2]Liu Xingjun 刘兴均,Hao Zhilun 郝志伦(1996)《中国禁忌百科》[Chinese Taboo Encyclopedia] 四川人民出版社 [Sichuan People's Publishing House] (1996.01)

[3]Liu Caixia 刘彩霞 (2010) 跨文化交际禁忌习俗文化研究 [A Cultural Study of Taboo Customs in Cross-cultural Communication] [D].四川师范大学 [Sichuan Normal University](2010)

Terms and Expressions

spirit(s) 神灵 homophonic 同音的，谐音的 Daejeon 大田（福建地名） appellation 称谓 family hierarchy 家族辈分 homonym 同音词 inauspicious 不吉利的 the eight characters 八字 phonetic mix-ups 谐音词 euphemisms 委婉语 willow 柳树 Fu ji 伏鸡 social stratification 社会分层 Wen ya 文鸭 Ren xian 人仙 Cheng fan 盛饭

Questions

1.Which two aspects do the language taboo include?

A. The worship of spiritual things B.the prohibition and substitution of improper language

C.the prohibition of improper language D.the substitution of improper language

2.How many types of language taboos mentioned in the text?

A. 2 B. 3 C.4 D. 5

3. Which name could a person have on the coming-of-age ceremony in ancient China?

A. Surname B. Ming C. Zi D. Family name

4.What did ancient Chinese say instead of “kill a chicken”?

A. Sha ji B. Wen ya C. Fu ji D. Sha ya

Answers

1.AB 2.C 3.C 4.C

202270081633 高燕 Gao Yan 英语笔译(English translation)

The Culture of Basic Courtesy in China

高燕Gao Yan, 202270081633

Abstract

China is an ancient civilization with a long history, and has formed noble moral standards and complete etiquette norms. This paper focuses on the etiquette culture of ancient China, including, traveling, sitting and prone position, banquet, wedding and funeral, birthday party, sacrifice-offering. It will also introduce the etiquette culture of the contemporary society in China, and discuss which ancient etiquette is still used today, and how it affects our life.

Key Words

etiquette；rituals；ancient civilization

题目

中国基本礼仪文化

摘要

中国是历史悠久的文明古国，形成了高尚的道德准则、完整的礼仪规范。本文着重介绍中国古代的礼仪文化，中国的习俗体现在各个方面，包括旅游、坐位、俯卧、宴会、婚丧嫁娶、生日聚会、祭祀和探险。也会介绍当代社会的礼仪文化，并且阐明他们之间的关系。

关键词

礼仪；仪式；古代文明

Introduction

In ancient China, there are five main types of rituals：jili(auspicious rites), xiongli(inauspicious rites), jiali( congratulatory rites), binli(hosting rites), junli(military rites).These types of rituals are called wuli and the term wuli appeared for the first time in the ritual classic ZhouLi. This book summarized the special roles of wuli in the ancient China.

1.1 Auspicious rites

The first one is jili(auspicious rites). It means sacrificial ceremonies of to Heaven, the Earth, and various spirits. It is the most important in the five types of rituals. The reason why jili is viewed as the most important is that influenced by the backward feudal and decadent ideology of the times, the ancients attributed all scientific phenomena that could not be explained to the heavens, that is to say, they advocated theology. In addition, driven by some coincidences, the ancient people had to believe in supernatural forces. For theology, it was not credible to many modern Chinese, but people had great respect for heaven in ancient times. In all parts of China, there are many altars, the most famous of which is the Temple of Heaven in Beijing. These altars are used to hold sacrificial ceremonies to express respect for the Heaven. The sacrificial process is also very strict, and the steps and sequence cannot be mistaken. The first step, when worshipping the Heaven, only the son of heaven, or the emperor is allowed to do that. besides that, a large number of the gods are worshiped by the emperor of that time and they are ranked according to their priorities in the process. (1)The first is to worship Haotian Emperor to seek blessings. (2)The second is the sun, the moon and the planets and stars. (3)The last is the spirits of the stars "controller of the centre" (sizhong ) and "controller of life" (siming ), the "master of the winds" (fengshi ), and the "master of the rain" (yushi ). what they do is to hope to get a better climate in the next year. the next step is to offer sacrifices to the Earth. the Worship of the earth has a long history in ancient China. There is a Chinese myth about the separation of the Sky from the Earth by Pan Gu. Since the earth grows grain and nurtures all things, just like a loving mother. Thus, there was a saying in ancient times that "the father is heaven and the mother is earth."

1.2 Inauspicious ritesy

When bad things happened, inauspicious rites(xiongli) were performed. They primarily included the entirety of funeral mournings (sangli), but also those when disastrous events had befallen a family, society, or state, such as crop failures due to drought, flooding, or pests (huangli), natural disasters or pestilence (diaoli), military defeat, and bandits or rebellions. At a funeral, the relatives of the deceased wear mourning clothes, which is called mourning. One of the most important etiquettes of xiongli is the closest relatives mourn for the deceased for three years. They can't marry and have children in the three years, and it is even better for them to live on the edge of the tomb. There are a series of taboos during the mourning: they can't eat meat and drink alcohol, and can't haircut. males can't marry wives or concubines.

1.3 Congratulatory rites

The congratulatory rites are the most abundant part of ancient etiquette and mainly included six different festivities. 1. The private banquets of families and relatives, aiming to bring together relatives on special occasions 2. banquets are held to bring together grown-up men and women, capping rites when young males became adults and were given a courtesy name, 3. archery contests are launched to bring together old friends 4. banquets and offerings are held during alliances between regional rulers of the same lineage； between regional rulers of a different lineage 5. weddings rituals 6. banquets and offerings are held to bring together guests from all places, and banquets and offerings during alliances

1.4 Military rites

Military ritual is the etiquette related to military activities. And the formation of the army, management, etc., are inseparable from the principle of Li. The military rites consisted of ceremonies for military review, hunts, imperial shooting contests, "declarations" of war, the dispatch of armies, the set-off by military campaigns commanded by the emperor in, orders to the generals, the presentation of booty and captives, the report of victory, triumphant returns.

1.5 Hosting rites

Generally speaking, hosting rites is the etiquette when the emperor meets the feudal lords, guests and the mutual exchanges between the feudal lords from different states. Hosting rites included court audiences, occasional audiences, full audiences, occasional visits, full visits, instructions to regional rulers in combination with presents, and the conclusion of alliances. In late imperial times like the Ming and Qing Dynasties, usual hosting ceremonies were the presentation of tributes, ennoblements, imperial banquets or the presentation of irregular memorials by high officials to the throne.

2.Modern etiquette in China

Many etiquettes to the contemporary, its meaning and form will have a lot of changes. Some of them not only retain the traditional etiquette culture, but also learn the characteristics of western etiquette, thus transforming into modern etiquette.

Conclusion

Up to now, although the concrete ceremonies of courtesy in China become simple with the development of the times, some even no longer fit, but the principle and spirit of ceremony can not be forgotten. We must continue to pass it on and keep it fresh for a long time.

References

[1]. Lin Yan 林岩. (2002). 礼仪教育——中华传统文化的瑰宝[J] [courtesy education-the treasury of the traditional culture in China]. 河北省社会主义学院学报.

[2]. Yang Zhigang杨志刚. (2001)中国礼仪制度研究[Study on Chinese Etiquette System][M] 上海；华东师范大学出版社.

[3]. Ge Chenghong 葛晨虹. (2001)中国礼仪文化[Chinese Etiquette Culture].[M]. 北京: 经济科学出版社

Terms and Expressions

Haotian Emperor （Haotian Shangdi 昊天上帝） sizhong 司中

siming 司命

fengshi 风师

yushi 雨师

sangli丧礼

huangli荒礼

diaoli吊礼

the regional states 同邦国

military review校阅

imperial shooting contests大射

declarations of war致师

the dispatch of armies出师

the generals命将

the report of victory 捷报

triumphant returns凯旋

the presentation of tributes 朝贡

ennoblements 赦封

imperial banquets筵宴

the presentation of irregular memorials by high officials to the throne进表

Questions

1.Which one is the most important in the five types of rituals( )

A.jili(auspicious rites)

B.xiongli(inauspicious rites)

C.jiali( congratulatory rites)

D.binli(hosting rites)

2.who will wear mourning clothes during the morning?( )

A.Daughter

B.Sons

C.the closest relatives

D.friends

3.Which of the five rituals does the wedding rituals belong to?( )

A.jili(auspicious rites)

B.xiongli(inauspicious rites)

C.jiali( congratulatory rites)

D.binli(hosting rites)

4.Which parts do usual hosting ceremonies include?( multiple choices)( )

A.presentation of tributes

B.ennoblements

C.imperial banquets

Answers

Correct answers are:

1.A

2.C

3.C

4.ABC