User:Kuang Jing

湖南师范大学2023级英语笔译专业学生，作为一名中华儿女，我对中华语言与文化有着浓厚的兴趣。中华语言与文化博大精深源远流长，我希望在这一门课程中能够对中华语言与文化有更多深入细致地了解，争取做中外语言文化交流的传播者。

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Final paper(English Version)

Mortise and Tenon Joint Kuang Jing Abstract This paper explores the unique mortise and tenon joint in ancient Chinese architecture, a technique for joining wood without nails and glue. The mortise and tenon joint is famous for its stability, environmental protection, artistry and manufacturability, and its history can be traced back to Hemudu period, and then it has been developed and improved in various dynasties. Mortise and tenon is not only a skill, but also contains profound philosophical thoughts and cultural inheritance, reflecting the concept of harmony between Yin and Yang and harmonious coexistence. In modern society, mortise and tenon joint is still widely used in the fields of architecture, furniture and industrial design, and its cultural and educational value cannot be ignored. Mortise and tenon technology should not be forgotten by the development of science and technology, but should be combined with modern technology to inherit and develop this traditional culture. Key words: Mortise and Tenon Joint; Art of Architecture; Chinese Traditional Culture

Introduction In ancient times, the use of building materials varied from region to region. Westerners were used to utilize stone, while Chinese preferred wood. Chinese people believe that wood represents vitality and it carries all things in the “five elements”, so they like to build houses with a lot of wood. As a result, the basic feature of ancient Chinese architecture is that most of the buildings were made of earth and wood. The reason why ancient buildings in China can be maintained and developed for a long time is that the ancient Chinese created the "wood mortise and tenon joint". It is the wide application of this mortise and tenon in construction that has strongly promoted the continuous progress of wood structure architecture in China. (Barasch 2000, 46) Mortise and tenon is an ancient technique full of wisdom. It is a structure that plays a role in connecting wooden objects. It uses a concave-convex connection between two wooden pieces. The convex part is called the “tenon” (Sun), and the concave part is called the “mortise” (Mao). The combination of the them can act as a connection. The mortise and tenon structure is a clever combination of more and less, high and low, long and short between wood parts, which can effectively limit the twisting of wood parts in all directions. This structure was widely used in ancient Chinese architecture, furniture and other wooden instruments.

Characteristics of Mortise and Tenon Joint First, stability. The mortise and tenon joint is interlocked through the concave and convex parts of the wood to form a stable whole. This structure is not only beautiful, but also practical, which can withstand large loads, while allowing a certain deformation to offset the impact of external forces such as earthquakes. (Yang Tianzhi, 2020, 84) Second, environmental protection. The mortise and tenon joint does not use external connection materials such as nails and adhesives, but completely relies on the characteristics of the wood itself to connect, so it is more environmentally friendly and sustainable. Third, artistry. The design of mortise and tenon joint is exquisite, whose forms are diverse, such as Dovetails Tenon (Yanwei Sun), Doble-mitred Tenon (Gejian Sun), Embracing-shoulder Tenon (Baojian Sun), etc., each of which has unique aesthetic sense and artistic value. These structures not only enhance the stability of the wood products, but also add a unique cultural flavor. Fourth, manufacturability. The production of mortise and tenon structures requires superb woodwork and rich experience. Craftsmen need to accurately design and make mortise and tenon joints according to the texture, hardness and other characteristics of the wood to ensure that the connection is strong and beautiful.

History and Development of Mortise and Tenon Joint The mortise and tenon structure can be traced back to the Hemudu period. With the increase of the function of wooden tools and the maturity of bronze smelting, simple wooden furniture began to appear in Xia and Shang dynasties, and then the application of mortise and tenon structure was gradually widespread. During the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the mortise and tenon structure was used in the furniture making and architecture, and concave and convex tenon appeared. During this period, the mortise and tenon structure was greatly developed, which is inseparable from the emergence of a key figure - Lu Ban, who is said to have applied mortise and tenon technology to furniture, and also invented the dougong structure in architecture. In Qin and Han dynasties, the main wooden frame got matured, and mortise and tenon bricks, tongue-and-groove bricks, wedge bricks and so on appeared. During the period of Southern and Northern Dynasties, the national integration of culture and economic exchanges promoted the development of furniture, and mortise and tenon joints developed accordingly. In Sui and Tang dynasties, the mortise and tenon structure entered its heyday, the high furniture developed rapidly, and the wooden buildings were precise and solid. Song and Yuan dynasties represented the peak period of aesthetics, for the cultural atmosphere was rich. Yingxian Wooden Tower was dazzling. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, furniture craftsmanship was exquisite, there were more than 100 kinds of mortise and tenon structures, and the largest wooden building, the Forbidden City, was world-renowned.

Practical Application of Mortise and Tenon Structure in Modern Times The practical application cases of mortise and tenon structure are rich and colorful, covering many fields such as architecture, furniture and industrial design. In the field of construction, mortise and tenon structures are used to connect beams, columns and other components to create a strong and flexible frame. For example, the Chinese National Pavilion at the Shanghai World Expo has adopted the mortise and tenon structure, showing its unique charm and stability. In the field of furniture, mortise and tenon structure is widely used in the production of tables, chairs, beds, cabinet doors and other furniture. Through the clever use of mortise and tenon structure, the furniture is not only stable and durable, but also has beautiful and practical characteristics. In the field of industrial design, mortise and tenon structures also play an important role. For example, in the manufacture of vehicles such as high-speed railways and aircraft, the use of mortise and tenon structures makes the vehicles more stable and durable and lightweight. At the same time, the mortise and tenon structure is also used in the manufacture of locks and other security products, giving the lock higher safety performance. (Dong Sensen 2018, 2)

The Significance of Mortise and Tenon Joint As a type of exquisite connections without nails and glue, mortise and tenon joint contains not only practical skills, but also a profound philosophical thought and cultural inheritance. In terms of philosophy, it embodies the concept of “harmony between Yin and Yang” and “harmonious coexistence ”in traditional Chinese culture. The tenon is Yang, and the mortise represents Yin. The mortise and tenon are nested with each other, just as Yin and Yang depend on each other and transform each other to form a stable and harmonious whole. This concept is also reflected how Chinese people handle the relations, which emphasizes mutual cooperation, complementarity and symbiosis. In terms of cultural inheritance, mortise and tenon skill has been passed on for thousands of years by means of teacher-apprentice and family inheritance. Ancient craftsmen with superb skills and a wealth of experience, created countless amazing works of architecture and furniture. Mortise and tenon culture is not only the inheritance of technology, but also the inheritance of Craftsman spirit, which embodies the perfection of technology and the strict requirement of quality. In terms of aesthetic, it is simple and elegant, with smooth lines and natural forms, it conforms to the traditional Chinese aesthetic concept. In terms of social sense, it reflects the life style and cultural customs of ancient Chinese society. For example, the mortise and tenon structure in traditional Chinese furniture has adapted to people's living habits and etiquette norms, and has become an important part of family life and social activities. In terms of educational value, it cultivates people's patience, carefulness and creativity, allowing people to realize the combination of wisdom and power in practice.

Conclusion Mortise and tenon structure condenses the essence of Chinese traditional culture for thousands of years. It is a great invention of wood construction technology that China has been proud of. Mortise and tenon joint should not be forgotten with the development of science and technology. Today, the mortise and tenon joint is also showing new vitality in the field of modern design and architecture. Designers combine traditional mortise and tenon with modern technology to create works that both have traditional cultural heritage and meet modern aesthetic and functional needs, so that the mortise and tenon culture can be inherited and developed in the new era.

Terms and Expression Mortise and tenon joint 榫卯结构 Dovetails Tenon燕尾榫 Doble-mitred Tenon格肩榫 Embracing-shoulder Tenon抱肩榫 harmony between Yin and Yang阴阳调和 harmonious coexistence和谐共生

Questions 1.When can the history of mortise and tenon structures be traced back to? 2.Who has played an important role in the application of mortise and tenon technology to furniture? 3.What are the two philosophies embodied in the mortise and tenon structure?

Answers 1.Hemudu Period 2.Lu Ban 3.Harmony between Yin and Yang and harmonious coexistence Reference [1] Barasch M. Theories of Art[M]. New York: Routledge, 2000:3. [2] 杨天智(Yang Tianzhi).夹头榫抗震性能的实验研究[J].建设科技,2020(02):84-88+93. [3] 董森森(Dong Sensen).榫卯结构体系在现代建筑的应用研究[D].长春工程学院,2018.

AI Statement I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.