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期末论文

World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site - Wuyi Mountain

Introduction

Wuyi Mountain is located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province, at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. It is one of China's first sites to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. It boasts multiple titles, including a national key nature reserve and a national scenic spot. In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. The heritage site covers a total area of 999.75 square kilometers, with a core area of 635.75 square kilometers and a buffer zone of 364 square kilometers.

Its unique Danxia landform, the clear and meandering Nine-Bend Stream, and the picturesque peaks are well-known for their natural beauty. However, what truly makes Wuyi Mountain brilliant is its profound and far-reaching cultural heritage.

Wuyi Mountain Tea Culture

Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea. This magical land seems to have been endowed by nature with a unique mission to nurture the fragrance of tea. Situated in a subtropical monsoon climate zone, Wuyi Mountain enjoys a warm and humid climate with distinct seasons, providing highly favorable conditions for the growth of tea trees. The mountains are often shrouded in mist, which, like a delicate veil, drapes over the tea gardens. This not only shields the tea trees from intense sunlight, preventing the leaves from being scorched, but also maintains an ideal air humidity, allowing the tea leaves to fully absorb moisture and thrive.

The history of Wuyi tea can be traced back to the Southern Dynasties (479 - 502 AD), spanning over a thousand years. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Qiao praised Wuyi tea as "Late Sweetness Marquis"（晚甘候） in his letter "Sending Tea to Jiao Xingbu". During the Song Dynasty, literati such as Fan Zhongyan and Su Shi left behind poems like "The extraordinary tea by the stream surpasses all others in the world," indicating its widespread fame.

The unique geographical environment and climatic conditions of Wuyi Mountain have created the unparalleled quality of Wuyi rock tea. The soil here is mainly composed of decomposed rock and gravel, which has a unique structure and excellent air permeability. This allows the roots of the tea trees to stretch freely and fully absorb nutrients from the soil. With a deep accumulation of organic matter, warm winters and cool summers, and appropriate sunlight and rainfall, the tea trees are provided with a continuous supply of energy, enabling the tea leaves to grow more robustly. The decomposed rock and gravel soil of the Danxia landform, the warm winters and cool summers, and the micro-environment where "every rock has tea" jointly nurture the unique flavor of rock tea, known as "rocky bone and floral fragrance." Its appearance features tightly twisted strips with a dark brown and glossy color. After brewing, the leaves show a "green leaf with a red edge," and the liquor is golden, orange, or amber-colored, clear and bright. The aroma is predominantly floral and fruity, with hints of floral, milky, and fruity notes. The taste is mellow, sweet, and lively, fully displaying the unique ”rocky charm.”(岩韵）

Not only is the quality of Wuyi tea outstanding, but its production techniques are also unparalleled. From the picking 采摘 stage onwards, every step in the production of Da Hong Pao tea has strict standards. Picking is done on sunny days, selecting plump buds and leaves with a fresh color. After picking, the leaves are quickly spread out to dry, allowing the moisture to dissipate. Next comes the shaking 摇青 process, which damages the edge cells of the leaves, promoting the transformation of internal substances into unique aromas and flavors. The intensity and duration of shaking are flexibly adjusted according to the tea variety and environment, testing the experience and skill of the tea masters. The fixing 杀青 process uses high temperatures to stop enzymatic reactions, fixing the quality and aroma of the tea. The rolling 揉捻 process makes the tea leaves tightly twisted, breaking the cells to allow the juice to seep out, enhancing the flavor and aroma. Finally, the roasting 烘焙process is crucial, with light roasting resulting in a delicate aroma and a fresh taste, while heavy roasting produces a rich aroma and a mellow taste. The production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao is the only one among Chinese tea categories to be included in the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, marking the widespread recognition and high praise of Wuyi rock tea production techniques by the international community and making it a shared cultural treasure of humanity.

Throughout history, Wuyi tea has held a significant position. During the Song Dynasty, it became an important part of the Beiyuan tribute tea（北苑贡茶）. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court established a royal tea garden, supervising the production of tribute tea for 255 years. In the 17th century, Wuyi black tea (such as Lapsang Souchong （正山小种) was exported to Europe along the Tea Road, becoming the origin of British afternoon tea culture. The Swedish botanist Linnaeus used "Wuyi variety" (VAR BOHEA) to represent Chinese tea in his "Species Plantarum," highlighting the important international status of Wuyi tea.

Da Hong Pao, as the representative variety of Wuyi rock tea, has attracted much attention. There are six existing mother trees, which are over 350 years old. In 2006, the picking of mother tree Da Hong Pao was stopped, and the last 20 grams of tea leaves picked were auctioned for as high as 208,000 yuan.

Today, the tea industry in Wuyi Mountain is thriving. By 2025, the tea garden area in Wuyi Mountain will reach 148,000 mu (about 9,867 hectares), with the total output value of the tea industry chain reaching 13.5 billion yuan. Nearly half of the farmers' per capita income comes from tea. The vast tea gardens, like a green ocean, complement the Danxia landform of Wuyi Mountain, creating a beautiful pastoral landscape.

Wuyi Mountain Neo-Confucian Culture

Wuyi Mountain, known as the "Cradle of Neo-Confucianism in the South of the Yangtze River"（道南理窟） and the "Confucian Center of Fujian," （闽邦邹鲁）is the birthplace of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi formed an indelible bond with Wuyi Mountain, spending nearly 50 years of his life here, where he carried out his most important academic activities.

Zhu Xi first arrived in Wuyi Mountain at the age of 14 and returned in his later years. He chose Wuyi Mountain not only for its secluded scenery and remoteness from war but also because the charm of its mountains and waters resonated with his philosophical pursuits of "investigating things to gain knowledge" （格物致知）and "the unity of principle in multiplicity." （理一分殊） In 1183 AD, Zhu Xi founded the "Wuyi Academy" (later known as Ziyang Academy) at the foot of Yinping Peak by the Nine-Bend Stream in Wuyi Mountain. This seemingly simple academy quickly became a national academic hub. Zhu Xi lived in Chong'an for over 40 years, where he lived, wrote books, and gave lectures. He attracted over 200 scholars, including Cai Yuanding and Huang Gan, who came from far and wide. The influx of scholars made Wuyi Mountain a center of Neo-Confucianism on par with Yuelu Academy and Bailudong Academy, forming the influential Min School of Neo-Confucianism. Zhu Xi, as a master of Neo-Confucianism, and his question-and-answer sessions and debates with students constituted an important part of the Neo-Confucian thought system.

Here, Zhu Xi completed his masterpiece, "The Collected Commentaries on the Four Books"《四书章句集注》, which later became the standard textbook for the imperial examinations during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, shaping the Chinese way of thinking and values for nearly eight hundred years. Neo-Confucian thought thus spread to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe and America, giving rise to schools such as Japanese Zhu Xi School and Korean Tui Xi School, demonstrating its wide and far-reaching influence.

The ideas advocated by Zhu Xi, such as "investigating things to gain knowledge" and "subduing human desires to uphold the heavenly principle"（存天理灭人欲）, have profoundly shaped the social ethics and cultural landscape of Wuyi Mountain. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Wuyi Mountain became a renowned mountain of Neo-Confucianism, with scholars from past dynasties building houses and giving lectures here, creating a spectacle where "every streamside and peak base housed an academy."To this day, Wuyi Mountain still preserves over 450 inscriptions on cliffs by ancient outstanding figures such as Zhu Xi, which are valuable relics for studying ancient philosophy, thought, and culture and art.

The contemporary scholar Cai Shangsi once commented, "In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there was Confucius; in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Zhu Xi. Chinese ancient culture is represented by Mount Tai and Wuyi Mountain." It fully demonstrates the important position of Zhu Xi and his Neo-Confucian thought in Chinese cultural history and highlights the unique charm of Wuyi Mountain as a sacred site of Neo-Confucianism.

Reference

[1]黄贤庚.大红袍十二说[J].政协天地,2024,(Z1):84-88. [2]许亦善.解读与超越——论新武夷山文化群体对武夷山文化的贡献[J].南平师专学报,2005,(01):26-29+59. [3]武夷山市人民政府官网https://www.wys.gov.cn/cms/html/wyssrmzf/wysjj/index.html?f_link_type=f_linkinlinenote&flow_extra=eyJpbmxpbmVfZGlzcGxheV9wb3NpdGlvbiI6MCwiZG9jX3Bvc2l0aW9uIjowLCJkb2NfaWQiOiI5NTc1YjJiNzk0OGU0MDFkLWY0MWUyZTA4MTc5YjUyMzgifQ%3D%3D [4]黄胜科,方留章.朱子理学文化——武夷山世界文化遗产的重中之重[C]//武夷山朱熹研究中心.朱子学与21世纪国际学术研讨会论文集.[出版者不详],2000:657-668. [5]黄胜科.朱子理学是武夷山最深厚的历史文化遗存[C]//福建省闽学研究会,武夷山朱熹研究中心,武夷山风景名胜区管理委员会.闽学与武夷山文化遗产学术研讨会论文集.武夷山市方志委;,2006:27-30. [6]福建省文物局. 文物里的福丨武夷精舍——为往圣继绝学!他被尊称为“朱子”，中华文化，传承有福[EB/OL]. http://wwj.wlt.fujian.gov.cn/wwzy/wwgy/zsgzlm/202512/t20251212_7045632.htm, 2025-12-12.​ [7]武夷山文旅. 「茶灶」石刻:朱熹的诗意茶事与千年文脉[EB/OL]. https://m.toutiao.com/group/7485540661110899238/?upstream_biz=doubao, 2025-03-25.

Terms and Expressions

Dual World Heritage of Culture and Nature - 世界文化与自然双重遗产 National Key Nature Reserve - 国家重点自然保护区 National Scenic Area - 国家风景名胜区 buffer zone - 缓冲区 Danxia landform - 丹霞地貌 Jiuqu Stream - 九曲溪 Wuyi rock tea - 武夷岩茶 rock bone and floral fragrance - 岩骨花香 green leaves with red edges - 绿叶红镶边 Lapsang Souchong - 正山小种 Beiyuan tribute tea - 北苑贡茶 royal tea garden - 御茶园 fixing - 杀青 rolling - 揉捻 roasting - 烘焙 light roasting - 轻火烘焙 heavy roasting - 重火烘焙 investigating things to gain knowledge - 格物致知 the unity of principle and the diversity of its manifestations - 理一分殊 cliff inscriptions - 摩崖题刻

Questions

1.When was Wuyi Mountain inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List? 2.What two types of tea is Wuyi Mountain the birthplace of? 3.What is the special status of the production technique of Wuyi Da Hong Pao? 4.Who was the Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain? 5.What was the original name of the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain?

Answers

1.In December 1999, Wuyi Mountain was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. 2.Wuyi Mountain is the birthplace of oolong tea and black tea. 3.It is the only tea-making technique in China included in the national intangible cultural heritage. 4.The Neo-Confucian scholar who founded the Min School of Neo-Confucianism in Wuyi Mountain was Zhu Xi. 5.In 1183 AD, the academy founded by Zhu Xi in Wuyi Mountain was originally named Wuyi Jingshe, later renamed Ziyang Academy.

世界文化与自然双重遗产——武夷山

简介

武夷山位于福建省西北部、闽赣两省交界处。是中国首批世界文化与自然双重遗产地，拥有国家重点自然保护区、国家风景名胜区等多张名片。1999年12月，武夷山被联合国教科文组织列入《世界文化与自然遗产名录》。遗产区总面积999.75平方公里，其中核心区面积635.75平方公里，缓冲区面积364平方公里。 其独特的丹霞地貌、九曲溪的澄碧流转与群峰竞秀的自然景观久负盛名，然而更令武夷山熠熠生辉的，是它深厚悠远、影响深远的文化积淀。

武夷山茶文化

武夷山是乌龙茶与红茶的发源地。这片神奇的土地，仿佛被大自然赋予了孕育茶香的独特使命。武夷山地处亚热带季风气候区，温暖湿润，四季分明，为茶树的生长提供了极为适宜的气候条件。山间云雾缭绕，宛如轻纱般弥漫在茶园之上，既为茶树遮挡了强烈的阳光，避免茶叶被灼伤，又使得空气湿度保持在一个理想的范围，让茶叶能够充分吸收水分，茁壮成长。

武夷茶历史悠久，可追溯至南朝（公元479 - 502年），至今已有1000多年。唐代孙樵在《送茶与焦刑部书》中以“晚甘侯”称颂武夷茶，宋代范仲淹、苏轼等文人留下“溪边奇茗冠天下”等诗篇，足见其声名远扬。 武夷山独特的地理环境与气候条件，造就了武夷岩茶独一无二的品质。这里土壤以烂石砾壤为主，这种土壤结构独特，透气性极佳，能够让茶树的根系自由伸展，充分吸收土壤中的养分。有机物积累深厚，冬暖夏凉，光照与雨量适宜，为茶树提供了源源不断的能量，使得茶叶生长得更加茁壮。武夷山丹霞地貌的烂石砾壤、冬暖夏凉的气候，以及“岩岩有茶”的微域环境，共同孕育出岩茶“岩骨花香”的独特韵味。其外形条索紧结，色泽乌褐油润；冲泡后，叶底呈“绿叶红镶边”状，汤色金黄、橙黄或带琥珀色，清澈明亮；香气以花果香为主，兼有花香、乳香、果香等，滋味醇厚甘活，尽显独特岩韵。

武夷茶不仅品质卓越，制作技艺也堪称一绝。从采摘起，大红袍茶叶制作每个环节都有严格标准。采摘选晴朗天，挑芽叶肥壮、色泽鲜嫩的。采后迅速摊晾，散发水分。接着摇青，损伤边缘细胞，促内部物质转化成独特香气滋味，力度和时间依品种、环境等灵活调整，考验师傅经验技艺。杀青用高温停止酶促反应，固定品质香气。揉捻让茶叶紧结，破坏细胞使汁液渗出增滋味香气。最后烘焙，轻火烘焙香气清幽、口感鲜爽，重火烘焙香气浓郁、口感醇厚。武夷山大红袍制作技艺是中国茶类中唯一列入国家非物质文化遗产的制作技艺，标志着武夷岩茶制作技艺得到了国际社会的广泛认可和高度赞誉，成为了全人类共同的文化财富。

在历史的长河中，武夷茶地位斐然。宋代，它成为北苑贡茶的重要组成部分；元代，朝廷设立御茶园，督制贡茶长达255年；17世纪，武夷红茶（如正山小种）沿着万里茶道远销欧洲，成为英国下午茶文化的源头。瑞典植物学家林奈在《植物种类》中以“武夷种”（VAR BOHEA）代表中国茶，彰显了武夷茶在国际上的重要地位。 大红袍作为武夷岩茶的代表品种，备受瞩目。现存母树6株，已有350多年树龄。2006年，母树大红袍停止采摘，最后一次采摘的20克茶叶拍卖价高达20.8万元人民币。

如今，武夷山茶产业发展蓬勃。2025年，武夷山茶园面积达14.8万亩，茶叶全产业链产值达135亿元，农民人均收入近五成来自茶叶。漫山遍野的茶园宛如一片绿色的海洋，与武夷山的丹霞地貌相互映衬，构成了一幅美丽的田园画卷。

武夷山理学文化

武夷山，这座被誉为“道南理窟”“闽邦邹鲁”的文化圣地，是朱子理学的摇篮。南宋时期，理学家朱熹与武夷山结下了不解之缘，他在此度过了近50年的时光，人生中最重要的学术活动都在此展开。

朱熹14岁初到武夷山，晚年又重返此地。他之所以选择武夷山，不仅因为这里景色幽绝、远离战乱，更因为这山水的气韵与他所追求的“格物致知”“理一分殊”的哲学境界相契合。公元1183年，朱熹在武夷山九曲溪畔的隐屏峰下，创建了“武夷精舍”（后称紫阳书院）。这座看似简朴的书院，迅速成为当时全国的学术高地。朱熹寓居崇安40余年，在此生活、著书、讲学，吸引了蔡元定、黄干等200余名学者慕名而来，四方学者云集，使得武夷山一时俨然成为与岳麓书院、白鹿洞书院齐名的理学中心，形成了影响深远的闽学学派。朱熹集理学之大成，他与学生们的问答、辩难，构成了理学思想体系的重要部分。

朱熹在此完成了其代表作《四书章句集注》，这部著作后来成为元、明、清三朝科举考试的标准教材，塑造了此后近八百年来中国人的思维方式和价值观念。理学思想由此传播至东亚、东南亚及欧美，形成了日本朱子学、朝鲜退溪学等流派，彰显了其广泛而深远的影响力。

朱熹倡导的“格物致知”“存天理灭人欲”等思想，深刻塑造了武夷山的社会伦理与文化风貌。明清时期，武夷山成为理学名山，历代学者在此筑室讲学，形成了“溪畔峰麓皆书院”的盛况。至今，武夷山还留存着朱熹等古代杰出人物的450多处摩崖题刻，这些珍贵的遗迹是研究古代哲学思想和文化艺术的重要源头。

当代学者蔡尚思曾评价：“东周出孔丘，南宋有朱熹，中国古文化，泰山与武夷。”这一评价充分彰显了朱熹及其理学思想在中国文化史上的重要地位，也凸显了武夷山作为理学圣地的独特魅力。

问题

1. 武夷山是何时被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》的？ 2. 武夷山是哪两种茶叶的发源地？ 3. 武夷山大红袍制作技艺有着怎样的特殊地位？ 4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是谁？ 5. 朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初的名称是什么？

答案

1. 1999 年 12 月，武夷山被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》。 2. 武夷山是乌龙茶和红茶的发源地。 3. 它是中国茶类中唯一被列入国家级非物质文化遗产的制作技艺。 4. 在武夷山创立闽学学派的理学家是朱熹。 5. 公元 1183 年，朱熹在武夷山创建的书院最初名为武夷精舍，后更名为紫阳书院。