User:Guo Xiaopei

I am a student major in translation. My name is Guo Xiaopei. I am one of the members of the Chinese Language and Culture class. I love Chinese culture and I want to know how foreigners view traditional Chinese culture. I am also very interested in foreign culture and language for the world is so colorful with such interesting cultures here.

浏阳非遗花炮

简介

浏阳花炮制作技艺，是湖南省浏阳市地方传统手工技艺，其历史非常悠久，最早可以追溯到1400年前炮竹的出现，也就是说，唐代聪明勤劳的中国古人便将这一代表人间喜乐的艺术带到人间。根据记载，浏阳烟花在宋代达到兴盛。在清朝康熙年间生产初具规模。在清代光绪年间已经远销中国香港、澳门，甚至走出国门，销往南阳各国，成为热销产品。如今的浏阳被誉为中国烟花之乡，已成为中国最大的花炮产销地，并且在2006年5月20日实现了浏阳烟花制作技艺的申遗，至此，浏阳花炮制作技艺经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，成为名副其实的中国非遗文化的代表之一。

浏阳烟花制作紧紧根植于传统的工艺技艺，也永远都在进步中，近年来浏阳烟花结合 科技，如人工智能、无人机、光电技术等等不断进行形式上的创新。同时又结合源远流长的中国文化，不断创新烟花秀的内容，触动着观看者的心弦，吸引了大批慕名而来的游客来到浏阳，也吸引了各地的活动组织者，将浏阳烟花引入本地，将浏阳烟花绽放在世界各地的天空中。

本文，将从浏阳烟花的历史渊源、技艺、相关活动及意义几个部分对浏阳非遗烟花进行介绍。

历史渊源

浏阳烟花的五个发展阶段分别为：“发明阶段、分散阶段、集中阶段、整改阶段、提升阶段”。

发明阶段（隋朝末期唐朝初期 - 1127年）

浏阳烟花产生于古人驱邪逐鬼的愿望中。关于浏阳烟花的发明，笔者找到了两种说法，一种是说：据《中国实业志》记载，鞭炮“始于唐，盛于宋，发源于浏阳”。1300多年前，浏阳大瑶人李改于621年农历9月18日发明了鞭炮。另一种是：1400多年前，花炮始祖李畋在浏阳发明了爆竹。但是可以确定的是，烟花的起源是在浏阳。

分散阶段（1127年-1949年）

南宋（1127—1279）时正式出现烟花，并有了一挂一挂的鞭炮。明朝后期，资本主义开始萌芽，私人作坊比较盛行，浏阳花炮有了较快发展。清嘉庆初年，浏阳花炮产业有了长足的发展。清同治年间，浏阳花炮形成大行业。从此，浏阳花炮不断发展，“制造益精，声誉远播”。从清光绪年间至民国初年，浏阳花炮成为湖南的名特产品。

集中阶段（1949—1996）

解放后，浏阳花炮产业经过社会主义改造，创建花炮厂，实现了从分散到较为集中的工厂转变，产品也由单一的鞭炮类向烟花鞭炮两大类并举。浏阳花炮开始走出国门，响遍全球。到1985年，浏阳花炮出口到全球60多个国家和地区。

整改阶段（1997—2003）

产权置换（1997-1998，称为花炮一次革命），1997年开始全面推行企业产权制度改革，实行资产置换，在全行业大力发展股份制企业、私营企业，取得了明显成效。工厂化改造（1998—2003，称为花炮二次革命）：从1998年开始，浏阳开始了现代化、标准化工厂改造。

提升阶段（2004年始）

集团化、规模化运作，从2003年金生烟花集团成立以来，2004年先后有东信、光远飞鹰、福祥、文华山、万乐、吉腾、河口等7家花炮集团成立。2005年，达浒艺术焰火燃放集团和官渡烟花集团成立，形成十大集团。为浏阳花炮集团化、规模化运作打下了坚实的基础。推进花炮“三大革命”（环保、工艺、材料革命），2005年11月9日，市委、市政府在浏阳城区欧阳子情大剧院召开“推进花炮‘三大革命’，加快机械化改造工作大会”（又称浏阳花炮第三次革命）。

浏阳烟花技艺

浏阳花炮的生产采用传统的手工技艺，使用就地取材的土纸、土硝、硫磺、炭末、红白泥土等作为加工原料，总共有12道流程、72道工序。随着现代科学技术的发展，从业人员已研制成功安全可靠无公害的无烟烟花、冷光烟花、日观烟花、室内和舞台烟花等高科技新产品，并已达到世界领先水平。花炮燃放也可由传统的手工点火改为遥控点火，燃放程序全部由电脑编排操控。

烟花爆竹制作工艺历史悠久，传统工艺主要包含以下核心流程：

1.扯筒

将裁好的爆料纸卷成空纸筒，称为“爆竹筒子”。操作时用铁抒作轴，在扯板上手工拉制成型。

2.褙筒

为白色纸筒裱上彩色外皮（常用宝庆红纸、广红纸等），起到装饰作用，亦称“爆竹着色”。

3. 洗筒与腰筒

将筒子用麻绳扎成正六角形饼状，便于计数，称为“洗筒”。随后用阔刀将整饼拦腰裁断，一分为二，此即“腰筒”。

4. 上盘

为筒子一端填塞白泥作底，中间筑入黑硝作为火药，另一端用黄泥封口。这道工序要求扎实严密，直接影响爆竹的声响效果，因具有危险性，通常由经验丰富的男工在隔离环境中操作。

5. 钻引孔与插引

筒子晒干后，用铁针钻出小孔，插入干燥的引线。引线需裁切整齐，以保证燃放效果。

6. 轧引颈

用特制侧刀将引线轧紧固定，防止脱落，确保后续结鞭质量。

7. 结鞭

将单个爆竹用引线编连成串，形成鞭炮。可根据需要编成单鞭、双鞭或间子鞭（大小爆竹相同）。

这些传统工序体现了手工制作的精细与经验传承，从卷筒、装药到结鞭，每一步都关乎最终产品的安全与品质。

现代技艺创新

近年来，浏阳烟花产业从技术、文化、创意、科技、商贸、人工智能、跨界艺术等多维度实现一体化。烟花产业通过研发新型环保燃料与智能化生产设备实现技术升级。在生产环节，企业引入协作码垛机器人、自动化流水线等智能设备，实现装填、检测、压紧等工序的自动化运作，显著提升生产安全性与效率。‌‌

近年来精彩的浏阳烟花秀及其意义

近年来，东信烟花不断融入创意、革新技术，推出烟花+科技秀、烟花+光影秀等焰火表演形式，先后承担了2001年上海APEC、2006年上海合作组织六国峰会、2008年北京奥运会和残奥会开闭幕式、2009年国庆60周年天安门庆典、2010年广州亚运会、2010年上海世博会、2012年长沙中博会、2014年北京APEC峰会、2019年国庆70周年天安门联欢庆典等千余场国内外大中型焰火燃放。

其中北京冬奥会开幕式上的“迎客松”，很多人记忆犹新。这一棵长300米、宽200米的3D立体“迎客松”，姿态优美奇特，造型逼真有型，一侧的枝杈伸出，似在展臂欢迎从世界各地远道而来的客人，是整场焰火燃放中最难且最复杂的特效烟花。

此外，自2023年以来，浏阳每周六的沉浸式焰火秀累计吸引游客450万人次，拉动消费超150亿元。可见既延续了中国文化精神，又带动了地方经济的增长。

术语和表达

土纸

土硝

硫磺

炭末

红白泥土

扯筒

褙筒

洗筒与腰筒

上盘

钻引孔与插引

轧引颈

结鞭

问题

浏阳烟花在哪些方面进行了创新？

浏阳烟花是什么时候起源的？

浏阳烟花的工艺有哪些？

文献参考

[1]央广网，湖南浏阳：文化赋能，烟花产业焕发新活力，https://www.cnr.cn/hunan/flxw/wl/20240402/t20240402_526649846.shtml [2]新华每日电讯，“九天银河如飞瀑”！ 上栗这样填写“星空答卷”，https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NzU3MjcxMA==&mid=2651774925&idx=2&sn=a4a081f87bce82d1cf732a845a89900c&chksm=85cc44a27cab9b951b7fd42ac11f90f67fd2b1e49c755323210ba632f436c0b6288ce5b56dc2&scene=27 [3]新华社，未来，烟花如何璀璨绽放？http://evn.sjzdaily.com.cn/2025/02/19/99950689.html [4]浏阳市人民镇府，浏阳花炮，http://www.liuyang.gov.cn/2018mlly/lygk2/202409/t20240913_11594311.html [5]360百科，浏阳花炮，https://baike.so.com/doc/6079105-32395955.html [6]许参杨,田芳,范亚湘.千年浏阳花炮焕发“第二春”[N].长沙晚报,2018-05-26(007).

Intangible Cultural Heritage: Liuyang Fireworks

Introduction

The crafting technique of Liuyang fireworks is a traditional local handicraft of Liuyang City, Hunan Province, with a very long history. Its origins can be traced back to 1400 years ago. That is to say, during the Tang Dynasty, the intelligent and diligent ancient Chinese brought this art, representing human joy and celebration, into the world. According to records, Liuyang fireworks flourished during the Song Dynasty. Production began to take shape during the Kang Xi period of the Qing Dynasty. By the Guang Xu period of the Qing Dynasty, they were already being exported to Hong Kong, Macao, and even abroad to various Southeast-Asian countries, becoming a popular product. Today, Liuyang is hailed as the hometown of Chinese fireworks and has become China's largest production and sales base for fireworks. On May 20, 2006, the application for the Intangible Cultural Heritage status of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship succeeded. Since then, it has been included in the first national list of intangible cultural heritage, becoming a veritable representative of China's intangible cultural heritage.

Liuyang fireworks production is deeply rooted in traditional craftsmanship but is also constantly progressing. In recent years, Liuyang fireworks have integrated technologies such as AI, drones, and optoelectronics for continuous innovation in form. Simultaneously, combined with the profound Chinese culture, the producers constantly innovate the content of fireworks displays, touching the heartstrings of viewers. This attracts a large number of tourists to Liuyang and event organizers from various places who introduce Liuyang fireworks to their locales, allowing them to blossom in skies across the world.

This article will introduce Liuyang fireworks from the aspects of its historical origins, techniques, related activities, and significance.

Historical Origins

The five development stages of Liuyang fireworks are: “Invention Stage, Decentralized Stage, Centralized Stage, Rectification Stage, and Enhancement Stage”

1.Invention Stage (Late Sui Dynasty, Early Tang Dynasty - 1127 )

Liuyang fireworks originated from the ancient people's desire to ward off evil spirits and ghosts. Regarding their invention, the author found two accounts. One states: According to the "China Industrial Records," firecrackers "began in the Tang, flourished in the Song, and originated in Liuyang." Over 1300 years ago, Li Gai from Dayao, Liuyang, invented firecrackers on the 18th day of the 9th lunar month in 621 AD. The other states: Over 1400 years ago, Li Tian, the progenitor of fireworks, invented firecrackers in Liuyang. However, it is certain that the origin of fireworks is in Liuyang.

2.Decentralized Stage (1127 - 1949) Fireworks formally appeared during the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), and there were strings of firecrackers. In the late Ming Dynasty, with the budding of capitalism, private workshops became popular, and Liuyang fireworks developed rapidly. In the early Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, the Liuyang fireworks industry made significant progress. During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, it formed a major industry. From then on, Liuyang fireworks continuously developed, with "increasingly refined manufacturing and a far-reaching reputation." From the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China, Liuyang fireworks became a famous specialty product of Hunan.

3.Centralized Stage (1949 - 1996)

After liberation, the Liuyang fireworks industry underwent socialist transformation, establishing fireworks factories, achieving a shift from decentralization to relatively centralized factory production. The product range also expanded from a single category of firecrackers to both fireworks and firecrackers. Liuyang fireworks began to go global, resonating worldwide. By 1985, they were exported to over 60 countries and regions.

4.Rectification Stage (1997 - 2003)

Property Rights Transformation (1997-1998, known as the First Fireworks Revolution): Starting in 1997, comprehensive reform of enterprise property rights systems was implemented, involving asset transfers. There was vigorous development of shareholding enterprises and private enterprises across the industry, achieving notable results.

Factory Modernization Transformation (1998-2003, known as the Second Fireworks Revolution): Beginning in 1998, Liuyang started modernized, standardized factory renovations.

Enhancement Stage (Starting 2004)

Consolidation and Scalable Operations: Since the establishment of the Jinsheng Fireworks Group in 2003, seven more fireworks groups—Dongxin, Guangyuan Feiying, Fuxiang, Wenhuashan, Wanle, Jiteng, Hekou—were established in 2004. In 2005, the Dahu Artistic Fireworks Display Group and the Guandu Fireworks Group were formed, creating ten major groups. This laid a solid foundation for consolidated and scalable operations of Liuyang fireworks.

Promoting the "Three Major Revolutions" in Fireworks (Environmental Protection, Craftsmanship, Material Revolution): On November 9, 2005, the Municipal Party Committee and Government held the "Conference on Promoting the 'Three Major Revolutions' in Fireworks and Accelerating Mechanized Transformation" at the Ouyang Ziqing Grand Theater in Liuyang (also known as the Third Liuyang Fireworks Revolution).

Liuyang Fireworks Techniques

Liuyang fireworks production employs traditional manual techniques, using locally sourced materials such as coarse paper, saltpeter, sulfur, charcoal powder, and red/white clay as raw materials. The process involves a total of 12 major steps and 72 detailed procedures. With the development of modern science and technology, practitioners have successfully developed high-tech new products like safe, reliable, and pollution-free smokeless fireworks, cold-light fireworks, daytime fireworks, indoor and stage fireworks, which have reached world-leading levels. Fireworks displays have also evolved from traditional manual ignition to remote-controlled ignition, with firing sequences entirely programmed and controlled by computers.

The craftsmanship of fireworks and firecrackers has a long history. The traditional process mainly includes the following core steps:

1. Tube Rolling (扯筒)

   Rolling the cut explosive paper into an empty paper tube, called a "firecracker tube". A iron mandrel is used as an axis, and the tube is manually shaped on a rolling board.

2. Tube Wrapping (褙筒)

   Covering the white paper tube with a colored outer skin (commonly using Baoqing red paper, Guang red paper, etc.) for decoration, also known as "firecracker coloring".

3. Bundling & Cutting (洗筒与腰筒)

   Tying the tubes into a regular hexagonal cake shape with hemp rope for easy counting, called "bundling". Subsequently, the entire cake is cut in half with a broad knife, one becoming two, which is "cutting".

4. Loading the Tray (上盘)

   Filling one end of the tube with white clay as a base, packing black powder (gunpowder) in the middle, and sealing the other end with yellow clay. This step requires solid and tight packing, directly affecting the sound effect of the firecracker. Due to its danger, it is usually operated by experienced male workers in an isolated environment.

5. Drilling Fuse Hole & Inserting Fuse (钻引孔与插引)

   After the tubes are dried, a small hole is drilled in each with an iron needle, and a dry fuse is inserted. Fuses must be neatly trimmed to ensure proper ignition.

6. Crimping the Fuse Neck (轧引颈)

   Using a special side-cutter to crimp and secure each fuse tightly to prevent detachment, ensuring the quality of the subsequent stringing.

7. Stringing (结鞭)

   Linking individual firecrackers with fuse and hemp string into a strand, forming a firecracker string. It can be made into single strands, double strands, or mixed strands (with larger firecrackers interspersed) as needed.

These traditional procedures reflect the precision of handcrafting and the heritage of experience. Every step, from rolling and loading to stringing, is crucial for the safety and quality of the final product.

In recent years, Liuyang's fireworks industry has achieved multi‑dimensional integration across technology, culture, creativity, science and commerce, artificial intelligence, and cross‑disciplinary art. The industry has undergone technical upgrades through the development of new eco‑friendly fuels and intelligent production equipment. In the manufacturing process, companies have introduced smart devices such as collaborative palletizing robots and automated assembly lines, enabling the automation of procedures like filling, inspection, and compaction—significantly enhancing both production safety and efficiency.

Recent Spectacular Liuyang Fireworks Displays and Their Significance

In recent years, Dongxin Fireworks Company has continuously integrated creativity and innovated technologies, launching performance formats such as “fireworks + technology shows” and “fireworks + light shows”. It has been responsible for over a thousand large and medium-scale fireworks displays both domestically and internationally, including the 2001 Shanghai APEC, the 2006 Shanghai Cooperation Organization Six-Nation Summit, the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the 2009 60th anniversary of the Establishing of China, the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games, the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, the 2012 Changsha Central China Expo, the 2014 Beijing APEC Summit, and the 2019 70th Anniversary of the Establishing of China, among others.

Among these, the “Welcome Pine” firework from the Beijing Winter Olympics opening ceremony remains fresh in many people’s memory. This three-dimensional “Welcome Pine,” measuring 300 meters in length and 200 meters in width, featured an elegant and unique posture, with a lifelike and well-defined shape. One of its branches stretched out as if extending an arm to welcome guests from all over the world, making it the most challenging and complex special-effects fireworks display of the entire event.

Furthermore, since 2023, the weekly immersive fireworks shows in Liuyang have cumulatively attracted 4.5 million visitors, driving consumption by over 15 billion yuan. This demonstrates that while continuing the spirit of Chinese culture, these displays have also fueled local economic growth.

Terminology and Expressions

  土纸：Coarse paper / Native paper

  土硝：Saltpeter

  硫磺：Sulfur

  炭末：Charcoal powder

  红白泥土：Red and white clay

  扯筒：Tube Rolling

  褙筒：Tube Wrapping

  洗筒与腰筒：Bundling & Cutting

  上盘：Loading the Tray

  钻引孔与插引：Drilling Fuse Hole & Inserting Fuse

  轧引颈：Crimping the Fuse Neck

  结鞭：Stringing

Questions

  In which aspects has Liuyang fireworks innovated?

  When did Liuyang fireworks originate?

  What are the traditional processes involved in Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship?

References

[1]央广网，湖南浏阳：文化赋能，烟花产业焕发新活力，https://www.cnr.cn/hunan/flxw/wl/20240402/t20240402_526649846.shtml

[2]新华每日电讯，“九天银河如飞瀑”！ 上栗这样填写“星空答卷”，https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NzU3MjcxMA==&mid=2651774925&idx=2&sn=a4a081f87bce82d1cf732a845a89900c&chksm=85cc44a27cab9b951b7fd42ac11f90f67fd2b1e49c755323210ba632f436c0b6288ce5b56dc2&scene=27

[3]新华社，未来，烟花如何璀璨绽放？http://evn.sjzdaily.com.cn/2025/02/19/99950689.html

[4]浏阳市人民镇府，浏阳花炮，http://www.liuyang.gov.cn/2018mlly/lygk2/202409/t20240913_11594311.html

[5]360百科，浏阳花炮，https://baike.so.com/doc/6079105-32395955.html

[6]许参杨,田芳,范亚湘.千年浏阳花炮焕发“第二春”[N].长沙晚报,2018-05-26(007).