Cult Load Words EN 8

Chapter 8:The Translation of Culture Loaded Words in English and Japanese Versions of Medicine

《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究

周小雪 Zhou Xiaoxue, Hunan Normal University, China

Abstract

Language is the carrier of culture and closely related to culture. Translation of culture- loaded words has been a difficult problem for translators.The culture behind culture- loaded words made translator hard to find words that are coherent to the original text. For the same culture-loaded word, different languages have different translation methods. This paper takes the novel Medicine as an example exploring the contrast of English and Japanese translation of culture-loaded words in the same text.

Language is an indispensable carrier of culture and closely related to culture. The translation of culture-loaded words has been one of the difficult problems for translators. Rich cultural connotations carried by culture-loaded words make it hard for the translator to find words in the target language that are equivalent to the original text in the source language. The same culture-loaded word may have different translation methods according to different target languages. This paper takes the novel Medicine as the research object, exploring the differences between English and Japanese translation text of the same culture-loaded words in it.--Fu Shiyu (talk) 09:11, 12 December 2021 (UTC)--Fu Shiyu (talk) 00:35, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

Key words

Culture-loaded Words; Medicine; English and Japanese Translation

题目

《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究

摘要

文化负载词的翻译一直是译者面临的一个难题。文化负载词背后的文化因素使得译者很难找到与之对应的词句。对于同一文化负载词，不同的语言有不同的翻译方法。本文以鲁迅的小说《药》为例，探讨同一文本中文化负载词的英、日翻译对比。

关键词

文化负载词；《药》；英日翻译对比

Introduction

Translation is not the direct conversion of two languages. In the process of translating from one language to another, we should not only get faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance, but also understand the culture concepts behind each word in the original text. Culture-loaded words have always been a difficult problem in translation. Due to cultural differences, it is difficult for translators to find words that are coherent to the original text. In the process of translation, if the translation work in a comparatively mechanical manner, it is hard for us to understand the true meaning of the original text. Therefore, it is very important to do a good job in translating culture loaded words.

Translation is not the direct conversion of two languages. In the process of translating from one language to another, we should not only follow some principles and strategies to translate in the ways of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance, but also consider the cultural concepts behind each word in the source text. Culture-loaded words have always been a difficult problem in translation. Due to cross-cultural differences, it is difficult for the translator to find equivalent words in the target language. In the translating process, the translation work done in a comparatively mechanical manner would make it hard for us to understand the true meaning of the source text. Therefore, the translation of culture-loaded words plays a very important role in the translation work.--Fu Shiyu (talk) 09:13, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

1.1 Definition of Culture Loaded Words

Language is the carrier of culture and closely related to culture. With the development of cultural communication, more and more scholars begin to study the translation of culture-loaded words. Different people have different definitions of culture-loaded words. Mona Baker put forward the the concept of “culture-specific” .A word in the original language is often different in the target language, which often makes readers from the target language culture at a loss end. Sometimes culture-loaded words are abstract, involving religious beliefs or cultural customs, and sometimes they are specific.Spanish translator Javier Franco Aixela put forward the definition of "cultural-specific item”. It tells us that "There are some items in the text, and the translation difficulties will occur when its function and meaning are transferred from the source language to the target language. There is no coherent item in the cultural system of the target language.In China, Jin Huikang thought "Culture loaded words exist in every language and they reflect the unique characteristics of a certain culture. In translation, it is almost impossible to find a perfect equivalent. "(Jin Huikang, 2003:78). Bao Huinan viewed culture-loaded words as a kind of vocabulary vacancy,means that the cultural information carried by the source language vocabulary has no counterpart in the target language. (Bao Huinan, 2004:10) He think that"Every language is the product of the cultural development of a country and nation, and has its long historical background and rich cultural connotation. Every country and nation has its unique development history, social system, ecological environment, religious belief and national customs. Therefore, each language has its own specific vocabulary, idioms and allusions Culture loaded words reflect these concepts and things. (Bao Huinan, 2001:341) Liao Qiyi, a famous translation expert in China. He thought that culture loaded words are "Words, phrases and idioms that mark the unique things in a culture.These words reflect the unique activity mode gradually accumulated by a specific nation in the long historical process, which is different from other nations."(Liao Qiyi 2000:230)Language reflects different living conditions and religious differences, which lead to different modes of thinking, values, aesthetic standards and moral differences. (Wang Chuanmei, 2008:5) Culture-bearing words are closely related to culture and have rich cultural significance. These words are closely related to cultural, whether in concept or in connection. On the one hand, people of all nationalities live together in the world and have similar ideas about nature. Therefore, different cultures and languages have some common characteristics, which is also an important reason for all kinds of thinking to achieve communication. On the other hand, people living in different social contexts may have different concepts, emotion and subjective judgments. so some words are endowed with special meanings, which are rooted in the culture of a country or a nation and reflects the cultural characteristics.(Wu Xiaodan, 2015:19)

Language is an indispensable carrier of culture and closely related to culture. With the development of cross-cultural communication, more and more scholars begin to study with the translation of culture-loaded words. Different people have different definitions about culture-loaded words. Mona Baker put forward the the concept of “culture-specific” that one word in the source language is always different in the target language, which makes readers from the target language culture confused. There are not only abstract culture-loaded words involving religious beliefs or cultural customs, but also specific ones. Spanish translator Javier Franco Aixela put forward the definition of "cultural-specific item”. It holds that “there are some items in the text, and the translation difficulties will occur when its function and meaning are transferred from the source language to the target language. There is no equvalent item in the cultural system of the target language.In China, Jin Huikang thought “culture-loaded words exist in every language and they reflect the unique characteristics of a certain culture. In translation, it is almost impossible to find a perfect equivalent word. "(Jin Huikang, 2003:78). Bao Huinan viewed culture-loaded words as a kind of lexical gaps, meaning that the cultural information carried by one word in the source language has no counterpart in the target language. (Bao Huinan, 2004:10) He thinks that “every language is the product in the cultural development of one country and nation, and has its long historical background and rich cultural connotations. Every country and nation has its unique development history, social system, ecological environment, religious belief and national customs. Therefore, different language has its own specific vocabulary, idioms and allusions and culture-loaded words reflect such concepts and things. (Bao Huinan 2001:341) Liao Qiyi, a famous translation expert in China. He thought that culture loaded words are "Words, phrases and idioms marking the unique things in its culture. These words reflect the unique activity mode gradually accumulated by one nation in the long historical process, which is different from other nations."(Liao Qiyi 2000:230) Language reflects different living conditions and religious beliefs, which lead to different thinking modes, moral values, and aesthetic standards. (Wang Chuanmei, 2008:5) Culture-loaded words are closely related to culture and have rich cultural significance. These words are closely related to cultural both in concept and connection. On the one hand, people from different nationalities live together in the world and have similar concepts about nature. Therefore, different cultures and languages have some common characteristics, which is also an important reason for different kinds of thinking modes to achieve communication. On the other hand, people living in different social contexts may have different concepts, emotions and subjective judgments thus some words are endowed with special meanings, which are rooted in the culture of one country or nation and reflects their cultural characteristics.(Wu Xiaodan, 2015:19)--Fu Shiyu (talk) 09:14, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

1.2 Classification of Culture-loaded Words

Nida believes that cross-cultural translation is more important than linguistic translation. Therefore, the translation of culture-loaded words is very challenging. Nida divided culture-loaded words into the following five categories: Ecological Culture-loaded Words;Material Culture-loaded Words;Social Culture-loaded Words;Religious Culture-loaded Words;Linguistic Culture-Words.

1.2.1.Ecological Culture-loaded Words Due to the differences of living environment, the ecological and cultural systems of different nations or countries may differ greatly, and it is often difficult to understand each other.This kind of culture-loaded words refer to plants, animals, monsoon, hills and other related words in a specific region.

1.2.2.Material Culture-loaded Words the main part of material culture, such as clothing, food, housing and transportation Material culture is reflected through a variety of material objects and products, such as buildings, food, clothing and various tools. In view of the different habits of life, there are great differences between nations and peoples in material things.Some things that are very common in China may not be heard of in other countries

1.2.3.Social Culture-loaded Words In the long history, different countries have formed their own customs, lifestyles and behavior. The words that reflect the characteristics of these fields are called social cultural loaded words. This paper will also analyze from these five aspects, so as to provide a clear context for the comparison of the following English and Russian versions.

1.2.4.Religious Culture-loaded Words In the long history of development, different countries and nations have formed their own religious beliefs.Therefore, in order to better understand the culture of a nation, we must understand the religious beliefs of that nation or people. The words of religious culture reflect the religious belief and cultural tradition of a nation or nation. The difference of religious culture between countries is a big obstacle for readers to understand the words embodied in the religious culture

1.2.5.Linguistic Culture-loaded Words The grammatical, phonetic and constitutive characteristics of culture-loaded words. Its visual effect and linguistic effect are the biggest characteristics of this kind of words.

In the development history of a nation, it is certain to accumulate rich language and culture. And these expressions of language characteristics, usage, including a certain cultural background and other characteristics are language culture-loaded words. There are a lot of culture-loaded words in the novel medicine.

Nida points out that cross-cultural translation is more important than linguistic translation. Therefore, the translation of culture-loaded words is a challenging question for study or discussion. Nida divided culture-loaded words intoß five categories: Ecological Culture-loaded Words;Material Culture-loaded Words;Social Culture-loaded Words;Religious Culture-loaded Words;Linguistic Culture-Words.

1.2.1.Ecological Culture-loaded Words Due to the differences of living environment, the ecological and cultural systems of different nations or countries may differ greatly, and it is often difficult to understand each other.This kind of culture-loaded words refers to plants, animals, monsoon, hills and other related words in a specific region.

1.2.2.Material Culture-loaded Words The main part of material culture, such as clothing, food, housing and transportation Material culture is reflected through a variety of material objects and products, such as costume, architecture, cuisine and various tools. In view of the different habits of life, there are great differences between nations and peoples in material things.Some things that are very common in China may not be heard of in other countries.

1.2.3.Social Culture-loaded Words In the long history, different countries have formed their own customs, lifestyles and behavior patterns. The words reflecting the characteristics of these fields are called social cultural-loaded words. This paper will also analyze from these five aspects, so as to provide a clear context for the comparison of the following English and Japanese versions.

1.2.4.Religious Culture-loaded Words In the long history of development, different countries and nations have formed their own religious beliefs. Therefore, in order to have a better understand of the culture of one nation, we must understand the religious beliefs of that nation or people. The words of religious culture reflect the religious beliefs and cultural tradition of one nation or people. The difference of religious culture between countries makes it hard for readers to understand the words embodied in the religious culture.

1.2.5.Linguistic Culture-loaded Words The grammatical, phonetic and constitutive characteristics of culture-loaded words, whose visual and linguistic effects are the biggest characteristics of this kind of words.

In the development history of one nation, it is certain to accumulate rich language and culture. And these expressions of language characteristics, usage, and a certain cultural background or other characteristics are linguistic culture-loaded words. There are a lot of culture-loaded words in the novel Medicine.--Fu Shiyu (talk) 09:15, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

2.Introduction of Medicine

Lu Xun was a great writer and thinker in modern China. His articles reflected the people's living conditions under the dual oppression of feudalism and imperialism. He wrote about the unfortunate people in society, trying to wake up the ignorant and numb people. He was the forerunner of China's modern ideological liberation. Lu Xun's works have always been an important treasure of Chinese modern literature and people attach great importance to them. There are many culture-loaded words in Lu Xun's novels, which bring great difficulties to the translation of his novels. The novel Medicine is a short story written by LuXun. As part of LuXun's most influential works, Medicine contains a number of culture-loaded words, these cultural loaded words truly reflect the national culture of the times in the novel. At this point, the thesis chooses the masterpiece, Medicine as the typical representative of LuXun, the great standard-bearer of national culture. Through the story of the teahouse owner Hua Lao Shuan and his wife buying human blood steamed bread for their son Xiao Shuan to cure diseases, the novel Medicine exposes the numbness and ignorance caused by feudal rule, praises the brave and unconquerable spirit of the revolutionary Xia Yu, and points out the limitations of the revolution in not getting close to the masses.

Lu Xun was a great writer and thinker in modern China. His articles reflect the people's living conditions under the dual oppression of feudalism and imperialism. He wrote about the unfortunate people in society, trying to wake up the ignorant and numb people. He was the forerunner of China's modern ideological liberation. Lu Xun's works have always been an important treasure of Chinese modern literature and people attach great importance to them. There are many culture-loaded words in Lu Xun's novels, which bring great difficulties to the translation of his novels. The novel Medicine is a short story written by LuXun. As part of LuXun's most influential works, Medicine contains a number of culture-loaded words, truly reflecting the national culture of that time in the novel. At this point, this thesis chooses the masterpiece Medicine as the research object, witch is the typical representative of LuXun and the great standard-bearer of national culture. Through the story of the teahouse owner Hua Lao Shuan and his wife buying human blood steamed bread for their son Xiao Shuan to cure diseases, the novel Medicine exposes the numbness and ignorance caused by feudal rule, praises the brave and unconquerable spirit of the revolutionary Xia Yu, and points out the limitations of the revolution in not getting close to the masses.--Fu Shiyu (talk) 09:19, 12 December 2021 (UTC)--Fu Shiyu (talk) 00:39, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

3.The Comparison of Culture-loaded words'Translation between English and Japanese of Medicine

Lu Xun's novel Medicine contains a great deal of cultural load Words, and rich connotation.The research uses the English translation of Yang Hsien-yi in 1960 and the Japanese translation done by Inoue Kōbai in 1931 as the examples discussing the different translation strategies of culture-loaded words in English and Japanese version.

3.1 Ecological Culture-loaded Words （1）茶馆的两间屋子里，便弥漫了青白的光 。 Yang:which shed a ghostly light over the two rooms of the tea-house. Inoue :青白い光は茶館の中のに満ちた。 “茶馆”means a place for drinking tea and is an important place in the novel. Chinese has the habit of drinking tea, so teahouse is a unique place in China, which is translated into English as tea-house, translated Japanese as “茶館”. （2）西关外靠着城根的地面，本是一块官地。　 Yang:Originally, the land adjacent to the city wall outside the West Gate had been public land. Inoue :西関外の城の根元にる地面はもとからの官有地で Both Yang and Inoue used free translation to translate “官地”,which are simple and easy for readers to understand. （3）老栓正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远里看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。 Yang:Old Chuan was startled when he saw distinctly the cross-road ahead of him. Inoue :老栓はひたすら歩みを続けているうちにたちまち物に驚かされた。そこは一条の丁字街がありありと眼前に横たわっていたのだ。 Yang adopted the domesticating method, translating“丁字街” as “cross-road”,Inoue adopted the foreignizing method, translating“丁字街” as “丁字街”. The translation of Yang makes it easier for readers to understand what “丁字街”is,while the translation of Inoue will give readers a sense of freshnes.

3.2 Material Culture-loaded Words （1）衣服前后一个大白圆圈 ， 远地里也看的清楚。走过面前的，并且看出号衣上暗红色的镶边。 Yang:The large white circles on their uniforms, both in front and behind, were clear even at a distance; and as they drew nearer, he saw the dark red border too. Inoue :近寄って来ると、その白い円いものはの上の染め抜きで、のふちぬいの中にあることを知った。 The meaning of “号衣”is the marked garment worn by soldiers, officers, etc. in old times and marked with the words "soldier" or "brave". Yang translated it as a “uniform”, while Wang translates it as “のふちぬい”.Both adopted domesticating method. （2）便点上灯笼，吹媳灯盏，走向里屋去了。 Yang:then lighting a paper lantern and blowing out the lamp went into the inner room. Inoue :そこで彼はに火を移し、燈盞を吹き消して裏部屋の方へ行った。 Yang translated “灯笼” as“paper lantern” , while Inoue used Chinese words directly. （3）华大妈在枕头底下掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓。 Yang:After some fumbling under the pillow his wife produced a packet of silver dollars which she handed over. Old Chuan pocketed it nervously, patted his pocket twice Inoue :華大媽は枕の下をさぐって一包みの銀貨を取出し、老栓に手渡す。 The foreign currency used in China at that time was called “洋钱”.Yang adopted the domesticating method, translating“洋钱” as “silver dollars”.Because the meaning of “銀貨” in Japanese is similar to the meaning of “洋钱”in Chinese,so Inoue adopted translated“洋钱” as “銀貨”.But neither Yang nor Wang translated the meaning of foreign coins （4）那人一只大手，向他摊着；一只手却撮着一个鲜红的馒头，那红的还是一点一点的往下滴。 Yang:This man thrust one huge extended hand towards him, while in the other he held a roll of steamed bread, from which crimson drops were dripping to the ground. Inoue :その人は老栓の方に大きな手をひろげ、片ッぽの手に赤いをんでいたが、赤い汁は饅頭の上からぼたぼた落ちていた。 Because of bread is more common in the West, so Yang translated “馒头” into “a roll of steamed bread”. In Japan, they also have “馒头”,so Inoue translated “馒头” into “饅頭”. But it should be noted that “饅頭” are a little different from “馒头”. Both Yang and Inoue adopted foreignizing method. （5）小路上又来了一个女人,也是半百头发，褴褛的衣裙；提一个破旧的朱漆圆篮，外挂一串纸锭，三步一歇的走。 Yang:Another woman came down the path, grey-haired and in rags. Carrying an old, round, red-lacquered basket with a string of paper money hanging from it, she walked haltingly. Inoue :の上にまた一人、女が来た。これもの頭での著物の下に襤褸のをつけ、壊れかかったの丸籠を提げて、外へ銀紙のお宝を吊し、とぼとぼと力なく歩いて来た。 “纸锭” are made of tin foil paste silver ingot-like ghost money. Superstition holds that incineration is given to the dead so that they can be used as money. Both Yang and Inoue adopted the way of literal translation.

3.3 Social Culture Culture-loaded Words （1）老栓候他平静下去，才低低的叫道，“小栓……你不要起来。……店么？你娘会安排的。 Yang:Old Chuan called softly: "Son! . . Don't you get up! . . . Your mother will see to the shop." Inoue :老栓はそののおさまるのを待って、静かに口をひらいた。「お前は起きないでいい。店はお母さんがいいにする」 Chinese people are used to calling older people “小~”younger people “小~”. Yang adopted domesticating transliteration strategy translating “老栓” as “Old Chuan”. , Inoue adopted foreignizing method using“老栓”directly. （2）老栓倒觉爽快，仿佛一旦变了少年，得了神通，有给人生命的本领似的，跨步格外高远。而且路也愈走愈分明，天也愈走愈亮了。 Yang:It was much colder than indoors, yet Old Chuan's spirits rose, as if he had grown suddenly younger and possessed some miraculous life-giving power. He lengthened his stride. And the road became increasingly clear, the sky increasingly bright. Inoue :天気は室内よりもよほど冷やかで老栓は爽快に感じた。何だか今日は子供の昔に還って、神通を得て人の命の本体を掴みにゆくような気がして、歩いているうちにも馬鹿に気高くなってしまった。行けば行くほど路がハッキリして来た。行けば行くほど空が亮るくなって来た。 The meaning of “神通”is getting magical powers.Yang adopted domesticating translation strategy,while Inoue adopted foreignizing method using“神通”directly. （3）仿佛抱着一个十世单传的婴儿。 Yang:as if it were the sole heir to an ancient house. Inoue :さながらの十世単伝の一人子を抱いているようなものであった。 The author refers to the preciousness of "human blood steamed bread" through the "十世单传". Yang adopted free translation strategy,while Inoue adopted literal translation strategy.However, both Yang and Inoue did not attach too much importance to the status of the only child, so readers cannot perceive the author's metaphorical meaning through this source area. （4）“谁的？不就是夏四奶奶的儿子么？ Yang:"Who? Son of Widow Hsia, of course! Young rascal! Inoue :「誰って、きまってまさ。夏四奶奶の子さ。あの餓鬼め」 Neither English nor Japanese can convey the meaning of the original text well. Yang Widow translated “夏四奶奶”into “Son of Widow Hsia”by free translation. Inoue adopted transliteration using“夏四奶奶”directly that will make people misunderstanding about the original text. （5）康大叔见众人都耸起耳朵听他，便格外高 兴。 Yang:Seeing how they all hung on his words, Mr. Kang's spirits rose even higher. Inoue :康おじさんはみんながを引立てているのを見て、に得意になって瘤のがハチ切れそうな声を出した。 "叔" is the title of the father's younger brother. Now "叔" also refers to an older adult man, or a man more than 20 years older than oneself. In English, "uncle" does not mean blood relationship. "Mr. Kang" does not show the relationship between people.Both Yang and Inoue used domesticating method. （6）第一要算我们栓叔运气；第二是夏三爷赏了二十五两雪白的银子，独子落腰包，一文不花。 Yang:Our Old Chuan was luckiest, and after him Third Uncle Hsia. He pocketed the whole reward—twenty-five taels of bright silver—and didn't have to spend a cent!" Inoue :「第一は栓じいさんの運気を取逃がさねえためだ。第二は夏三爺から出る二十五両のの銀をそっくりのの中に納めて一文もつかわねえ算段だ」 Yang Widow translated “夏三爷”into “Third Uncle Hsia”by free translation. Inoue adopted transliteration using“夏三爺”directly. （7）夏三爷真是乖角儿，要是他不先告官，连他满门抄斩。 Yang:Third Uncle Hsia is really smart. If he hadn't informed, even his family would have been executed, and their property confiscated. Inoue :夏三爺はすばしッこいね。もし前に訴え出がなければ今頃はどんな風になるのだろう。一家一門は皆殺されているぜ。 “乖角儿” in Chinese means a clever and intelligent person. “满门抄斩” is an ancient Chinese punishment, which means to confiscate property and kill the whole family. Both Yang and Inoue used domesticating method. （8）“义哥是一手好拳棒，这两下，一定够他受用了。” Yang:Red-eye is a good boxer. Those slaps must have hurt!" Inoue :義哥は棒使いの名人だ。二つも食ったら参っちまうぜ It was difficult to understand the local dialect.Both Yang and Inoue used domesticating method. （9）他这贱骨头打不怕，还要说可怜可怜哩。 Yang:"The rotter was not afraid of being beaten. He even said how sorry he was." Inoue :「ところがあの馬の骨め、打たれても平気で、そうだ。そうだ、と抜かしやがるんだ」 "贱骨头" is a common saying often used by Chinese people to scold people. It was difficult for translators to translate it. So both Yang and Inoue used domesticating method and free translation. （10）这一年的清明，分外寒冷。 Yang:The Ching Ming Festival that year was unusually cold. Inoue :今年の清明節は殊の外寒く “清明” is a traditional Chinese festival. It is also one of the most important sacrificial festivals. It is also the day for ancestor worship and tomb sweeping. Influenced by Chinese culture, in Japan,they also have “清明”. so it can be directly translated as Japan’s “清明節” .Because the western countries do not have this holiday, so Yang translated it as “The Ching Ming Festival”by foreignizing method.

3.4 Linguistic Culture-loaded Words （1）只有小栓坐在里牌的桌前吃饭，大粒的汗，从额上滚下，夹袄也贴住了脊心，两块肩胛骨高高凸出印 成一个阳文的”八”字 。 Yang:Only his son sat eating at a table by the wall. Beads of sweat stood out on his forehead, his lined jacket clung to his spine, and his shoulder blades stuck out so sharply, an inverted V seemed stamped there. Inoue :見ると額の上から大粒の汗がころげ落ち、左右の肩骨が近頃めっきり高くなって、背中にピタリとついている夾襖の上に、八字の皺が浮紋のように飛び出していた。 “阳文”is the pattern printed on some utensils. It describes the bony appearance of Xiao Shuan. Lu Xun used the character "eight" to tell readers that Xiao Shuan is thin and weak, which is very vivid and clear to us. However, it is difficult for foreign language readers to understand. The inverted English letter "V" is very similar to the Chinese letter "八".so Yang translated it to "V". And since Japan also has the word "八", so Inoue used it directly. （2）还要老虎头上搔痒，便给他两个嘴巴！ Yang:and then the young fool would 'scratch the tiger's head,' so he gave him a couple of slaps." Inoue :あいつが虎の頭を掻いたから堪らない。たちまちポカポカと二つほど頂戴したぜ "老虎头上搔痒" is a allegory of boldness, recklessness and overreach. It can also be extended to mean "seeking death" or "not afraid of death". both Yang and Inoue adopted literal translation.

Conclusion

Culture-loaded words are closely related to culture and have rich cultural meanings. These words are closely related to cultural relations, whether in concept or in connection. On the one hand, people of all nationalities live together in the world and have similar ideas about nature. Therefore, different cultures and languages have some common characteristics, which is also an important reason for all kinds of thinking to achieve communication and communication. On the other hand, people living in different social contexts may have different cognitive concepts, emotional colors and subjective judgments. Because of this, some words are endowed with special meanings, which are rooted in the culture of a country or a nation. Deeply reflects the cultural characteristics.The biggest difficulty in translation is not the language itself, but the cultural implications that language carries.Medicine, as a national literary work, contains a large number of culture-loaded words. the culture-loaded words in Medicine are classified On the basis of classification, we can learn from the comparison of English and Japanese translations that the translation strategies adopted in the translation of culture-loaded words are different due to the differences between eastern and western cultures. Due to the great differences between eastern and Western cultures, it is difficult to find a complete equivalence of some culturally loaded words in the translation of Chinese traditional literary works into English. So the English version is mainly translated by domesticating method and free translation. Since Japan and China have had a lot of communication since ancient times and were greatly influenced by Chinese culture, the Japanese translation mainly adopts foreignizing translation, literal translation and transliteration. Even if the Chinese culture-loaded words that Japanese have never seen , they can understand them and even use them directly because they have similar culture and both use Chinese characters. foreignizing translation and domestication translation, literal translation, free translation, transliteration are not in isolation, Sometimes they need to be combined to play a better role in the translation of culture-loaded words. the translation of culture-loaded word involves all aspects of culture, is a complex and worthy of further discussion. Only by fully understanding the culture of the original text and accurately interpreting the author's intention, can we better convey the cultural information of culture-loaded words to readers.

Culture-loaded words are closely related to culture and have rich cultural conceptions. These words are closely related to cultural relations, both in concept and connection. On the one hand, people from different nationalities live together in the world and have similar concepts about nature. Therefore, different cultures and languages have some common characteristics, which is also an important reason for different kinds of thinking modes to achieve communication. On the other hand, people living in different social contexts may have different concepts, emotions and subjective judgments thus some words are endowed with special meanings, which are rooted in the culture of one country or nation and reflects their cultural characteristics. The biggest difficulty in translation is not the language itself, but the cultural conceptions that language carries. Medicine, as one national literary work, contains a large number of culture-loaded words. The culture-loaded words in Medicine are classified on the basis of classification, and we can learn from the comparison of English and Japanese translations that the translation strategies adopted in the translation of culture-loaded words are different due to the differences between eastern and western cultures. The great differences between eastern and Western cultures make it difficult to achieve a perfect equivalence of some culturally loaded words in the translation of Chinese traditional literary works into English. So the English version is mainly translated by domesticating method or free translation. While China and Japan have had a long communication history since ancient times and Japanese culture has been greatly influenced by Chinese culture, the Japanese translation mainly adopts foreignizing translation, literal translation or transliteration. Even if the Chinese culture-loaded words that Japanese have never seen , they can understand them and even use them directly because they have some similar culture and also use Chinese characters. In addition, foreignizing translation, domestication translation, literal translation, free translation, and transliteration are not isolated from each other, sometimes they need to be combined to play a better role in the translation of culture-loaded words. The translation of culture-loaded word involves all aspects of culture and is a complex process needing further discussion. Only by fully understanding the cultural concepts of the source text and accurately interpreting the author's intention, can the translation better convey the cultural information of culture-loaded words to readers.--Fu Shiyu (talk) 09:39, 12 December 2021 (UTC)--Fu Shiyu (talk) 00:38, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

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