20221231 LangCult 7
Quicklinks: Back to course homepage FAQ Manual Back to Tipps and Overview of the final exam papers: 20221231_LangCult
This is the final exam paper website no. 7
Because this website got too large, we have split it into smaller websites. Please look for your name beneath to get to your smaller website
202270081661 夏盼 Xia Pan 英语笔译(English translation)
Topic
The Contemporary Influence of the Three Kingdoms Culture
Xia Pan 202270081661
Abstract
This chapter contains some basic knowledge and modern influence of Three kingdoms Culture in terms of economy, culture and society. Among these effects, this chapter concentrates on the economic effect of Three kingdom Culture.
Key Words
Three kingdoms, Cultural influence, Economic value
202270081699 夏依颐 Xia Yiyi 英语口译(English interpretation)
The Changes in Women's Clothing in China Since 1840
Abstract
This chapter mainly discusses the changes in women's clothing in China since 1840. In each part, the reasons behind every change and its significance are elucidated. It draws a conclusion that what women wear in different stages in Chinese history is closely related to the economic, political and social realities at that time. Through the changes in women’s clothing, the story of China’s rising as a great country is unfolding.
Key Words
Changes, women’s clothing, 1840
Introduction
One’s dress style cannot form without the impact of social environments. To discuss the changes in women's clothing in China since 1840 for detailed analysis and better understanding, this chapter will be divided into four parts according to four distinctive historical stages in China since 1840, namely the first stage (1840-1911), the second stage (1911-1949), the third stage (1949-1978) and the fourth stage (1978-now). In each stage, what women wear, the characteristics of their clothing and the reasons behind the transformation will be discussed in detail.
The first stage (1840-1911)
Historical Background:
Since 1840, the Qing government has been invaded in continuous wars of aggression launched by imperialists and was forced to sign unequal treaties that humiliated the whole country. During this period, China’s economy, military forces, and culture were manipulated, which became the source of all disasters and misfortunes in modern China, thus hindering its independent development. Although the invasion of the imperialist powers destroyed the foundations of the self-sufficient natural economy, the foundation of the system of feudal exploitation still remained intact and combined with the exploitation of comprador and usurer capital, which dominated China's social and economic life. The intensified invasion of the western powers, however, enabled an increasing number of foreigners to come to China, thus posing a great impact on women’s clothing. Chinese women, who had long lived at the very bottom of society, won emancipation after hardships. (Mangan J A,2001) The first step in this process was the anti-footbinding movement for which Chinese women paid a very heavy price. (Chen, 2014) However, they gradually gain access to education and contributed their unique power to historical development. The concept of equality between men and women began to take root in people's minds and was proven in practice. (Chen Si, 2008, 380)
Women’s Clothing:
Therefore, In 1859, many Chinese girls began to wear European-styled shoes and wore bright Manchester headscarves. Shanghai was the most influenced city at that time. People who had more contact with western traders began to westernize their clothing and lifestyles, many people began to make purses on their clothes to carry their belongings, and many fashionable women began to imitate the dressing style of foreign women. Being the first city to open its ports, Shanghai became a metropolis where Chinese and foreigners met and thus became the birthplace of Huayang clothing (Chinese and foreign clothing) in China.
The second stage (1911-1949)
Historical Background:
In 1911, the Revolution of 1911 succeeded, and the revolutionaries began to cut off their braids, which was a symbol of the removal of the old tradition. After years of efforts, the long pigtails, a symbol of backwardness and ignorance, were finally eradicated, which both eliminated bad habits and had a great impact on social life. As the clothing was renewed, the feudal robes and coats of the political hierarchy as well as the Manchu-style shoes, hats and clothing were rapidly discarded. The influence of Western culture led to the blind westernization of clothing. Among the many fashionable items, suits became a necessity for fashionable women. After the Revolution of 1911, in Shanghai, Guangzhou and other major cities, there was a blind trend of worshiping foreign things in women’s clothing, which aroused the concern of the clothing industry. At the same time, Yuan Shikai seized the fruits of the victory of the Revolution to restore the imperial system, so the clothing style revealing restoration became increasingly prevalent. Therefore, new clothes with political implications would be in line with China’s national conditions and characteristics. Chinese tunic suits emerged. (Chen Si, 2008, 380)
Women’s Clothing:
Women’s clothing in this period changed a lot---Qing-styled clothing and Western-styled top clothes and skirts. They wore big wavy hairstyles and thick underwear to create a sexy image. Most schoolgirls wore semi-sleeve shirts and black silk skirts, and blue-cloth long gown was the leading dressing style among them. Daily clothes for grown-up women were still cheongsam. Shanghai became the base of Chinese women’s fashion, with Cantonese and Hong Kong clothing becoming a branch of Shanghai clothing. The life of women changed in the early years of the Republic of China, and modern women living in the metropolis were influenced by foreign trends. On the request of such professionals, modification of clothing became inevitable. In the 1930s and 1940s, with the influx of foreign goods and Western lifestyles, women in the big cities visited social places frequently, which led to a change in the social atmosphere. As European and Oriental modern fashions influenced domestic women in terms of short skirts, underwear and colors, more and more people followed and imitated them. Sports lovers started to fancy red pleated skirts with silver trim, brassieres rather than traditional bellybands, and one-piece dresses.
The third stage (1949-1978)
Historical Background:
New China was restored on the old semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The restoration of the national economy and democratic reforms were basically completed in 1952. Inspired by Chairman Mao, Chinese people were energized and motivated, and burst forth with unprecedented vigor. In spite of the headwind, the achievements of the whole nation in building socialism are, on the whole, extremely glorious. From 1949 to 1978, an independent industrial and national economic system was established at a speed unmatched by the developed capitalist countries. The founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 marked the end of the old lifestyle and the old dressing style of women. In the 1950s, China witnessed a great advance in the development of productivity force and people’s livelihood. During this period, women were increasingly involved in labor and political activities. Their social status improved significantly, and their clothes were as simple and easy to work with as men's. While the single color of clothing can indicate that women were no longer in the subordinate position of pleasing men. (Qin Jie, 2012, 184)
Women’s Clothing:
At the beginning of the founding of New China, there was still a shortage of various materials, and people had to buy food and fabrics with tickets. In those days, people could not pursue the appearance and comfort of clothes because clothes were a luxury at that time. Therefore, women's clothes were plain, monotonous and dull. China advocated manufacturing novel, labor- and material-saving clothes for the people in line with the principles of economy, practicality and beauty, which were convenient for workers. As a result, the practicality of clothing was emphasized; various functional styles suitable for various occasions were developed. Clothing style of simplicity filled with people's daily life. From the mid-1960s to the late 1970s, the Cultural Revolution impaired the newly gained confidence of Chinese people in the new dressing culture, and people were unified in the same dress pattern due to political factors.
The fourth stage (1978-now)
Historical Background:
In the late 1980s, with the reform and opening up forging ahead, people were once again liberated and society was more inclusive. China’s national culture was more open to Western culture, showing a high degree of “inclusiveness”, which indicated a big step towards internationalization. (Amelung Iwo, Haipeng Zhang / Zhai Jinyi, 2021) Updated ideas, prosperous culture and economic development offered favorable conditions for clothing diversity, which created more space for people to enjoy the fruitful achievements of modern civilization in many aspects: economy and culture and clothing. Women in the 21st century are playing a pivotal role in politics, the economy and other aspects. Today, women not only share the responsibility for social development with men, but have also made great achievements in areas that men could never have imagined. Women have their own unique views on fashion and lifestyle, and their social status has reached an unprecedented level in human history. (Qin Jie, 2013, 76)
Women’s Clothing:
Instead of wearing suits, we choose sportswear; instead of flared trousers, we favor jeans; instead of high heels, we prefer sports shoe brands like Nike and Adidas. The popularity is so prevailing that we are not expecting it ourselves. Fashion became a new value in people’s daily life. In the new era, with the rapid economic development and the prosperity of the country, the clothing is certainly colorful, and women are fortunate enough to be able to wear all kinds of novel and colorful clothes and to show their personalities to the fullest. In addition, women’s standards of beauty are beginning to change. Fashion is gradually becoming unrestrained---it is transforming and presenting itself everywhere. Chinese women can get to know Parisian fashion news simultaneously. Instead of copying them blindly, they have gradually learned how to cleverly borrow the elements that suit them best. Everyone has the right to have personalized choices depending on their different moods and occasions.
Conclusion
Since 1840, western-styled clothing started to enter the country. After the 20th century, with the spread of new ideas, the change in the political system and social customs, and the western invasion, women’s clothing in China began to focus on visual beauty showing the elegance of female bodies. With the deepening of democracy, freedom and equality in society, clothing with western elements was also more widely spread. In the second stage (1911-1949), the change in women’s clothing not only showed us the special course of women’s emancipation, but also the change in China’s modern history. In the new era, women have gained more access to clothes of diverse styles. The analysis of the changes in women’s clothing in modern China is also of great significance to the study of the changes in Chinese modern society and culture.
References
[1] 程思.从中国服装演变看女性地位[J].安徽文学(下半月),2008(02):380-382.
[2]秦杰.女性地位较低时期的女装艺术风格表现[J].现代装饰(理论),2012(11):184-185.
[3] 秦杰.浅谈影响女性服装艺术风格的社会因素[J].美术教育研究,2013(03):76-77.
[4] Amelung Iwo. Haipeng Zhang / Zhai Jinyi, A Brief Modern Chinese History. Stuttgart, Ibidem 2021[J]. Historische Zeitschrift,2022,314(3).
[5] Chen. The contested body: the anti-footbinding movement in modern China[J]. Journal of Modern Chinese History,2014,8(2).
[6] Mangan J A. Prospects for the new millennium: women, emancipation and the body.[J]. The International journal of the history of sport,2001,18(1).
Terms and Expressions
comprador and usurer capital 买办和高利贷资本
anti-footbinding movement 不缠足运动
Huayang clothing 华洋服装
the Revolution of 1911 辛亥革命
Chinese tunic suit 中山装
Cheongsam 旗袍
Brassiere 胸罩
Bellyband 肚兜
Semi-sleeve shirts and black silk skirts 中袖短衫与黑色绸裙
Red pleated skirts with silver trim 红色镶银边的百褶裙
the Cultural Revolution 文化大革命
flared trousers 喇叭裤
Questions
1.In which event did women pay a heavy price for their emancipation during 1840-1911?
A.The Cultural Revolution
B.Anti smoking campaign
C.Anti-footbinding movement
D.The Revolution of 1911
2.Which city was the birthplace of Huayang Clothing?
A.Guangzhou
B.Beijing
C.Shanghai
D.Hong Kong
3.What are the main women’s clothing during 1911-1949?
A.Semi-sleeve shirts and black silk skirts
B.Blue-cloth long gown and Cheongsam
C.Flared trousers
D.Red pleated skirts with silver trim
4.What else can we know through the transformation in women’s clothing?
A.The special course of women’s emancipation
B.The spread of new ideas
C.The change in the political system and social customs
Answers
1.C
2.C
3.A,B,D
4.A,B,C
202270081662 夏紫纯 Xia Zichun 英语笔译(English translation)
The Application of the New Four Inventions,which are imported from the US to China, and its Role in the Global Dissemination of Chinese Culture
Abstract
This chapter mainly talks about the development of the New Four Inventions boosted by, their significance and powerful dissemination to the rest of the world. It draws a conclusion that China is overcoming its shortcomings, desperately trying to improve its technological level and achieving major breakthroughs in some important areas.
Key Words
The New Four Inventions, significance, the Global Dissemination of Chinese Culture
Introduction
The “Four New Inventions” originated from an internet buzzword born in 2017. (Baidubaike, the “Four New Invention”)In 2018, the Silk Road Institute of Beijing Foreign Studies University launched a survey of international students, in which young people from 20 countries along “the Belt and Road” were asked to pick up “four new Chinese inventions” in their heart. These are their answers: High-speed railways, code payment, bicycle sharing and online shopping. In fact, these four were not invented by China, but were simply misrepresented as being more advanced in their promotion and application in China and more influential abroad.(Chen Fang, Yu Xiaojie, Lu Yongjian, 2017(18):63-65)
High-speed railways
On October 1, 1964, Japan’s Tokaido Shinkansen was officially opened to traffic, and it operated at speeds of up to 210 kilometers per hour. Since then, the world’s first truly high-speed railway was invented by Japan, which marked the arrival of a new era of high-speed railway in the world. As a pioneer of high-speed railways in the world, Japan has accumulated a wealth of experience for China and other countries in the world that have developed high-speed railways, and has transferred some of its technology to these countries for a fee. In March 2006, a train left the Japanese port of Kobe for Qingdao, China, and some of the technology was transferred to China, thus opening up the era of high-speed railways in China.
Payment by code
The code payment model is built on the concept of mobile payments. The first payments made by mobile devices appeared in Finland in 1997. Local media in Finland reported that Finnair Telecom launched a service to operate jukeboxes and beverage vending machines by calling a pay phone number to buy Coca-Cola at Helsinki Airport. The QR code (also known as ‘Quick Response Code’) was invented by the Japanese company DW in 1994.
Bicycle sharing
In 1965, the Dutch municipality of Amsterdam introduced the “White Plan”. In 2007, bicycle sharing was also introduced in France, but only later did the Chinese model become popular and innovative and spread overseas.
Online shopping
The concept of online shopping was invented in 1979 by the Englishman Michael Aldrich. Aldrich used a technology called Videotex to connect ordinary television sets to the computers of local retailers via telephone lines. eCommerce then became popular worldwide after Amazon and eBay launched their own websites in 1995.
The Importance of the New Four Inventions
The high-speed train, the fastest train in China today, is one of the preferred means of travel. High-speed trains can also drive the economic development of cities and promote scientific research and innovation. Alipay is a new generation of wireless payment solutions built primarily on an account system. The emergence of Alipay has greatly reduced the circulation of counterfeit money. In addition, bicycle sharing, also known as public bicycle, is a time-sharing model and a new green sharing economy model. Last but not least, online shopping is also, in a way, a great way to protect one’s privacy, making it the most popular way to shop today.(大社会，2017年（10）：70-71）
The Four Great Inventions in the Global Dissemination of Chinese Culture
In fact, the “low-quality” label that was once attached to Chinese manufacturing has been torn off thanks to high-speed railways. China’s tailor-made electric locomotives for Serbia will run on the busiest freight lines in the Balkan region; China has also received a number of orders for subways from Boston and Los Angeles in the USA. China’s high-speed railways have become a popular product for foreign economic and technical cooperation. The “China Speed” of high-speed rail is also a reflection of the speed at which people’s happiness is increasing. (大社会，2017年（10）：70-71）
Although online shopping is not the first of its kind in China, the convenience and speed of development of online shopping in China has surpassed that of some developed countries. When you go out or go abroad, you can simply take your mobile phone with you and you can get your food, clothing, shelter and transport all in one place via the internet. There are large and dazzling platforms such as Alibaba, JD.COM and Suning E-shop, as well as various smaller platforms. They are part of China’s online shopping systems and online shopping has also contributed to the world online shopping development. (大社会，2017年（10）：70-71）
As the first country in the world to invent and use paper money, China is leading the global payment system into a new era. Alipay has been introduced in Paris Spring in France, Harrods in the UK, Finnair, Norwegian Cruises, South African sightseeing buses, and even the Arctic Circle. From airport duty-free shops in Europe to drugstores in Japan, Alipay has been used by more than 100,000 offline merchants in 26 countries and regions. WeChat Pay is also present in 130,000 overseas merchants in 13 overseas regions. The Financial Times, comparing data from market researchers in China and the US, found that China’s mobile payments market was nearly 50 times larger than that of the US in 2016. (大社会，2017年（10）：70-71）
Last but not least, bike-sharing has reached further corners of the world. Chinese bike-sharing bikes are on the streets of hundreds of cities around the world, including the US, Germany, the UK, Italy and Japan. The small yellow bicycle has entered 16 countries around the world since the start of its globalization strategy. Mobike is also operating in 13 overseas cities, including Washington, London, Manchester and Salford. The bike-sharing enterprise is not only an important business card representing the new height of Chinese intellectual manufacturing and showing the level of Chinese innovation, but also an important manifestation of China’s innovation pattern and momentum. (大社会，2017年（10）：70-71）
Conclusion
These “New Four Inventions” have not only enabled the world to witness the amazing changes in China as a result of reforms in the field of science and technology, but have also enabled China to return to the center of the world stage in the new round of technological revolution. The “Four New Inventions” have changed China and influenced the world. The Chinese people are endlessly creative and it is foreseeable that China will continue to create more inventions that will amaze the world.（新四大发明改变人们的生活方式，作文独唱团，2019（08）:72）
References:
[1]陈芳,余晓洁,鹿永建.高铁、网购、支付宝、共享单车成中国“新四大发明”——标注中国 启示世界[J].重庆与世界,2017(18):63-65.
[2] “新四大发明”改变人们生活方式[J].课堂内外(作文独唱团),2019(08):72.
[3] “新四大发明”讲述中国奇迹[J].大社会,2017(10):70-71.
[4]Ziatyna Hanna（汉娜）. 新四大发明在中国国家形象建构中的作用[D].黑龙江大学,2019.DOI:10.27123/d.cnki.ghlju.2019.001003.
[5]张姝. 新媒体时代下的四大发明[D].大连工业大学,2014.
[6]中国将引领“新四大发明”走向全球[J].时代金融,2017(28):60-61.
[7]新四大发明，百度百科，网址：https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%96%B0%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E/1549722
[8]Robotics & Machine Learning[J] 2019.
[9]Sustainable Cities and SocietyVolume [J] 86, 2022.
Terms and Expressions
Alibaba阿里巴巴
JD.COM京东商城
Suning E-shop苏宁易购
Japan’s Tokaido Shinkansen 日本东海岛新干线
Paris Spring in France法国巴黎春天
Harrods in the UK英国哈罗德百货
Finnair芬兰航空
Norwegian Cruises挪威邮轮
South African sightseeing buses南非观光巴士
Mobike摩拜单车
Questions
1. What are the "Four New Inventions" of modern China?
A. High-speed rail
B. online shopping
C. Alipay and bicycle sharing
2. Which country invented the world's first truly high-speed railway?
A. Japan
B. China
C. America
3. Which country originally invented bicycle sharing?
A. China
B. Germany
C. The Netherlands
Answers
Correct answers are:
1. ABC
2. A
3. C
202270081663 向明慧 Xiang Minghui 英语笔译(English translation)
Modern Applications of Traditional Chinese Medicine:Disease Prevention and Control, Aromatherapy, Regimen and Cosmetology
Abstract
This chapter contains characteristics and modern applications of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Theories of TCM are applied in disease prevention and control, aromatherapy, regimen and cosmetology. Chinese herbal medicine and some ancient prescriptions can be used in innovation of modern medicine, beauties and health-care products. Beside, the concept of health preservation in TCM is in line with modern people’s pursuit of healthy life.
Key Words
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM),modern applications, disease prevention and control, aromatherapy, regimen, cosmetology
Introduction
TCM could be traced back to a Chinese mythology that Shennong tasted hundred herbs for medical. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine in China rolled out by the State Council Information Office of the PRC, TCM has five characteristics (1) Holistic view. TCM deems that the relationship between humans and nature is an interactive and inseparable whole. (2) Emphasis on harmony. TCM holds that a person's physical health depends on harmony in the functions of body organs, good mental state, and adaption to different environments. (3) Personalized therapy. TCM treats a disease based on full consideration of the individual constitution and climatic and seasonal conditions. (4) Preventative treatment as a core. TCM advocates that a person's health can be improved through emotional adjustment, balanced labor and rest, a sensible diet, and a regular life. (5) Simplicity. In addition to medication, TCM has many non-pharmacological alternative approaches such as acupuncture, moxibustion, cupping and gua sha. There is no need for complex equipment.
Though the fundamental notions and theories of TCM are very old they could be used to make new products which meet the requirements of contemporary people.
Modern Applications of TCM
a.Infectious disease prevention and control
Tu Youyou and her research team established the extraction method of artemisinin based on a great deal of researches on traditional Chinese medicine, inspired by the Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency. At present, artemisinin and its derivatives are the most effective for the treatment of malaria in the world. Artemisinin combination therapy, used in malaria areas of almost all countries and regions, treats more than 100 million cases a year and has reduced the incidence and mortality of malaria in the world.(Yuan Yanan et al.,2017)
During Covid-19, Yupingfeng Powder, Zhenqi Fuzheng Preparation, Huoxiang Zhengqi Preparation, Lianhua Qingwen Capsule and other internal medicine are suggested for vulnerable people or those under medical observation with fatigue and fever. Although the above prescriptions have played an important role in the prevention and treatment of Covid-19, it’s not recommended for healthy people take them.(Chen Hongzhi et al.,2020)
b.Aromatherapy of TCM
It refers to the treatment in which smoke, sachet, spray made of aromatic Chinese medicines infiltrate into the body through nasal cavity, skin or oral cavity to exert its efficacy. Plant essential oils and other aromatherapy products are used in massage, bath, smell, and external application to improve metabolism and speed up the elimination of toxins in the body.(Yang Dingquan,2017)
c.Cosmetology and TCM
There are many records of cosmetic prescriptions in Qing Imperial Palace archives. In modern times, people can enhance appearance by using TCM therapies (acupuncture, massage, cupping and gua sha) and beauties containing Chinese herb extracts. If you search for skincare products and cosmetics on Taobao, JD or other Chinese famous online shopping platforms, you may well find lots of choices that boast extractions from Chinese herbal medicine in their product introductions.
d.Regimen and TCM
Taking medicated diet is common in China to improve health. A medicated dish include several ingredients with medicinal benefits like angelica sinensis, codonopsis pilosula, radix astragali, dried lotus seeds, goji berries, jujube, ginseng. Different medicated diets have different effects. For instance, dried lotus seeds decrease internal heat and goji berries are good for eyes.
People soak their feet in warm water containing Chinese herbs to relieve fatigue and boost blood circulation. Many add goji berries, dried honeysuckle flowers or dried golden chrysanthemums into the hot water of insulated mugs to keep fit.
Cupping, acupuncture and gua sha are all the rage. Many content creators on varied platforms shared their experiences of receiving TCM therapies. Here is an excerpt from an article by Hannah Seo published in New York Times, Sept. 12, 2022.
If you scroll through Tiktok and Instagram for long enough, you’ll likely find someone scraping, brushing or massaging their skin in pursuit of better health or an enhanced appearance. Testimonies abound — about body scraping to loosen stiff limbs, gua sha for a sculpted jawline, vibrating facial massagers to reduce puffiness, dry brushing for “detoxing”.
Many athletes tried acupuncture and cupping to deal with problems like sore muscles and stiff joints. For instance, in Rio Olympics 2016, swimmer Michael Phelps had cupping, leaving a bunch of reddish-purple marks on his body.
Drawbacks of TCM
TCM has its shortcomings. For example, it’s difficult to evaluate whether TCM nutrition could play a major role in treatment of various diseases (Zhao Xinyu, et al.,2020). Many TCM prescriptions were based on practitioners’ experience but are lack of evidence-based research.
Foreign researchers find that TCM methodology for diagnosis and pathology treatment heavily relies on the time of exposure for all ailments. Other limitations of this metanalysis include the many variables of patient demographics, different herbal preparations, and access to funding to purchase such preparations. ( L. Dr A. Varon, D. Varon & J. Varon,2020)
Therefore, many Chinese doctors tend to combine treatments from TCM and western medicine so as to find optimal therapies for patients.
Conclusion
TCM is a source of inspirations for R&D of modern pharmacy, cosmetology and other fields. Due to its limitations, more researches are to be done on efficacy and safety.
Terms and Expressions
regimen 养生
Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency 《肘后备急方》
artemisinin combination therapy 青蒿素联合疗法
Yupingfeng Powder 玉屏风散
Zhenqi Fuzheng Preparation 贞芪扶正制剂
Huoxiang Zhengqi Preparation 藿香正气制剂
Lianhua Qingwen Capsule 连花清瘟胶囊
sachet香囊
cupping拔罐
gua sha刮痧
medicated diet药膳
acupuncture针灸
aromatherapy 芳香疗法
cosmetology美容，美容业
beauties 美容产品
angelica sinensis当归
codonopsis pilosula党参
radix astragali黄芪
dried lotus seeds干莲子
goji berries枸杞
jujube红枣
ginseng人参
honeysuckle flowers 金银花
insulated mugs保温杯
Questions
1.What are the five characteristics of TCM?
A, Holistic view B. Emphasis on harmony C. Personalized therapy D. Preventative treatment as a core E.Simplicity
2.Which kind of therapy is used in malaria areas of almost all countries and regions?
A.artemisinin combination therapy B. acupuncture C. gua sha D. chalcanthite
3.What is Aromatherapy of TCM?
A.smoke made of aromatic Chinese medicines B. sachet made of aromatic Chinese medicines C. perfume D. spray made of aromatic Chinese medicines
4.What kind of TCM treatments are all the rage on social media?
A.Cupping B. gua sha C. acupuncture D. medicated diet
Answers
1.ABCDE
2.A
3.ABD
4.ABC
References
1.http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/ndhf/34120/index.htm《中国的中医药》白皮书[Traditional Chinese Medicine in China]
2.Hou Xianglang and Houmingxia侯香浪，何明霞(2015).中国文化英语教程 [An English Course of Chinese Culture]. Wuhan: Wuhan University武汉大学
3.Yuan Yannan,et al.( 2017)袁亚男, 姜廷良, 周兴, 等. 青蒿素的发现和发展[Discovery and development of artemisinin (in Chinese)].科学通报 [Chin Sci Bull](18):1914-1927
4.Chen Hongzhi,et al.(2020)陈泓志,陈虎博,王晨曦,龚彦溶,向兴,张慧卿.中医常用防疫方药的现代应用[Current application of commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine and formulae for preventing severe infectious diseases].药学服务与研究 [Pharm Care Res](4):292
5.Yang Dingquan(2017)杨顶权.中医美容之路——传承创新,整合发展[Chinese Medicine and Cosmetology --Inheritance,Innovation and Development]. 皮肤科学通报 [Dermatology Bulletin](6):629
6.Hannah Seo, New York Times, Sept. 12,2022
7.Zhao Xinyu, et al.(2020).Nutrition and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): a system's theoretical perspective. European journal of clinical nutrition(2)
8. L. Dr Adylle Varon,Daryelle S. Varon & Joseph Varon.(2020).Traditional chinese medicine and COVID-19: should emergency practitioners use it?. American Journal of Emergency Medicine (prepublish)
202270081664 肖家禹 Xiao Jiayu 英语笔译(English translation)
The Han Tombs of Mawangdui
Abstract
This chapter briefly introduces the Han Tombs of Mawangdui, including the origin of the name and the findings of the excavation. The cultural relics excavated from the tombs are of great value in studying the politics, economy, military affairs, culture, science and technology of the early Western Han period.
Key Words
the Han Tombs of Mawangdui; the origin of the name; the funeral objects; the female corpse
马王堆汉墓
摘要
本章简要介绍了马王堆汉墓，包括其名字由来及考古发现。该墓葬出土的文物对研究西汉初期的政治、经济、军事、文化、科学技术等具有重要价值。
关键词
马王堆汉墓；名字由来；随葬物品；西汉女尸
Introduction
From 1972 to early 1974, Chinese archaeological workers unearthed 3 tombs of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC- 25 AD) at Mawangdui of Changsha, Hunan Province, which has attracted great attention at home and abroad. This chapter mainly deals with the archaeological findings of the Han Tombs of Mawangdui.
The Origin of the Name
Mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of Changsha, about 4 km from downtown Changsha. In the preceding centuries, it was said that Ma Yin, King of the ducal state of Chu in the Five Dynasties Period (907- 960), was buried here, hence the name "Mawangdui" (the Mound of King Ma). Formerly 2 earthen mounds here were closely linked together in the shape of a horse saddle, thus it was also called "Ma'andui" (the Horse Saddle Mound). In some historical documents it is called "Erfeimu" (the Tombs of Two Concubines), and "Shuangnüfen" (the Tombs of Two Ladies). The opinions about the ownership of the tombs varied widely, and the truth did no come out until the excavation.
The Excavation
It turned out that there were 3 tombs at Mawangdui. The eastern mound was known as Tomb No.1, and the western mound as Tomb No.2. The third tomb was located to the south of Tomb No.1 and was covered up by the sealing soil so that there was no visible trace of its existence.
The Han tombs were immense. Tomb No.1 was a vertical rectangular earthen pit with a sloping passage way and 4 steps. It was 20.5 m deep from the top of the covering mound to the bottom of the shaft. The pit mouth measured 19.5 m long from north to south and 17.8 m wide from east to west. The outer frame of the chamber measured 6.73 m long, 4.81 m wide, and 41 cm thick.
The Funeral Objects
The funeral objects unearthed from the tombs are abundant, such as silk paintings, silk books, weapons, bamboo slips and lacquerware. Among them the silk paintings and silk books reveal much about the past history.
a. Silk Paintings
Both the innermost coffins of Tombs No. 1 and No.3 were covered by T-shaped color paintings on silk. The paintings are of similar subjects: heaven, the human society and the nether world. Well balanced and ingeniously composed, the paintings harmoniously interweave fairy tales with reality. The artistic skills of the paintings make them masterpieces of ancient art. Judging from the shape, content and the positions of the paintings in the tombs, we know that they were funeral banners, which were used in funeral ceremonies to usher the spirit up to heaven.
On the eastern and western walls of the wooden chamber in Tomb No. 3 were hung 2 rectangular silk paintings. The one on the western wall portrays 100 people, several hundred horses and dozens of chariots. The figure representing the tomb occupant is standing on a high terrace, inspecting his troops before an expedition. Thus, the painting might be entitled "Painting of An Expedition". However, the painting on the eastern wall was in state of advanced decay so that only some remaining parts of houses, chariots, galloping horses and women sailing in boats could be made out. It might be a description of the extravagant life the tomb occupant led before his death.
b. Silk Books
The books copied on silk unearthed from Tomb No. 3 bear over 100,000 characters. They provide a wealth of new data for the study of China's ancient history, philosophical thinking, science and technology. Among the silk books, there are 2 copied versions of the manuscripts of Lao Zi. Version A is followed by copies of 4 essays, heretofore believed to be lost, and Version B is preceded by copies of 4 more "lost" essays, i.e. "On Law", "Sixteen Classics", "Balance" and "The Source of the Way".
There are also new historical data of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (770 BC-221 BC): Anecdotes and Speeches in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Letters by Political Strategists in the Warring States Period, as well as The Motion of Five Planets and Divination, Studies of Horses, several chapters of The Medical Book and The Chart of Physical Exercises. Altogether, there is a total of over 20 valuable books, most of which were believed to have been lost. The discovery of these books is of monumental importance to Han historians in their reconsideration of ancient Chinese history.
The Female Corpse
What has attracted the greatest attention is the corpse of Xin Zhui, Li Cang's wife, which was well preserved in Tomb No. 1 for over 2,100 years. The body was 154 cm tall and weighed 34.3 kg. The external appearance was intact, the whole body was moist, the skin covering was complete, and most of the hair remained at its original follicles. Some of the joints were movable to a certain extent and the tissue still maintained certain elasticity, and it swelled and subsided gradually when injected with a preservative fluid. From extensive studies, the woman had suffered from many diseases.
Comprehensive research was also made into the reasons for the sound preservation of the ancient corpse. Immediately after her death, the body was bathed, wrapped tightly with about 20 layers of shrouds and cloth, and sealed in air tight coffins. The anoxic environment within the innermost coffin was gradually created, which helped retard the decay of the corpse.
The studies of the pathological changes of the ancient corpse, the cause of death and the unearthed Chinese herbal medicine bring to light the situation of the diseases and the applied prescriptions and drugs of traditional Chinese medicine in the feudal society 2,100 years ago, and provide valuable data for the further exploration and systematization of the medical heritage of China.
Conclusion
The archaeological findings at Han Tombs of Mawangdui is of monumental importance in modern times. More researches are to be done to learn about various aspects of the early Western Han period so as to make further exploration based on them.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
Terms and Expressions
Mawangdui 马王堆
Ma'andui 马鞍堆
Erfeimu 二妃墓
Shuangnüfen 双女坟
T-Shaped Silk Painting T形帛画
Usher the spirit up to heaven 引魂升天
Painting of An Expedition 出征图
On Law 《经法》
Sixteen Classics 《十六经》
Balance 《称》
The Source of the Way 《道原》
Anecdotes and Speeches in the Spring and Autumn Period《春秋事语》
Letters by Political Strategists in the Warring States Period《战国纵横家书》
The Motion of Five Planets and Divination《五星占》
Studies of Horses《相马经》
The Medical Book《医书》
The Chart of Physical Exercises《导引图》
Xin Zhui 辛追
Li Cang 利苍
Questions
1.Which of the following names are the alternatives to Mawangdui?
A. Ma'andui B. Maoling C. Erfeimu D. Shuangnüfen
2.How many tombs are there at Mawangdui?
A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four
3. What new historical data of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were unearthed at Mawangdui?
A. Anecdotes and Speeches in the Spring and Autumn Period B. Letters by Political Strategists in the Warring States Period C. The Motion of Five Planets and Divination D. The Chart of Physical Exercises
4.Which of the following cultural relics excavated from the Han Tombs of Mawangdui has attracted the greatest attention?
A. A Female corpse B. Silk paintings C. Wooden figurine D. Bamboo slips
Answers
1. A, C, D
2. C
3. A, B, C, D
4. A
202270081665 肖娜 Xiao Na 英语笔译(English Translation)
Chinese Festival:Double Ninth Festival
Abstract
Double Ninth Festival is a traditional festival in China, which plays an pivotal role in carrying forward traditional culture.The chapter mainly introduces the origin and traditional customs and modern values of Double Ninth Festival.
Key Words
Origin,Customs ,Modern values,Double Ninth Festival.
题目
重阳节
摘要
重阳节是中国传统节日，在弘扬中国传统文化中起到至关重要的作用。本论文主要介绍了重阳节的起源、传统习俗及其当代价值。
关键词
起源；习俗；当代价值；重阳节
Introduction
Chongyang Festival could be traced back the Book of Changes and it has become popular for many years.
The origin of Double Ninth Festival
Double Ninth Festival, “Chongyang” in Chinese, is also known for Cornel Festival or Chrysanthemum Festival or Chung Yeung Festival. The origin of "Chongyang" can be traced back to the ancient Book of Changes, “以阳爻为九”(Taking Yang Yao as nine),“爻(Yao)”means the symbols that form the diagrams and the “阳爻(Yang Yao)”means the hexagram of Qian. According to the earliest ancient philosophy, “Yin-Yang School”, the ancient people divided everything in the world into Yin and Yang, and numbers are no exception. （Baidu Baike-“Yang Yao” ）（Chen Yan 2011,58） In Chinese，nine is regarded as yang number (which means masculine as supposed to yin which is feminine). The ninth day of the ninth month is the day that has two yang members and chong in Chinese means double, which is how the name Chongyang came into being. ( Hou Xianglang, He Mingxia 2015,173) Generally speaking, some customs of the Double Ninth Festival have been shown in the social traditional customs of the pre-Qin Dynasty. The Festival, took shape in the Eastern Han Dynasty and was finalized in Six Dynasties, which has been an important traditional festival widely spread among the people now. （Chen Yan 2011,58） In the year of 1989, Chongyang Festival was designated as Senior's Day-a day to respect the elderly. Many companies organize trips for senior citizens to climb mountains on the day. Members of a family also accompany their elders to have outings. ( Hou Xianglang, He Mingxia 2015,174)
Traditional customs of the Double Ninth Festival
1.Climbing Mountains
Since the Western Han Dynasty, it has been the custom of climbing on the Chongyang Festival. There was a tradition of filial piety and respect for the elderly. In addition, the custom could drive away bad luck and disasters and “climbing to a higher position”, which are the reasons why ancient people paid much more attention to the custom. Apart from these, the elderly value it because that has a meaning of “climbing to a longer life”. (Baidu Baike-“Double Ninth Festival”)
2. Appreciating Chrysanthemum
September is also known as “chrysanthemum month”. Chrysanthemum, originated in China and was recorded in some Chinese books as early as the Fifth century B.C., which has a beautiful name –the flower of longevity. And the flower is a traditional herbal medicine for the Double Ninth Festival, so drinking chrysanthemum wine and enjoying chrysanthemum are also traditional activities on the Double Ninth Festival (Wang Xiaoying 2006, 95)
3. Drinking Chrysanthemum Wine
Chrysanthemums have the function of antitoxin (抗毒素) and can drive the evil away. Chinese people believe that by drinking chrysanthemum wine, all kinds of diseases and disasters can be cured and prevented. Thus, drinking chrysanthemum wine is an indispensable part of the festival. As nine is pronounced “jiu”, meaning long in Chinese, so people endow the word “jiu” with the meaning of longevity. ( Hou Xianglang, He Mingxia 2015,174)( Rothschild N. Harry.2021,39)
4. Eating Double Ninth Cake
In September, the rice is ripe, which is a kind of food in that reason and considered as sacrifices to ancestors. In China, “Gao (cake)” has the same pronunciation with “Gao (height)”. Therefore, eating cake also means climbing.
5. Ancestors Worship
The Chongyang Festival is one of the four traditional Chinese ancestor worship festivals, and there is a tradition of ancestor worship and blessing among ancient folk. The most fundamental role of sacrificing ancestors is to enhance people's cultural identity and strengthen the cohesion of family and society. In the traditional custom, Qingming Festival is the "spring worship" and Chongyang Festival is the "autumn worship". The traditional custom to pay respect to ancestors has been continued to this day. (Baidu Baike-“Double Ninth Festival”)
6. Wearing Dogwood
This custom originated in the Jin Dynasty，because “Double Ninth” is a symbol of fierce, so wearing dogwood is used for against evil . In addition, the custom is pursuit of beauty and longevity. This custom has faded with the subtle shift of the Double Ninth Festival, its humanistic value has been spread for a long time.(Chen Yan 2011,60)
The Modern Values of the Double Ninth Festival
When General Secretary Xi Jinping talked about traditional culture, he once proposed to realize the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional culture, so we should find out the true values of the traditional culture, especially the traditional festival. Firstly, the historical and cultural resources contained in the Double Ninth Festival are the basis for us to tell the Chinese stories and enhance the spread of Chinese culture. The Ancient books and poetry show us how the ancient people celebrated the festival, which contains profound humanistic spirit that lays the foundation for our understanding and inheritance of the culture of the Festival. These colorful forms of the Festival harmonize the interpersonal relationships, monotonous life of the ancients, and carry the ethics of the ancient Chinese to respect the nature. Secondly, the Festival could boost the development of traditional industries. The Double Ninth Festival provides inspiration for the research and development and production of catering industry products. The Double Ninth cake, for instance, has a wide variety, rich nutrition and profound cultural connotation, which is combined with modern cakes that will add new varieties. (Ren Zheng 2020,77-78)
Conclusion
Chongyang Fsetival contributes to the development of Chinese culture , economy and other fields.We should treat our traditional festival in a right way.
References
[1][Ren Zheng]任正.重阳节俗的历史检视与当代价值[The Historical Inspection and Contemporary Value of the Double Ninth Festival][J].山西高等学校社会科学学报[Journal of Social Science of Shanxi Colleges and Universities],2020,32(07):73-80.DOI:10.16396/j.cnki.sxgxskxb.2020.07.
[2][Chen Yan]陈艳.重阳节的起源及风俗文化[The Origin and Customs and Culture of the Double Ninth Festival][J].内蒙古民族大学学报[Journal of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities],2011,17(03)
[3][Wang Xiaoying]王小英.重阳节的起源及民俗文化意味[The Origin of the Double Ninth Festival Folk Culture Meaning][J].黑龙江教育学院学报[Journal of Hei longjiang Institute of Education],2006(06)
[4]百度百科重阳节[Baidu Baike-“Double Ninth Festival”]
[5]百度百科阳爻[Baidu Baike-“Yang Yao”]
[6]https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1646788002989805100&wfr=spider&for=pc&searchword.(重阳节的介绍，introduction of Chongyang Festival)
[7]中国文化英语教程=An English Course of Chinese Culture/侯香浪,何明霞[Hou Xianglang, He Mingxia].-武汉:武汉大学出版社[Wuhan, Wuhan University Press],2015.9
[8].The Double Ninth Festival[J].时代英语(高二),2022(05):2.
[9]Rothschild N. Harry. Chrysanthemum Cakravartin: How the Convergence of the Double Ninth Festival and a Buddhist Prophecy of a Female Warrior King Helped Wu Zhao Inaugurate the Zhou Dynasty and Fashion a New Paradigm of Political Authority[J]. Tang Studies,2021,39(1).
[10]. AsianDate All Set to Usher in China's Double Ninth Festival and Bring Good Luck to Members[J]. M2 Presswire,2015.
Terms and Expressions
Double Ninth Festival/ Cornel Festival/Chrysanthemum Festival / Chung Yeung Festival.重阳节
Book of Changes 《易经》
the hexagram of Qian 乾卦
Yin-Yang School阴阳说
Senior's Day 老人节
Climbing Mountains登高
Appreciating Chrysanthemum赏菊
Drinking Chrysanthemum Wine饮菊花酒
Eating Double Ninth Cake吃重阳糕
Ancestors Worship祭祀祖先
Wearing Dogwood 插茱萸
Questions
1. When did the Double Ninth Festival take shape?
A.Eastern Han Dynasty B.Tang Dynasty C.Song Dynasty D.Western Dynasty
2. What kind of custom means “climb to a higher position”?
A.Wearing Dogwood B.Eating Double Ninth Cake C.Climbing Mountains D.Ancestors worship
3. What is called“ the flower of longevity”？
A.Peony B.Daffodil C.Lotus D. Chrysanthemum
4. When is “Autumn worship”?
A.Eating Double Ninth Cake B. Chongyang Festival C.Qingming Festival D.Dragon-boat Festival
Answers
1.A
2.C
3.D
4.B
202270081666 肖喆琳 Xiao Zhelin 英语笔译(English translation)
Chinese Yellow River Valley Civilization
Abstract
The Chinese Yellow River Valley, the earliest developed area in China, is the birthplace of Chinese civilization. It is on this vast land where diligent and brave Chinese ancestors labored and lived, and produced brilliant ancient culture. This chapter aims to make a brief introduction to the Chinese Yellow River Valley and expound its distinctive civilization which has been divided into three parts, including river civilization, agricultural civilization and “Family state” values.
202270081667 谢佳玉 Xie Jiayu 英语笔译(English translation)
202270081668 谢茜敏 Xie Ximin 英语笔译(English translation)
Suzhou Pingtan
Abstract
Suzhou Pingtan is an outstanding representative of the elegant and graceful traditional culture of Jiangnan, which originates from the characteristic tradition of Wu culture. As a comprehensive art, it is a combination of Pinghua and Tanci which are interesting, fine and strange , and has a long history of over four hundred years.
Key Words
Pingtan; development; Jiangnan culture
Introduction
Overview
Pingtan originated in Suzhou, East China’s Jiangsu Province during the Song Dynasty. It is a combination of Pinghua and Tanci, and sounds like the water in the south of the Yangtze River, which are interesting, fine and strange. In contrast, Pinghua is as open and surging as Taihu Lake, but Tanci is like a small river running through streets and alleys. (Tang Lixing, professor in Shanghai Normal University). It usually involves just two performers—one male and one female, who play traditional musical instruments, sanxian (a three⁃stringed plucked instrument) and pipa (a four⁃stringed lute), while singing ballads and telling stories of ancient heroes, tragic lovers and other classic Chinese folk tales in the Suzhou dialect at teahouses or small theaters. Classic pingtan songs, such as Yue Yun, which tells the story of Yue Yun, the eldest son of Yue Fei, a military commander of the Southern Song Dynasty, and two songs about Cui Yingying, the protagonist of Romance of the Western Chamber, a well⁃known Chinese drama written by playwright Wang Shifu during the Yuan Dynasty. Pingtan，Kunqu opera and Suzhou gardens are listed as the "three cultural wonders" of Suzhou, a famous historical and cultural city.
Development
1. Embryonic Stage (late Ming Dynasty -- Mid-Qing Dynasty) The history of Pingtan, also known as storytelling, can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. The word "Pinghua" originated in the Song Dynasty and is another name for "lecturing on history". The Ming Dynasty "Yongle Grand Ceremony" has preserved the title of Pinghua book; In Li Yu's "Qingzhong Spectrum", there is a description of Suzhou open-air storytelling, and Suzhou dialect has appeared in the storytellers. In the fourteenth year of Jiaqing Dynasty (1809), Chen Yugan's Biography of the Righteous Demon mentioned the "Great book", which is the story of storytelling. Yao Shizhang, one of the "last four", began to speak Pinghua in Wu instead of Zhongzhou. In the early Qing Dynasty, Li Shengzhen's "All Plays Zhuzhi Ci" has a song called "Tanci", "Siyixuan Zi half Wu Yin, why not listen to tea war late at night. Recently, the 'Pinghu' strings are cold, and the silk and copper compete to sing and play dulcimer." Wu people play Pinghu Tune with strings and cords; "Wu Ren" and "Wu Yin" should be the Suzhou Tangui in the Wu language area. This is in line with the process of combining Suzhou Pingtan with Wu language.
2. Rising Period (Mid-Qing Dynasty -- early Republic of China) During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, the most famous Pingtan calligrapher was Wang Zhou Shi, the "king of seven Pinshu". Legend of the Dragon. Qianlong founded the Guangyu Society, the first and most attended guild in the history of Pingtan in 1776. A series of rules and regulations for Pingtan artists were established, such as paying homage to teachers and learning the art, making their debut (the debut of Pingtan artists has a trilogy of "out of the lane", "out of the tea ceremony" and "out of the avenue"), as well as industry competition, which promoted the social status of Pingtan artists, protected their legitimate rights and interests, and thus promoted the prosperity and development of Pingtan art.In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the famous "Top Four" appeared in the history of Pingtan The family -- Chen Yuqian (founder of Chen Tiao), Yao Yuzhang, Yu Xiushan (founder of Yu Tiao), Lu Ruiting and the "last four families" -- Ma Rufei (founder of Ma Tiao), Yao Shizhang, Zhao Xiangzhou and Wang Shiquan are all epoch-making Rank person
3. Prosperity Period (Early Republic of China -- before 1949) In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the art of Pingtan not only flourished in Suzhou, but also extended its regional focus to the metropolis of Shanghai. Successively appeared "Three Kingdoms" famous Huang Zhaolin, "Heroes" famous Ye Sonyang, "Three smiles" three Jie "Xie Pinquan, Xie Shaoquan, Wang Shaoquan," three Qing file "Zhao Xiaoqing, Qian Youqing, Wang Shouqing and so on. During the "golden age" of Pingtan from 1920s to 1940s, most famous Pingtan artists gathered in Shanghai. In the fierce artistic competition, the skills of Pingtan were increasingly improved, and various schools came into being. Xu Jixiang "Heroes", Shi Xiufeng "Golden Gun", Zhou Yiliang "Yue Biography", Yang Lianqing "Bao Tai Biography", Jiang Yifei "Heroes", Wu Junan "Sui Tang", Zhang Yushu "The Three Kingdoms", Zhu Shaoqing "Thorns in the horse", Wu Zi an "Sui Tang", Zhang Hongsheng "Heroes", Shen Xiaomei "Help the Duke", Tang Gengliang "The Three Kingdoms", Pan Boying "Thorns in the Horse", Cao Hanchang "Yue Biography". , "Bao Gong" by Gu Hongbo, "Three Kingdoms" by Wang Xiongfei, etc.
Famous Tanci and representative books, such as: "Three single file" summer He sheng (founder of "Summer Tune"), "Trace the Golden Phoenix", "Three Smiles", Zhou Yuquan (founder of "Week Tune"), "Jade Dragonfly", "Wenwu Xiangqiu", Xu Yunzhi (founder of "Xu Tune"), "Three smiles", "Peddling Horses"; From the "Three pairs of file", Shen Jian 'an (founder of "Shen Tune"), Xue Xiaoqing (founder of "Xue Tune"), Pearl Tower, Jiang Ruting and Zhu Jiesheng (inheritors of "Xinyu Tune"), Zhu Yaoxiang (founder of "Xiang Tune") and Zhao Jiaqiu (Crying and Laughing); Liu Tianyun's Three Smiles, Yang Renlin's Biography of the White Snake, Li Bokang's Yang Naiwu, Qi Lianfang (Founder of Qi Diao), Embroidered Incense Bags by Qi Lianfang (founder of New Wei Diao), Pearl Tower by Wei Hanying (Founder of New Wei Diao), Tales of the Western Chamber by Huang Yian, Yan Xueing's Yang Naiwu, Li Zhongkang's Three Smiles by Zhu Yiting, Xing Ruiting "Three Smiles", "Jade Dragonfly" and "Legend of the White Snake" by Jiang Yuequan (founder of "Jiang Diao"); Zhang Jianting (founder of "Zhang Diao"), Zhang Jianguo (Ten Beautiful Pictures), Gu Dingchen (Zhang Jianguo), Yao Yinmei (founder of "Yao Diao"); Yang Zhenxiong (founder of "Xiong Tone"), Yang Zhenyan, "The Western Chamber", "Wu Song", "Hall of Eternal Life"; Zhou Yunrui (founder of "Zhou Yunrui Diao"), Chen Xi 'an's Pearl Tower; Ling Wenjun, Tracing the Golden Phoenix; The "Queen of Tanci" Fan Xuejun's "Begonia" and Huang Jingfen's "Japanese Robe"
4. Heyday (1949 -- 1966) After the founding of New China, under the guidance of the literary and art principle of "Let a hundred flowers bloom and bring forth the new through the old", Pingtan entered its heyday.The famous Pinghua artists Yang Zhenxin, Tang Junqi, Zhang Guoliang, Hu Tianru, Jin Shengbo, Wu Junyu, and the famous Tanci artists Zhu Xueqin (founder of "Qin Diao"), Xu Lixian (founder of "Li Diao"), Zhu Huizhen (successor of "Xinyu Diao") and Hou Lijun (Founder of "Hou Diao"), You Huiqiu (founder of "You Diao"), Xu Tianxiang (founder of "Xiang Diao"), Wang Yuexiang (founder of "Xiang Diao"), Xue Xiaofei (founder of "Xiao Fei Diao") and a group of new representatives. New historical bibliographies such as Butterfly Lovers, Wang Shipeng, Qin Xianglian, Pipa Legend, Plum Blossom Dream, and modern bibliographies such as Jiangnan Red, Forest Sea Snow Field, Azalea Mountain, Red Seed, Bitter Cauliflower, Song of Youth, Li Shuangshuang. In the early 1960s, in the proletarian revolutionary Chen Yun's person Under the initiative, Suzhou Pingtan School, the only secondary professional school in China that focuses on training Pingtan art talents, was formally established in 1962. Since then, the cultivation of Pingtan art talents has embarked on a new road combining modern art education and traditional inheritance of masters and apprents.
5. Period of Revival (From Reform and Opening up to now) In 1977, on the proposal of Chen Yun and with the consent of the Ministry of Culture, a symposium on Pingtan work was held in Hangzhou. Later, he also put forward the famous important instructions of "bringing out people, publishing books and taking the right path", which pointed out the direction for the healthy development of Pingtan in the new era and also gave the art a new life. In 1980, Suzhou Pingtan School, which had been forced to stop running schools due to the "Cultural Revolution", resumed recruiting students, and continued to play an important role and make special contributions to the cultivation of creative, performing and teaching talents of Pingtan, the inheritance of the Wudi culture and the promotion of the national elite.
While the local Pingtan troupes are paying close attention to the rearrangement of excellent traditional books, the creation or adaptation of various new historical and modern bibliographies is also thriving. Launched a large number of full-length new works, such as "Jiulongkou", "Pearl Case", "Huangtai", "Duergun", "Sai Golden Flower" and so on; New midterms such as True Feelings and False Feelings, The Reversal of the Master and Servant, The Orphan of Zhao, Sun Pang's battle of wits, New Pipa Player, Who is the most beautiful person, CAI E and Little Phoenix Fairy, Lao Zi Zi Filial Son, Ordinary Party Members, the Queen of Big Feet, Rain and Dusk, Thunderstorm, etc
In 2004, approved by the Ministry of Culture, it is now the only institute in the country to collect Pingtan cultural relics, scientific research and publication, exhibition, public education and activities China Suzhou Pingtan Museum, a professional museum with comprehensive functions including animation, artistic creation and performance, cultural innovation and development, and digital informatization, has been completed
Conclusion
Throughout the history of Suzhou Pingtan, Pingtan has been closely related to the soil of Jiangnan as well as the unique life style, life concept and cultural concept of the people of Wudi. Pingtan is the aesthetic carrier of this life mode, with its important historical value, social value and cultural value. It is integrated into the clothes, food, housing and transportation of Jiangnan people like small Bridges and flowing water, Suzhou gardens and Suzhou food. One side of the soil to nurture a person, culture inheritance is really indispensable Cultural infiltration and nourishment.
References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Terms and Expressions
Suzhou Pingtan 苏州评弹
Questions
1.When did Pingtan originate？ A.Tang Dynasty B.Song Dynasty C. Ming Dynasty D.Qing Dynasty 2.What are the two important parts of Suzhou Pingtan? A.Pinghua B.Tanci C.Performer 3.When was the period of revival of Suzhou Pingtan A.1978-till now B.1949 -- 1966 C.Early Republic of China-1949
Answers
1.B 2.AB 3.A
202270081669 谢州周 Xie Zhouzhou 英语笔译(English translation)
The development of Chinese hip-hop culture
Abstract
Hip-hop culture originated in the Blacktown of the United States and then swept the world. However, Chinese hip-hop culture has not been known to the public until recently. This paper aims to introduce the development of Chinese hip-hop culture from the underground to the public.
Key Words
China; Hip-hop culture; development
Introduction
In recent years, with the emergence of rap variety shows in China such as "THE RAP OF CHINA" and "THE RAP OF CHINAⅡ", China's hip-hop culture, which has long been excluded by the mainstream, has begun to gain public attention. More and more people, especially young people, begin to understand the cultural style of hip-hop. This paper aims to introduce the development of Chinese hip-hop culture so that everyone can have a certain understanding of Chinese hip-hop culture.
The introduction of Break dancing to China
The first step of introducing hip-hop culture into China was in the form of street dancing. In the 1980s, an American film called Break Dance was all the rage. In 1987, the film was released on the Chinese Mainland and caused a sensation among young people. For Chinese youth at the beginning of reform and opening up at that time, the unique dance movements and costumes in the film brought great shock. Hip-hop culture, which entered China in the form of break dancing, has continued to develop and its influence has gradually expanded. The "break dancing boys" with hot explosive heads, wearing break dancing gloves, bell bottoms, and carrying tape recorders can be seen everywhere in cities from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. The novel and unique dance movements and cool and eye-catching costume modeling in the film have brought a huge impact on the Chinese youth at the beginning of the reform and opening up. Hip-hop culture represented by break dancing has become popular in China.(Chang J,2005)
Rap music in China
Rap, as the core representative of hip-hop culture, developed later than break dancing. The earliest rap art in China can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty.（Michael Eric Dyson,2004:64，66） At present, the earliest modern Chinese rap songs that can be traced are the rap clips from Lin Zixiang's album in 1982. Since then, AHLAM Diary, which was included in his 1986 album Favourite, has also been recognized as the earliest Chinese rap song in China. In the 1990s, American pure hip-hop music entered the golden age, and rap music was brought to the whole world. L.A.BOYZ, a group composed of Huang Licheng, Huang Lixing brothers and Lin Zhiwen who lived in the United States since childhood, officially launched Flash in Taiwan, China in 1992, bringing true American hip-hop music to Taiwan, China. The D.D. rhythm group established by Dai Bing and Tianbao in 1992 is known as the first rap group in mainland China. Their album Hot Beat includes a series of rap songs such as Do you want to dance, She's so nice, which represents that the Chinese pop music world has officially released rap albums. Since 2000, China's domestic political and economic situation has been relatively stable, and cultural exchanges between the mainland and Hong Kong and Taiwan have become increasingly frequent. Hong Kong and Taiwan pop music entered the mainland and gradually became the main force in Chinese music. Jay Chou, David Tao and others are Hong Kong and Taiwan singers who began to try hip-hop music in the early days. Jay Chou combines classical poetry and folk instruments in traditional Chinese culture with rap, bringing listeners an unprecedented new musical experience. Jay Chou's attempt at Chinese-style hip-hop rap became the first time for the localization of hip-hop culture and played an important role in the spread of hip-hop culture in China.（Yuan yue，2008）
The development of Chinese hip-hop culture in the underground period
Hip-hop culture has gradually become popular among certain groups in China. Some underground professional hip-hop groups have also been established. Guangzhou hip-hop groups first started to form the mainland's hip-hop culture. In 2001, Wang Bo cooperated with Burton, an American, to create the IronMic competition, which is also recognized as the beginning of underground hip-hop in China. The competition content is two people's freestyle, and both sides attack each other through rap, which is also called "Battle". Battle usually refers to the war of words between MCs and is also used to refer to the fighting dance in hip-hop dance. Underground Rappers participated in Battles mainly to gain fame in the group and get more supporters. Since then, several underground groups have emerged from all over China. However, the winners of these competitions have not been successfully popularized. No matter how popular they are in the underground hip-hop groups, they are difficult to get admitted by the mainstream culture.（Zhou Xiang, Sheng Jing 2012,127-128）The lyrics generally involve money, sex, and rude words, which basically cut off their way into the mainstream.（Kitwana B,2002）
From underground to mainstream
In 2017, it was portrayed as the "first year of hip-hop" in China by the mass media. This year, the Internet video company "iQiYi" launched its own music variety show "THE RAP OF CHINA", which pushed hip-pop music, which gained relatively little popularity in China to the peak of popularity. Hip-hop culture has gained the public's attention again, and successfully set off a burst of hip-hop craze. (Zhao Ying 2017,44-46) Before that, although hip-hop culture has been accepted and recognized by youth groups and specific groups, it has never been publicized in such a wide range by the mass media. According to the data on iQiyi's official website, as of September 7, 2017, "THE RAP OF CHINA" had a cumulative broadcast volume of 2.99 billion, with a score of 7.2 for Douban. On Sina Weibo, there have been 24.94 million relevant discussions and more than 5.8 billion readers. The mainstream media, such as Xinhua News Agency and Beijing News, have also reported on programs and hip-hop culture. "THE RAP OF CHINA" allowed the long-hidden hip-hop subculture in China to erupt, aggregates the elements in the Chinese local hip-hop chain, and incorporates the hip-hop subculture by means of capitalization. (Meng Yue 2017,109-110) Since then, various hip-hop programs have emerged one after another, and hip-hop culture has also gained public attention with these programs.
Conclusion
After decades, in China, hip-hop culture has gradually developed from a minority culture to a well-known and favorite culture. Nowadays, hip-hop culture is showing strong vitality in China and has created many excellent works in the process of localization.
References
[1]Chang, J. Can’t stop, won’t stop: A history of the Hip-hop generation［M］. New York: St. Martins Press. 2005.
[2]Michael Eric Dyson, "The Culture of Hip-Hop", in Mark Anthony Neal and Murray Forman (eds.), That's The Joint!: The Hip-Hop Studies Reader, New York: Routledge, 2004, p.64, p.66.
[3]Kitwana, B. The Hip-Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African American Culture ［M］. New York: BasicCivitas. 2002.
[4]袁越：《20 世纪最后的草根艺术：Hip Hop 文化发展史》，上海，上海人民出版社，2008年版
[5]周翔，盛静.Hip Hop 文化中国本土化的研究和探讨[J].三峡大学学报（人文社会科学版),2012,34(S1):127-128.
[6]赵婴.媒介融合时代小众文化的崛起之光——以《中国有嘻哈》为例[J].声屏世界,2017(11):44-46.
[7]孟越、从音乐选秀节目《中国有嘻哈》看我国嘻哈音乐的本土化演变[J].西部广播电视，2017(24):109-110.
Terms and Expressions
Hip-hop 嘻哈
Blacktown 黑人聚居区
Break dancing 霹雳舞
Rap 说唱
Freestyle 即兴说唱
IronMic 钢铁麦克 全中国第一个freestyle说唱比赛
MC Microphone Controller 说唱歌手
THE RAP OF CHINA 中国有嘻哈
Subculture 亚文化
Questions
1. Where did hip-hop culture originate？ A.United States B.United Kingdom C.China D.Russia
2. The earliest rap art in China can be traced back to which period？ A. Xia Dynasty B.Zhou Dynasty C.Tang Dynasty D.Ming Dynasty
3. Who combines classical poetry and folk instruments in traditional Chinese culture with rap? A.Jay Chou B.David Tao C.Jakson Wang D.Andy Lau
4. Which year is s portrayed as the "first year of hip-hop" in China? A.2015 B.2016 C.2017 D.2018
Answers
Correct answers are: 1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C