User:Tang Yuewei
Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.
Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.
Oct 31, 2024
I talked with Mira about Sports.
Nov 3, 2024
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.
I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it. Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to? I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.
Nov 4, 2024
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.
Nov 5, 2024
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.
Nov 6, 2024
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.
Nov 7, 2024
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.
Nov 8, 2024
I talked with Mira about hobby.
Nov 9, 2024
I talked with Mira about skin care.
Nov 10, 2024
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.
Nov 11, 2024
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.
Nov 12, 2024
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.
Nov 13, 2024
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.
Nov 14, 2024
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.
Nov 15, 2024
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.
Nov 16, 2024
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.
Nov 17, 2024
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.
Nov 18, 2024
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.
Nov 19, 2024
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.
Nov 20, 2024
I talked with Mira about milk tea.
Nov 21, 2024
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.
Nov 22, 2024
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.
Nov 23, 2024
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.
Nov 24, 2024
I talked with Mira about milk tea.
Nov 25, 2024
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.
Nov 26, 2024
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.
Nov 27, 2024
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.
Nov 28, 2024
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.
Nov 29, 2024
I talked with Mira about personal talents.
Nov 30, 2024
I talked with Mira about MBTI.
Dec 1, 2024
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.
Dec 2, 2024
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.
Dec 3, 2024
I talked with Mira about our life goals.
Dec 4, 2024
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.
Dec 5, 2024
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.
Dec 6, 2024
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.
Dec 7, 2024
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.
Dec 8, 2024
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.
Dec 9, 2024
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.
Dec 10, 2024
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.
Dec 11, 2024
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.
Dec 12, 2024
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.
Dec 13, 2024
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.
Dec 14, 2024
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.
Dec 15, 2024
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.
Dec 16, 2024
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading
Dec 17, 2024
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.
Dec 18, 2024
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.
Dec 19, 2024
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.
标题：根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融
学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei
摘要：本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。
正文:
1.引言
客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。
2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同
关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。
3.客家民俗文化
（一）客家方言
客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话； 客家话
雨伞； 遮；
绳子； 索；
铁锅； 镬头；
衣裤； 衫裤；
干净； 伶俐；
屁股； 屎窟；
脑袋； 头那；
知道； 知得；
下雨； 落水；
鸡蛋； 鸡春；
客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。
（二）服饰习俗
客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。
（三）殡葬习俗
客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。
插图：：
术语和表达: 客家人 Hakka people 世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference 《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People 太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion 客家四州 Four Hakka regions 下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia 篾片 Bamboo strips 麦秆 Wheat straws 凉帽 Summer hat 冬头帕 Winter headcloth 二次葬 Second burial 金盎 Pottery urn
问题: 1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？ 2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？ 3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？ 4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？ 5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？ 6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？ 7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？
答案: 1.汉族 2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州 3.西晋末年 4.河南洛阳 5.铁锅 6.凉帽和冬头帕 7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
参考文献: [1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala [2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala [3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box [4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107. [5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75. [6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1. [7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220. [8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22. [9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06. [10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997. [11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.
人工智能声明: 在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。
English version:
Title:: Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction
Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan
Abstract:This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.
Main part:
1. Introduction
The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.
In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.
2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition
The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.
Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People and A Study on the Origin of the Hakka marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).
The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."
3. Hakka Folk Culture
(1)Hakka Dialect
The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).
The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:
English; Mandrin Pinyin; Hakka Pinyi
Umbrelle; yǔ sǎn; zha44;
Rope; shéng zi; sog1；
Iron Pot； tiě guō; vog5 teu11；
Garment yī kù; sam44 ku53；
Clean； gān jìng; lang11 li53；
Buttocks； pì gǔ; shi31 fud1；
Head； nǎo dài; teu11 la44；
Know； zhī dào; di44 ded1；
Rain； xià yǚ; log5 shui31；
Egg； jī dàn; gai44 chun44；
Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).
(2)Clothing Customs
The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.
The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).
The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.
(3)Funeral Customs
The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.
Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."
References: [1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [1] [2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [2] [3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [3] [4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107. [5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75. [6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1. [7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220. [8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22. [9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06. [10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997. [11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.
Questions: 1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority? 2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions? 3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen? 4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024? 5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect? 6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter? 7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.
Answers: 1. Han ethnicity. 2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince. 3. The late Western Jin Dynasty. 4. Luoyang in Henan province. 5. Iron pot. 6. Summer hat and winter headcloth. 7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.
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