Hao Qiu Zhuan/en-wilkinson/Chapter 18
Chapter 18: When Perfect Jade Is Verified, Propriety Finds Its Good Match at Last
From: Hau Kiou Choaan, or The Pleasing History. Translated by James Wilkinson, edited by Thomas Percy (London, 1761)
Note: This text was digitized via OCR from the original 1761 print. Some scan errors may remain -- compare with the modern translation and Chinese original to verify.
[Volume IV, Book IV, Chapters VIII-X]
py IT tek five libel or memorials were
| presented: to the Emperor. His Majes-
ty received them, and calling together all
the Mandarines 'of his council into his
palace, he required them to take the pe-
titions, and examine them carefully.
They obeyed his commands, and were
agreed as to the truth of the facts, viz.
That Neo- Ebe- tʒu had carried away the
lady by force: and that Tieb- cbungu
was in her house to be nursed in his
Illness: but whether their behaviour
together afterwards was as pure and
unblemished | as was represented, they
could not determine. To this end
A CHINESE HISTORY. 135
it was necessary to inquire of the Man-
| darine, who filled the post of Gbe-
dien when the affair happened. Im-
mediately ah order was issued out
to cits that Mandarine before them:
who accordingly arrived. The Em-
peror himself examined him. You
that were then Che- hien of that district,
are you acquainted with the affair be-
tween Tieb · chung u and Shuey-ping-/in ?
Take here these five memorials, con-
sider thoroughly on which fide lies
the truth, and tell me truly as far as
you know; otherwise you shall be pu-
nished in the same manner as the of-
fenders themselves.” The Pao Che-
bien perused the papers, and assured
kis Majesty that as far he had op-
Nane; of knowing, the defendants
CATH K 4 .
136 HAU KIOU cHOAAN.
had asserted nothing but the truth; that
indeed with regard to the regularity
of their marriage afterwards, he was not
able to pronounce about it, as it had
been 5 eee at 3 5
The ett Chou told a e
ths with respect to every thing that
past before, it might possibly be true;
but after having been twice married,
it was not credible that they had ob-
served so strict a chastity, as they would
insinuate. The Emperor agreed that
his remark was just. Then he issued
out an order for all the Mandarines
of the court to meet together at the
palace the next morn ning; and for Tieb-
chung -u and the 23 dt; to attend
them. | .C 1 A P.
A CHINESE HISTORY. 137
[p. 3]
5110 n 1A f. IX. Tet 6 7
HE next morning when all the Mandarines were assembled in
the palace, together with 7 jeb-chung-u and his bride, the Emperor himself | came amongst them. [When they had | performed the profound reverence * due to his presence,] his Majesty ordered 7 ieb-chung-u to stand forth before him. He obeyed; and the Emperor seeing
him to be a very graceful. and well
made youth +, was pleased with his
This is done by prostrating themselves nine
times before his throne, each time * their
forchead against the ground, _ =
See P. Du Halde, ce. .
+ It should seem from hence 5 1 not before personally known to the Emperor, not- withstanding he was appointed tutor to his son- TI is very credible,
wee | ap-
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18 HAU KIOU. CHOAAN.
appearance: What, said he, are you
the person that broke open the gates
of Tah-quay, and rescued the old man
named Han-juen, together with his
wife and daughter ?” He answered.
in the affirmative. Was it you also
that was protector of the general Z4-
hiau?” He sgnified | his assent. 4 These
two exploit, said his Majesty, indi-
eate a disposition highly to be applaud-
ed; you. must certainly. have great cou-
rage. When you went to the house
of Shuey-ping-fin. in order to, be nursed
in; your, illness, to. remain under the
same roof with her five nights and days
pure and undefiled, is such conduct as
was never heard of from the earliest
ages untif how + it is very extraor-
9; 101 0
dar. Ip his alo true? 1 27 reb-chung-u
470 said,
A cHINESE HISTORY; 339
said; 4. It is very true. A sincere
and Jul man, faid. his Majesty, may
(sometimes] be met with, but one
like you it is difficult to find. But
you say in your petition you were
twice married z how happened that 2,
- * "% ' 6 * 3 "IE 1 75
I 121114
Jieb. chung u answered, When I
was carried to the house of the young
lady to be nursed in my illness, there
vent abroad many evil reports con-
cerning us this occasioned us to be
married twice. For when our parents
agreed upon the marriage covenant,
if we had come together at first, our
integrity would always have remalned
in doubt: for the same reason we have
hitherto reGded in different apartments.
And » Majesty hath called our
3 | CON »
— 6 2 —
- x * —
140 HAU KIOU CHOAAN. conduct in question, we two have been
as the sun among clouds: now we are in your Majesty's presence, | we be- seech you to cause the sun to come from behind that obscurity. The Emperor listened to him with great attention, and said, According to your account S buch- ping fn is yet a virgin.“ He then ordered that young lady to stand forth before him: and when / she "appeared he thought her beautiful as an angel. He asked if her name was buch- ping Hin. She an- swered, Tes.“ The Mandarine, faid he, that was Che- hien of your city hath told me, that three times with great ingenuity you delivered yourself out of the hands of Rus. Alt teu. Was it so or not! aer Ir replied,
Cc I am
A CHINESE HISTORY. 141
I am a poor weak girl: Ko- Kb. tau
found my father was banished into
Tartary, and therefore endeavoured
to marry me by compulsion. Find-
ing that I was unable to resist his
power, I was obliged to practise
some artisice to deliver. myself out of
this, laughed and said, Lou that
were afraid of K¼πẽ mL, be- tau, how durst
you take a young stranger into your
house to nurse him? Were not you afraid
that people would raise evil reports |
of you?” She replied, When I was
called upon to return benefits so. great
as those 1 had received, as longer
regarded fame or report. The Em-
peror laughed again, and said, In
3 the, when you hardly knew
Tieh-
r
—— . Tr =P —
” os .
142 Hau klo cHoRAN.
Tiebo chung -, ka took him in without
regarding the murmurs and reproaches
of che World 3 5 afterwards: when + you
were | comaiinded by your father to
marry him, why did you continue in se-
parate apartments? She teplied, “ The
murmuring at first was but small, and
1 knew would eafily! cease together
with my acquaintance with that gen-
tleman. But now that a more serious
connection Was going to take place
between us by means of a regular mar-
riage, there was danger of our incur-
ring a disgrace and insamy that would
terminate only with our lives. But
your Majesty hath summoned me into
your presence; and with great shame
and trembling I am come to appear
before you. The Emperor was great-
LO. ty
A CHINESE HISTORY. ! 143
ly- pleased with the ingenumis modesty
and diffidence with which she opened
her cause, and faid, * Young lady, if
you have all along kept yourself: pure
the present hour. You in particular
ought to be celebrated through all
parts of the world, as a faint, I now
order four Eunuchs to attend this
young lady to the Emprefs“: and let
her appoint ber ladies to examine ibihs
e irg 0 or 5 1 00 It
5 fig Tr 5 ; BA
7 As REY: 1 allowed i in enn als Em-
peror hath commoi * a good number of wives ;
tho? but one, to whom 1 gives the title of En-
750% or select consort ; ; 60 25 alone is allowed to
it at table with him. W er of the next
- order are reckoned nine of a cond, and _—_
14 HAU KIOU -CHOAAN,”.
Four Eunuchs immediately came forth, and conducted the young lady to the Empress; who received her, and ordered two of her attendants to answer the Emperor's inquiry. | They returned, and said, „We have performed your Majesty's command, ASI iq ni of 40 i»
[p. 7]
8 0 A.
| ö * 2 4 „ 4 *
of a third rank, and all of them styled ae
Next to them are those styled Qucens, but Who
are in reality rather concubines and of these he
takes as great a number as he pleases, and keeps
them in different apartments from the former,
except he should take a particular fancy to any
one of them, and bring her into the inward
cdurt. But in general he stews the most respect
and favour to those who bring him most children,
especially to the mother of the first fon, tho
they are all inferior to her, whom he hath cho-
fan ts be the imperial consort, and are obliged
to wait on her, while she fits at table with him.
Mod. Univ. Hift, ..viti. .164—Sed. vide P.
Magal. pag. 290., 308. Kc. P. Semedo,
pag. 113. &c. P. Du Halde, vol. 1. p. 293
N. B. The Mandarines take care in the se-
veral provinces to chuse out the most beautiful
C
A CHINESE HISTORY. 1456
and pronounce Shuey-ping-/in to be a
spotless virgin.“ Then the Empress
treated her with tea, and ordered their
report to be carried to the Emperor.
His Majesty with great pleasure com-
municated it to the Mandarines of the
court: and said, Although Shuey-
ping-/in hath been twice married to
Tieb-chung-u by express order of their
parents; and though he was before,
five days and nights with her in her
house; she hath nevertheless kept her-
self pure and chaste. This hath been
proved beyond all dispute. I am rich,
proceeded he, in having so valuable
a jewel in my empire. This is a rare
incident that hath happened: and af-
fords a light to my people; an ex-
ample to all my subjects. ö Yet if I
Vol. IV, L --|:: f
146 HAU KIOU. CHOAAN.
had not examined into the affair my-
self, so much rare merit had been bu-
ried in disgrace: like a precious stone
that is irrecoverably lost *.” He then
asked the Mandarines, if this were truc
or not. They all answered with one
mouth, Your Majesty hath examin-
ed and judged; and the decision is
very certain and compleat.“
The Emperor commanded the Man-
darine Kwo Sho. su to stand forth, and
said to him, . You are a Minister of
state, and one of the first councellors
of the empire, why did not you
- His Majesty's own words contain a more
indelicate, but at the same time a more exact image. The literal Por/ugue/e version is, Cons hia pedra precioza caida no eftfreo. ** Like a precious stone fallen into dung.”
chastise |
A CHINESE HISTORY. 147
chastise your fon? He thrice endea-
voured to force away a young lady of
quality, and was guilty of other out-
rages : [in which he was not only coun-
tenanced by you: but you endeavour-
ed yourself to defame the innocent.]
These are are crimes that cannot be
pardoned.” Kzwo-sho-su hearing these
words, was struck with great terror
and confusion, and falling on his knees,
prostrated himself on the ground :
« Tieb-chung-u and Sbuey- ping fir 1, said
he, both of them young persons, had
cohabited in the same house: finding
they had been upon this footing, I
could not help suspecting the worst.
Your Majesty therefore I hope will par-
don me.” Then the Emperor com-
manded Yang-yo to be called forth, and
L's ; said
148 HAU KIOU CHOAAN. said to him: „Tou are the Censor
of the empire; why did not you make
a more exact inquiry into this affair,
before you presumed to represent it
to me? It was great injustice to give
a false representation of a case, wherein
the fame and honour of so many per-
sons were concerned. If I had not
judged and examined it myself, but
had rested satisfied with, your report,
the truth had been hid under reproach
and infamy.” That Mandarine hear-
ing words at once so just and severe,
was struck with confusion and dismay,
and falling upon his knees, prostrated
| himself on the ground, crying out,
] deserve punishment, let your Ma-
jesty do with me what seemeth good.”
The Emperor then called forth the
gover 1
A CHINESE HISTORY. 149
governor Mey- pbey, who presented him-
self before him. His Majesty said,
« As you, though lately made a doctor,
and newly promoted to your post, had
such regard to justice, and could resist
the temptation of so large a bribe:
and as you have been the instrument
of delivering Shuey-ping-/m from her
difficulties, and of restoring her to her
good fame; for so much care and pains
you deserve to be promoted higher.
Then his Majesty pronounced sen-
tence according to the following de-
claration. 11G 4d
«TI THE EMPEROR dispatch and
58 publish this my order to all my
L officers throughout the empire.
1 3 3
1530 HAU kIOU CHOAAN.
- There hath appeared an instance
ce of such rare merit that it deserves
- to be magnified and applauded
% throughout my dominions; and „ affords an example of virtue and <« integrity to all persons of both «© sexes. Shuey-ping-fin is a young ce maid of great virtue, and forti- © tude. By her virtue she thrice resisted the most pressing attacks, in order to preserve herself chaste „ and pure. By her fortitude she returned the kindnesses of her be-
- nefactor, though at the hazard
of her reputation: for she carried <« to her house a man, a stranger, to nurse him in his illness, not- „ withstanding she was a lonely or- „ phan. All this | virtue and ex-
＋ s cellence
A CHINESE HISTORY. 151
e cellence lay hid and contemned
„ by the world, till I the Emperor
« discovered it: I have found that
it is most pure and unblemish-
ed, and deserves to be extolled
(0 through all parts of my empire.”
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With regard to Tieh-chung-u, he is
«© a most excellent young man, of
great virtue, justice, and courage.
«© He was not afraid to enter into
the palace of a man of the first
& quality, breaking open his gates
in order to rescue from oppression
an old man, his wife, and daugh-
„ ter. He was likewise protector
af the general Hu biau, answer-
ing for his conduct, He also
o
+ delivered Shuey-ping-fin out of the
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HAU | KIOU CHOAAN.
hands of violence. He was mar- © ried to her twice, and yet Pre- served her purity and chastity together with his own: at tlie
fame time that he sussered re-
proach for his conduct. All
this was unknown, but 1 the
Emperor have myself examined
into it, and find it true. He is
worthy to be- praised throughout
the empire, and ought to be ad-
vanced above all captains. He
deserves to receive Shuey-png-/:1
for. his wife, and she is worthy
of such a husband : they are both
of transcendant virtue. I the
Emperor am extremely satisfied
with them both, and applaud
them highly. I therefore advance
2 ce the
A CHINESE HISTORY. 153
the said Tieh-chung-u to the order
of Ta-hio-tse , or Magistrates of
approved capacity, and moreover
« constitute him first Co- lau or Mi-
« nister of State. And as for Shuey-
pingsin, I make her a Fu-gen or
dutchess *. I myself will be medi-
« ator or badete between them:
E
on which account I make them
99 present of a hundred pieces of
fine gold , and a hundred e
cc of
7 See vol. I. pag. 74. note.
3 The titles of honour bestowed on women
in China, are independent of, and bear no affi-
nity to those of men. See various kinds of fe-
male titles in P. Du Halde, vol. p. 633, 4. 5, 6.
The title given in the text seems to be ori-
gut the same with that mentioned in vol.
pag. 23. The Editor could find no ac-
al of it in any other book.
4 In the Pertigugse, Cem Pas ps ourd. — 4
snould
154 HAU KIOU CHOAAN. % of gold and filver . I also ap-
= point to each of them ten royal
“ vests out of my own wardrobe,
and to each of them a crown,
Let them be accompanied with
4 my own music: let all the pre-
- parations for their marriage be
<« furnished out from my own pa- «lace: and let the bride be car-
should have been observed in the former note,
pag. 109. that what the Portuguese and several
other nations call Loa ves of Gold, are by the En-
glish called Shoes of Gold; and by the Dutch
Goltschut or Boats of Gold from their oblong cur-
ved form resembling a Shoe or Boat. A hun-
dred of these are worth more than 10, oool.
stirling. They are of the very finest and purest
gold. Tavernier, part 2. pag. 8, 5
The Portugue/e version of this passage is,
E cem pessarios de ouro de prata e de totas maneiras :
the Editor confesses he knows not what to make
of the word pessarios, which he hath not found
explained in any dictionary. It seems derived
from pęsar to weigh. by
e ried
A CHINESE HISTORY. 155
„ ried to the house of her spouse
&« with imperial splendor, accom-
« panied by all the councellors,
% Mandarines and officers of the
% court. I the Emperor appoint
this for the example and encou-
« ragement of the just and good.
« With regard to the Mandarines Shuey-
c keu-ye and Tieb-ying, I exalt them
ce three degrees * higher in their
rank, as a reward for the good
| 0 edu-
- These degrees are a kind of honorary dil-
tinctions; and where a Mandarine's conduct de- serves either slight reward or punishment, his superiors are content with raising or lowering his rank three or four degrees : what renders these
distindions important, is the Mandarine's being obliged to put at the top of whatever. orders he issues out, the number of degrees he hath been advanced or degraded. For instance, A. B. rai-
Jed
156 HAU KIOU CHOAAN. education they gave their son and
daughter.“
« As to the governor Wej-phey; I re-
« mand him back to his post of
« Che-hien for three years, after.
e wards he shall be exalted to a high- ce er office, for his great justice.”
« As to the former governor the Pa-
(be- bien, who gave so just an ac-
„ count of the affair, he is hereby
„ exalted one degree
| fed three degrees, or turned back * deg: rees, doth
give notice, Ic. By this means his reward or
punishment is known to the common people.
When a person hath been raised ten degrees,
he may expect to be advanced to a superior
Mandarinate : on the contrary, if he has been
depressed ten degrees, he is in danger of losing
his employment.
P. Du Halde, vol. 1. pag. 258.
« As
A CHINESE HISTORY. 157
« As to the Minister wo- ho- su, who
in so bad a manner bred up his
« son, and hath defamed the repu-
<« tation of worthy persons, he hath
« deserved death; nevertheless as he
[p. 8]
<« hath served me a long time, let
him be carried to the Tribunal of
Crimes, let him there be divested
% of his office, and receive fifty
« strokes or bastinadoes s. 5 « As
In China the greatest ministers are not be-
yond the reach of punishment ; upon detection of their guilt the Emperor treats them with as little ceremony as the meanest of his subjects.— Instances of this kind often occur in the court of Pe-king, and ocasion very little noise or disturbance. P. Le Compte tells us, that when he was in China three Mandarines of the rank of Co- lau or Prime Minister had taken bribes. The Emperor who Was informed of it, deprived chem upon the {pot [p. 0]
See vol. 1. pag. 78. of this mn,
158 HAU'KIOU cHñOAAN.
« As to the Censor Yarg-y0, who gave
in a false accusation, let him be
e degraded of his rank three de-
e orees, and amerced three years
s income of his salary.”
As to the young man Kwo-kbe-!2y,
Who thrice attempted to carry
c off Sbucy- ping. iin, and gave poison
of all their employments. I know not, says
„he, what became of the other two; but the
„ third, an ancient magistrate, venerable for
his age, and esteemed for his capacity, was
condemned to guard one of the gates of the
palace, with a company of common soldiers
among whom he was enrolled, —I saw him
- « myself one day in this state of humiliation,
he was upon duty as a private centinel; but in passing by him, I shewed him the same «© respcR that every one else did, in bowing the _ ** knee to him: for all the Chine/e still retain- ed a respect for the shadow of that dignity „ with which he had been so lately invested.”
Joi fein. 2. peg. _=
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A. CHINESE HI STORY. 159
to Tieb-chung-u; notwithstanding
that it did not take effect, he is
guilty of a heinous offence. Let
him be delivered therefore to the
governor cf his city, in order to
receive a hundred strokes or basti-
nadoes , and afterwards to be ba-
nisned twenty leagues from the
place for life.“
the Emperor pronounce this sen-
tence upon every one according to
his deserts. Those that do well
shall be rewarded : those that do
evil shall be punished. Let this
sentence be published throughout
the empire.“
8 fewer blows than these are e e duk:
cient to dispatch a person.
See vol. 2. e e note.
1 CHAP.
160 HAU KIOU CHOAAN. 51G HAAR X.
INE Empress shewed great fa-
vour and kindness to Shuey-ping-
fin, and dismissed her with very rich presents : commanding four Eunuchs to attend her to the Emperor. His Majesty received her in the most gra-
cious manner, and said, „ That you
a little maid, should possess such forti-
tude, and be withal so pure and spot-
less, affords an instance not to be equal-
ed in history. 1 have now restored
you to that reputation, which you were
in danger of losing : and have caused
your virtue to be published through all
the empire. To-day you may be mar-
ried with credit and honour, and J with
you both good fortune, and long life:
s that
A. CHINESE His TORT. 162
chat you may boget a numerous fa-
mily, who may be all virtuous like
their parents, and inherit all the hap-
piness I wish to yourselves,” “
A
Ilmmediately Tieb- chung · u, Shuty-ping-
fin, and all the Mandarines, returned
_ thanks+to the Emperor for his good-
ness, and withdrew. Then the new-
married couple set out for their house,
accompanied by the Mandarines in
great pomp and magnificence: and
as they passed along in procession, the
streets resounded with the applauses and
acclamations ofthe eppes. Tur of
1 olle
Thus did e fon after all ber
twubles at length attain to the highest
glory : Which 0 &calion to HER
lowing verses." nn Oy OT
ce. . a:
T ( ILYIEIWY t a06 OT VIIERTY CEO SOT IRE EI 7
_ SS
Ix M7 oo
re r
6: HAU) KUU CHONA
Ft reer thiy "att open'd, yield" no
2 agrunce, tis sd yaoi onw vii
de precious somes ill they are ground, cast no lu, ine hw e
Time of great cold occafions [ speed: So doth - 2 adversity, OR”
F
B: 2111 104531 ec i CGE 2 Dan
ben dhe young a. were ar-
rived at their house in all this splen-
dor; u table was placed in the middle of
the hall, which was lighted up in the
most brilliant manner: Then in the
presence of all the company the bride·
. ns
- The words of the Pogue version + are as
follows, viz. As rojas nas eftas apertos, nas nas cheros. Ar peurus preciozas nas fas _—_ nai mY me * mpo d anae frio fas nacer fulas cie de fula Eos oe e eee The last of these lines the Editor dior | kly 755 feffes he knows not what to make oF substituted the last line of the Exglisi 4. merely as a conjectural —
D 3 heads,
A CHINESE | HISTORY; 163
heads, and making their courtesies and
reverence, expressed: their gratitude to
the Emperor and Empress for all their
_ favours. They also bowed down their
| heads to their father and mother with
great duty and reverence, Afterwards
they performed their respects to all the Mandarines who. accompanied them home, giving them many thanks. This ended, a magnificent banquet was serv- ed up with ws r and e
When thi FER was over 22
chung-u and his lovely bride performed
the. usual ceremonies: after which the
| Mandarines took their leaves, and went
back to the palace to inform the
Emperor that all things. were com-
ae and chat che new. married re-
M 2 turned
to be expressed.
164 Hau klo cHñoAAN.
turned their most graceful als
ments for: his ant
EPA su mating his own 8
ment with resignation; but when he
aw the sentence passed on his son, he
was overwhelmed with an affliction not
The Censor Vang-o
was also greatly affected with the re-
proof he met with. Thus all received
the chastisement due to their faults.
On which account Tieb-chung-u c com-
ou nenen verses.
The e man doth nit not pee
bow the end may turn out :
When the time cometh, be shall not escape ; be shall find according to his works.
3. * * the evample thou beholdeft.
e pi LI 5 Rejolve
A CHINESE HISTORY. 165
.Nredound to th fone ann dg? $79
[bmi and — -ping- 1 afdir ey were married, lived happily many years; having the greatest affection for each other. | Tzeh-chung-4-extolled his charming wife, expatiating on her virtue and merit, and thanking her for the benefits he had received at her hands in times past, attributing to her the high rank to which he was at present exalted. On the other hand she was as full in ey b encomiums on her be-
The * 8 "INE:
O man home, mal fas, nas atenia o fim como v :
Chegando o tempo nas escapara, conforme obra och
a4 chara. 3 85 |
Con derte te do gxemplo 40 gue ve 2 5
Vrepon ba home de bem fazer, a boa fave e *
ria ha de ter.
„ _. loved
156 HAU KIOU CHOAAN. loved husband : thanking him a thou-
sand times for the many favours she
had received from him, assuring him
that she could never sufficiently repay
them; thar she was not worthy to be
his handmaid; but tho' she was his
wife; she would be always humble and
obedient to him her husband, serving
him all her life with tlie greatest affec-
ton. Accordingly they made the *
e on 1 221017 gt
2451910 T6. 2677 517 Hoi 07
The A nana; — go ” thiir "_ |
_ woith great splendor and fragrante:
Tt is in order that their good _ and example may be spread abroad :
While their worth lay bid within the beart u Was Not perceived «
1 a . .
A CHINESE HISTORY. 165
Now be time in arrive that it is ga-
lished through all the world . acid
Fwäm this time T%eb-chang-n:And
Shuey-ping-/in husband and wife, lived to-
gether in the greatest harmony, ob-
serving the most exemplary virtue; and serving 1 the Emperor with all sincerity: 5 He executing the office of Ca -lau © or first Minister and counsellor of the state; with great fidelity and skill, so that he was beloved and admired of all.
Both Tieh-chung-u and Shney-ping-/in
afford a siftiking.exaniple: of virtue and
- The Portuguese words are,
Os dous caxados vem a casa par todo caminho com ande lux e cheire : Por bom obra e exempo que se eftende Dentro de coragas que home nas intende ;
Ja chegou o tempo que por todo mundo se elende.
NM ; antegrity-
ERP
— =_ =
r
—— —
4 X
S 7 * of * jp
iþ
Fi
F:
I:
[p. 1]
'CHOAAN. þ
abroad for ever!? YYYWW“＋“]/
Hou Kiou ce. or The Pleafing bir
- is concluded. ud a\-q0ig-wad?
End of Chapter 18