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Palestine Einstein

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Genentech Science Careers

At Genentech, we're about diverse employees coming together to create breakthrough medicines that change the lives of people and help manage disease. We're about encouraging success and providing rewards to those who work here. We're about helping current students and new graduates forge a unique and meaningful career path and ensuring that experienced professionals have the opportunities and resources to excel no matter where they are in their careers. And we're about helping employees create a fulfilling balance between their personal lives and career aspirations.

Our employees cite the chance to make a difference in the lives of patients as the number one reason they enjoy working at Genentech. In hiring new employees, we look for people who are inspired by this mission and who would fit in well with the collaborative, rigorous and entrepreneurial spirit of the company culture.

Considered the founder of the biotechnology industry, Genentech has been delivering on the promise of biotechnology for more than 35 years,ディーゼル ショルダーバッグ, using human genetic information to discover,バーバリー 財布, develop,バーバリー コート, manufacture and commercialize medicines to treat patients with serious or life-threatening medical conditions. Today, Genentech is among the world's leading biotech companies, with multiple products on the market and a promising development pipeline.

Photo Gallery

Jobs at Genentech

Patients,クリスチャンルブタン. Science. People,ルブタン メンズ.

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Mapping the Psychedelic Brain - ScienceNOW

Nutt and Griffiths are interested in the therapeutic potential of hallucinogenic drugs. Griffiths is involved in a pilot study testing whether psilocybin and psychotherapy can ease end-of-life anxiety in cancer patients. Nutt's group is looking into using the drug to treat depression,ルブタン 靴 メンズ, and thisweek in The British Journal of Psychiatry, he and colleagues report that when people recallevents from their past. The drug also improved people's ability to access personal memories and related emotions, which the researchers say could be helpful during psychotherapy.


"It's a very interesting study that raises lots of new questions," says Roland Griffiths, a psychopharmacologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. He says the possibility that the drugs work by interfering with the default mode network is an appealing hypothesis that deserves further investigation.

The researchers performed two different types of MRI scans, one that measured blood flow throughout the brain and one that determined blood oxygenation, which neuroscientists generally assume is an indicator of neural activity. Contrary to the previous study, the scans showed that , including the posterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex. The researchers quizzed the volunteers after the psilocybin had worn off and found that people in which these regions were most inhibited tended to report the most intense hallucinatory experiences. Nutt says he's not sure why the findings differ from those of the PET study,ルブタン コピー, but he speculates that it could be due to the different time courses of the injectable drug his team used and the oral tablets used in the other research.

The posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortices are hubs in the so-called default mode network, a web of interconnected brain regions that becomes active when people allow their minds to wander. Some researchers have proposed that the default mode network is crucial for introspective thought and even for generating the sense of consciousness, and Nutt thinks the finding that psilocybin inhibits this network could help explain the surreal experiences the drug causes. "What I think is going on is that this network in the brain that pulls together a sense of self becomes less active,ルブタン サンダル," he says, "and you get this fragmented or dissipated sense of being."

Drugs like psilocybin, the active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms, play all sorts of tricks on the mind. They distort the perception of time, space, and self, and even untether the senses. Some researchers thought these strange effects might result from the drugs overexciting the brain. But the first study to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain activity in people who've taken psilocybin finds that the drug reduces neural firing in key communication hubs, essentially disconnecting some brain regions from each other.

In the new work, published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers led by psychopharmacologists Robin Carhart-Harris and David Nutt of Imperial College London used a different method, fMRI, to scan the brains of 30 people who were under the influence of psilocybin. The tight confines and loud noises of the scanner could be scary for someone on psilocybin,バーバリーブラックレーベル, Nutt says. To minimize the chances of anyone having a bad trip, the researchers recruited people who'd taken hallucinogens previously, and they delivered the drug intravenously so that it would have a faster—and shorter—effect than, say, eating magic mushrooms.

In Central America and elsewhere, hallucinogenic drugs have been used for centuries in healing and religious ceremonies. Recent years have seen renewed interest in exploiting them and potentially to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental illnesses. Yet neuroscientists know little about how these compounds act on the brain to cause such intensely altered experiences. Hallucinogenic drugs are tightly regulated, and few previous studies have tried to gauge their effects on the human brain. One study,バーバリーブルーレーベル, using positron emission tomography (PET), found that psilocybin increases brain metabolism, especially in the frontal cortex.

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Fairy Circle Mystery Solved - ScienceNOW

All in all, Juergens found 10 to 20 times more biodiversity at fairy circles than in the surrounding desert. "These tiny termites have managed to turn rainfall as little as 50 millimeters per year into a continuous, permanently livable ecosystem," he says. "Identification of this termite as opposed to other candidates behind fairy circles is part of the story, but the more interesting story is that this insect evolved to be a masterpiece of ecosystem engineering."

"My view is that fairy circles have little, if anything, to do with termites," agrees Michael Cramer, a plant ecophysiologist at the University of Cape Town. He now has a manuscript in review proposing that fairy circles are the product of natural vegetation patterns resulting from competition for scarce resources. "The only way for this question to be properly answered,Diesel アウトレット," he says, "is with more thorough investigations and focused experiments."

Like others who came before him, Norbert Juergens was caught in the spell of fairy circles. These bare patches of ground, often outlined with a fringe of tall grass, pockmark a 2000-kilometer-long strip of desert stretching from Angola to South Africa. Though the formations have confounded scientists for years,バーバリーブルーレーベル, Juergens—an ecologist at the University of Hamburg in Germany—thinks that he may be the first to crack the puzzle.

Tschinkel agrees. "Juergens has made the common scientific error of confusing correlation—even very strong correlation—with causation," he says. "If Juergens claims termites are killing the grass, he's got to show that they're actually attacking living plants. That's not easy to do, and he didn't do it."

This water sink, he thinks, also promotes the characteristic "luxurious belt" of high grass that often grows around the fairy circles' edges, because it does not have to compete with thirsty neighboring plants. During the rainy season, the termites venture into the surrounding grasslands to feed, and in extreme drought seasons they turn to their belt of high grass for sustenance. These nibblings slowly expand the circles' diameters over the years, Juergens says.

The strange saga of the fairy circles got even stranger last year. That's when Walter Tschinkel, a biologist at Florida State University in Tallahassee, analyzed 4 years of satellite images of the formations in Namibia's NamibRand Nature Reserve. Tschinkel had been intrigued by the circles since firstencountering them on a vacation to Africa in 2005. The images revealed that some of the formations arose and others vanished over the 4-year period—the Extrapolating from the data, Tschinkel estimated an average "lifespan" of 41 years. But he couldn't figure out what made them. Some suspected that termites were killing the grass from below, but Tschinkel found no evidence that the insects caused fairy circles. Nor did he find anything wrong with the soil itself.

Juergens stands by his findings. He also says the termites should be marveled at for far more than their ability to make fairy circles. The formations, he notes, act as small oases not just for their termite creators but also for a diverse assembly of desert fauna. He observed numerous species ranging from insects to birds to mammals—including jackals, springbok, moles,バーバリー傘, foxes, aardvarks, and others—spending time at the fairy circles, foraging either on termites,Diesel 時計, the high perimeter grass, or else preying on other species that aggregated there.

Vivienne Uys, a termite taxonomist at the Agricultural Research Council in Pretoria, says that Juergens's findings on the biology of sand termites are consistent with what scientists know about the species. But she says she needs more evidence to be convinced that the insects create fairy circles. "The link between foraging activity of the termite resulting in the formation of a perfect circle of bare soil is unclear."

Juergens believes that in their tunneling, sand termites damage plant roots and feed on them, slowly forming fairy circles in the process. He found the termites in all of 24 newly forming fairy circles that he examined in Namibia. He's still at a loss as to why the fairy circles eventually "die," but he hypothesizes that competition or predation by ants plays a role.

Juergens's search for answers began a year after Tschinkel's. He started traveling throughout Africa in 2006—including to remote areas in Angola, still reeling from its recent civil war—in search of fairy circles. He became intrigued with the formations after noticing, like Tschinkel,ルブタン ピープトウシューズ, that the mysterious patches seemed to come and go from the landscape. He recorded any signs of animal life that he came across in and around the circles, such as tracks, dung, or nests. He also dug trenches from the center of the circles to the outside in order to find any subterranean organisms that may be lurking below.

Juergens thinks that the sand termites—which must maintain body moisture to survive—build and tend to these circles on purpose. Whereas plants quickly suck up the desert's stingy 100 millimeters of annual rain, the fairy circles' bare centers allow the rainwater to seep into the porous, sandy earth, where it remains indefinitely. To quantify this, he stuck humidity probes into a range of depths in the fairy circles' bare centers, where the devices recorded soil moisture over a period of four years. "These bare patches are water traps," Juergens says. "Over the years, I didn't measure 1 hour with less than 5% water at 60 centimeters, which is certainly wet enough to support termite life."

Tschinkel and others may have missed these "extremely clandestine" insects, which seem to "swim" through the sand, Juergens says, leaving only very fine tunnels. Unlike some other termite species, they do not build complex underground galleries, have no aboveground nest, and emerge only occasionally at night. Other researchers could easily overlook the insects' fine tunnels by digging too deeply or forcefully, says Juergens, who focused his efforts a few centimeters to tens of centimeters beneath the surface. Juergens , he reports online today in Science.

During these investigations, which spanned 40 field trips and about 1200 sampled fairy circles, a pattern emerged. Using a process of elimination, Juergens saw that only one species was nearly always present at the fairy circles he visited: the sand termite.

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Integrative Analysis of Complex Cancer Genomics and Clinical

Jianjiong Gao1,ルブタン 店舗, Bülent Arman Aksoy1 , Ugur Dogrusoz2 , Gideon Dresdner1 , Benjamin Gross1 , S. Onur Sumer1 , Yichao Sun1 , Anders Jacobsen1 , Rileen Sinha1 , Erik Larsson3 , Ethan Cerami1,4 , Chris Sander1, and Nikolaus Schultz1

Correspondence should be addressed to cbioportal{at}cbio.mskcc,バーバリーネクタイ.org; user support is available at cbioportal{at}googlegroups.com

Abstract: The cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics () provides a Web resource for exploring, visualizing, and analyzing multidimensional cancer genomics data. The portal reduces molecular profiling data from cancer tissues and cell lines into readily understandable genetic,バーバリーロンドン, epigenetic, gene expression, and proteomic events. The query interface combined with customized data storage enables researchers to interactively explore genetic alterations across samples,バーバリー 財布, genes, and pathways and, when available in the underlying data, to link these to clinical outcomes. The portal provides graphical summaries of gene-level data from multiple platforms, network visualization and analysis, survival analysis, patient-centric queries, and software programmatic access. The intuitive Web interface of the portal makes complex cancer genomics profiles accessible to researchers and clinicians without requiring bioinformatics expertise, thus facilitating biological discoveries. Here, we provide a practical guide to the analysis and visualization features of the cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics.

Integrative Analysis of Complex Cancer Genomics and Clinical Profiles Using the cBioPortal

1 Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
2 Computer Engineering Department, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
3 Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg,バーバリー傘, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
4 Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

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ScienceShot Stone Age Snails - ScienceNOW

See more ,クリスチャンルブタン2013新作.

A variety of snails common in western Ireland may have been transported there by humans during the Stone Age, a new study suggests. Cepaea nemoralis, the banded wood snail,ディーゼル ショルダーバッグ, is found in many locales in Western Europe and is typically 1.5 centimeters across, about the width of an adult's thumbnail. But a subpopulation of the species found in western Ireland ranges up to twice that size and has a distinctive white lip on its shell to boot—traits also seen in members of the species from southern France, along the northern slopes of the Pyrenees. In previous studies, carbon-dating of shells revealed that the normally rare, white-lipped variant arrived in Ireland more than 8000 years ago. Now, geneticists have linked the Irish snails to the Pyrenees. As they report online today in PLOS ONE,バーバリーブラックレーベル, they found that one particular lineage of the species—with two exceptions,ルブタン ピープトウシューズ, both associated with snails found along the coasts of the Irish Sea—were found only in Ireland and in the central and eastern Pyrenees. How the snailsreached Ireland but apparently skipped intermediate regions has long been a mystery. It's most likely, the researchers suggest, that traveling from the Mediterranean region through the Pyrenees on their way to Ireland—perhaps unintentionally, in fodder for the trader's animals or,ルブタン ブライダルシューズ, more intriguingly, as a part of the trader's food supplies. French cuisine, after all, has long been famed for its escargot.

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Gregory Andrews

Next Wave: So what happened around 2000 that caused the industrial labs to close or cut back?

Next Wave: With the closure of these corporate labs, what has happened to the academic job market? Is it still really strong, or is there more competition for fewer positions than there used to be?

G.A. The dot-com bust. Because a lot of the economy turned down and turned down sharply. There was a big shakeout in all the high-tech industries.

Next Wave: How are career opportunities in computer science today, compared with how they've been in the recent past? Are they better or worse?

Next Wave: Many administrators in the life and physical sciences see the postdoc as an extra training phase beyond the Ph.D. But if you talk with the postdocs themselves, often they're just biding their time until they can get a better job. Is there a training role for the postdoc in computer science?

G.A. Right.

The number of people in graduate school now is up; however, at the other end of the pipeline, undergraduate enrollments are down the last few years, and that's a direct reflection of the economy.

G.A. Yes, for Ph.D. students that's the case. But one problem that we've had is that there are lucrative outside opportunities for graduate students, especially when the economy is booming. Anytime there's been a boom in the 30 years I've been a faculty member, there has been, essentially, raiding of the graduate students, real financial incentives for them to leave with a master's degree. In the dot-com boom, it got down to the undergraduates.

Next Wave: It seems that women aren't that interested in hardware.

Gregory Andrews: I was learning from the people at the beginning of the field.

As for gender diversity, there's a real difference in gender balance by subspecialty. Software fields are not good; but when you get closer to hardware it gets even worse, more male-oriented. The closer you get to people--interfaces, robots, artificial intelligence--the better the gender balance. In some subfields, it's close to equitable. Mathematics is pretty close to even, but computer science is heavily skewed. The subfield that is most mathematics-like--theory and algorithms--has a much better gender balance.

G.A. Yes, but the total number [390 by 2006] is still very small. In some subfields--the theoretical computer science subfield was the first one--there was an oversupply, and so it became more like you would find in the biological and physical sciences where a postdoc was the only alternative for someone with a Ph.D. It wasn't the starvation wages of the life sciences--it was maybe two-thirds of what they could get if they had a tenure-track position--but they had to take what they could get.

Next Wave: A technical question: Our feature is focused on software; in computer science research, is there a clear distinction between software and hardware?

G.A. It's absolutely woeful.

Next Wave: Thirty years as a faculty member; that takes you almost back to the beginning of this field, doesn't it?

Next Wave: So, how many new openings are expected in the coming years?

Next Wave: Do you see this--more postdocs in computer science--as a thing for the future?

Next Wave: It's modest, but it's better than most fields of science, especially for researchers.

G.A. I don't know.

Andrews has received two distinguished teaching awards from the University of Arizona, including a career award. He has served on editorial boards and on the board of directors of the Computing Research Association, computer science's research-focused professional organization. He is the author or co-author of three books and numerous journal articles. He is an avid golfer, proud of the fact that his handicap is smaller than his shoe size.

Next Wave: Where's the new technology coming from these days?

Next Wave: Six [newly hired] African-American tenure-track faculty members, three Hispanics, and one Native American/Alaskan native [nationwide].

Next Wave: Why is that?

Next Wave: What about the graduate students? I assume that computer science is a field like any other field of science in that, once you get into graduate school, you're going to make your way through it and you're never going to have to pay a cent, and you're probably going to get a decent stipend while you're in it.

G.A. All over the place. More of the basic research is coming from the academic labs, and NSF has come down to being almost the sole supporter of things. DARPA [the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency] used to play a major role, and they're completely application-driven now, or almost completely.

G.A. There still is a pure hardware side. It's a fairly small component, interested in how to build better chips and fabricate new things. But hardware exists either to facilitate the creation of software or to take over software functions. It's so intimately connected with the systems-level software that that distinction is blurred. And the most interesting architecture work is really systems-level architecture. It's not the chips; it's the global functionality of the components.

G.A. We've talked about it, and I've now seen it clearly from the funding side. We just don't have the money for it. We are very, very hard strapped just to support the basic research going on with faculty and graduate students. Postdocs are very expensive.

And now we've got declining undergraduate enrollments. And that is a worrisome trend for us as a field, that we have fairly precipitous declines in entering enrollment.

G,ルブタン コピー.A. Yeah, but [it's not a dramatic reduction]. We were flat for the first 25 or 30 years of our existence, at 200, and then it started to increase in the 1980s as we became more of an experimental science and started to grow. The last few years have been down a bit, it isn't bad.

Next Wave: Look at that postdoc category--up 25%.

Gregory Andrews [pictured left] was not one of the handful of pioneers who, trained in other disciplines, gave birth to computer science. Yet, he was on hand soon after to receive the squalling infant and, along with many others of his generation, to coax it toward maturity. Andrews is now a "rotator" at the National Science Foundation (NSF), serving as the director of the Division of Computer and Network Systems. I spoke to him about the current state and the future promise of research careers in computer science.

Lucent/Bell Labs has shut down. AT&T is minimal compared with what it was. IBM still has research capacity--Almaden has done pretty well, Yorktown Heights is still around--but it's not what they used to have. But we've seen a continuing trend; on the communication and networking side of the business, the rapid growth of the 1990s ended, and ended fairly abruptly, and they didn't have the profits to put into the labs. Microsoft is the only growth component of the computer science research community.

Next Wave: Is a Ph.D. in computer science just for academic careers, or are there industrial positions, too?

G.A. Every single time, projected faculty growth is way more optimistic than the actual. People expect to be getting new positions, and they don't materialize. In , you can see the expected 2-year growth.

Andrews was an undergraduate at Stanford when its computer science department was formed. His first computer science course was taught by Stanford's first computer science Ph.D. Andrews received his bachelor's in mathematics from Stanford in 1969--Stanford didn't offer an undergraduate CS major until the early 1970s--and earned his Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1974. He immediately joined the faculty of Cornell University. In 1979, he moved to the University of Arizona, where he's been on the faculty ever since, serving as department chair from 1986 through 1993.

G.A. It's a shrinking pipeline, and it's got problems. There are lots of articles, lots of studies that have been done on causes. We've got some NSF-supported efforts that are trying to solve the problems. But it's a tough one, because there is an image about the field. And it is an image, frankly, that is promoted by industry and advertisers. I can remember one ad--it might have been Microsoft['s]--where all these people were trying to understand something and then the geek ... they had him stereotyped as male, white, and funny-looking. And that's just a stereotype that we've got to overcome. It's humorous--I can see that--but we're shooting ourselves in the foot.

G.A. They don't have the profits or the excess to be able to finance that anymore.

G.A. That's the dramatic trend. Look at . It shows the change in percentages going to academia vs. industry and then the small percentage that goes academic but doesn't choose a Ph.D.-granting department. For the entire decade of the 1990s it was approximately 50-50, research and academia, and that has historically been the case. What you see 2 years from the end, all the sudden things cross, and that's the closure of industrial research labs.

Traditionally, people going into academia did so by choice, not because there were no other jobs for a Ph.D. It was because you were interested in being in the university environment and working with students and so on.

Next Wave: So why did this spell the end of the pure corporate research labs? Don't these companies still need their research base? Why don't we have those anymore?

G.A. There is more competition for fewer positions. If you look at the production, it's gone down a little bit, so it's not bad. There were lots of openings last year, although not nearly as many as there were 2 to 3 years ago. There was a big spurt in the late 1990s because of the dot-com boom and, consequently, new allocations to departments of computer science and computer engineering, and that pressure is off.

Next Wave: Looking at , it looks as if there's been a general downward trend over the last 10 years or so in the production of Ph.D.s.

Next Wave: There's just one more topic on my list: diversity

G.A. Something quite unique about computer science: We don't have a postdoc tradition. That's because we have historically had so many positions available in Ph.D.-granting departments and available for fresh Ph.D.s. Traditionally, when you get your Ph.D. [in computer science] you've got some place to go. There was always more demand than there was supply, and industry was soaking up half. So the field was growing throughout the 1980s and 1990s, but we were only producing fewer than 1000 Ph.D.s, and half of those were going into industrial labs. And so we just didn't have an adequate supply of new faculty members, even though until a few years ago we had practically no retirements because the first generation of people, like me, is still in its 50s.

G.A. I haven't seen it. Someone who has had a postdoc before they enter an academic position has an advantage,ルブタン パリ, certainly. I have a colleague at Arizona in that boat,Diesel アウトレット, and he's ready for tenure sooner. He's got a stronger record. It's also a problem in evaluating CS faculty, compared to faculty in other science departments.

G.A,バーバリーブラックレーベル. Right,ディーゼル 店舗. And you don't have a whole armload of publications as a result.

G.A. Hardware and low-level software. There's something about that level of abstraction. You're dealing with strings of symbols. Not a lot of human interaction. Women move more toward the topics in which there's more contact and more relations with humans.

G.A. The Computing Research Association has for 30 years had an annual survey of the production and employment of Ph.D.s in computer science, called the Taulbee survey. The last few years' worth are all online and freely available. [Here's a to the most recent survey.]

Next Wave: Figure 4 shows permanent positions; what about postdocs?

Next Wave: Because you don't have a whole fleet of postdocs in your lab doing your research for you.

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