20201215 cultexam

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Final Exam Paper. Please write now and improve until grading on 2020 12 15

You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. Please also add a vocabulary list and questions.

Alsied, Saffana

"Chinese Astrology"--SAFFANA ALSIED 2 (talk) 17:07, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

Cao Runxin 曹润鑫

Spring Festival Couplets

Chen Han 陈涵

Chinese traditional musical instrument

Gu Zheng --Chen Han (talk) 08:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Chen Jingjing 陈静静

A. Facial makeup

Facial makeup, a sort of makeup art used in stage performance, is painted on the face of traditional opera singers in China and varies when it come to different types of role. The character roles in Beijing opera are divided into four main types according to the sex, age, social status and profession of the character. Sheng refers to male roles and is divided into laosheng (middle-aged or old men), xiaosheng (young men) and wusheng ( men with martial skills). Dan refers to female roles and is also subdivided into various types. Qingyi is a woman with a strict moral code; and laodan is an elderly woman. Jing refers to the roles with painted faces. They are usually warriors, statesmen or even demons. Chou, clown, is a comic character and can be recognized at first sight for his special make-up. The facial makeup of “sheng” and “dan” is quite simple with a thin layer of powder, called “plain face” while that of “jing” and “chou” is relatively complicated, and the former, in particular, is applied with heavy color and complicated patterns, thus gaining the name of “painted face”. In Beijing Opera, facial make-up, which is applied to Jing roles only, shows the character’s age and personality by using different colors. “Chou” is commonly called the clown as they are accustomed to wiping a patch of white powder on the nose.

People hold different views when speaking of the origin of the facial makeup. It was said facial makeup was closely related to a kind of dance, called Damian, which appeared in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and thrived in the Tang Dynasty. It was performed by a single man aiming to extol King Lanling Gao Changgong’s outstanding military service and merits. He was courageous and good-looking and was bound to win every time he worn a mask that seemed frightening in the battlefield. As for the facial makeup used in opera, it is used to highlight the roles’ character, appearance as well as status, achieving a colorful and fantastic stage.

The legendary drama played a dominant role in Ming Dynasty, rich in content and fine in role division. Both jing and chou are painted their own special facial makeup. The basic color is mostly designed based on the description in the drama literature or the singers’ personal imagination. For instance, facial makeup of Guanyu is red and that of Baozhen is black. Their brow and eyes are exaggerated in some way. The pattern ratio has changed as well. Unlike the Ming Dyansty, there are both simple and sophisticated facial makeups with the same basic color. In the Mid-Qing Dynasty, as the local drama arose, facial makeup varied greatly in different places and possessed distinct local features and folk color. More than 300 kinds of dramas sprung up after the 18th century. Therefore, the drama characters mount and their division is much more finer. More colors like blue, green, yellow, grey and orange are added in jing.

B. Terms and Expressions

painted face 花脸

clown 丑角

legend，romance 传奇剧

Tathagata 如来佛

Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Dashkin, Gennadii

Four Worldwide Famous Chinese Novelists of Modern Science Fiction and Fantasy

1.Liu Cixin（刘慈欣）

2.Chen Qiufan( 陈楸帆 ）

3.Rebecca F.Kuang( 匡蘦秀）

4.Li Jun(李俊）or Baoshu(宝树）

Ding Daifeng 丁代凤

Lion dance

Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉

A. The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters

 The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters are Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong in Song Dynasty. This title was first appeared in the Banknotes of Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties. 
 Among them, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan are the leaders of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, while Ouyang Xiu and Three Su(Su Xun, Su shi, Su Zhe) are the core figures of the ancient prose movement in the Song Dynasty, and Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong are the representative figures of Linchuan Literature. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan are the advacators of the "Ancient Prose Movement". Su Shi, Su Xun and Su Zhe are called Three Su. Among them. Su Xun is the their father and Su Shi is the older brother. While Su Shi's teacher is Ouyang Xiu, who is also the teacher of Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong.
 In a word, they both advocated prose and opposd parallel prose, which has exerted profound influence on the literary world at that time and later generations. Their sucessive waves of innovation of ancient ancient prose has changed the obsolete appearence of poetry and prose.

1.Han Yu 2. Liu Zongyuan 3. Ouyang Xiu 4. Su Xun 5. Su Shi 6. Su Zhe 7. Wang Anshi 8. Zeng Gong

B. Terms and Expressions

The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters 唐宋八大家 Banknotes of Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties 《唐宋八大家文钞》 Ancient Prose Movement 古文运动 parallel prose 骈文

Gao Mingzhu 高明珠

Pipa--Gao Mingzhu (talk) 08:22, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

Grosheva, Anna

Huli-jing figure in Chinese mythology and its analogs in Japan and Korea

1. Huli-jing (狐狸精) in China

2. Kitsune (キツネ) in Japan

3. Kumiho (구미호) in Korea

Gu Dongfang 顾东方

Chinese Characters

Guan Qinqing 管钦清

Four Chinese Folk Love Stories

1.Meng Jiangnv Cries the Great Wall

2.The Legend of White Snake

3.The Butterfly Lovers

4.The Cowherd and the Girl Weaver

Vocabulary list

Questions

Guirou, Barthelemy

Chinese Mythology

A. Pan Gu Created the Universe

B. Nu Wa Created Human Beings

C. Fushi Taught the People

D. Yu Rebuilt the Earth

Gui Yizhi 桂一枝

Chinese gods and immortals--Gui Yizhi (talk) 16:09, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Guo Lu 郭露

Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty

Definition

The Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty in China, also known as the Classical Prose Movement, is a movement with the style reform as its surface and Confucianism Renaissance as its deep. The word “Gu Wen” was first introduced by Han Yu, it indicates the prose in the pre-Qin period and Han dynasty. This movement took clarity and precision as priorities, it stood against the florid pianwen or parallel prose style that had been popular starting from the Han dynasty. Parallel prose had a rigid structure and was criticized for being overly ornate at the expense of content. Therefore, Han Yu, together with Liu Zongyuan, launched this movement to make a difference so that they can revive the Confucianism and promote their political thoughts. This movement tended to follow the spirit of pre-Qin prose rather than to imitate it directly. People used elements of colloquial language to make their writings more direct.

Development

The Classical Prose Movement went through three stages. The first promoters of the Classical Prose Movement were Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan who were not only great writers but also great theorists, forming the foundation of the movement. Both were enthusiastic to promote the movement and were keen to teach young people so that the movement could achieve further development and then revive the Confucianism.

However, after the deaths of Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, the movement fell into a decline, their students writing with such ancient characters as to hinder understanding or neglecting the importance of writing good essays. Furthermore, the government only allowed people to use pianwen for official use, so those who want to be officials had to learn that style.

After that, Ouyang Xiu once again advocated the classical prose in the Song dynasty. As many people were dissatisfied with the florid piantiwen style, the Classical Prose Movement reached another peak during that period. This movement is consequently also called the Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty.

Representatives

1.Han Yu

2.Liu Zongyuan

3.Ou Yangxiu

Ha, Thi Thu Hang

The culture of Red envelope and Lucky money--HATHITHUHANG2 (talk) 09:02, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

He Changqi 何长琦

17.1 The orgin and development of the twenty-four solar terms

“The twenty-four solar term” is a unique phenomenon on traditional lunar calendar, with a profound history in China. Created by ancient Chinese when observing the annual movement of the sun, the twenty-four solar system is seen as a system of time knowledge and the agricultural guideline. It originated in the Yellow River valley, and is the result of people's observation, exploration and summary of astronomy, meteorology, and weather, which is an excellent cultural heritage created by the ancient Chinese people. By the late Western Zhou Dynasty, people had already measured the first four solar terms: winter solstice, summer solstice, spring equinox and autumn equinox. Afterwards, with the improvement of measurement technology and the further strengthening of people's understanding of the laws of nature, during the Warring States period, the complete twenty-four solar terms were basically formed, and during the Qin and Han dynasties, the complete twenty-four solar terms system was perfected and formed into today's complete twenty-four solar terms system.1

17.2 The definition and classification of the twenty-four solar terms

“The twenty-four solar term” is a unique phenomenon on traditional lunar calendar. To facilitate agricultural production, ancient Chinese people summarized a supplementary calendar that divides a year into 24 segments according to the sun’s movement on the ecliptic and seasonal changes in weather and other natural phenomena, with 24 segments proportionally distributed through 12 months. (术语) A solar term that starts in the early part of a month is called jie (节), and one that starts in the meddle part of a month is called qi (气). ( Every three years there would be a month which has only a jie without a qi, or a month which has only a qi without a jie, in which case a leap month would be added to regulate it. ) The solar terms are so named that they represent the changes in season,phenology and climate. The eight solar terms that reflect seasonal changes are Beginning of Spring, Vernal Equinox, Beginning of Summer, Summer Solstice, Beginning of Autumn, Autumnal Equinox,Beginning of Winter, and Winter Solstice; the four solar terms that represent phenological changes are Waking of Insects, Fresh Green, Lesser fullness and Grain in Ear; and the 12 solar terms that indicate the changes in climate are Rain Water,Grain Rain,Lesser Heat, Greater Heat, End of Heat, White Dew, Cold Dew, First Frost, Light Snow, Heavy Snow, Lesser Cold, and Greater Cold.

17.4.1 Importance in ancient times

===17.4.2 Values in modern society===--

References:He Changqi (talk) 10:11, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪

Traditional Chinese Medicine 中医

Text

Terms and Expressions

Questions

Kang Haoyu 康浩宇

Chinese Red Culture

Chinese red culture is unique in the world. As a very important cultural resource, it has both tangible culture and intangible culture. Red culture in China refers to the advance culture with Chinese characteristics created by party and people in revolutionary years.

1. Development

2. Symbols

3. Values

4. Red Culture in Nanchang

Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪

Four satirical novels in ancient China--Lei kuangxi (talk) 08:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

Li Lili 李丽丽

Shadow Puppets(皮影戏)

Li Liqin 李丽琴

Confucian culture 儒家文化 --Li Liqin (talk) 14:44, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

Liu Liu 刘柳

Qian Zhongshu--Liu Liu (talk) 02:19, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Liu Ou 刘欧

相声 Cross Talk 1. The History of Cross Talk

Cross talk, in the ancient time was known as onomatopoeia, originally refers to imitate others’ voices, also known as neighboring cross talk. It was evolved and further developed from the folk music in North China, and integrated with imitating oral skills and other folk art forms. It is generally believed to be formed during the Emperor Xianfeng （1850—1861）and Emperor Tongzhi（1861—1874）period in Qing dynasty. It’s a folk vocal art that uses jokes or funny questioning and answering to make the audience laugh. In the early years of the Republic of China, cross talk gradually developed from one-person ventriloquism to stand-up one person talk, and the name changed to cross talk. Later, it gradually developed into stand-up cross talk, dual cross talk, and group cross talk. And become a veritable form of art. After years of development, dual cross talk has finally become the most popular form of cross talk among audiences.--Liu Ou (talk) 06:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

2. Famous Artists of Cross Talk

Liu Yi 刘艺

Go 围棋--Liu Yi (talk) 08:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜

The four most handsome men in ancient China

Lou Cancan 娄灿灿

The Four Grottoes of China--Lou Cancan (talk) 08:23, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Luo Weijia 罗维嘉

Ancient Chinese Education

1. The History of Ancient Education

2.Classification of Ancient Chinese Education

3.Civil Service Examination System

4.Ancient China Academies --Luo Weijia (talk) 08:27, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴

The Forbidden City--Luo Yuqing (talk) 08:30, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Mo Ling 莫玲

Chinese Marriage Customs--Mo Ling (talk) 08:24, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

A.Procedures

B.Development

Ngo, Thi Minh Huong

Topic: Chinese cinema (dramas and movies) and its popularity and affection in Vietnam

Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲

Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac --Ouyang Ling

A.Origin

B.Development

C.Influence

Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏

Green Tea--Peng Ruihong (talk) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Phyo, Su Kyi==

Chinese Traditional clothing Phyo Su Kyi talk 5-11-202

Pingki, Tanchangya

Chinese traditional dance--PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4 (talk) 02:46, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

Phyo, Su Kyi

Chinese Traditional clothing 1- History 2- Different types of style

Vocabulary Questions

Qu Miao 瞿淼

Taoism--Qu Miao (talk) 08:35, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Media:Example.ogg==Rajabov, Anushervon==

International Education Exchanges and cooperation

1. Confucius Institutes 2. International Schools 3. Belt & Road Education Programs --RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10 (talk) 08:32, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Seydou, Sagara

 My topic :The Chinese language.

1Putonghua and Dialects 2 Ancient Chinese and Mordern Chinese 3Idiomatic phrase -Idioms common sayings,and allegorical sayings 4language policy.--Sagara Seydou 3 (talk) 02:24, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Shi Haiyao 石海瑶

The Four Talented Women of Ancient China (中国古代四大才女)

A.Cai Wenji 蔡文姬

B.Zhuo Wenjun 卓文君

C.Li Qingzhao 李清照

D.Ban Zhao 班昭

---

Si Yu 司妤

Ancient Cities and Ancient Towns --Si Yu (talk) 13:27, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

1.Ancient Cities

2.Ancient Towns

3.Pingyao ancient city

Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛

Five famous mountains.--Tan Yuanyuan (talk) 08:00, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

1.Mount Song

2.Mount Tai

3.Mount Hua

4.Mount Heng

5.Mount Heng

Tang Bei 汤蓓

Ancient Education

1.History

2.Confucian Educational Theory

3.Chinese Imperial Examination --Tang Bei (talk) 03:04, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Tang Yiran 汤伊然

Dining Etiquette and Table Manner

Wang Meiling 王美玲

China's Three Major Home Applicance companies--Wang Meiling (talk) 08:33, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

1.Midea

2.Gree

3.Haier

Wu Qiong 吴琼

China‘s Four New Inventions--WuQiong (talk) 03:24, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

1. High-speed rail

2. Scanning code payment

3. Sharing bikes

4. Online shopping

Wu Yilu 吴一露

Four Domestic Mobile Phones

1. Huawei

2. Mi

3. Vivo

4. OPPO

--Wu Yilu (talk) 15:26, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

Wu Zijia 吴子佳

Chinese Dialects方言

1.Cantonese

2.Hunan dialect --Wu Zijia (talk) 08:23, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Xiao Ting 肖婷

Su Shi (January 8, 1037 –August 24, 1101), also known as Su Tungpo, was a Chinese writer, poet, painter, calligrapher, pharmacologist, gastronome, and a statesman of the Song dynasty. A B C D

Xu Jia 徐佳

Four Folk Stories of China 中国民间四大传说--Xu Jia (talk) 09:03, 8 November 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

Xu Jing 许静

Four Great Pavilions--Xu Jing (talk) 06:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Yang Chenting 杨晨婷

Chinese 4 great towers A. origin B. development --Yang chenting (talk) 08:17, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

Yang Hairong 杨海容

Nanjing, An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties--Yang Hairong (talk) 08:28, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Yang Hui 阳慧

The Five Constant Virtues A Benevolence

B Righteousness

C Propriety

D Wisdom

F Fidelity

Yang Yue 杨悦

Cheongsam--Yang Yue (talk) 13:16, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Yang Ziling 杨子泠

Stinky Tofu

Yi Zichu 义子楚

Panda--Yi Zichu (talk) 14:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

You Yuting 游雨婷

Legalism--You Yuting (talk) 08:29, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

1.Representative figures

2.Values

3.Works

References

Vocabulary List

Questions

Yu Ni 余妮

Four Ancient Chinese Academies 中国古代四大书院 --Yu Ni (talk) 02:18, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼

Milk Tea--Yuan Tianyi (talk) 14:42, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Zeng Liang 曾良

Qingming Riverside Landscape Garden

Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛

Batik History

Types

Technical Process

Materials

Patterns --Zeng Xinyuan (talk) 08:38, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Zhang Hui 张慧

Ancient Chinese weapons中国古代兵器--Zhang Hui (talk) 08:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Zhang Ling 张玲

Terra-Cotta Warriors --Zhang Ling (talk) 02:32, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻

bonsai 盆景

Zhang Weihong 张维虹

TikTok（抖音） --Zhang Weihong (talk) 08:31, 21 November 2020 (UTC)Zhang Weihong

Zhang Yinliu 张银柳

San Mao -三毛 OR Four Buddhist Shrines - 佛教四大名山

Zhang Yu 张瑜

A.The Four Great Inventions

The Four Great Inventions, as symbols of ancient China's advanced science and technology, are inventions that are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance. They include papermaking, compass, gunpowder and printing.

1. Papermaking

Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However, a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from Gansu of paper with Chinese characters on it dating to 8 BC. The invention of papermaking technology is one of the most outstanding contributions made by the Chinese people to the world civilization. It is not only a revolution in writing materials, but also a perquisite for the subsequent invention of typography. (Fan 2015, 161)

2. Compass

A lodestone compass was used in China during the Han Dynasty between the 2nd century BCE and 1st century CE, where it was called the "south-governor"(Si Nan).

Diagram of a Ming dynasty mariner's compass, Public Domain license by Wikimedia. Click [1] for original source.

3. Gunpowder

Gunpowder was invented in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao, was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%.

4. Printing

Printing in Northern China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031–1095) that the common artisan Bi Sheng (990-1051) invented ceramic movable type printing.

References

• Fan, Jialu, Han, Qi, Wang, Zhaochun, Dai, Nianzu. "The four great inventions." A History of Chinese Science and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2015. 161-299
• Andrade, Tonio, ed. (2016). The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Boruchoff, David A. (2012), "The Three Greatest Inventions of Modern Times: An Idea and Its Public", in Hock, Klaus, Gesa; Mackenthun (eds.), Entangled Knowledge: Scientific Discourses and Cultural Difference, Münster: Waxmann, pp. 133–163, ISBN 978-3-8309-2729-7
• Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006). Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5259-9.
• Deng Yinke (2005). Ancient Chinese Inventions. Translated by Wang Pingxing. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 7-5085-0837-8.
• Li Shu-hua (1954). "Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole". Isis. Vol. 45 no. 2: July. Oxford. pp. 175–196.
• Needham, Joseph (1962). Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics. Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 4. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
• Needham, Joseph, ed. (1985). Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Tsien Hsuen-Hsuin, Paper and Printing. Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Needham, Joseph, ed. (1994). Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Robin D.S. Yates, Krzysztof Gawlikowski, Edward McEwen, Wang Ling (collaborators) Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• "World Archaeological Congress eNewsletter 11 August 2006" (PDF). [2]

Vocabulary List

• The Four Great Inventions 四大发明

Questions

• When was paper invented? (8 BCE)

Zhang Yujie 张毓婕

Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio

Zhao Xi 赵茜

Four Treasures of the Study 文房四宝

Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕

Chinese Fairy Tales

Zhou Yiwen 周艺文

Questions

--Zhou Yiwen (talk) 11:42, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲

Chinese screen（中式屏风）

Zhu Meimei 祝美梅

Ancient Chinese Doors and Windows

In the early age of human existence, the purpose for the construction of buildings was quite clear: to ensure security and ward off the cold. When doors and windows first came into existence, they only had the primary function of ventilation and lighting. Nowadays, the Chinese character for “window” is 窗（chuang），but in ancient times, its was written as 囱（cong），which, both in meaning and pronunciation is the same as the character for “chimney”. This clearly shows that, in ancient times, windows were used for ventilation, at least they were used more for ventilation than for lighting. The traditional Chinese character for “door” is 門（men），composed of two door leaves (hu, 户), originally meaning a door with two leaves. Thus, a door with two door leaves was called a men, and door with one leaf was known as a hu, 牖（you），which is seldom used now, meant a window in the wall, whereas cong was a window in the roof. It is important to acquire this basic knowledge for our understanding of the evolution of doors and windows.

Although no buildings prior to the Qin dynasty have survived, we can imagine how simple they were. Huainanzi. On Mountains contains an illuminative depiction: “When light comes from a crack, a corner is illuminated; when light comes from a window in the wall, the north wall is illuminated; when light comes from the door, all the room is illuminated.” It further comments: “With ten windows fully open, the room is not as bright as when a door is open.” These remarks provide us with plenty of useful information.

First, we know that at that time houses were constructed to face the south, and the direction of doors and windows were consistent with the architectural tradition which lasted thousands of years. Secondly, windows were quite small, to the extent that the area of ten windows was not as big as that of a door. Doors and windows at this time only had basic functions. We can assume that no decoration was applied, and that there were even no window rods. Windows with vertical rods appeared in the Han dynasty, which can only be seen in excavated funeral objects. As elaborate funerals were in fashion in the Han dynasty, construction models as funeral objects have occasionally been unearthed from Han tombs. On these objects ancient doors and windows can be identified. During Han times, paper was not used to cover windows. Although papermaking was invented in the Western Han (206BC-25AD), it was not until hundreds of years later that paper was installed in windows. Historic Records of Later Han (Houhanshu), Biography of Liang Ji describes: “All the windows are covered qi and green suo.” Qi is a kind of fabric that can ward off wind and allow light to enter. Great progress was made in architecture when windows with vertical rods came into existence. First of all, it made it possible to enlarge a window. If windows were not covered, the function of a house to ward off wind and cold would be diminished; if windows were too big, it would be difficult to close and block them up. Windows with vertical rods solved these problems perfectly. In addition, as fabric manufacturing in the Han dynasty was quite developed, windows covered with fabrics were both practical and good-looking.

Windows with vertical rods began to be commonly adopted in Wei adn Jin times. During this period there was a row of windows with vertical rods installed in the enclosed walls of many private residences. In the competition among literati in garden building, the function of doors and windows became sophisticated. Installed between natural scenes and houses, they acted as partitions. Xie Lingyun (385-433), a famous poet and follower of Buddhism, wrote a beautiful couplet in his On the Mountain Cottage, “Ranges of mountains are invited into the door, and mirror-like quiescent water is displayed in front of the window.” To exhibit natural scenes through doors and windows added to the aesthetic function of doors and windows. During the period from the Sui and Tang dynasties to the Song dynasty, doors and windows in constructions gradually matured. From the drawings in the Building Standards, we can see diversified lattice patterns and elaborate carvings in waist panels, showing that a variety of decorative means for doors and windows were in place at that time. However, the style of lattice doors was comparatively simple, with only two types: single-waist-bar type and double-waist-bar type. The “waist bar” was a transversal wood bar inset in the part. Compared with a plank door, this kind of lattice door was better for lighting, more attractive in appearance, and lighter in weight.

In the Song dynasty, windows with vertical rods remained prevalent, while windows with traceries or scroll work were occasionally installed. There were two kinds of lattices used in windows: flat lattice and cuspate lattice.. The cross section of a flat lattice strip was rectangular or square; whereas the cross section of a cuspate lattice strip was a triangle, with an angle pointing outwards and the bottom pointing inwards, so that the indoor side of the lattice could be pasted with paper or fabrics. During the evolutionary development of classical doors, between plank doors and lattice doors there was another kind of door called a “soft door”. A soft door was a frame structure, with a waist bar in the middle, and panels were inset in grooves above and below the bar. The advantage of a soft door was that it was light in weight and resistant to deformation. The soft door is considered to be the predecessor of the lattice door.

Lattice doors in Song times were wide and low, while in the Ming and Qing such doors (renamed “partition doors) became narrower and higher. Two reasons were attributable to such changes. First, horizontal upper windows were seldom installed on top of partition doors in the Ming and Qing. Second, very often in Ming and Qing constructions, partition formed much of the facade of a house, and an increase in the number of such doors could create a more rhythmic effect, which would also make it easier to evenly distribute the doors.

Innumerable doors and windows of the Ming and Qing, either from official buildings or from private residences, have survived today, including all kinds of exquisitely made partition doors and still windows. All the doors and windows illustrated in this book are products of the Ming and Qing dynasties. As the area south of the Yangtze River was prosperous and rich, and possessed a very talented society, doors and windows from this area are especially representative of the talents and adeptness of craftsmen in older times.--Zhumeimei (talk) 01:05, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Zhu Xu 朱旭

Yuelu Academy--Zhu Xu (talk) 02:29, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨

Chinese Paper Currency--Zou Xinyu2 (talk) 07:51, 11 November 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

1.Jiaozi(A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty)

2.Huizi(A Paper Currency in Southern Song Dynasty）

3.The Paper Currency in Qing Dynasty

4.The Paper Currency in the Chinese Soviet Area Period

5.Renminbi

References

Vocabulary List

Questions

Zubareva, Ekaterina

Chinese traditional make up--ZubarevaEkaterina (talk) 15:02, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

I.Base make up

II.Color make up

III.Tang dynasty make up

References

Vocabulary List

Questions