20210601 culture2
Final Exam Paper Page. Please write now here and improve until grading on 2021 06 15
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- Link to the other Final Exam paper pages: Final Exams 1 Bào Qìnwén 鲍沁雯 - Dù Xīnyǔ 杜心语; Final Exams 2 Guō Yàbō 郭亚波 - Huáng Zǐlóng 黄梓龙; Final Exams 3 Lǐ Yìhào 李艺浩 - Sū Xiāo 苏潇; Final Exams 4 Tāng Huì 汤惠 - Wáng Qìnyú 王沁瑜; Final Exams 5 Wáng Zǐhán 王子涵 - Zhào Kē 赵轲.
1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book. Please also make a comparisons to similar or different cultural phenomenons in Europe and/or the USA.
2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until May 25. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline June 1! Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.
- You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
- In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
- For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
- Add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). 翻译基础 [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu`靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. 智库时代 Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
- Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
- Please add a "Questions" section.
- Please add a "Answers" section.
This is the the first page with the final exam papers.
Please write another chapter of the textbook on any cultural phenomenon in China.
Guō Yàbō 郭亚波
Introduction
Kite flying has a long history in China, and it has been a long-standing sport to this day. Kites can be seen flying in parks, squares and open grasslands, and the various shapes of kites are spectacular, adding much fun to people's leisure time. At the same time, as a traditional national sport, kite flying is deeply imprinted with Chinese culture, fully expressing people's beautiful aspirations and fitness interests, and rich in national characteristics and local flavor. As a kind of folklore, kite flying is a kind of game and recreational activity for the purpose of leisure and physical and mental conditioning, so that people can rest after their work and benefit their physical fitness, mental and emotional, creativity and moral sense. (Ma Chenjun, Zhao Fangke) the origin and development of kite As the only country in the world with an unbroken civilization, China's long history and cultural the splendor of its culture is unparalleled. As an integral part of ancient Chinese civilization, China is also the home of kites. In his History of Chinese Science and Technology, the famous modern Chinese historian Joseph Lee listed kites as one of the important scientific inventions of the Chinese people to mankind.
Invented by Mozi
According to some researches, the earliest kites in China were made of wood. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, Mo Zhai (478-392 B.C.), the founder of the mohism, took three years to make a bird out of wood and flew it into the sky for one day before it landed. This "wooden kite" made by Mozi is said to be the earliest kite in China and the earliest kite in the world, with a history of more than 2000 years. However, some people have questioned the ability of the kite to fly. Wang Chong's assertion is representative of the research on kites throughout the ages, as he first recognized the ability of the kite to fly, and then questioned whether it can last for three days. In addition, some people questioned whether the bird out of wood and the kite were the same flying machine. They argue that the kite is a "wing-fluttering vehicle", which means that it flies by flapping its wings and beating the air. Kites, on the other hand, are "fixed-wing vehicles". However, there is little evidence for these speculations. So to this day, it is still the mainstream view that kites were invented by the Mohists.
Originated from war
According to this view, kites originated in the late Han Dynasty. This view is based on the legend that Han Xin made kites in history. In the description of the kite in the eighth volume of Gao Cheng's The Chronicle of Things, Hanxin used kite to measure the length of a field in a war. In addition, according to Studio Miscellaneous Records, Han Xin made various kites out of cowhide and had musicians sit on them to fly over the Chu army and play Chu songs to try to make them miss their hometown and not be interested in fighting. In ancient times, there were many wars due to the change of dynasties and foreign invasions, and kites, as a kind of flying apparatus, were favored by the war. Although the origin of kites in war is debatable, it is still justified.
Originated from entertainment
Kite flying as a folk game and entertainment is an important part of folklore activities. In ancient times, people first flew kites to let go of bad luck and it was an outdoor activity with witchcraft meaning, and it was not for entertaining. Once the game was a cultural necessity to regulate social life, it was born with an entertainment meaning. Entertainment is one of the prerequisites for the emergence of kite flying. Kite flying not only adds interest to people's life, but also makes people's educational activities effective and enhanced in a pleasant situation. In the biography of Li Ye in the Records of the Five Dynasties, there is a record of the history of the Emperor and other people guessing riddles and flying kites in the palace. In addition, Li Ye made a paper kite game in the palace and made a flute out of bamboo and tied it to the head of the paper kite. When it flew in the air, with the wind springing up, it sounded like that someone is playing Chinese zither, thus the name "kite" was given. It can be seen that kites originated from the leisure activities of ancient people. (Ma Chenjun, Zhao Fangke)
The use and production of kite
The use of kite
Initially, kites were often used as military tools to spread messages and measure the wind direction in the sky. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu Ban "made wooden kite to spy on Song city". In the Tang Dynasty, kites played a prominent role in entertainment and became popular at the court and among the people. Due to the frequent communication with foreign countries in the Tang Dynasty, kites were also introduced to neighboring countries such as Korea and Japan. In the following dynasties, people took kite flying as one of the main means of physical exercise.
The production of kite
The traditional Chinese kite flying skills are summarized in four words: tying, gluing, painting and flying, namely, tying the frame, gluing the paper, painting the flowers and flying the kite. Tying includes declaring, splitting, bending, cutting and joining. Gluing includes selecting, cutting, gluing, edging and schooling. Gluing includes selecting, cutting, edging and revising. Painting includes coloring, base, tracing, dyeing and repairing. Flying includes wind, line, release, adjustment and collection. In May 2006, kite making skills were listed in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage. (Duan Meilin)
The types of kite
Fighter kite
Fighter kites are kites used for the sport of kite fighting. Traditionally most are small, unstable single line flat kites where line tension alone is used for control, and an abrasive line is used to cut down the string of other kites.
Indoor kite
Indoor kites are kites designed to fly in a windless environment. While principally designed for indoor use, they can also be flown outdoors when insufficient wind would render conventional kite-flying impossible. They are flown by using the relative wind provided by the motion of the kite-flier. This motion is typically generated by the user walking slowly backwards (and often within a circle), but it can also be achieved with suitable pulls and jerks along the kite lines.
Man-lifting kite
A man-lifting kite is a kite designed to lift a person from the ground. Historically, man-lifting kites have been used chiefly for reconnaissance and entertainment. Interest in their development declined with the advent of powered flight at the beginning of the 20th century.
Inflatable single-line kite
An inflatable single-line kite is a ram-air kite. Balloon kites are inflatable kites. Kites sometimes combine ram-air inflation as well as closed-bladder inflation. The shape is loosely derived from an airfoil with air inlets usually at the front, and a bridle which distributes the tether line loads evenly across the whole base of the kite. These kites have no rigid spars. As with hot air balloons, artistic creativity is often applied, so that fish, cats, and many other animals and characters are depicted.( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite)
References
[1]Ma Chenjun, Zhao Fangke麻晨俊,赵方珂.(2011).风筝运动源与流[The Origin and Development of the Kite Sport]. [2]Duan Meilin段美玲.(2014).风筝史料考略[A Brief History of Kite]. [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite
Terms and Expressions
History of Chinese Science and Technology 《中国科学技术史》 the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period 春秋战国时期 mohism 墨家学说 wing-fluttering vehicle 扑翼飞行器 fixed-wing vehicles 定翼飞行器 The Chronicle of Things 《事物纪原》 Records of the Five Dynasties 《五代史记》 paper kite 纸鸢 Chinese zither 古筝 tying 扎 gluing 糊 painting 绘 flying 放 indoor kite 室内风筝 man-lifting kite 载人风筝 inflatable single-line kite 充气单线风筝 balloon kites 气球风筝
Questions
1.How kite got its name? 2.What are the four words of the kite flying skills of the traditional Chinese kite? 3.What are the types of kite?
Answers
1.By the sound it makes when it is flying in the sky. 2.Tying, gluing, painting and flying. 3.Fighter kite, indoor kite, man-lifting kite, inflatable single-line kite.
Huáng Fāngfāng 黄芳芳 Crying marriage of Tujia
Introduction
Many ethnic groups in our country have the custom of crying marriage, such as the Yao people and the Miao people in western Hunan, the Yi people in Liangshan, Sichuan, and the Tujia people in western Hubei and western Hunan. When women get married, they all have the ceremony of crying marriage. Among them, Tujia women's crying marriage has the greatest influence, and their crying words are the most abundant and well preserved. In 2005, Tujia wedding laments in Hubei province was identified as one of the first key folk culture protection objects in China. （P126 Contemporary Tujia women marriage changes Yin Danping ）
Many Tujia girls learn to cry to marry or learn to participate in crying marriage at an early age, learning how to make crying marriage songful and affecting. It is customary for Tujia girls to cry every night in the first month or half a month before they get married. And they cry for 3-7 consecutive nights before the eve of going out for marriage. When the bride cries for marriage, all the sisters in the village cry for each other. The climax of crying marriage is during the very night before getting married and the next day on the sedan chair. （P149 Chinese Tujia Peng Wulin）
Origins of crying marriage
First, according to a legend, a Tujia girl was sent into a Han family as a daughter-in-law in ancient times. She was crying and her families also were crying and comforting her. Second, a Tujia girl quarreled with her brothers and sisters about the distribution of the family property and began to cry on the eve of her marriage. （P171 Tujia Wedding Custom and Wedding Song Chen Tingliang & Peng Nanjun） Third, as a special form of farewell, the crying marriage of Tujia girls replaces speech with wedding laments, which have national characteristics and are not sad and mournful.（P172 Tujia Wedding Custom and Wedding Song Chen Tingliang & Peng Nanjun）
Reasons for crying marriage
For themselves
As individuals in the society, Tujia women's status is relatively low. The arranged marriage made by their parents undoubtedly deepens their dilemma of having no autonomy. In the grand premise, when she is in the entertainment hall, she mainly weeps about her sad fate. The other singers are women, some of them are coming out, and some of them are young girls who are about to meet the same fate. Therefore, They could not help sympathizing with each other when they sigh with sadness for their fates.（P193 Musical Characteristics and Social Meaning of the Tujia Wedding Laments Yu Yongyu）
For the society
In addition to the function of satisfying the singer's self-expression and adjusting psychological activities, wedding laments can further consolidate the relationship between the singer and the ethnic group. It also can further consolidate the social status of the individual. Various social functions include: To consolidate ethics: if a Tujia daughter does not cry when she gets married, it shows that she has no filial piety or attachment to her parents.（P198 Musical Characteristics and Social Meaning of the Tujia Wedding Laments Yu Yongyu） To evaluate talent: crying to marry is also a measure of a woman's ability. To strengthen collective consciousness: during the marriage ceremony, women walk together spontaneously, complain bitterly about their divorce, and express dissatisfaction with the system of arranged marriage.Women's everyday feelings of unhappy life, expressed through crying, arouse the collective resistance consciousness and give a certain social significance to the collective behavior of crying marriage.（P199 Musical Characteristics and Social Meaning of the Tujia Wedding Laments Yu Yongyu）
For religion
Tujia people see crying marriage as an effective tool to deceive evil spirits and protect the peace of the family house, also as a sign of respect for the ancestors. In the legends of Tujia, there are many evil spirits in the mountains, and they always come to disturb every happy event. In order to ensure safety, the bride pretends to be sad so that the evil spirits will not be aware of the happy event and the happy event will go on smoothly.（P201 Musical Characteristics and Social Meaning of the Tujia Wedding Laments Yu Yongyu）
Relations between Wedding laments and Tujia's music culture
First, the content of wedding laments mostly expresses brides’ feelings of being parted from their relatives and their worries about the future prospects. Even though bride and groom meet before marriage, they don’t know each other very well. The whole marriage system still has the mark of blind marriage left over from the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, there are some reasons for brides to get married in tears.Second, wedding laments always are improvised with concise music structure and vivid lyrics. Wedding laments contain three elements: crying, song and language, which rise and fall with the change of mood. Its creation and expression are natural, sincere and appealing. Tujia people are used to express their ideas by singing impromptu songs, so wedding laments are in the same line with the characteristics of Tujia folk songs and music culture.Third, wedding laments are actually linked to ceremonies. In the process of ceremonies, the bride will cry and sing according to the content of ceremonies and the identity of the participants, and so does the duet. The combination of the ceremony and wedding laments is flexible and structured. For example, in the same ceremony, the general idea of the lyrics is the same, but the details of the lyrics are arranged by the singer at will, which is mainly controlled by the crying singer without fixed length and time limit. Similar musical phenomena also appear in other Tujia ritual songs.（P225 Musical Characteristics and Social Meaning of the Tujia Wedding Laments Yu Yongyu）
Terms and Expressions
Yao 瑶族
Miao 苗族
Yi 彝族
Tujia 土家族
crying marriage 哭嫁
wedding laments 哭嫁歌
sedan chair 轿子
Han 汉族
For themselves 对己（心理功能）
For the society 对人（社会功能）
For religion 对灵（宗教功能）
References
［1］Musical Characteristics and Social Meaning of the Tujia Wedding Laments 土家族哭嫁歌之音乐特征与社会涵义 Yu Yongyu 余咏宇
［2］Tujia Wedding Custom and Wedding Song 土家族婚俗与婚礼歌 Chen Tingliang & Peng Nanjun 陈廷亮、彭南均
［3］Chinese Tujia 中国土家族 Peng Wulin 彭武麟
［4］Contemporary Tujia women marriage changes 当代土家族女性婚姻变迁 Yin Danping 尹旦萍
Questions
1. Which ethnic groups in our country have the custom of crying marriage?
2. When was Tujia wedding laments in Hubei province identified as one of the first key folk culture protection objects in China?
3. What are origins of crying marriage?
4. Why did crying marriage emerged?
5. How does Tujia music culture show in wedding laments?
Huáng Lìpèi 黄沥霈 Modern Chinese Education System
Modern Education System
Starting from the late Qing dynasty, to the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 to the reform and opening-up policy in 1978, till today, China’s modern education reform and development has lasted for over a hundred years and has made huge progress and achievements. China has established a modern education system, one of the largest in the world, with its own Chinese characteristics.（Lijia Guo, et al., 2019）
The basic educational system adopted in China is a school education system including pre-school education, primary education, secondary education, and higher education. In 1986, according to the Compulsory Education Law of the People’s Republic of China, a nine-year free and compulsory education is implemented by the state making universal education mandatory for all school-age children and adolescents with Chinese Nationality. However, there is some variation between jurisdictions with a tiny number of them having a 5+4 rather than a 6+3 structure.（Lijia Guo, et al., 2019）
Pre-school Education
Children usually enroll in pre-school at age two or three, and leave pre-school at the age of six in China. Pre-school education is available for children from the age of two onwards. It serves two functions: early education and childcare.The educational activities conducted in kindergartens constitute a systematic, purposeful and multi-faceted process of education conductive to lively, invigorating and sound development of children. With playing games as the main part of educational activities in kindergartens, a good environment should be created conducive to the education with conditions and opportunities offered to children to live and display expressiveness. (Pre-school Education in China, n.d.)
Primary Education
At the age of six(seven in some areas), children begin primary school education. In China, primary school education is compulsory and it lasts 6 years. The most common language of instruction in elementary schools is Mandarin, the main official language of China. In some regions where the majority of students are ethnic minorities, instruction is offered in both Mandarin and the dominant local language.A typical school year is comprised of two semesters and usually starts in September and lasts about 9 months. Students attend classes five days a week and the curriculum that included nine compulsory courses such as Chinese, Mathematics, Social Studies, PE (physical education), Music, Art, Science, Political Education and Labor Skills with a foreign language as an elective. In order to graduate, all students are required to pass graduation examinations in the subjects of Chinese and Mathematics, along with meeting physical education standards. The examinations are normally designed and administered by schools with guidance from local educational authorities. Students move on to 3-year junior secondary schools after graduating from primary schools. (Education System in China, n.d.)
Secondary Education
Between the ages of 12 and 18, children attend middle school in China. Secondary schools include junior and senior high schools, each of them three-years-long. The latter is divided into general senior high schools, vocational high schools and special high schools. After completing junior middle school students can choose whether they want to attend a regular senior middle school, a vocational school, or a professional school. (Education in China, 2020)
Terms
Questions
References
Huáng Xiàolán 黄笑兰 Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera)
Text
Introduction
Flower-drum opera (Huagu Opera) is the general term for "flower-drum" in various local small plays in China, which is mainly spread in Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Zhejiang, and other places. It is one of the opera drams developed on the basis of folk songs, minors, labor chants, and various local flower-drums (including flower-drum beaten, field flower-drum — flower-drum lantern).
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Fan Wenruo's legendary works described the drama scene of singing the flower-drum, showing the original appearance of this art form. In the course of practice, it drew on the performance mode of local dramas, absorbed various artistic factors, and eventually developed into an independent local opera genre.
Hunan flower-drum opera is sung in Hunan dialect, with a total of 123 traditional repertoires. It is popular in central Hunan, eastern Hunan, and Dongting Lake areas.
Origin and Development
The origin of Hunan flower-drum Opera can be traced back to the recreational folk entertainment song and dance performances that appeared in Qing Dynasty. The County Annals of Liuyang, published during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, recorded the early Hunan flower-drum opera. People sang and danced in their spare time to relieve fatigue. The main sings are folk minor tunes and brand tunes. Over time, the early flower-drum gradually developed into a professional or semi-professional song and dance show with audiences and actors. During the reign of Guangxu, this kind of small singing and dancing troupe often held some seasonal performances in the countryside, and then the field flower-drum was called the "flower-drum opera" by convention. (Zeng Dingling, 2020, 14)
From different perspectives, the development of Hunan flower-drum opera has different stages.
First, from the perspective of the development of vocal tunes, it has gone through the stages of folk song, lantern tune, fixed-melody, opera-like Daluo (playing gong), and Sichuan tune to the confluence of various tunes. (Yin Bokang, 1997, 61)
Second, from the perspective of its role of business, it has experienced three stages of development from "two young"(young Chou and young Dan), "three young" (two young plus young Sheng) to "multi-role". The multi-role system is formed on the basis of the "three young" by adding the role of Sheng, Jing, etc. Between Tongzhi and Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, with Sheng, Dan, Jing, and Chou, the multi-role system was complete then, and repertoires expanded to large whole plays. (Yin Bokang, 1997, 61)
The third is from the perspective of the organizational form of the classes. There have been three kinds of classes: seasonal classes, professional classes, and half-stage classes. The seasonal class is a semi-professional opera troupe. Actors performed during the slack season since they were busy farming in harvest time. It was popular before the Xianfeng period in the Qing dynasty. The professional class is a kind of professional opera troupe, also known as four seasons class, which performs all year round. It has a fixed leader, outfits, and relatively stable cast members. It was formed in the late Xianfeng period. Half-stage class is a special form during the period from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China. (Yin Bokang, 1997, 62) At that time, Hunan flower-drum opera was repeatedly banned as it was regarded as a lewd play by the governor. Actors were often caught in a prison and paraded through the street, and their gongs and drums were thrown and boxes were destroyed. (Zhu Yongbei, 2014, 41) Thus, they adopted the "yin and yang troupes" performance method, that is, during the day, they performed officially recognized big dramas — Han opera, Hunan opera, etc., and at night, they secretly performed the official banned drama — flower-drum opera. That formed the half-stage classes. It was the artists who used this way of performance to deal with the old society, old concepts, and old systems ingeniously that made the Hunan flower-drum opera preserved. (Zeng Dingling, 2020, 14)
Aria Melody
The tunes of Hunan flower-drum opera are divided into three kinds including Sichuan tune, Daluo(playing gong), and minor. The former two kinds are called "Positive tone", which has a fixed pattern tune and rhythm features. And the latter kind of tune whose rhythm, mode were changed greatly and maintained the original folk song structure. The interlude music and the melody in Hunan flower-drum opera are derived from folk songs and classical tunes. (Zhu Yongbei, 2014, 44)
Daluo is a tune formed to the period of transition, one sings and others chorus, and responding with gongs, no supporting of the orchestra, all of these are the remarkable features. The basic structure of Daluo is a combination of cavity and flow, it is usually composed of the source cavity, counted beats speech, and the closed cavity. (Zhu Yongbei, 2014, 44)
Sichuan tune is an aria form accompanied by Daidong and suona, with its various tunes, different colors. The echoing two sentences are composed of upper and lower sentence aria and upper and lower sentences interlude. (Zhu Yongbei, 2014, 45)
Folk minor is one of the main melodies of field flower-drums, which are divided into three kinds including field flower-drums, local folk songs, and silk string minors. Field flower-drum has a strong melody, and the quality of song and dance is strong. Local folk songs are "The Song of Women and Children", which has local flavor extremely, lively and vivid, bright and relaxed. Silk string minors come from a generation of Jiangnan folk songs and folk tunes, which have wonderfully melodic, and the quality of the singing is powerful. (Zhu Yongbei, 2014, 46)
Main Schools and Famous Repertoires
Hunan flower-drum opera is divided into 6 art schools including Changsha, Yueyang, Shaoyang, Hengyang, Changde, and Yongzhou. These six schools have their own characteristics in terms of stage language, melody types, performance forms, and repertoire content, and they are also interconnected. (Zeng Dingling, 2020, 14)
Hunan flower-drum opera has many famous repertoires, such as Woodcutter Liuhai, Play Tam-tam, Tinker a Pan, and so on.
References
- Zeng Dingling 曾丁玲. (2020). 浅谈湖南花鼓戏的艺术流派 [On the art schools of Hunan flower-drum opera]. 戏剧之家 Home Drama (21) 14-15
- Yin Bokang 尹伯康. (1997). 湖南戏剧史纲 [The Outline of Hunan Flower-drum Opera History]. Changsha: Hunan Literature and Art Publishing House 湖南文艺出版社
- Zhu Yongbei 朱永北. (2014). 非遗保护与湖南花鼓戏研究 [Study on Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection and Hunan Flower-drum Opera]. Suzhou: Soochow University Press 苏州大学出版社
Terms and Expressions
Flower-drum opera 花鼓戏
flower-drum beaten 打花鼓
field flower-drum 地花鼓
flower-drum lantern 花鼓灯
The County Annals of Liuyang 《浏阳县志》
lantern tune 灯调
fixed-melody 曲牌（牌子）
Daluo (playing gong) 打锣腔
Sichuan tune 川调
role of business 角色行当
"two young" “二小”
young Chou 小丑
young Dan 小旦
"three young" “三小”
young Sheng 小生
"multi-role" 多行当
Jing 净
large whole play 大本戏
"yin and yang troupes" “阴阳班子”
Positive tone 正调
the source cavity 发腔
counted beats speech 数板
the closed cavity 收腔
Daidong 大筒
suona 唢呐
silk string minors 丝弦小调
Woodcutter Liuhai 《刘海砍樵》
Play Tam-tam 《打铜锣》
Tinker a Pan 《补锅》
Questions
1.What did flower-drum opera develop from?
2.When can Hunan flower-drum opera be traced back to?
3.What development stages Hunan flower-drum opera has gone through from the perspective of vocal tunes?
4.Why did Hunan flower-drum opera was repeatedly banned during the period from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China?
5.What tunes does Hunan flower-drum opera consist of?
6.How many art schools is Hunan flower-drum opera divided into?
Answers
1.Flower-drum opera developed on the basis of folk songs, minors, labor chants, and various local flower-drums.
2.Qing Dynasty.
3.It has gone through the stages of folk song, lantern tune, fixed-melody, opera-like Daluo (playing gong), and Sichuan tune to the confluence of various tunes.
4.Because it was regarded as a lewd play by the governor.
5.Sichuan tune, Daluo(playing gong), and minor.
6. 6
Huáng Zǐlóng 黄梓龙 Breakfast Culture of Wuhan
Introduction
Wuhan is a major transportation hub, one which connects both northern and southern China. The dishes in Wuhan are a unique combination of northern and southern culinary styles. A lot of Wuhan's specialties are snacks, particularly breakfast snacks; these emerged with the dock culture, which came about as the city's transport-related commerce developed. The taste of the local dishes is simple yet strong, much like the character of the local people.(Wuhan: a city of breakfast snacks)
In the central Chinese city of Wuhan,it's said that residents can eat a different breakfast every day for at least a month.Actually, this is really an understatement:a 1984 book called Wuhan Snacks lists 190 dishes that have almost all been served as breakfast.Indeed,before its name became inextricably linked with the 2019 coronavirus outbreak,the Hubei provincial capital was chiefly renowned for being China's Breakfast Capital.（Tan Yunfei,2020)
In Wuhan,having breakfast is called guozao. The phrase was first recorded in Poet Ye Tiaoyuan's anthology The Hankou Zhuzhi Poems in 1850,"Aping the rich families, common woman rise from their beds in the morning.Before combing their hair, they eat breakfast，swallowing glutinous rice cakes and fried dumplings."(小家妇女学豪门，睡到晨时醒梦魂；且慢梳头先过早，糍粑油饺一齐吞。)(Tan Yunfei,2020)
Eating breakfast in Wuhan is convenient, and there are many options for people to choose from. Fried bread sticks,fried rice buns,steamed dumplings with or without minced meat, bean pies, hot-and-dry noodles, rice noodles with beef, sautéed noodles with minced meat, bean stripes, wontons, and sweet dumplings are just a few of the great breakfast snacks available in Wuhan. (Wuhan: a city of breakfast snacks)
Specialities
Hot Dry Noodles
Reganmian, or more commonly hot dry noodles, is a traditional Chinese dish originating from Wuhan, the capital of the Chinese Hubei province. It is one of the five most common and popular noodle dishes in China. The noodles in reganmian are cooked in a mixture of water and sesame oil, cooled, tossed and warmed in the same mixture right before serving.
The process results in a delicious serving of noodles which are coated with a strong sesame flavor. The dish is sold by numerous street vendors across the city, who sell it from the early morning until late in the evening. Additional ingredients and garnishes vary among the vendors, who use different elements such as peanut or sesame oil, soy sauce, and chili to create their signature reganmian.
Although commonly regarded as a breakfast dish, it can also be eaten as an afternoon snack or a light dinner. This inexpensive and simple dish has been a 50-year-old tradition in Wuhan and is still considered to be the most popular dish in the area.
Bean Pies
Bean Pies are breakfast dishes from the city of Wuhan in Hubei province. It is often sold as a street snack. Stuffed between the top and bottom layer is a filling made from rice, and usually no more than three extra ingredients - typically pork, mushrooms, and bamboo shoots.
The layers are either tofu skins or pancake lookalikes consisting of mung beans, flour, milk, and eggs. Once assembled, doupi is pan-fried until golden, cut up into small pieces, then sprinkled with chopped scallions and served in small bowls.
The invention of the dish in 1931 (which was only an improvement of the pre-existing one) is a credit of a local chef who later opened his own restaurant. Often titled as san xian doupi, this delicious dish is sold in almost every Chinese city.
Steps to make a bean pie(Tan Yunfei,2020): 1.Soak the rice in water for at least eight hours.Steam it for 25 minutes and keep it warm 2.Soak the shiitake in hot water for 10 minutes 3.Chop the pork,shiitake,dried tofu,bamboo shoots,and leek,and mince the ginger 4.Boil the bamboo shoots in 300ml of water for five minutes,then remove and drip-dry 5.Heat 6ml of oil in the wok,fry the ginger till aromatic,then add and fry the pork until it changes color 6.Add the dried tofu,shiitake,and bamboo shoots,and fry 7.Add all the condiments and 100ml of water.After the water boils,cook over a low heat for 20 minutes 8.Mix the flour with 150ml of water into a liquid batter,and beat the eggs 9.Heat a pan over low heat,brush 2ml of oil over the pan, then add the batter and spread it evenly 10.As the pancake becomes half-solid,brush the egg over it,and flip over when the egg turns solid 11.Press the rice and other fillings evenly onto the pancake,wrap the edges over the side, and flip over 12.Fry the side with the fillings over high heat for one minute, and sprinkle the chopped leek on top 13.Cut the pancake into small squares and serve
Bean Noodles
Shortly after winter starts, bean noodles begin to appear in local markets. These tasty noodles are a southern specialty. Only a few southern provinces, namely Hubei, Hunan, and Anhui, make them. Bean noodles have long been produced in Huangpi District.(Bean noodles)
Bean noodles are made from ground rice and green beans. The noodles have a unique scent and a firm texture. Letting the rice and green beans absorb water makes it easy to smash them into batter. The next step is to prepare a bean noodle sheet. The process is similar to that required to make crepes. The chef should pour the batter onto a pan, and the batter should fill the pan. When pouring the batter onto the pan, the chef should move the batter in a circular motion in order to help the batter spread outwards from the center. Then, the batter should be cooked. Once the batter becomes solid and turns brown, it can be removed from the pan. Most people like to make bean noodles by stir frying them with preserved meat. The bean noodles absorb the gravy, creating a moist and flavorful taste. As preserved meat is usually available in winter, bean noodles are considered a winter dish.(Bean noodles)
Bean noodles can be served as wraps. Some restaurants use the sheet to wrap meat and veggies, and in some cases vermicelli. Another winter favorite is bean noodle soup. Seasoned, sun-dried bean noodle soup with peppers can warm you up on a cold winter day. Bean noodles can be purchased in traditional markets and standard supermarkets. Bean noodle dishes are also served at most local restaurants during winter. (Bean noodles)
Cultural Background
Geographic Reasons
When it comes to the food culture of a region, the analysis of its geographical factors is indispensable.Located in the Yangtze River Basin in the vast impact plain, the climate of Wuhan is warm and humid monsoon climate.Such an advantaged geographical environment provides with suitable conditions for the growth of crops.It is just because of such superior climate conditions that Chu residents have less to worry about whether they can have enough food compared to other residents, and it also gives Chu residents more leisure time to enrich their own dishes, which lays the foundation for the emergence of various cuisines in Chu. At the same time, the staple food in Chu is rice rather than wheat, which also explains why the Wuhan snacks we eat now, such as bean skin, noodle nests, rice baba and so on, are all based on rice.(Jiang Wenling,2019)
Ancient Recordation
About the food culture of Chu, the most recorded should be the Ci of Chu.The origin and characteristics of Chu food in the Ci of Chu, from the royal officials and nobles to the common people all have some collection. Chu Ci · Souls recorded many kinds of famous food in Chu, including staple food, dishes, fine snacks, drinks and so on. From this food list, we can see that the food of Chu at that time had abundant raw materials and varied cooking methods and seasoning methods.It vividly reflects the food style and characteristics of Hubei region at that time, shows the achievements of the art of Hubei cuisine in the pre-Qin period, and fully shows that the Hubei cuisine with the flavor of Chu has already taken its embryonic form in the pre-Qin period.(Jiang Wenling,2019)
Historical Reasons
In the 19th century, Wuhan was once reduced to leasing land. Under the influence of the introduction of western science and technology, many processing plants were gradually organized by the government and the people, especially the light industry, in which the flour mill developed best.During the golden ten years in the Republic of China era, the flour processing and manufacturing industry was further developed in the light of the advantageous location of Wuhan, which led to the increasing proportion of flour food in the food of Wuhan.(Jiang Wenling,2019)
Population Composition
Some scholars have made a detailed description of the population migration in Hubei, which is also involved in the General History of Hubei by Zhang Kai-yuan.From these studies, we can see the immigration status of Hubei from the Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, that is, the immigration from the Qin Dynasty to the Song and Yuan Dynasties. In addition to the government's mandatory immigration, there were also independent immigrants in need of survival and development. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the migration was mainly out of Hubei.From this, we can see that the population composition of Hubei has been very complex since ancient times and the mobility of people is very strong, which has brought about an impact on the local diet, that is, the local diet and the foreign diet are integrated and developed together.Therefore, we can safely assume that the original food of Hubei does not exist from the theoretical level. It is through the continuous absorption of foreign food that Hubei's food culture system with Hubei's characteristics has been established.(Jiang Wenling,2019)
Terms
bread sticks 油条
fried rice buns 面窝
bean pies 豆皮
rice noodles with beef 牛肉米粉
sautéed noodles with minced meat 炸酱面
bean stripes 豆丝
wonton 馄饨
sweet dumplings 汤圆
The Hankou Zhuzhi Poems 《汉口竹枝词》
bamboo shoot 竹笋
Chu Ci · Souls 《楚辞·招魂》
General History of Hubei 《湖北通史》
Questions
1.What are the three major specialities of the breakfast of Wuhan?
2.What recorded most about the food culture of Wuhan?
3.How many dishes are there served as breakfast in Wuhan?
4.How many steps are needed to make a bean pie?
5.When was the flour processing and manufacturing industry further developed?
Answers
1.Hot dry noodles, bean pies, and bean noodles.
2.Ci of Chu
3.190
4.13
5.During the golden ten years in the Republic of China era
References
[1] Tan Yunfei. 谭云飞.(2020).三鲜豆皮里藏着武汉人“过早”的精髓 ["Tofu Skin" Shows off the Best of the City's Eclectic Breakfast Culture with Every Multi-layered Bite].英语世界(英文版).[The World of Chinese(English Edition)].(02),72-73+5;
[2] Jiang Wenling. 姜汶伶.(2019).从历史维度看武汉四大小吃历史发展与文创策略 [From the historical dimension of Wuhan four snacks historical development and cultural and creative strategies].文学教育.[Literature Education].(06),147-149;
[3] 武汉：早餐之城 [Wuhan: a city of breakfast snacks].长江周刊.[Changjiang Weekly].(2016.3.16).;
[4] 豆丝[Bean noodles].长江周刊.[Changjiang Weekly].(2016.1.21).;