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陈静 Chén Jìng 国别 女 202020080595
由于八旗官学中向来有习清书、习汉书之分的传统,礼部遂奏请采用不同方式,对应试者分别考试翻译或清字文,无论乡试、会试,皆是如此,而区别只在于会试时针对应试者学习语言的不同背景,各自增加了一道题量,即,习汉字者除了考试汉字文翻译,另考试文章一篇,习清文者则在乡试的基础上,增试清字文一篇。这一规定既针对八旗满洲,也针对八旗蒙古,但不针对八旗汉军,后者的考试内容与普通汉族士子相同。同时,礼部也奏请对笔帖式和他赤哈哈番、哈番(即,笔帖式哈番)参加乡、会试进行规定,其中前者参加乡试,后二者参加会试。
蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 日语语言文学 女 202120081477
上文引用的内容也出现在《雍正会典》(又称《(雍正)大清会典》),以及两部《钦定大清会典事例》(嘉庆、光绪)中,三者都明确提到停止(八旗)考试的具体时间,即顺治十四年(1657年),而且三者中都加有“按语”,进一步说明此事。其中,《雍正会典》中的说法是“此后复行考试,与汉人一体。停止翻译”,《钦定大清会典事例》中的说法则是“康熙二年(1663)谕:满洲、蒙古、汉军生员俱准乡试。此后惟翻译未经举行。”
The content quoted above also appears in the Yong Zheng canon . (also known as the (Yong Zheng) Qing Dynasty canon ) and the two cases of imperial Qing canon (Jia Qing and Guang Xu). The three all clearly mentioned the specific time to stop the (eight banners) examination, that is, the 14th year of Shun Zhi (1657), and "notes" were added to further explain the matter. Among them, the statement in the Yong Zheng canon is that "after that, the examination will be resumed and integrate with the Han people.Stop translation". The statement in the case of the imperial Qing canon is that "in the second year of Kang Xi (1663), the Manchurian, Mongolian and Han Army students will be allowed to take the provincial examination. Since then, only the translation has not been held."
--Cai Zhufeng (talk) 02:20, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 日语语言文学 女 202120081478
(允禄等,1995:4619-4620;托津等,1991:2659-2662;昆冈等,1963:657)从《雍正会典》的记载及其“按语”看,至少可以推导出两点:其一,八旗科举考试始于顺治十四年前,但十四年即停办;其二,顺治十四年前,翻译科便已存在。顺治十四年以后,八旗科举考试得以恢复,但翻译科举仍被停止。
陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081479
《雍正会典》中的这一记载与两部《钦定大清会典事例》中的说法如出一辙,后二者也将顺治八年的八旗科举考试视作翻译科的第一事例。而且,三种文献均提到了停办翻译科的事,即“停止翻译”和“此后惟翻译未经举行”。固然,无论是天聪八年的八旗乡试,还是顺治八年礼部研议的八旗科举,二者皆与翻译考试有关,但就性质与意义而言,它们都不是翻译科之缘起。
陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081480
《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》和《八旗通志·初集》中,均将顺治八年的旗人考试称为“八旗科举”或“八旗考试”,而没有将其称作“翻译科举”或“翻译考试”,由此可知二者之区别。《钦定八旗通志》中,虽然用了“翻译考试”或“考试翻译”等字眼描述顺治时期的八旗科举,并将其视作翻译科举之源,且《清实录·圣祖仁皇帝实录》中也有康熙二年“复行满洲、蒙古、汉军翻译乡试”的记载,但上述记录实为误记的可能性较大,不排除系实录馆馆臣或编纂者依据雍正年间的情形误植所致。(叶高树,2013:52)
In Veritable Records of Qing Dynasty ·Veritable Records of Shunzhi Emperor and The General Annals of the Eight Banners , in stead of "translation imperial examination" or "translation exam", Qi's selection in 1651 were all called "Eight Banners imperial examination" or "Eight Banners exam", which showed the difference between those two exams.In The General Annals of the Eight Banners Dedicated to the Emperor,though “translation examination” and “test for translation ability” were used to describe Eight Banners imperial examination during Shunzhi's period and researchers took it as the origin of translation imperial examination as well as a record in Veritable Records of Qing Dynasty ·Veritable Records of Kangxi Emperor of reinstating translation exam in rural areas of Man,Meng and Han places in 1662. But it is possibly wrong information and can not exclude the situation that officials were mistaken by records of Yongzheng Emperor.--Chen Xiangqiong (talk) 07:49, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学 女 202120081481
有清一代,以“翻译”之名选拔八旗士子的科目很多,如庶吉士、翻译庶吉士、笔帖式等,但这些考试属于各部院衙门自行选用人才的方式,均未形成独立建制,与文科举并行。所谓顺治时期八旗考试中的“翻译考试”或“考试翻译”,也只是一种考试的内容或形式,并非是一种科考制度。
三、《八旗通志》等关于翻译科创建时间的订正。
In Qing dynasty, there were many subjects to select scholars of the eight banners in the name of "translation", such as the Hanlin Bachelor, Hanlin Bachelor of translation, and Clerk etc. But these examinations belonged to the various ministries and agencies to choose their own way of talent, had not formed an independent establishment. They were held in parallel with arts. The so-called eight banners in the Shunzhi period examination "translation examination" or "examination of translation" was only a test content or form, not a system of the imperial civil examination. Third, The General Annals of the Eight Banners and other revisions on the creation of the examination of translation. --Chen Xinyi (talk) 07:06, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081482
如前所述,天聪八年的八旗考试虽然有着不同类型之分,如满洲习满书、满洲习汉书等,本质上却是“语文测验”,而非翻译科考。同理,顺治八年的八旗科举虽然包含翻译考试的项目,但所谓翻译考试也只是八旗文科举的附设环节,尚未独立成科。凡此二者,皆与雍正元年研拟并于翌年首次开科,且具有独立、自主的制度设计的翻译科明显不同。
丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081483
《雍正会典》与两部《钦定大清会典事例》中,关于翻译科创设的说法不仅与《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》冲突,也与《八旗通志》等存在较大出入。《八旗通志》和《钦定八旗通志》中,也将顺治八年、十一年两榜满、蒙举人和进士,归于“文举人”和“文进士”之列,而不是“翻译举人”和“翻译进士”之列,并把首科翻译举人归为雍正二年甲辰科,而将首科翻译进士归为乾隆四年己未科。(鄂尔泰等,1985:3393-3396、3419-3422;铁保等,1968:811-813、828-830)
The record of the foundation of translation subject in Record of Laws and System of Yongzheng Dynasty and Authorized Record of Laws and System of Qing Dynasty is in conflict with even largely different from that in Qing Record and Record of Shi Zuzhang Emperor and Eight Banners Annals. In Eight Banners Annals and Authorized Eight Banners Annals, two lists of Manchu and Mongolian candidates in the imperial examinations at the provincial level and the highest imperial examinations were enrolled to the field of literature rather than translation in the eighth and eleventh years of Shunzhi emperor. Besides, the translation candidates from provincial level of the initial subject were enrolled to Jiachen subject in the second year of Yongzheng emperor and the translation candidates in the highest imperial examinations were distributed to Jiwei subject in the fourth year of Qianlong emperor. (Ertai etc, 1985: 3393-3396、3419-3422;Tie Bao etc,1968:811-813、828-830)--Ding Xuan (talk) 09:58, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
杜莉娜 Dù Lìnà英语语言文学(语言学) 女 202120081484
显然,在《八旗通志》和《钦定八旗通志》的编纂者看来,顺治八年、十一年的两科举人与进士均不是出自翻译科举,而是出自八旗文科举。从清代进士题名碑的情况看,也可知翻译科并非始设于顺治年间。例如,在由北京图书馆金石组编写出版的《中国历代石刻拓本汇编》(1990)一书中,收录了顺治九年、十二年两榜进士的题名碑,但题名碑的书写与文进士题名碑并无不同,碑头和碑文中都没有出现“翻译”字样。
Obviously, in the opinions of editors of The General Annals of the Eight Banners and The General Annals of the Eight Banners Dedicated to the Emperor, both Ju ren and Xiu cai of two subjects in the eighth year and eleventh year of Shunzhi were not from the imperial examinations of translation but from liberal arts. According to the name of Jin shi inscribed on the stones in Qing dynasty, the imperial examinations of translation did not start with the period of Shunzhi. For instance, edited and published by Jin Shi of National Library of China, The Collection of Stone Inscriptions and Rubbings in Past Chinese Dynasties (1990)includes the inscription stones in the ninth year and twelfth year of Shunzhi. But there is no difference in the description on the stone compared with the stone of Jin shi of liberal arts, and the word “translation” do not appear no matter in the beginning or the text.--Du Lina (talk) 06:20, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081485
而同书在处理乾隆年间的四科翻译会试(即四年己未科、十年乙丑科、十三年戊辰科,以及十六年辛未科)时,碑头和碑文中却明确标注“翻译进士”,或“翻译会试”字样。(北京图书馆金石组,1990:52、169;24、146)同样的情况也见于《国朝历科题名碑录初集》,本书中关于顺治期间两榜进士(九年壬辰科、十二年乙未科)的称呼也只是“满洲进士”,而不是“翻译进士”,而且该书收录的题名中皆为文进士,未见有翻译进士。
付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学 女 202120081486
由此可知,《雍正会典》和两部《会典事例》将顺治八年看作翻译科之起点确系误记。值得注意的是,《(康熙)大清会典》中,并没有录入“翻译科”的条目,这一点表明编纂者或许已对翻译科有了重新认识。《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》中说,顺治十四年正月,世祖降旨吏、礼、兵三部,要求“今后限年定额考取生童,乡会两试,俱着停止,各部院衙门取用人员不必分别满汉文学”,但此处诏令停办的乡、会试同样只是八旗科举文试,而不是翻译考试。
高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学 女 202120081487
(鄂尔泰等,1985:831-832)事实上,早在顺治朝以前,也曾有开科取士的情况,如天聪八年太宗皇太极命刚林、恩国泰等十六人“俱赐为举人”,崇德三年、六年又取中两榜举人,但上述三科同样并非翻译科。(铁保等,1968:780-781)毫无疑问,顺治时期的八旗科举和雍正元年初设的翻译科考之间有着渊源关系。
宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学 女 202120081488
首先,顺治朝的八旗科举与翻译科考一样,都有为旗人开设专科的倾向,只不过在前者中满洲和蒙古合为一榜,汉军与汉人合为另一榜,而翻译科考则容括了汉军。其次,就考试内容而言,顺治年间的翻译考试只针对识汉字者,翻译并非考试的全部内容,而翻译科考则主要考察应试者的翻译能力,以实现满、蒙、汉等多种语言融通。雍正朝以后,虽然历代统治者对翻译科考进行了这样或那样的调整与改革,但翻译科考的制度雏形却在顺治朝时已然形成。
何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学 女 202120081489
可以认为,顺治朝时期的翻译考试为雍正帝创设翻译科考,以及日后各朝的修订与完善,打下了良好基础。
四、《钦定国子监志》对于翻译科缘起的补正
与《八旗通志》、《钦定八旗通志》和《国朝历科题名碑录初集》等不同,清代历史文献中,也有将顺治八年、十一年两榜举人与进士称作翻译举人与翻译进士的情况。
胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学(语言学) 女 202120081490
例如,在沈廷芳辑注的《馆选录》和朱汝珍辑注的《词林辑略》中,顺治年间识汉字且通过考试翻译中式举人和进士者,往往被称为翻译举人、翻译进士。如满洲正白旗人达哈塔于顺治九年壬辰科中进士,被称为翻译进士,并分派至内院学习,正白旗人玛尔汉,则被称作“顺治甲午翻译举人”。(邹长清,2011:357)然而,据前文关于顺治年间八旗科举考试的分析可知,这样的称呼与事实不符。
黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学(语言学) 女 202120081491
顺治年间的八旗士子,无论习清语,还是习汉语,都是一体考试。只不过,对于识汉字者而言,考试中增加了翻译的环节(内容),但考试本身仍归属文科举范畴。然而,由于编纂者的误解或误记,致使讹错流传。
黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081492
如《国子监志》卷四八《金石三》中,便将顺治九年、十二年两科及第者俱称“翻译进士”:九年壬辰科,赐邹忠倚等三百九十七名及第出身题名碑,又赐翻译进士麻勒吉等五十名及第出身题名碑。以上五碑在大成门外之东南向。
黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别 男 202120081493
十二年乙未科,赐史大成等三百九十七名及第出身题名碑,又赐翻译进士图尔宸等五十名及第出身题名碑。以上五碑在大成门外之东南向。(梁国治,1986:527)《国子监志》由乾隆十三年进士梁国治奉敕纂辑,全书共六十二卷,分圣谕和御制诗文等,后者依类分载于各“志”。In the Imperial Competitive Examination in the 12th year of Emperor Shunzhi's ruling(lunar ca;endar the Year of Goat[Yi Wei], 397 members such as Shi Dacheng and 50 members of Translation Jinshi such as Tu Erchen were all given a great honor that their name will appear in the monument which only the names of Jinshi can be engraved. The above five monuments are southeast of Dacheng Gate. (Liang Guozhi, 1986:527) The Records of the Imperial Academy was compiled by Liang Guozhi under the order of Emperor Qian'long in the 13th year of his ruling. The whole book has 62 volumes, including holy edicts and emperor's-- poems. The latter is contained in various "records" according to categories.--Huang Zhuliang (talk) 07:52, 29 October 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang
金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494
按照上述记载,麻勒吉、图尔宸等都被称作翻译进士,由皇帝赐及第出身题名碑。顺治九年,朝廷决定以满、汉分科的形式开科取士,麻勒吉于同年壬辰科考取会试第一,殿试一甲第一,一甲其余二人为折库纳与巴海,俱赐进士及第出身。然而,尽管麻勒吉后来授封教习庶吉士,但其本人并非翻译进士,这一点从《题名碑录》、《进士题名碑录》以及《八旗通志》等文献中均可得到应证。 According to the above records, Maleji, Turchen etc,their were all called translator Jinshi(the successful candidates in the highest imperial examinations) and were given the birth inscription Jinshi monument by the emperor.In the 9th year of emperor Shunzhi, the imperial court decided to establish a division of Manchu and Han disciples to select scholars. In the same year, Maleji won the first place in the general examination,and the first in the imperial examination, the other two people were Zhekuna and Bahai, both of whom were given the birth inscription of Jinshi.However, although Maleji later was conferred the title of Hanlin Bachelor, he himself was not a translator Jinshi, which can be proved by many documents such as Block-printed copy of the inscribing on the stone,Block-printed copy of the inscribing of Jinshi on the stone, General Annals of Eight Banners.--Jin Xiaotong (talk) 13:52, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学(语言学) 女 202120081495
《国子监志》于乾隆四十三年奉敕纂辑,并被收入《四库全书》之后,又于道光年间经监臣李宗昉等奏请,开馆增辑刊印。道光十四年,文庆、李宗昉等完成增辑,共八十二卷,取名《钦定国子监志》。然而,与梁国治版《国子监志》不同,《钦定国子监志》中,并没有将麻勒吉和图尔宸等人称作翻译进士,这一点也许是文庆、李宗昉等编纂者基于历史事实而做出的修正
李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学(语言学) 女 202120081496
与此同时,该书在乾隆四年翻译进士题名碑之后,也增加“按语”如下,可作为考证麻勒吉、图尔宸等人翻译进士身份的重要线索:翻译乡会试,自雍正元年,定于子、午、卯、酉年二月乡试,辰、戌、丑、未年八月会试。嗣后或举或停,或止准乡试而停会试。
李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081497
至乾隆四年八月,复举行会试。题名之有碑刻,自是科始。二十二年,仍议停止会试。
By August in the fourth year of Emperor Qianlong, the provincial examination had been held. Since the beginning of imperial examination, names of successful candidates would be inscribed. However, in the twenty-second year, the court still decided to stop it after discussion.--Li Ruiyang (talk) 10:21, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081498
四十四年,照旧举行,并奏准赐进士出身。停其殿试。又奏准停止建立碑记。
In the 44th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, the metropolitan examination was resumed. And those who passed the examination were bestowed as Chin-Shih (excellent candidates in the highest imperial examinations). And then the final imperial examination presided over by the emperor was suspended. Later, proposal was approved not to keep inscriptional record.--Li Shan (talk) 02:47, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学 女 202120081499
今翻译进士题名,故仅止四碑。详识于此。(文庆、李宗昉等,2000:1106)根上文所载,至少可以明确以下四点:首先,翻译乡会试始于雍正年间。
李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081500
雍正朝期间,原定举办四科翻译乡试,即四年(午)、七年(酉)、十年(子)、十三年(卯),四科翻译会试,即二年(辰)、五年(未)、八年(戌)、十一年(丑),但其间时停时举,或仅举办翻译乡试而停办翻译会试,并不规律。其次,乾隆四年八年办理乙未科时,回复办理翻译会试,中式者赐进士出身,有碑刻。再次,乾隆二十二年,停办翻译会试,四十四年恢复,中式者仍赐进士出身。
李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081501
最后,翻译殿试一直处于停办状态。因而,翻译进士题名碑仅有四科,分别是乾隆四年己未科、十年乙丑科、十三年戊辰科,以及十六年辛未科。如果《钦定国子监志》中的上述记载属实,则可知《国子监志》中将麻勒吉、图尔宸等称作翻译进士,并由此认定顺治八年即为翻译科之起始年的观点并不可取。
李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学 女 202120081503
事实上,《国子监志》不仅误记了顺治九年、十二年两榜进士(满洲、蒙古)题名碑,而且在乾隆年间的两科翻译进士题名碑问题上,也发生了讹错与遗漏。具体而言便是,《国子监志》中仅记载了两碑乾隆年间的翻译进士,分别是乾隆十三年的戊辰科和十六年的辛未科,颁赐对象分别是武进、武立等四十二人。至于乾隆四年己未科和十年乙丑科,其中未见有记录,此事令《国子监志》的可信度受损。(梁国治,1986:530)
李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学 女 202120081504
结语:翻译科的创设始于雍正年间,而非顺治年间,这一点毋庸置疑。顺治时期,八旗科举考试中虽然已有了翻译考试的内容,但此时的翻译考试并非独立建制,而是隶属于八旗文科举,为后者考试中的一个环节,或者说为其考试内容的一个部分。 Conclusion: There is no doubt that the establishment of translation department began in the Qing Yongzheng, not in the Qing Shunzhi. During the Shunzhi period, there was a content of translation examination in the eight Banners imperial examination, but the translation examination was not an independent institution, but a part of the eight banners liberal arts examination, or a part of the examination content.
刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081505
雍正年间,世宗为了整饬八旗“废弛陋习”,奖励清语学习,因而创制翻译科,将其视作方法与工具,鼓舞八旗满洲与蒙古奋勉向学,以图进取。翻译科的创设带有明确、强烈的政治、文化意涵,是为了维护“国语骑射”的满洲根本,以及满族文化特征。这么做,一方面是为了维护满洲祖制,避免满族固有文化被汉族同化;另一方面则是想通过传承自身文化,实现全国政权的长远统治。
刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学 女 202120081506
毫无疑问,作为清代八旗科举制度的重要成分,翻译科的创设自有其积极意义,它不仅使旗人获得了进身机会,缓解了八旗生计的困难,而且也为朝廷遴选了大量翻译专才,促进了国家治理。然而,翻译科自身也有缺陷与不足,这一点主要体现在“首崇满洲”的基本原则上,它是维护满洲特权与旗人利益的集中体现,对于我们研究清代的政治、文化发展与变化,以及有清一代的民族关系与民族政策等,都具有重要的学术价值与社会意义。
刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别 女 202120081507
《金瓶梅》满文翻译考释
摘要:淫词小说的禁毁系清代长期的文化政策。然而,社会历史阶段不同,政府对该政策的推进与执行也不尽同。
刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081508
清初,统治者的政策重心在于武力征伐与国家统一,文禁的重点在于政治倾向显著的作品。因而,为了笼络人心,政府对汉族小说及其翻译的偏见并不显著,对《金瓶梅》等淫词类小说的禁毁与惩处也影响较小。康熙中期以后,政府强化了思想控制,加强了小说翻译与小说创作的管制,《金瓶梅》的审查亦在其中。
In the early Qing Dynasty, the policies enacted by the emperor focused on military expeditions and national unification, that of literary persecution focusing on works with prominent political tendencies. Therefore, in order to win people's support, the government's prejudice against Chinese novels and their translation was not significant, and little influence had been brought by the prohibition and punishment of erotic novels such as the Golden Lotus. After the middle period of emperor Kangxi's reign, the government strengthened the control of thought, as well as the control of novel translation and novel creation, including the review of the Golden Lotus.--Liu Xiao (talk) 13:17, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学 女 202120081509
《金瓶梅》的翻译有别于“四书”、“五经”,它既不能塑造道德,又不能规范秩序,其翻译与刊刻遭到限制在所难免。然而,《金瓶梅》译本最终得以成书,与统治者的支持或默认不无关联。
关键词:《金瓶梅》;满文翻译;和素;文化政策;审查
刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081510
清代的官方文献中,并未明确出现“文化政策”字样,而是代之以“文教”、“教化”等概念,但这并不能说明清代的文化建设缺乏既定的政策理念与行为准则。恰恰相反,自顺治十年起,清廷即制订了“崇儒重道”的文化政策,将中国传统的文化概念融入政治实践,并在嗣后各朝逐渐形成“兴文教”、“崇经术”的治国方针。如康熙九年提出的“圣训十六条”、乾隆年间修纂的《四库全书》等,都是“崇儒重道”的重要实践。
罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081511
在文化政策的范畴中,“崇儒重道”有其衍生物,如科举取士、博学鸿词等,而访求、编纂书籍,以及翻译汉文典籍等也是其重要内容。清代的汉籍(书)翻译既面对“四书”、“五经”等儒学典籍,也面对《金瓶梅》、《西厢记》等通俗作品。清代的汉籍(书)翻译系清代政治、文化事业的重要组成部分。
罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081512
从背景上看,汉籍(书)的翻译一方面得益于统治者反复提倡“国语骑射”的基本国策,以维护满洲根本于不坠,另一方面则得益于文化整合的需要,即,统治者通过翻译学习汉族文化,汲取汉人的治国理政经验,建构政权稳定和国家长治久安所需的“治统”与“道统”。通过引导与规范汉籍(书)的翻译,统治者不仅使满、汉文化互通有无,阐明法度,维护正统,端正满洲的人心风俗,而且以译书作为临政规范,撷取帝王为政之道,完善国家治理理念与模式。
马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081513
藉由汉籍(书)的翻译,统治者既能成功了解汉族文化,又能以思想为治术,建构政权的合法性,实现满洲政权向中原政权的历史转化,并在接触和学习汉文化中获得“统制”汉民的重要经验,实现“治统”与“道统”的和谐统一,最大限度地保障统治集团的既得利益。一、《金瓶梅》的创作题材与历史地位。中国古典小说中,有“四大奇书”之称。
毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081514
所谓“四大奇书”,按照李渔、周永保等人的说法,是指《金瓶梅》、《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》等四部明代小说作品,这些作品皆成书于明代年间,代表的是中国古典小说的四种不同形态,即历史类、传奇类、神魔类,以及世情类。作为“四大奇书”之首,《金瓶梅》究竟成书于何时,学界尚有不同说法。有人认为是明代嘉靖年间,如屠本畯的《山林经济籍》,也有人认为是万历年间,如郑振铎的《谈金瓶梅词话》、车锡伦的《<金瓶梅词话>中的宣卷》,以及黄霖的《<金瓶梅>漫话》等。
According to scholars like Li Yu and Zhou Yongbao, the so-called "Four Marvelous Books" refer to the four novels in Ming Dynasty, including The Golden Lotus, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Outlaws of the Marsh, and Journey to the West. These works were finished in Ming Dynasty and represent the four different forms of Chinese classical novels, namely, the historical, the legendary, the supernatural evil-spirit, and the realistic (or human-feelings). However, there are still various views in the academic circle on the completing time of The Golden Lotus which has been considered as the first of the "Four Marvelous Books". Some think that it was written in Ming Dynasty under the reign of Emperor Jiajing when Tu Benjun's Guide to Live in Seclusion, for example, was also finished; while others believe that it was the period during the reign of Emperor Wanli that witnessed the completion of The Golden Lotus, with the subsequent advent of Notes and Comments on The Golden Lotus created by Zheng Zhenduo, Xuan Juan (Precious Scroll for Propaganda) in Notes and Comments on The Golden Lotus by Che Xilun, as well as Informal Discussion on The Golden Lotus by Huang Lin.
毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学 女 202120081515
无论是何种观点,都不可否认《金瓶梅》在中国古典小说中的历史地位。《金瓶梅》无疑是中国古典小说发展史上的经典之作,不仅在创作题材上突破了传统模式,将叙述的焦点从豪杰和妖魔转移至市井人物,人物塑造上也出现了从单色调向多色调、平面化向立体化的转变。同时,创作主旨上也有重要突破,即不再专注于歌颂理想,而是通过写尽世情之恶、生活之丑,暴露社会的黑暗与不公,现实主义特征极其明显。
牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081516
刘廷玑认为,《金瓶梅》之所以称为奇书,是因为它深切人情要务。鲁迅在对“世情小说”进行界定时,曾指出《金瓶梅》描摹世态,见其炎凉,骂尽诸色,它虽然描写情色,却是要“以淫说法”,虽然结构铺张,但却是“引迷入悟”,既然是描写世情,便要“尽其情伪”,所谓刻露而尽相,或幽伏或含讥,诚极洞达而已。《金瓶梅》所描写的虽然是市井常谈、闺房碎语,但它寄意于时俗,极富感染力。
彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学 女 202120081517
明、清之际,虽然《金瓶梅》向被列为禁书,但时人对其的艺术手法和思想内容等,却评价甚高,甚至不乏将其与《左传》、《史记》、《汉书》等并列者,认为这些作品都是“以其文皆为写生者也”的杰出代表。明代博物学家谢肇淛(zhè)曾向人借抄《金瓶梅》,并为此书撰写序跋,其中详细论及此书所具有的广泛的揭示性,认为它描写的是一个丑陋、黑暗的世情社会,既有“市里之猥谈”,又有“狎客之从臾逢迎”,所谓“穷极境象,駴(hài)意快心。”无论如何,都不能将《金瓶梅》视作“秽书”,而枉顾其对于炎凉情态的纤毫毕现,既看不到它的一腔愤懑,又看不到它的刺世与劝戒之意。
秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081518
有人说,《金瓶梅》是《红楼梦》之祖,其题材主旨、人物刻画、情节结构等均为后者所继承,它虽然以家庭为中心,却又与天下、国家紧密相连,虽然恣意描写原始欲望,却又同时拷问人性的本质,其作为白话世情小说之首,可谓实至名归。一代伟人毛泽东也说,《金瓶梅》是《红楼梦》的祖宗,没有前者,就写不出后者,充分肯定了《金瓶梅》在中国古典文学中的历史地位。《金瓶梅》具有劝戒意涵,而不是或者不仅仅是淫词小说,这一点对于清代文士而言,亦是人所共知之事。
It is said that The Plum in the Golden Vase is the ancestor of A Dream in Red Mansions, because the latter inherited all from the first in the perspective of selecting materials, themes, characterization and plot structure. Although The Plum in the Golden Vase was centralized on family, it also nearly attached to the world and country. Ranking on top of vernacular love novels, this book was haphazardly described with original desire but it also put questions on the essence of the nature of human beings which lived up to its name. Mao Zedong, a great man of a generation, also said, “The Plum in the Golden Vase is the ancestor of A Dream in Red Mansions. Without the former, the latter couldn’t be written.”which fully affirmed its historical position in Chinese classical literature. The Plum in the Golden Vase ,not or not just a pornographic novel, was replete with exhortation meaning which was known by all common people from the perspective of literati of Qing dynasty.--Qing Jianan (talk) 08:12, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学(语言学) 女 202120081519
如欣欣子在《金瓶梅词话序》中所说,《金瓶梅》一书不同于《三国演义》,它不是从正面塑造人物形象,使其合乎传统人伦道德,实现教化目的,而是通过对酒色财气的重墨渲染,警戒世人远离情色,其目的同样在于“明人伦,戒淫奔,分淑慝(tè),化善恶”,这一点与《三国演义》殊途而同归。而在《金瓶梅·序》中,作者亦明确指出该书的“劝戒”之意,所谓“一回一戒”,因而“百回中以为百劝”。
饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学(语言学) 女 202120081520
清人中,对于《金瓶梅》进行诋毁、谩骂者,亦有之。如蒲松龄称其为“淫史”,邹弢称其为“淫书”,邱炜萲(xuān)则认为其“淫媟(xiè)荡志”,无论在内容上,还是在文笔上,都不足以“负此重名”。《蕉轩随录》中,方浚师甚至将《金瓶梅》和《水浒传》看作无用之书,认为二者之中一个倡盗,一个诲淫,有害于世道人心。
In the Qing Dynasty, there were also people who slandered and criticized Gold Vase Plum. For instance, Pu Songling regarded it as a History of obscenity, Zou Tao thought it a pornographic book, and Qiu Weixuan held that it is full of debauchery which indicate that it is not worth bearing such a great reputation no matter in content or style of writing. In Records of Jiaoxuan, Fang Junshi even regarded Gold Vase Plum and Water Marginas useless books, and the former is story of furious robbers while the latter is a story inciting pornography, so both of them would do harm to the people in the world.
In the Qing Dynasty, there were also people who slandered and criticized “Gold Vase Plum”. For instance, Pu Songling regarded it as “History of Obscenity “, Zou Tao thought it a pornographic book, and Qiu Weixuan held that it was full of debauchery. “Gold Vase Plum” was not worthy of bearing such a great stigma either in content or in style. In “Records of Jiao Xuan”, Fang Junshi even regarded “Gold Vase Plum” and “Water Margin” as useless books, one of which was about stories of advocating the theft while the other of which was related to plots inciting pornography, so both of them would do harm for enlightening the people in the world. --Shi Liqing (talk) 07:47, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081521
而晴川居士、申涵光、李绿园等亦持论相似,认为《金瓶梅》丧心败德,它对于幼学者的影响如同疫病,其害甚大。沈德符、徐谦、林昌彝等更是主张禁毁此书,认为此书有如毒草和毒酒,贻害无穷。清初以来,朝廷对于淫词小说的禁毁从未间断。
And Qingchuan Lay Buddhist, Shen Hanguang, Li Luyuan, etc. held similar viewpoints, believing that “Gold Vase Plum”, infecting people’s pure soul and moral integrity, played an ill impact on young scholars. Shen Defu, Xu Qian, Lin Changyi, etc. even advocated banning and destroying this book, holding that it was parallel with poisonous weeds and wine which would cause endless harm.Since the early Qing Dynasty, the imperial court had never stopped the prohibition and destruction of obscene novels. --Shi Liqing (talk) 08:08, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学 女 202120081522
仅顺治至嘉庆年间,禁毁次数便超过十次,其中顺治朝一次(顺治九年)、康熙朝六次(康熙二年、二十六年、四十年、四十八年两次、五十三年)、雍正朝一次(雍正二年)、乾隆朝一次(乾隆三年),以及嘉庆朝二次(嘉庆十五年、十八年)等。康熙年间,清廷关于淫词小说的禁毁极其严格,既有法令可依,又有专门管理,惩处明确。如康熙二年议准,规定嗣后若有翻刻琐语淫词,有伤风化者,由科道、督抚查明实情,交部议处。
王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081523
乾隆三年,吏部议定“文禁”条例,对于坊间内小说淫辞,也一并严行禁绝,并根据买卖双方是否具有官方身份给予不同处罚。与此同时,《买看例》、《市卖例》、《禁止邪教不能察辑例》等法令的通过,也给淫词小说的翻刻与兜售等,提供了治罪依据。而以江苏、浙江为代表的地方官府,也相继出台法令,对淫词小说的编次、刊刻、贩卖等一并加以规定,照例治罪。
In the third year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign, Board of Civil Office agreed on the regulation of “prohibition of literature”, and strictly forbade the obscene fictions in the street, giving different punishments according to whether the buyers and sellers had official identities. At the same time, the passage of decrees such as Rules of Buying and Reading, Rules of Selling and Rule of Banning Cults from Collecting also provided a criminal basis for the reproduction and peddling of obscene novels. Local governments represented by Jiangsu and Zhejiang also issued decrees one after another, stipulating the compilation, printing and selling of fictions and convicting them according to the rules. --Wang Lifei (talk) 10:55, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学 女 202120081524
根据上述法令,《金瓶梅》曾多次入列禁毁书单,如《劝毁淫书征信录》、《得一录》中,便均见此书。
二、《金瓶梅》译者考辨
然而,政府法令对淫词小说的禁毁并没有阻绝《金瓶梅》的翻刻与行销。
王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学(英美文学) 男 202120081525
有人说,《金瓶梅》的名声是被“禁”出来的,这种观点是否合理姑且不论,不过《金瓶梅》之所以能有不同版本流传至今,本身就说明其禁毁政策的失败。而且,清代关于《金瓶梅》的禁毁有其虚伪性:一方面,政府对于此书严行禁毁;另一方面,却将其译成满文,供统治阶级自己阅读。正如马丁·吉姆指出的那样,有清一代,汉文小说被译成满文者,至少在七十二种以上,其中便包括《金瓶梅》、《西厢记》、《三国演义》等,这些小说的翻译显然无法离开统治者的支持,或者至少无法离开其默认。
卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081526
除《三国演义》(1650年刊印)之外,满译本《金瓶梅》是清初唯一得到刊印的汉文小说。由于译文自然流畅,对于生活的描述真实贴切,该译本被公认为满语文学的杰出代表之一。然而,《金瓶梅》的满文翻译究竟源自什么样的背景,其通行译本的底本究竟是哪种版本或刻本,该译本到底有几个译者,以及该译本为何能在禁令颁行之后的短短数年之内便能刊行于世等,皆存疑问与争议。 Besides Romance of the Three Kingdoms (composed and printed in 1650), Manchu translation of Gold Vase Plum was the only composed and printed Chinese novel in the early Qing Dynasty. Because of the natural and frequent translation as well as real and proper description of life, this kind of version was widely acknowledged as one of the outstanding representatives of Manchu literature. However, it was still doubtful and controversial about the background of the Manchu translation of Gold Vase Plum, how many translators it had, and why it was composed and printed soon after the bans were published. --Wei Yiwen (talk) 12:29, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081527
根据昭梿在《啸亭续录》中的说法,《金瓶梅》的满文翻译系出自户曹郎中和素之手,后者谙习清文,兼通汉文,他所翻译的汉文书籍达到了绝精的程度,而《西厢记》、《金瓶梅》等书的译本也是“疏栉字句,咸中綮(qǐ)肯”,人人争相诵读。和素为满洲镶黄旗人士,曾充任皇子师傅和翻书房总裁,系顺治年间满文翻译家阿什坦次子。作为满洲汉书翻译事业高潮中的重要人物,和素一生著译甚多,其中有名者如《左传》、《菜根谭》、《黄石公素经》等,而相传《金瓶梅》亦出自其手,主要原因有二。
魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081528
其一,便是和素兼通满、汉,其本人确系康熙朝的著名翻译家,曾亲自组织、参与诸多汉籍的翻译;其二,如上述昭梿的《啸亭续录》一样,清初档案文献中确有不少将满译《金瓶梅》归于和素者。《啸亭杂录》和《清稗类钞》中,也称赞和素翻译的《金瓶梅》和《西厢记》等“极其出色”。然而,也有持论不同者。如《批本随园诗话》“批语”中说:“翻译《金瓶梅》,即出徐蝶园手。”
吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学 女 202120081529
徐蝶园即徐元梦,满洲正白旗人,康熙朝重臣,康熙十二年进士,选授庶吉士,先后于雍正、乾隆两朝充任《明史》总裁,以及《清世宗实录》副总裁。徐蝶园精研满汉文,曾于康熙年间署大学士,充起居注讲官,但正史中对于徐氏的译书活动记载较少,而且往往语焉不详,因此难以判断其译者身份。叶德均在《戏曲小说丛考》中,也援引伍子舒(闽浙总督伍拉纳之子)所撰《随园诗话》点校本中的说法,指出《金瓶梅》的满文译者即是徐蝶园,但这一观点始终不如前一种通行。
Xu Dieyuan was Xu Yuanmeng, a native of the Manchu flag, a high-ranking official of Kangxi, and was Scholars in the twelfth year of Kangxi. He was appointed the president of the Ming Dynasty in Yongzheng and Qianlong and the vice president of the Records of the Qing Dynasty. Xu Dieyuan studied Chinese literature. He worked as a college scholar during the reign of Kangxi and made charge of daily life. However, the translation activities of Xu in official history are few, and often vague, so it is difficult to judge the identity of the translator. In the Cong Examination of Opera Novels, Ye Dejun also quoted Wu Zishu (the son of Wu Lana, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang) in the Poetry of the Garden, pointing out that the Manchu translator of The Golden Lotus is Xu Dieyuan, but this view is always not as popular as the previous one.
吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学 女 202120081530
徐蝶园晚年的确参与过翻译之事,但满译本《金瓶梅·序》的署理日期为康熙四十八年,而徐蝶园此前曾经两度被诏罪入狱,因而由他翻译此书,条件上似乎不大成立。而且,徐蝶园虽然精研满汉双语,但其中年后精研理学,这一点与《金瓶梅》的题材内容和思想旨趣,以及序言中对于该书的积极评价等,也不尽符合。与此同时,更有认为满译本《金瓶梅》系出自皇族成员者,这种观点主要见于西方学者,又分成两派。
肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081531
其中,一派认为是出自康熙皇帝的兄弟,如黎马苏(1833:182-183)、克拉普罗特(1633:61)、怀利(1855:XLIII)、加伯连茨(1862:543)、圣德尼斯和赫维侯爵(1894:17)、格鲁伯(1909:431)、劳弗尔(1908:32)、耶格尔(1935:539),以及鲍威尔(1974:1940-1941)等;另一派则认为是出自乾隆皇帝的某个兄弟,如加伯连茨(1879:171)、格列宾西科夫(1879:171)、莫连道尔夫(1890:235)、扎查(1905:130),以及李福廷和西蒙诺夫(1981:259)等。上述两派观点多次出现在欧洲的文学作品中,但二者都缺乏史料考证,至少未能获得中国学界的重视与认可。
谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081532
考虑到康、雍以来的历代君主对于淫词小说一直采取禁毁态度,而在此情形下竟有皇族成员翻译《金瓶梅》这样的禁毁小说,其荒唐之程度,难以想象。但不论实际情形如何,《金瓶梅》最终还是译成付梓,这一事实只能说明两点:其一,清代的所谓书禁或禁译只是针对民间,对统治者尤其是君主而言则可能是“无禁”;其二,翻书房的设立固然是为了翻译汉族经典和汉文书籍,但也不能排除翻译禁毁书籍,专供皇帝御览。总之,《金瓶梅》的满文翻译与刊刻,不可能游走在政府禁令之外,而不得到政治力的审查、默认或者首肯。
谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学 女 202120081533
特别是在康熙朝以后皇权至上的集权政治中,离开了最高统治者的支持,任何汉籍的翻译恐怕都无法成行。事实上,虽然淫词小说的禁毁乃是清代长期的文化政策,但政府在推进、执行这一政策的过程中,也存在不作为或者消极作为的情况。正如余治在《得一录》中所说,清廷对于淫词戏曲,虽有禁毁之条,而当政者中视其为一纸空文,坐视不管者,亦大有人在。
熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081534
乾隆三年,朝廷在颁布禁毁之令时,即关注到了地方官府执行不力的情况,认为这是导致禁毁失败的主要原因。而政府的消极作为主要来自两方面的原因,其一是所谓“人情”,即人之本性,其二是小说本身的应世性,即有助于市民在长期遭受禁欲主义后宣泄情绪。正是由于人心、人情难禁,因而《金瓶梅》的翻译与刊刻便有了生存空间。
徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究 男 202120081535
正如王汝梅先生所说,康熙年间政府一再严谨淫词小说,而以满文翻译《金瓶梅》,其工程可谓浩大,因而该书的翻译不可能只是民间行为。恰恰相反,《金瓶梅》的翻译势必是得到了康熙帝御准的,由翻书房具体策划和实施的“计划内工程”。《金瓶梅》的满文译本成书于康熙四十七年,全书共计四十卷一百回,其存本与抄本被分别收藏于国家图书馆、中央民族大学图书馆、中国社科院民族研究所、北京民族文化宫、大连图书馆、吉林大学图书馆,并另有赵则诚先生藏本一部。
As Mr. Wang Rumei said, during the Kangxi period, the government repeatedly banned pornographic novels, and the task of translating Jin Ping Mei into Manchu was huge. Therefore, the translation of jin Ping Mei could not be just a folk act. On the contrary, the translation of Jin Ping Mei must have been approved by Emperor Kangxi and specifically planned and implemented by Fanshufang. The Manchu translation of Jin Ping Mei was completed in the 47th year of Kangxi, with a total of 40 volumes and 100 chapters. Its deposits and transcripts are collected in the National Library, the Central University for Nationalities Library, the Institute of Ethnic Studies of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing National Culture Palace, Dalian Library, and Jilin University Library, and one copy in the collection of Mr. Zhao Zecheng.--Xu Minyun (talk) 06:20, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究 女 202120081536
上述藏本中,既有刊本,又有抄本,其中多数又为残本。如前所述,关于《金瓶梅》满文译本到底出自何人之手,学界长期存在争议,其中原因无疑与译本序言中并未明确译者姓名有关。同时,译本序言本身又缺乏作者,使得译本的归属如同原著的作者一样更加扑素迷离。
颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别 女 202120081537
虽然如此,一般仍认为和素即是该书的译者,一则是因为昭梿的《啸亭杂录》和《啸亭续录》中均提及此事,且昭梿本人又是皇族之后,其所言所记当属可信。另一方面,康熙四十七年,和素曾奉敕纂成《清文鉴》一书,而《金瓶梅》的满文译本刊印于康熙四十五年,其序言的刊行时间则与《清文鉴》的成书时间相同,二者的编纂和翻译时间相距较短,期间必有关联。王汝梅先生在和候忠义先生合编《金瓶梅资料汇编》一书时,曾经从赵则诚先生处借得满文本《金瓶梅》,并请刘厚生先生将满文序文译成汉语,认为该序言表明译者即是和素。
颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别 女 202120081538
但满文本《金瓶梅》序言中,介绍的主要是该书的故事梗概,明确指出了该书的劝戒之意,并有“是以令其译之”,以及“余趁闲暇之时作了修订”等语,但由于序言本身缺乏作者,因而此处所说的“其”(即译者)系指谁,且该译者又是受“令”于谁等,皆成疑问。然而,满文本《金瓶梅》确系译自崇祯本《金瓶梅词话》,同时参照了张竹坡的《金瓶梅》点评本,这一点已成共识。众所周知,张评本《金瓶梅》刊刻于康熙三十四年,其底本同样是崇祯本《金瓶梅词话》,而满译本《金瓶梅》成书于康熙四十五年,前后相距十三年。
However, the preface of the Manchu text Jin Ping Mei mainly introduces the story outline of the book, It clearly points out the meaning of the book's admonition, and has the words "to make it translated" and "I revised it in my spare time". But due to the lack of author in the preamble, It is doubtful who is the "Qi" (the translator) refers to here, and whose "command" the translator has received. However, the Manchu text Jin Ping Mei is indeed translated from Chongzhen's Jin Ping Mei CI Hua, and also refers to Zhang Zhupo's comment on Jin Ping Mei, which has become a consensus. As we all know, Zhang Ping's Jin Ping Mei was published and engraved in the 34th year of Kangxi, and its base copy is also Chongzhen's Jin Ping Mei CI Hua, while the Manchu translation of Jin Ping Mei was completed in the 45th year of Kangxi, 13 years apart.--Yan Zihan (talk) 02:31, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别 女 202120081540
在此期间,虽然该书的满文翻译到底缘起于何时,仍不得而知,但考虑到译者对于底本的比堪与研究,其翻译的过程势必绵长。三、《金瓶梅》翻译中的意识形态审查。不同于《三国演义》中“文不甚深,言不甚俗”的语言特点,《金瓶梅》中充斥着大量情色描写。
During this period, although the exact origin of the Manchu translation of this book remains to be find, considering the translator’s comparison and research on the original, the process of translation is bound to be long. Third, the ideological review in the translation of Jin Ping Mei. Different from the Romance of The Three Kingdoms, in which the writing is not too abstruse and the words are not vulgar, Jin Ping Mei is flooded with erotic descriptions.--Yang Jiaying (talk) 02:39, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学(语言学) 女 202120081541
同时,虽然《金瓶梅》的满文译本最终成书于康熙年间,但统治者对于此书的翻译讳莫如深,这一点也明显不同于《清实录》等文献中关于清初诸帝好读《三国演义》,并敕译此书的历史现实。态度上的前后转变,其中必有起因。正如丁原基在《清代康雍乾三朝禁书原因之研究》中所说,清代各朝之所以频兴文字狱,其中原因虽不尽相同,但亦必有之。例如,康熙初年,明朝遗老怀故国之思者甚多,其所撰作品自然入禁毁之列。
杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学 女 202120081542
康熙仙逝,雍正得其帝位,然而由于朝野疑窦重重,政权未稳,朝廷对于舆论也倍加留心。乾隆年间,虽然朝廷奉敕开设四库馆,博取奖励学术的美名,但禁书之苛刻同样无出其右。如康熙朝初期,由于圣祖表彰理学,故而御纂朱子全书,以及群经性理诸编。
杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081543
康熙二十五年,上谕礼部及翰林院,指出经学史乘务必以“修齐治平,助成德化者方为有用”,而“有乖经术,异端邪说”,则概不准录。即是在此背景下,南怀仁的《穷理学》译本因为实属“诡言邪说”、“语既不经”,也遭到禁毁。此次遭到禁毁的《穷理学》二书译成于康熙二十二年,共六十卷,由南怀仁于同年八月进呈御览。
叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别 男 202120081544
所谓《穷理学》,用徐宗泽的话说,便是“论理学”,该书或译自亚里士多德哲学中的某一部分,或续译傅汎际(Francois Furtado)、李之藻合译的《名理探》。南怀仁在进呈此书译本的奏折中指出:进穷理学之书,以明历理,以广开百学之门,永垂万世事。窃惟治历明时,为帝王之首务;今我皇上治历明时,超越百代,如太阳之光,超越诸星之光。
易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081545
然盖历法有属法之数,有立法之理,设惟有其法之数,而无其法之理,即如人惟有形体,而无灵性,亦如诸天惟有定所,而无运动之照临焉。夫历理为诸星恒动定规之所由,如泉源为水流之之所自也。……今我皇上之治历,已为全备,其书则有永年历表,有灵台仪象志,有诸历之理指一百五十余卷。
殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081546
历典光明,可谓极矣。然臣犹有请者,非为加历理之内光,惟加历理之外光,将所载诸书之历理,开穷理之学,以发明之,使习历者知其数,并知其理,而后其光发见于外也。《穷理学》虽然翻译了亚里士多德的演绎推理等理论,但它也翻译了古希腊的自然哲学内容,以及近代西方的科学知识,因而并非专门的逻辑学译著。
殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学(语言学) 女 202120081547
《影响中国近代社会的一百种译著》中,曾有人将《穷理学》看作《名理探》的补译,认为南怀仁翻译此书,只是为了证明“目的论”这一经院哲学中的基本概念,这一观点显然值得商榷。《穷理学》译本中,固然摄入了逻辑学、方法论等形而上学的内容,但同时也摄入了力学、数学等自然科学知识。上文中,南怀仁借进呈《穷理学》译本之际,极力宣陈修历的重要性,并将“穷理学”看作“百学之宗”,认为它有如砺石,可以之试真;有如蘑堪,可以之订非;有如眼目,可以之明悟。
尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081548
概言之,便是“诸学之首需者”。康熙二十二年,《穷理学》完成编译,同年八月二十六日进呈康熙皇帝。康熙帝御览此书后,曾降旨礼部和翰林院,敕令其“会同详看议奏”,但士大夫们经过议复之后,不少人对此抱持异议,其中甚至有强烈抵触者,因而康熙帝只能将此书译本退还南怀仁。
詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081549
格物致知的书籍尚且如此,诲淫诲盗的小说更不用说。仍以《金瓶梅》的满文翻译与传播接受为例,即可知此。众所周知,大清立国之后,虽然制度上有不少因袭明代之处,但文化政策整体偏紧。
张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学 女 202120081550
康熙年间,由于皇帝热衷儒学,后又在汉官劝谏下将兴趣引导至理学方向,因而对君德圣学、政教纪纲等,尤为重视。康熙九年,圣祖颁布《圣训十六条》,强调教化为先,而非法令为亟,其中便对所谓“近见风俗日敝,人心不古”的情形进行训斥。为此,康熙帝敕令内、外文武各官,务必“敦孝弟以重人伦”,“黜异端以崇正学”,“明礼让以厚风俗”,要求他们“督率举行”。
张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别 男 202120081551
康熙三十九年,圣祖亲征塑漠蒙古凯旋,并在太学立碑,其中又强调“以文德化成天下”的重要。康熙四十一年,圣祖颁布《训饬士子文》,再次声明“隆重师儒”、“厘剔弊端”、“务期风教修明”。上述谕令皆发生在满译本《金瓶梅》成书之前,无疑会对后者产生重要影响。
张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学 女 202120081552
康熙五十三年,上谕诸臣,指出“正人心”、“厚风俗”与“治天下”之间的关系,要求崇尚经学,严禁小说淫词。为此,朝臣奉旨议定条例,规定坊间一切小说淫词,务必悉数查绝,并将板片书籍予以销毁,违者从重治罪。在清廷严厉的禁书背景下,《金瓶梅》及其满文译本将会遭受何种命运,便不得而知。
钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081553
自太祖朝以来,清初翻译汉文古典小说,皆以教化为主,而以文学性为次。统治者寄望于翻译的不是文学的审美作用,而是正确的价值观念和人伦纲纪思想。换言之,通过翻译,塑造道德,规范秩序,实现向善求真。
Since the Taizu Dynasty, the translation of Chinese classical novels in the early Qing Dynasty has mainly focused on enlightenment, partially on literariness. The rulers think that the purpose of translation is not for literary aesthetic,but for the establishing of correct values and ethics. In other words, through translation, we can shape morality, standardize order and realize the pursuit of goodness and truth.--Zhong Yifei (talk) 02:56, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081554
而《金瓶梅》的翻译显然不具备以上作用,它既不像《四书》、《五经》的翻译那样能够启迪心性,荡涤灵魂,又不像《三国演义》般能够探求兵略,维护社会稳定。虽然《金瓶梅》中过于露骨的文字描述使得它不适合翻刻、刊行,但其满文译本最终仍得以成书,并流传于世,其中原因固然有多种可能,但统治者的首肯或默许必是其中之一。如黄润华在《满文翻译小说述略》中所说,满译本《金瓶梅》的问世,不论其译者为谁,或和素,或徐元梦,必定是获得了特别的许可,因而才能译成满文并刊刻行世。
周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学(英美文学) 女 202120081555
也只有得到最高统治者的默允,才不致因为擅自翻译刊印而受到惩处。事实上,早在顺治九年,清廷即出台明令,严禁翻刻琐语淫词。康熙二年,圣祖重申此禁,对淫词小说的利害关系晓之以理。
Only being granted the permission of the supreme ruler, can they free away from punishment for translating and printing obscene novel without authorization. In fact, in the ninth year of the Sun Zhi Period, Qing government issued public proclamation to prohibit translating obscene words. In the second year of Kang Xi Period, the emperor Kang Xi reaffirmed this order, which enabled the public to know the dangers of obscene novels.--Zhou Jiu (talk) 05:24, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学 女 202120081556
然而,由于大清入关之初,全国尚未完成一统,统治者的政策重心在于武力征伐和国家统一,为此便需要笼络人心,因而朝廷对于汉族小说及其翻译并未有多大偏见。昭梿在《啸亭杂录》中说,和素翻译绝精,由他所翻译的《金瓶梅》、《西厢记》等书广受好评,所谓“人皆争诵”,即可说明此点。康熙年间,虽然朝廷加大了对于淫词小说的禁毁,但大体而言,自顺治元年至康熙二十二年之间,由于朝廷文禁的重点在于政治倾向显著的作品,因而对于琐语淫词类小说的禁毁和惩处,影响较小。据石昌渝考证,清初小说中被朝廷查处论罪者,仅有两部,即《无声戏二集》和《续金瓶梅》。
周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学(语言学) 女 202120081557
但需要指出的是,《续金瓶梅》之所以获罪,其原因不在于它续写《金瓶梅》人物在所谓“后世”中的混乱生活,而是因为它将满族的发祥地描写为人、兽同居同食的野蛮地。因而,清初之际,朝廷对于淫词小说的接受,以及对于小说创作的限制,整体上仍然较为宽松。而《金瓶梅》的翻译、成书乃是康熙朝中后期的事,此时的朝廷对于“端风俗、正人心”有了日益深刻的认识,因而不仅强化了思想控制,而且加强了对于小说翻译与小说创作的管制。
But what needs to be pointed out is that the reason why The Sequel of Jin Ping Mei was convicted is not because it continues the chaotic life of the characters in Jin Ping Mei in the so-called "later generations", but because it describes the birthplace of the Manchu as a barbaric place where people and animals live and eat together. However, at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the government 's acceptance of pornographic novels was relatively high and the restrictions on novel creation was still relatively loose on the whole. While the translation and completion of Jin Ping Mei was in the middle and late reign of Kangxi. At that time, the imperial court had an increasingly profound understanding of "stick to the customs and purify people's hearts", which not only strengthened the ideological control but the regulation of novel translation and creation.--Zhou Qiao1 (talk) 11:50, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学 女 202120081558
至乾隆初年,《金瓶梅》与《水浒传》等书因为诲淫诲盗的原因,又被“久干例禁”。满洲政权兴起于白山黑水之间,在其一路开疆辟土,驰骋向前的过程中,虽然统治者反复高唱“满汉一体”,但相关的政治、文化实践表明,这一说法不过是政治口号。作为满清政权恪守不变的政策,“首崇满洲”既是统治者立法、行政的基本原则,又是统治者处理民族关系、民族事务的圭臬。
周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学 女 202120081559
终清一朝,统治者始终坚持满洲之道,固守满洲本位,崇尚满族特权,维护满洲的典章制度和文化特征。对统治者而言,传承与发展民族文化的重要性不言而喻,它不仅关系到国家政权的性质和满族民族的凝聚力与向心力,而且关系到满族统治集团的优势地位、特殊利益,乃至满族作为民族共同体的生死存亡。为此,满清政府不仅长期坚持“国语骑射”的基本国策,而且通过书籍的审查与禁毁等极端措施,确保满族文化符号和思想传统的专制。
In the Qing Dynasty, the rulers always adhered to the way of Manchu, insisted on Manchu standards, advocated Manchu privileges, and maintained Manchu institutions and cultural characteristics. For the rulers, the importance of inheriting and developing national culture was self-evident,which not only related to the Political Nature and the cohesion and solidarity of Manchu nation, but also related to the dominant position and special interests of Manchu ruling group, and even the survival of Manchu as a national community. Therefore, the Manchu government not only adhered to the basic state policy of "national language and ride" for a long time, but also ensured the despotism of Manchu cultural and ideological traditions by taking extreme measures such as censorship and prohibition of books.--Zhou Xiaoxue (talk) 03:13, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学(语言学) 女 202120081561
与此同时,统治者积极敕撰、敕译汉族书籍,虽然客观上吸收了汉族文化,但这些书籍的编纂与翻译亦如满洲文化的维护一样,只是满洲权贵巩固政权统治的策略与手段,一旦书籍的翻译与编纂有悖于统治者的主观期待,亦或是国家的统治之需,其审查与禁毁即在所难免。结语。作为除《三国演义》之外清初唯一刊印的汉文小说,《金瓶梅》的翻译与传播无疑离不开统治阶级的支持或者默认。
邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学 女 202120081562
《金瓶梅》满文译本的印行不仅说明清代禁书政策的失败,而且说明该政策的虚伪。一方面,所谓汉书的禁毁往往只是针对民间,而统治者尤其是国家君主则往往享有豁免。正如其它汉籍汉书的翻译一样,《金瓶梅》的翻译与刊刻不可能游走在国家法律和政府禁令之外。