Culture loaded words

Culture Loaded Words

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1 羊叶 The Analysis of Culture-loaded Words of English Subtitle Translation in Chinese Movies-Taking Farewell to My Concubine as an Example 电影中英译字幕文化负载词的翻译分析——以《霸王别姬》为例

Cult_Load_Words_EN_1

Abstract

Nowadays, popular films are increasingly active on the Internet. Confronting such a mass need for film translation, subtitle translation is winning more favor compared with traditional dubbing translation. In view of the cultural function played by subtitle translation, research on it should be further strengthened.

Key Words

Subtitle Translation; Farewell My Concubine; foreignizing method; domesticating method

Introduction

1.1 Research Background

Innovation of information technology brings energy for the advancement of broadcasting ways of film and television programs. More and more foreign popular films are increasingly active on the Internet; more and more local films with Chinese elements are also introduced abroad. Researchers on subtitling translation are becoming more and more important. China's Opening-up and Reform facilitates the cultural communication between China and the outer world. In the introduction of foreign films and TV plays, language understanding becomes an obvious barrier for audiences. Two major solutions to solve such a barrier are dubbing and subtitle translation. "Subtitles sometimes referred to as captions are transcriptions of film or TV dialogue presented simultaneously on the screen." Relatively, the latter one is more favorable than the traditional dubbing way because of its cost-effectiveness, short producing cycle and audience-acceptability. With higher educational background and foreign language level, many Chinese audiences expect that films can be displayed with “a natural and original flavor” nowadays. Under such circumstances, subtitle translation seems to be more acceptable to get access to foreign audience. Among so many elements involved in the subtitle translation process, the translator plays the most significant part, thus becoming a key and central element in the subtitle translation system. Therefore, a good subtitle translation with “a natural and original flavor” sets high and strict requirements for the translator.

1.2 Brief Introduction to Farewell My Concubine

Farewell My Concubine, the film version adopted in this thesis is the 1993 one whose heroes and heroines are Duan Xiaolou (acted by Zhang Fengyi), Cheng Dieyi (acted by Zhang Guorong) and Ju Xian (acted by Gong Li) respectively. In the film, Xiaolou and Dieyi are fellow apprentices learning Beijing opera performance together from childhood. Later on, their cooperation in the opera Farewell My Concubine makes them famous overnight throughout Beijing city. Thereafter, they make a promise to each other that they will perform Farewell My Concubine together as long as they are alive. However, their different understandings of the relationship between the opera and life finally lead to their different choices: Until mid-age, Xiaolou deeply knows that the opera isn't his whole life, so he gets married with a famous whore called Juxian; Dieyi, however, becomes totally immersed in the complicated plots and role relationships of the operas, especially Farewell my Concubine. Around such a classic and famous opera, the love and betrayal among them become escalating with the changes of times and eventually develops into a tragedy. It is the first film that won the Golden Palm Prize in mainland China. It has been keeping the highest-grossing record of Chinese melodrama movies in America which also marks the climax of Chinese films in America. Meanwhile, it also got great box-office successes in such countries as Japan, Germany, Korean, France and so on. It should be concluded that Farewell My Concubine has achieved great success both in the art and business. In Farewell My Concubine, Beijing Opera art is the central cultural element. It is a typical representative of classical Chinese literature art. Taking it as a case study, general and concrete subtitle translation strategies can be concluded to improve translation quality of similar subtitle translation works.

1.3 Brief Introduction to translator Linda Javin

Linda Javin, the subtitle translator of Farewell My Concubine, is a suitable and qualified person for both the director and the audiences. Since 1976, Linda has been playing an important and active role in broadcasting, studying and exploring Chinese culture. As an internationally renowned sinologist, translator and writer, Linda Javin has made great efforts in learning, feeling and appreciating Chinese culture. It is really a tough time full of difficulties and hardships under the specific social conditions then. After years of efforts to learn Chinese language, history, literature and many visits to China, Linda has begun to embark on her Chinese literary writing career recently. All these can prove that she is really a competent and qualified subtitle translator of Farewell My Concubine. Her wonderful bi-lingual and bi-cultural competence does give her favorable advantages in translating.

2 谢庆琳 The Analysis of the Chinese Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Russian —— Taking the Russian TV Series “Interns” as an Example

Cult_Load_Words_EN_2

Abstract

Language is a product of culture, an integral part of it and a condition of its existence, and an important factor in the formation of cultural codes. Since the 21st century, linguistics has actively studied a direction that sees language as a code for understanding the culture of a nation, not just as a tool for communication and cognition. As we all know, there are certain cultural differences among various ethnic groups influenced by factors such as geographical environment, political system, religious beliefs, living habits, moral values and aesthetic interests. These factors together contribute to the creation of culture-loaded words.

Key Words

Russian TV Series “Interns”; Culture-loaded Words; Translation Principles; Translation Strategies

摘要

语言是文化的产物，是文化的组成部分和存在条件，也是文化密码形成的一个重要因素。 21世纪以来，语言学积极研究一个方向，即把语言看作是了解一个民族文化的密码，而不仅仅是一个交流和认知的工具。众所周知，各民族受地理环境、政治制度、宗教信仰、生活习惯、道德价值、审美情趣等因素影响，其间存在一定的文化差异。这些因素共同促使了文化负载词的产生。

关键词

俄罗斯电视剧《实习医生》；文化负载词；翻译原则；翻译策略

Introduction

After the 1970s, cultural factors were gradually incorporated into the scope of linguists' studies, and cultural studies became a topic of common concern for linguists and translators. Susan Bassnett (1990), the core representative of the cultural translation concept, believes that translation is an exchange between cultures, and the reciprocity of translation should not only realize the reciprocity of language forms, but also pursue the reciprocity of cultural functions between the original text and the translated text. Therefore, translation is not only an act of purely linguistic conversion, but also a reflection of the cultural meaning of language. Language is a means of communication of human thoughts and feelings, and it is both a carrier and an important part of culture. In the process of historical development, countries around the world have formed large or small cultural differences due to different geographical environments, political rule, religious beliefs, traditional customs, lifestyles, value orientations and aesthetic interests. These factors have together contributed to the creation of a large number of cultural-loaded words. Each language has its own cultural vocabulary with cultural color and connotation, and these words reflect the cultural values of each nation. Because they are loaded with special national cultural connotations, cultural-loaded words often constitute the focus and difficulty of translation as an act of intercultural communication, and even become a barrier to the transmission of information.

Guided by American translator and translation theorist Eugene Nida's theory of functional equivalence, this paper takes the Russian TV series "Intern" as an example to explore the cultural information carried by the cultural-loaded words in its subtitles and summarize its translation method. The translation of cultural-loaded words requires the translator to accurately and appropriately understand the beliefs, customs, aesthetics and values of the foreign culture, while faithfully transmitting the essence and soul of the translated culture to the readers of the translated language, so as to truly communicate with different cultures. The study of Chinese subtitles of Russian TV series from the perspective of cultural-load words not only promotes the communication between Chinese and Russian languages, but also has great significance in deepening the cultural understanding between Chinese and Russian people.

The paper consists of an introduction, three chapters and concluding remarks. The introductory part firstly describes the feasibility, theoretical significance and practical significance of this research, and then clarifies the novelty of this research. The first chapter briefly outlines the concept of cultural-loaded words, and classifies cultural-loaded words according to Eugene Nida's functional equivalence theory, laying the foundation for the translation study of cultural-loaded words later on. Chapter 2 analyzes in detail the cultural-loaded words appearing in “Intern”, and discusses the translation principles and translation strategies of cultural-loaded words. The third chapter analyzes the causes of mistranslation and difficult-to-understand cultural-loaded words in “Intern”. The concluding remarks summarize the content of the whole text.

Culture-loaded Words

Definition of Culture-loaded Words

Culture-loaded words are also called culturally connotative words. In the language system, culture-loaded words are the vocabulary which can best embody the cultural information that a language carries and they also reflect the social life.

Behind each vocabulary are deeply imprinted the cultural, geographical and historical characteristics of a society. Vocabulary is the basic element of language,and the formation of each vocabulary is inseparable from culture. It carries a largeamount of "national cultural accumulation", that is, cultural connotation. This article is an analysis of Russian cultural-loaded words, reflecting mostly about the Russian national culture.

Language is the carrier of culture, so cultural differences must also be reflected in language. Translation means the spread of culture, and words that carry culture are words that express culture. Therefore, the translator focuses on the cultural-loaded words that appear in the source text, and on this basis. The words containing language and culture reflect the development, progress and change of the language of a country's dynasties, as well as the accumulation of various activities that are completely different from other countries (Liao, 2002). Translating social cultural terms and ecological cultural terms can truly understand the living conditions and social conditions of a country in a specific period.

Classification of Culture-loaded Words

According to Naida's classification of cultural factors, cultural load words are divided into five categories: the first category is ecological cultural load words, which usually refer to words related to plants, animals, climate, etc. of a specific region, for example, a small twisting path is not used in the Russian language environment, such as “羊肠小径”. The second category is material cultural load words. For example, “轿子” refers to a human-powered means of transportation in feudal China, which does not exist in Western countries. The third category is the social cultural load words, which usually involve words of social etiquette, social identity and leisure, such as kneel three times and kowtow nine, the dragon boat festiva, which are unique to Chinese culture and tradition. The fourth category is religious cultural load words, which are generally words reflecting the cultural beliefs of a certain nationality, such as “八字”(horoscopes), “算命先生”(fortune-teller), and so on. The fifth category is language-based cultural load words, which reflect the different ways of speaking and habits of different ethnic groups in terms of phonetics, vocabulary, syntax and so on. For example, the name of a person, the use of idioms, and so on.

3 罗曦 The Translation of Culture-loaded Words from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence：Take Ezra Pound’s The Cathay for Example

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=Key Words

Culture-loaded Words；Functional Equivalence；The Cathay；Ezra Pound

关键词

文化负载词；功能对等理论；华夏集；庞德

4 何芩 The Translation of Cultural-loaded words in The Nine Elegies in Elegies of the South Translated by Xu Yuanchong

Cult_Load_Words_EN_4

Key Words

Translation；Culture-loaded Words；Chinese Clasics；HuXiang Culture

关键词

翻译；文化负载词；中国典籍；湖湘文化

Literature Review

Introduction of Qu Yuan

Qu Yuan (340 BC-278 BC) was a poet and statesman of the State of Chu during the Warring States period. His surname was Mi (芈姓), Qu (屈氏), his name was Ping (平), and his “zi” was Yuan (原). He was born in Danyang, Chu (now Zigui, Hubei) in about 340 B.C. He was a descendant of Qu Xie, son of King Xiong Tong of Chu. Qu Yuan was the first great patriotic poet in Chinese history, the founder of Chinese romantic literature, and is known as "the progenitor of Chinese poetry" and "the progenitor of rhetoric". He is the founder and representative author of the "Chu rhetoric" and started the tradition of “herb and beauty”.

According to Si Ma Qian's words in “The Records of the Grand Historian”, there is also “The Invocation of the Soul”. In the form of language, Qu Yuan's works break through the pattern of the four-character stanzas of the Book of Songs, with five, six, seven, eight, or nine characters per stanza, as well as three-character and cross-stanzas, with a varied and flexible syntax; the word "兮" is used at the end of the stanzas, as well as "之," "于," "乎," "夫," "而," and other imaginary words to harmonize the syllables and create a rhythm of ups and downs and three sighs. In short, his works have great creativity from content to form.

Qu Yuan's Chu rhetoric is the most imaginative, and his words are very beautiful. In "Li Sao", he used a lot of myths and legends, and brought the sun, moon, wind and clouds into the poems, making the rhetoric very splendid, and he also prominently depicted the story of three times of seeking a woman to express his own persistence and comparison. He is good at using beauty and herbs as a metaphor for a gentleman, and evil wood and filthy grass as a metaphor for a villain. Through the technique of simile, he writes to the fullest extent the scene where the king believes in slander, treacherous people are in power, and patriotic people have no way to serve the country.

The emergence of Qu Yuan marked a new era in Chinese poetry, from collective singing to individual creation. In his early years, Qu Yuan was trusted by King Huai of Chu and served as a left apprentice and a great official of Sanlu, who was also in charge of domestic and foreign affairs. After Wu Qi, Qu Yuan was another advocate of law change in Chu. He advocated the "beautiful government", and advocated the appointment of virtuous people and the revision of laws internally, and the alliance with Qi against Qin externally. He was exiled to the north of Han and the Yuan-Xiang valley because he was ostracized and slandered by the nobles. In 1953, the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan's death, the World Peace Council adopted a resolution to identify Qu Yuan as one of the world's four cultural celebrities to be commemorated that year.

Introduction of Chu Ci

Chu Ci is the earliest collection of romantic poetry and the source of romantic literature. The name "Chu Ci" was first mentioned in “The Records of the Grand Historian - Cool Officials”. It is evident that this name existed at least in the early Han Dynasty. Its original meaning was a general reference to the songs and rhetoric of the Chu region, but only later did it become a specific term for the new poetic style represented by the compositions of Qu Yuan of the State of Chu during the Warring States period.

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled the works of Qu Yuan and Song Yu, as well as those of Huainan Xiaoshan, Dongfang Shuo, Wang Bao and Liu Xiang in the Han Dynasty, into a collection of sixteen poems, which was named “Chu ci”. This is the ancestor of the collection. Later, Wang Yi added his own work "Jiu Si", which became 17 pieces. The seventeen chapters are: "Li Sao", "Jiu Ge", "Tian Wen", "Jiu Zhang", "Yuan You", "Bu Jv", "Yu Fu", "Jiu Bian", "Zhao Hun", "Da Zhao", "Xi Shi", "Zhao Yinshi", "Qi jian", "Ai Shiming", "Jiu Huai", "Jiu Tan" and "Jiu Si". The structure of these seventeen chapters became the common text in later times.

The book uses the dialects and rhythms of the Chu region to describe the mountains, rivers, people and history of the Chu region, and has a strong regional cultural color. The entire book is based on the works of Qu Yuan, and the rest of the poems also inherit the form of Qu Fu, with spirited feelings and strange imagination. Compared with the simple quatrain poems of the Book of Songs, the stanzas of the book are more lively and sometimes use the dialect of the state of Chu, which is unique in terms of rhythm and rhyme, making it more suitable for expressing rich and complex thoughts and feelings.

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References

《楚辞：英汉对照》许渊冲译. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2011 Elegies of the South

万丽.《楚辞》香草美人意象翻译策略[J].黑河学院学报,2021,12(06):126-128.

白成亮,田传茂.《楚辞》神话意象的文化内涵及翻译方法研究[J].译苑新谭,2021,2(01):40-46.

张艺格.《楚辞》西译本中原型意象的翻译策略研究[J].运城学院学报,2021,39(02):59-65.

钱梦雨.文化适应论视角下《楚辞》文化意象的英译——以许渊冲译本为例[J].文教资料,2021(02):55-57.

吴斐,龙卓,罗芸慧.“深度翻译”观下湖湘典籍《楚辞》英译传播研究[J].今古文创,2021(09):120-121. .....

5 孙雅诗 Study on cultural loaded word translation under the ecological translation horizon——Take the English translation of Dou'e injustice as an example

Cult_Load_Words_EN_5

Abstract

Based on the ecological translation theory, this article take the translation of cultural loaded words in Dou’e injustice, one Yuan Dynasty drama, as the research object, and analyze how the translators deliver the cultural information to the target audiences in terms of language dimension, culture dimension and communication dimension to promote the valid dissemination of drama culture in English-speaking countries. Also this article hopes to provide an effective reference for the current drama translation so as to make more foreign audiences appreciate Chinese drama and promote Chinese drama culture to go out better.

Key Words

Culture-loaded Words；Ecological translation；Chinese Classics

摘要

本文基于生态翻译学理论，以元代戏剧《窦娥冤》文化负载词的翻译为研究对象，探究译者如何从语言维、文化维和交际维对戏剧中文化负载词进行翻译，并把这些词所承载的文化信息有效地传递给目标受众，促进元代杂剧文化在英语国家的有效传播，从而为当前戏剧的外宣翻译提供有效借鉴，促进中国戏剧文化更好地走出去，为外国受众欣赏。

关键词

文化负载词；生态翻译学；戏剧；翻译

Introduction

Research Background

Chinese drama is the artistic treasure of Chinese classical culture and an important part of Chinese culture. In order to make the Chinese drama culture go out and let more foreign audiences understand and appreciate it, translation plays a very key role as a communicating bridge. However, due to the complexity of drama language and its historical culture, drama translation is difficult. To convey its original cultural connotations as much as possible, an appropriate translation strategy is required. At present, there are many theories of translation, this article chose to study Yang Xianyi and Dai Naidie’s translation of Dou’e injustice based on the ecological translation theory for two reasons. First, drama translation readers are not only the text readers, but also the directors, actors and audiences, so the translator needs to consider how to properly deal with the drama translation elements in the ecological environment. Second, in terms of domestic research situation, there is not much translation research on Dou'e injustice. We search the theme "Dou’e injustice translation" on CNKI, only to find 13 related papers. And there is only one paper related to the ecological translation. However, it just does the research in terms of cultural dimension and doesn’t fully use the ecological translation, so the study on English translation of Dou’e injustice based on ecological translation theory has a value of reference in some degree.

Relevant basic concepts

1. Cultural loaded word

Cultural loaded words, also known as unique cultural words and cultural connotation words, are the words or phrases that indicates things and concepts which belong to a certain culture. It "only exists in a certain culture, while in another culture, it is blank ".According to the cultural classification of Eugene A. Nida, cultural loaded words can be roughly divided into five types, which are the ecological words, material words, social words, religious words and linguistic cultural words.

2. Ecological translation

Ecological translation was put forward by Professor Hu Gengshen of Tsinghua University. He combined Darwin's basic principles of "natural selection" with the translation research work, and creatively put forward the view that "translators should adapt to the translation ecological environment and accept the control of the translation ecological environment". He believes that "translation is an activity in which translators should adapt to and select the translation ecological environment". This definition of the translation makes the translators be in the center during the translating process. He also advocates that translators should give full play to their subjective initiative and focus on the three dimensions, which are language, culture and communication. Here are the detailed introduction of these three important dimensions in ecological translation.

2.1 Language adaptability

The language dimension translation of cultural loaded words requires the real translation environment to be included into the target translation text. Translators should make effective conversions between the word pronunciation and semantic, word collocation, grammar structure and discourse layout to ensure that the translation can accurately convey the real meaning of the culture loaded words from the source language, and make them adapt to the expression habits of the target language utmost。

2.2 Cultural adaptability

The cultural dimension translation of cultural loaded words requires the translator to compare and analyze the cultural backgrounds and connotations of the source language and target language to realize the effective conversions between cultural connotations which are from different cultural backgrounds and to prevent the occurrence of cultural misunderstanding or cultural ambiguity phenomenon.

2.3 Communication adaptability

The communication dimension translation of cultural loaded words requires the translator to translate in terms of objective, true and accurate translation principles and effectively convey what the original author or discourse speaker intends to express emotional attitude and communication information to achieve the real communication utility. From the introduction above, we can see that ecological translation requires the translator, also the center, to make a comprehensive analysis of translation adaptation conditions and conduct valid conversions between the three dimensions to achieve a good effect in translation[1 ], which is challenging but meaningful.

3. Dou'e injustice

Dou 'e injustice is a representative Yuan miscellaneous drama written by Guan Hanqing, and it’s also a model of Yuan miscellaneous drama tragedies. It is based on the folk story of "Filial Women in the East China Sea" in the Eastern Han Dynasty. And it is of high value in the cultural aspect with a broad mass base. About 86 dramas have adapted and performed it. In the aspect of art, it reflects the integration of realism and romantic style. With rich imagination, bold exaggeration and the design of the surreal plot, it shows the huge power of justice, embodies the author's distinct love and hate, and reflects the people’s desire to punish the evildoers and fulfill the justice.

Structure of the Research

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References

阳赟.适应与选择——《窦娥冤》英译文化维适应性探究[J].辽宁医学院学报(社会科学版),2012,10(04):128-130.

亢连连,刘思齐,姜华.浅析生态翻译学视角下陕西文化负载词的翻译策略[J].英语广场,2020(30):26-28.

曹雅琴,李延林 .生态翻译学视角下文化负载词口译——基于译者的适应与选择[J].青年时代,2020(4):17-18.

蒋晓萍,罗云 .生态翻译学视域下中国饮食文化负载词翻译研究——以《世说新语》英译本为例[J].广州大学学报(社会科学版),2020,19(5):54-61.

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6 杜莉娜 On the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Tourism Texts—An Intercultural Communication Perspective

Cult_Load_Words_EN_6

Abstract

Culture-loaded words are special in vocabulary for all kinds of language. Being different from general words, the strong local traits of these words are concealed behind the language form, which leads to the untranslatability and difficulties of translating. The translation of culture-loaded words is a big challenge for a translator since he/she needs to master both the source language and the target language as well as be familiar with the local culture. The translator needs to keep the translation accurate and advoids to lose cultural identities of a term. A study of translating culture-loaded from an international communication perspective is practical for that taking communication as purpose it focuses on culture behind a language and tries to find an alternative expression, which makes the recievers fully understand the target language and its culture. In the light of intercultural communication, this paper takes tourism texts as example to analyze the translation principles and strategies of culture-loaded in tourism texts, deeply discussing some problems in the translation of tourism texts and providing some practical solutions for it.

Key Words

Intercultural Communication; Tourism;Culture-loaded words;Translation

摘要

对于任何一种语言来说，文化负载词都是词汇中一种特殊存在形式。与普通词汇不同，它借用语言外形将自己浓厚的当地色彩包裹起来，使其不可译或难以翻译。文化负载词的翻译是对译者对源语和译入语精通度和当地文化熟悉度的一种高挑战，这不仅需要译者考虑翻译的准确性，还不能丧失词汇本身的文化烙印。从跨文化交际的角度来翻译文化负载词不失为一种可行的办法，跨文化交际以交际为目的，注重保留语言的文化性，试图找到一种合适的替代性表达让语言接受者完全理解源语言以及其背后的文化因素。本文从跨文化交际角度出发，以旅游文本为例，分析其中文化负载词的翻译原则和翻译策略，进而分析旅游文本翻译存在的某些问题，并提供一些较为可行的解决办法。

关键词

跨文化交际，旅游，文化负载词，翻译

Introduction

Chinese culture runs a long history about 5,000 years. With the overall national strength is improving, China plays an important role in the whole world. Confucianism and Taoism is embodied in such political ideas as Belt and Road Initiative, Five Principles of Peaceful Coeixstence, socialism with Chinese characteristics and so on. Therefore, it is quite necessary to preserve Chinese culture heritage and carry forward Chinese culture in the current culture communication. Research on translation of culture-loaded words is such a important way culture topromote the indigenous cultrue. Culture-loaded words refers to some items that implies cultural background and connotations, and passing through the long-term historical precipitation these expression with culture character like words, proverbs, allusions and name of special figures have been produced. And the existing common phrases and idioms are part of culture-loaded words( Fang Mengzhi,2011).

New Mark (2001)classified culture-loaded words as all kinds of types in ecology, material culture, social culture, society, politics, economy, administrative institutions and gesture. It is therefore of wide range of cultural expression, and these items have emerged endlessly with the changes of the times.In the communication, these words can best embody cultural information and social values and reflect the social life of human.Tourism texts relate to a variety of areas among mountains and rivers, museums, architecture,delicious food, animals and plants, which provide abundant and propor data for reaserch on culture-loaded words. The most direct way to realize domestic culture is travel for foreigners. Especially, there are magnificent mountains and rivers, splendid scenery and numerous delicious food, attracting many travelers around the whole world. In China, scenic spots essentially provide English translation, and now many of them also have Japanese, Korean and others translation. Tourism is crucial in making the first Chinese impression to foreigners and carrying on Chinese culture. It is the key language data in studying culture-loaded words as well as the critical way in cross-communication.So the importance of tourism texts is obvious. This paper chooses the intercultural communication perspective to analyze the English translation principles and strategies in tourism texts, deeply discussing the interrelations among language, culture and translation.

Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Tourism texts from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication

Principles of Tourism Translation in the Light of Intercultural Perspective

跨文化交际的根本目的在于语言和文化交流，在旅游文本的文化负载词的翻译中，首先应该保证意思准确，不能歪曲文化词汇的词意，在文化负载词的理解上应结合文化来理解，所以要求译者本身要有良好的中文素养；其次，保证简单、清晰。旅游文本的翻译应该简单明了，让游客一目了然，很快能够抓住中心；在把握住这两方面的基础上，再同时兼顾其中的文化和美学表达。 The fundamental aim of cross-communication is language and cultural exchanges. In the translation of culture-loaded in tourism texts, the first is keeping the meaning accurate without misunderstanding the meaning of cultural words. Translators should grasp the meaning of a culture-loade term combining with the native culture, which requires their Chinese literary at a high level.Secondly, keeping clear and simple. The translation of tourism should be so brief and clear that people can grasp the key point at a glance; then based on the two aspects, giving consideration to cultural transmission and aesthetic expression.

Conclusion

Bla, bla, bla

References

Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona Muenster: LIT

7 宫博雅 An analysis of the Chinese translation of culture-loaded words in Russian Idioms

Cult_Load_Words_EN_7

Abstract

Language is the carrier of culture, and the characteristics of language also reflect the characteristics of culture. Culture is closely related to language. In-depth understanding and exploration of culture is conducive to language learning and better use of language for communication. Idiom as a fixed structure in language expression, with profound cultural connotation, is an important part of a national culture. Russian idioms are the concentration of the essence of Russian national culture, including Russian history, religion, national thinking, cultural customs, local customs and other unique national characteristics. In the process of language development, each nation has accumulated its own unique culture-loaded words. These words are loaded with the unique cultural connotation of this nation and express the rich cultural color of this nation. Due to different cultural backgrounds and historical development tracks, Russian contains many words, phrases and idioms that represent unique things in Russian culture. From the perspective of Nida's cultural classification, this paper analyzes the Chinese translation of culture-loaded words in Russian idioms, which is helpful to promote the study of Russian language and deepen the understanding of Russian traditional culture and Russian national psychology.

Key words

Culture-loaded Words; Russian idioms; Russian culture

题目

俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析

摘要

语言是文化的载体，语言的特性同时也体现了文化的特性，文化与语言紧密相关。对文化的深入了解和探究有助于语言的学习和更好的运用语言进行交际。成语作为固定的结构存在于语言表达中，具有深刻的文化内涵，是一个民族文化的重要表现部分。俄语成语是俄罗斯民族文化精华的浓缩，其中包含俄罗斯历史、宗教、民族思维、文化习俗、风土人情等特有的民族特点。语言发展的进程中，每个民族都积累了本民族特有的文化负载词。这些词语负载着本民族独特的文化内涵，表现本民族丰富的文化色彩。由于不同的文化背景和历史发展轨迹，俄语中包含许多代表俄罗斯文化中特有事物的词、词组和习语。本文以奈达的文化分类为视角，分析俄罗斯成语中文化负载词的中文翻译，有助于促进对俄罗斯语言的学习，进一步加深对俄罗斯传统文化及俄罗斯民族心理的了解。

关键词

文化负载词；俄语成语；俄罗斯文化

Introduction

Nowadays, with the sound development of relations between China and Russia and the deepening of exchanges in all aspects, a better understanding of Russian culture can further strengthen bilateral exchanges and cooperation. Culture-loaded words are words, phrases and idioms that mark the unique things in a certain culture. They directly reflect the unique activities of a particular nation that have been gradually accumulated in the long historical process and are different from other nations. The cultural differences between the two sides are culture-loaded words reflected in vocabulary. Idioms, as the essence of language, contain rich cultural connotations, reflect national character and reflect social changes. The analysis of the Chinese translation of culture-loaded words in Russian idioms can help us trace the origin of Russian culture, go deep into the core of Russian culture, and explore the significance of Russian culture. According to Nida's classification of language and cultural characteristics, this paper tries to have a deep understanding of Russian culture and make subtle contributions to cross-cultural communication and translation through the analysis of Chinese translation of culture-loaded words.

1.The meaning of culture-loaded words

Culture-loaded words are the cultural labels of a nation, which have distinct cultural characteristics and play an important role in the development and dissemination of culture. Liao Qiyi said, "Culture-loaded words refer to words, phrases and idioms that mark things unique to a certain culture. These words reflect the unique activities of a particular ethnic group that have gradually accumulated in the long course of history and are different from other ethnic groups."When some foreign words are translated into Chinese, they cannot find their exact corresponding or equivalent words, thus forming culture-loaded words. Culture-loaded words are also called culture-unique words and culture-connotation words. They are deeply marked by the region and times of a certain language society, and are words (phrases) expressing the things and concepts peculiar to a certain culture. Such words not only carry rich cultural connotations, but also "exist only in one culture and are blank in another culture". Just because I have characteristics that you do not have, they are often obstacles to cross-cultural communication and translation.

2. Classification of culture-loaded words

According to Nida's classification of cultural factors, culture-loaded words can be divided into five categories. The first category is ecological culture-loaded words, which usually refer to the plants and animals, geographical environment, climate change and other related words in a specific region. The second category is material culture-loaded words, which refer to the specific material products in different cultures. Generally, they refer to words including food, clothing, housing and transportation. The third category is the social culture-loaded words, which usually involve the words of social etiquette, social identity, leisure and entertainment, such as local conditions and practices, traditions, social rules, religious beliefs, moral standards, historical background, ideology and so on. For example, different cultures have different festivals and celebration customs, and people give different meanings to color words. The fourth category is religious culture-loaded words, which generally reflect the cultural beliefs of a certain nation. The fifth category is language culture-loaded words. Different nations have different speaking ways and habits, which are reflected in pronunciation, vocabulary, syntax and other aspects.

3. Translation methods of culture-loaded words

1. Substitution Substitution method is a translation method that converts the cultural images in the source language into the cultural images familiar to the target readers. When the cultural images of the source language words are quite different from those familiar to the target readers, it is difficult for the target readers to understand, so the alternative translation method can be adopted. 2. Interpretation Interpretation is a method of interpretative translation of words. Some words exist in both Chinese and Japanese languages, but due to the change of national culture, such words have different connotations in the two nations and are easily confused by translators and readers. At this point, the real meaning of the source words is supplemented by interpretation. 3. Adding method Annotation is a translation method that is faithful to the source language. When the cultural information contained in a word is relatively simple, the translation method of in-text annotation can be adopted. When the cultural information contained in the vocabulary is long, the method of footnote can be adopted.

4. Culture-loaded words in Russian idioms

Cultural connotations in Russian idioms No matter in Chinese or Russian, there are many words with rich cultural characteristics, especially in many idioms, speech, slang and dialects, with rich cultural connotations. Russian idiom is a language unit composed of two or more stress components with fixed structure and integral meaning. Generalized Russian idioms include proverbs, sayings, idioms, fixed phrases of speech or idiom phrases; In the narrow sense, Russian idioms only include idioms and idiomatic fixed phrases. This paper analyzes the Chinese translation of culture-loaded words in Russian idioms from a broad perspective. Russian can reflect the culture and way of thinking of a nation, with rich cultural connotation and distinctive national characteristics. As the essence of Russian traditional culture, Russian idioms can fully reflect the vivid and vivid Russian national culture, fully reflect the Russian nation's daily life behavior habits, value orientation and traditional customs.As the concentration and essence of Russian national language, Russian idioms are of great significance to the study of Russian and Russian national culture. It can reflect the lifestyle of the Russian nation, the character of the Russian people and cultural connotation. The research on the characteristics and translation methods of Russian idioms can help us understand Russian language and culture in a deeper level. It also gives us a unique glimpse of the world's brilliant culture.

Reference

[1]于建华.俄语成语与俄罗斯民族文化研究[J].散文百家,2019(11):222. [2]王发金.俄语成语文化的研究[J].旅游纵览(下半月),2017(22):237. [3]袁顺芝.俄汉翻译中的语言文化现象及其处理方法[J].中国俄语教学,2014,33(04):40-44. [4]司道权.浅析俄语成语的特点及翻译方法[J].品牌,2015(03):113. [5]裴晓明.俄语成语翻译中的几个问题[J].科技信息,2012(30):212. [6]王金凤.俄语成语的意义及其翻译[J].中国翻译,2008,29(05):72-74. [7]张莹.俄语成语翻译中的文化伴随意义[J].佳木斯大学社会科学学报,2006(02):157-158.\ [8]鞠海娜.俄汉成语蕴含的民族文化比较研究[J].黑河学院学报,2021,12(04):174-175. [9]廖七一 .当代西方翻译理论探索 [M]. 南京 :译林出版社 , 2000

8 周小雪《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究

Cult_Load_Words_EN_8

Abstract

Translation of culture-loaded words has been a difficult problem for translators.The culture behind culture-loaded words made translator hard to find words that are coherent to the sauce text. For the same culture-loaded word, different languages have different translation methods. This paper takes the novel Medicine as an example exploring the contrast of English and Japanese translation of culture-loaded words in the same text.

Key words

Culture-loaded Words; Medicine; The Comparison of English and Japanese Translations

1.Introduction of Culture-Loaded Words

Translation is not the direct conversion of two languages. In the process of translating from one language to another, we should not only get faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance, but also understand the culture concepts behind each word in the original. Culture-loaded words have always been a difficult problem in translation. Due to cultural differences, it is difficult for translators to find words that are coherent to the sauce text. In the process of translation, if the translation work in a comparatively mechanical manner, it is hard for us to understand the true meaning of the original. Therefore, it is very important to do a good job in translating culture-loaded words.

1.1 The Definition of Culture-loaded Words

Before now, scholars abroad and home had paid attention to culture-loaded words. Different people have different definitions of culture loaded words. Mona Baker put forward the the concept of “culture-specific” (Baker 1992:222). The meaning of a word in the source language is often different in the target language, which often makes readers from the target language culture at a loss. Culture-loaded words are sometimes abstract, involving religious beliefs or cultural customs, and sometimes they are specific.Spanish translator Javier Franco Aixela put forward the definition of "cultural-specific item). It tells us that "There are some items in the text, and the translation difficulties will occur when its function and meaning are transferred from the source language to the target language. There is no coherent item in the cultural system of the target language.In China, He Yuanjian put forward the concept of “indegineuous information”, which refers to the unique concept bred by a language in the development of its own history, culture, society and way of thinking. It is alien to another language.Bao Huinan viewed culture-loaded words as a kind of vocabulary vacancy,means that the cultural information carried by the source language vocabulary has no counterpart in the target language. (Bao Huinan, 2004:10) He think that"Every language is the product of the cultural development of a country and nation, and has its long historical background and rich cultural connotation. Every country and nation has its unique development history, social system, ecological environment, religious belief and national customs. Therefore, each language has its own specific vocabulary, idioms and allusions "Culture loaded words" reflect these concepts and things. "(Bao Huinan 2004:10) Liao Qiyi, a famous translation expert in China, summarized the above two parts of the discussion on culture loaded words, he thought that culture loaded words are "Words, phrases and idioms that mark the unique things in a culture. These words reflect the unique activity mode gradually accumulated by a specific nation in the long historical process, which is different from other nations."(Liao qiyi 2000:230)

9 付诗雨 On Translating Chinese Culture-loaded Words in Cultural Relics Commentaries into Japanese——A Case Study of Hunan Museum

Cult_Load_Words_EN_9

Abstract

Museum has served as an indispensable platform for cross-cultural communication. The commentaries translation of cultural relics provided by museums, affecting the acceptability of the target text receiver directly, has a crucial impact on the inter-cultural understanding and communication. In the process of cultural relics commentaries translation, it is still an important academic subject needing further research that how to deal with the incompatibility of linguistic signs and cultural concepts between the source language and the target language, and how to accurately convey the characteristics, meanings and cultural implications of culturally-loaded words inside. Nevertheless, the academic studies on the translation of cultural relics commentaries in Chinese museums started relatively late, among which especially the researches focused on the Japanese version are not abundant enough both in quantity and content, and the intelligibility and acceptability need to be strengthened.Therefore, this thesis takes the Japanese version of the cultural relics commentaries from Hunan museum’s basic display as the research objects, adopting Eugene Nina’s translation equivalence theory as the theoretical guidance. In this thesis, culturally-loaded words with different cultural meanings are analyzed through comparing with the source text, and then the translation skills are concluded, expecting to provide some reference for future translation of cultural relics commentaries. 

Key words

Cultural Relics Commentaries; Culturally-loaded Words;Translation Equivalence;Chinese-Japanese Translation Skills;

题目

文物解说词中的文化负载词的日译研究——以湖南博物馆为例

摘要

博物馆是跨文化交际的重要窗口。其所藏文物解说词的翻译质量直接影响着目标受众对译文的接受度，制约着异文化的理解和交流。在文物解说词的翻译过程中，如何对待和处理源语言和目标语言在语言符号和文化观念不对等问题，怎样才能使其中的文化负载词的特点、含义和文化意蕴得以准确的传达，是一个亟待深入研究的重要课题。然而，中国国内博物馆文物解说词的翻译研究起步较晚，特别是日译研究在数量和内容上都不够丰富，可读性和接受性等诸多方面还亟待加强。本文选取湖南省博物馆基本陈列的文物解说词作为考察对象，以尤金·奈达的翻译等值论为理论指导，逐一对具有不同文化含义的词汇进行原、译文对照分析与改进，归纳出这类文化负载词的翻译技巧，以期为文物解说词日译提供些许参考。

关键词

文物解说词;文化负载词;翻译等值论;日译技巧;

Introduction

Under the background of globalization, translation has become an important bridge of cross-cultural communication and transmission, rather than merely a simple conversion of language signs. With the further development of China's opening up, Chinese museums have gradually become one of the main channels for foreign tourists to know about Chinese culture, among which the translation of cultural relics commentaries play an indispensable role. Owing to their own characteristics, the cultural relics commentaries often contains numerous vocabularies carrying abundant information of history, culture, customs, habits and so on, what is called culturally-loaded words. The translation quality of culturally-loaded words directly affects the target text receiver’s acceptability of Chinese culture, influencing the intercultural communication. In order to make a better use of translation versions of cultural relics commentaries and better display Chinese culture, it is crucial to take further studies on the translation and introduction of culturally relics commentaries, especially culturally-loaded words inside. 

In recent years, foreign translations of cultural relics commentaries have appeared successively in museums at different levels in China, on which more and more academic studies have been made. Whereas researches on Japanese version have a relatively later start comparing with English version, so outcomes are not abundant enough both in quantity and content. However, Japan belongs to the cultural circle of Chinese characters as well, whose culture has been also deeply influenced by Chinese traditional culture since ancient times, so there must be its own uniqueness in the translation skills of cultural-loaded words. So as to improve the display of Chinese culture to Japanese tourists, the expression selected is supposed to be understood and accepted by them, especially the Japanese translation quality of culturally-loaded words. The translation equivalence theory represented by Eugene A. Nida holds that the seek of translation is rather than the mechanical correspondence on the text superficially, but the relationship between the target text receiver and the target text information be basically the same as that in the source text. This theory is in line with the fundamental mission of commentaries translation as external propaganda, which has a practical guiding significance for the research and practice of Japanese translation of cultural relics commentaries. Therefore, based on the similarities and differences between Chinese and Japanese languages and cultural values under the background of cross-cultural communication, this thesis discusses the Japanese translation skills of Chinese culturally-loaded words in cultural relics commentaries under the guidance of translation equivalence theory and the reference of specific translation skills.

在全球化语境下，翻译不仅是语言符号的简单转换 , 更是文化交流和传播的重要手段。随着中国对外开放的深入发展，博物馆逐渐成为了外国游客了解中国文化的主要平台之一，其中文物解说词的翻译便发挥着不可或缺的作用。文物解说词因自身特性，包含着众多承载了丰富历史、文化和风俗习惯等信息的词汇，即所谓的“文化负载词”(culturally- loaded words)。文化负载词的翻译质量直接影响着目标受众对中国文化的理解程度，影响着异文化间的交流。为了更好地发挥文物解说词翻译文本的作用，更好地介绍中国文化，对文物解说词、特别是其中文化负载词的译介研究则显得尤为重要。

近年来，文物的外文解说词在中国各个级别的博物馆内接连出现，关于翻译文本的研究也是层出不穷。但相较于英译研究，日译研究方面起步较晚，在数量上和内容上都还不够丰富。而中日同属汉字文化圈，日本文化更是深受中国传统文化的影响，因此有关文化信息的翻译技巧必然存在着其特殊之处。为了更好向日本游客介绍中国文化，应该选取日本游客能理解和接受的语言，特别是提高其中文化负载词的日译质量。以尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)为代表的翻译等值论认为翻译时不求文字表面的机械的对应，而要求译文读者与译文信息之间的关系基本上与原文接受者和原文信息之间的关系相同。该理论与解说词外宣翻译的重要使命相契合，对文物解说词的日译研究与实践具有现实的指导意义。本文以文物解说词中的文化负载词为切入点，在翻译等值论的指导下结合具体的翻译技巧，立足跨文化交际背景下中日两国在语言和文化价值观之间的异同，进而探讨中国文化的日语翻译技巧。

1. The Theory of Translation Equivalence and Specific Translation Skills

Translation theories before the 20th century focused on the conversion of linguistic signs. With the increasingly frequent exchanges among different countries under the background of globalization, cultural differences have inevitably had a considerable impact on translation, leading to a cultural turn in translation theories, among which the translation equivalence theory represented by Eugene A. Nida is best-known. In 1969，the famous American translation theorist Eugene A. Nida put forward the definition of functional equivalence (dynamic equivalence). Unlike the traditional translation theories that mainly stress the correspondence between the source language and target language, Nida‘s functional equivalence theory focus on reader's response, opening up a new perspective to translation studies. Nida further perfect his theory in the 1990s. In his book Language, Culture and Translating, he divided functional equivalence into different degrees of adequacy from minimal to maximal effectiveness on the basis of both cognitive and experiential factors, holding that the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they call conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it, and the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did. Therefore, in the process of translation, it is necessary to screen and process the cultural information in the source text, especially the translation of culturally-loaded words, taking into account the similarities and differences in the historical and cultural factors, and the values between the source language and the target language, so as to make the translation more in line with the linguistic norms and habits of the target text receiver.

Equivalence translation theory has exerted significant influence on Chinese translation studies since it was introduced into China. Chinese translation researchers have discussed not only the relationship between culture and translation from a macroscopic point of view, but also the translation skills of culturally-loaded words in detail, which provides important guidance for practical translation activities. In terms of specific translation skills, there are various opinions in academic circles, which can be roughly summarized as the following four types, namely literal translation, amplification, substitution and free translation, or the two kinds succinctly, namely domesticating translation and foreignization translation. Accordingly, corresponding translation skills are supposed to be applied based on different kinds of textual content and structure, distinct culturally-loaded words, to make a better achievement of translation equivalence.

1、 翻译等值论及具体的翻译技巧

二十世纪以前的翻译理论看重语言符号的转换。随着全球化背景下各民族交往的日益频繁，文化差异对翻译的影响愈发明显，出现了翻译理论的文化转向，其中以尤金·奈达为代表的“翻译等值论” 尤为著名。奈达在1969年明确提出了功能对等（动态对等）的概念。比起更注重语言形式一致性的传统翻译理论，功能对等理论更强调读者的反应，为翻译研究提供了一个全新的视角。奈达在90年代进一步完善了其理论，基于认知和经验因素，他认为功能对等具有不同的适合程度，提出了功能对等的两个层次：最低层次的对等和最高层次的对等。主张“译文读者对译文的理解应当达到能够想象出原文作者是怎样理解和领会原文的程度，并基本上能按照原文读者理解和领会原文的方式来理解译文”。因此，在翻译过程中，特别是有关文化负载词的翻译，必须对原文中的文化信息进行筛选和加工，兼顾源语言和目标语言的历史文化和价值观念的异同点，使译文更加符合目标受众的语言表达的规范和习惯。

翻译等值论在传入中国后，给中国的翻译研究也带来了很大的影响。中国翻译研究者们，不仅从宏观上论述了文化与翻译的关系，还具体地探讨了文化负载词的翻译技巧，对实际的翻译实践活动提供了重要的指导。其中有关具体的翻译技巧方面，学界意见各有千秋，大致可以归纳为如下四类：直译法、增词法、代换法、意译法，或概括成归化法和异化法。要根据不同的文本内容和结构、不同的文化负载词，选取相应的翻译技巧，以更好地实现翻译的“等值”。

2. The Definition and Classification of Culture-loaded Words

Culturally-loaded words are the vocabulary in the language system, which can best embody the cultural knowledge that a language carries and reflect the social information of human life. Culturally-loaded words refer to those words or phrases which convey a certain kind of cultural connotations rooted in their own society, which may not be found in other languages. In other words, it is difficult to find ready-made equivalent words in the target language, leading to the phenomenon of lexical gaps. Accordingly, culturally-loaded words in cultural relics commentaries can be defined as words or phrases embodying unique cultural information rooted in Chinese society.

The formation of culture-loaded words is influenced by many factors: under various geographical, historical and social environments, different nations have formed their own lifestyles, ideologies, religious beliefs, customs and habits, literature and art, etc., resulting in numerous cultural differences. The essential differences between eastern and western cultures make the processing of cultural information a key problem in translation activities. Whereas Japan, as a close neighbor of China belonging to the same Chinese character circle, has had continual exchanges with China since ancient times, whose culture is profoundly influenced by traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, the research on the Japanese translation of culturally-loaded words would be inevitably different from that of other languages. It should not be generalized, or limited to the single direction of Chinese culturally-loaded words, but based on the similarities and differences between Chinese and Japanese language and cultural values under the trends of cross-cultural communication.

On the classification of culturally-loaded words, opinions varies in the academic circles. In this thesis, taking the classification of Zhang (2002) as reference, culturally-loaded words in cultural relics commentaries are divided into four categories according to their contributing factors: culture-loaded Words related to material culture, social culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture, on which the translation skills are analyzed and summarized by comparing the source text and the translated version detail by detail.

2、 文化负载词的定义和分类

文化负载词是指在语言系统中，最能体现语言承载的文化信息、反映人类的社会生活的词汇。因为文化负载词反映的是本民族文化中特有的概念，所以往往在另一种语言中无法找到对译的词语，或者说是在译语中很难找到现成的完全对应的“等值词语”，也就形成了词汇空缺。因此，文物解说词中的文化负载词可以定义为包含中国独特文化信息的词语。

文化负载词的形成受到诸多因素的影响‚。各民族在不同的地理、历史、社会环境下，形成了各自不同的生活方式、意识形态、宗教信仰、风俗习惯和文学艺术等，从而造成了各种文化差异。特别是东西方文化之间有着本质的不同，使文化信息的处理成为翻译活动中的重点难题。而中日两国一衣带水，自古以来交流密切，日本不仅同属于汉字圈，日本文化更是深受中国传统文化的影响。因此，关于文化负载词的日译研究必然有着不同于其他语言的特别之处，不能一概而论，更不能仅局限于汉语文化负载词的单方向，应立足于跨文化交际背景下中日两国在语言和文化价值观之间的异同。

关于文化负载词的分类，学术界各抒己见。本文在参考张（2002）分类标准的基础上，把文物解说词中的文化负载词根据其成因，大致分为物质文化类、制度习俗文化类、宗教道德文化类以及文学艺术文化类的四大类，逐一对照源文和译本，进行翻译技巧的分析和归纳。

References

[1]尤金·奈达,查尔斯·泰伯.翻译理论与实践[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004. [2]尤金·奈达.语言与文化：翻译中的语境[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001. [3]王恩科.文化负载词翻译技巧选择探讨[J].重庆商学院学报,2002(04):83. [4]胡洁.从功能翻译理论看网络新闻中文化负载词的日译[J].传播力研究,2018(2):235. [5]张丽,吴丽楠.中原传统文化负载词日语翻译策略研究[J].河南理工大学学报(社会科学版),2021(06):43. [6]张红艳.试评《红楼梦》中文化负载词的翻译[J].安徽大学学报,2000(04):60. [7]新村出(編).広辞苑(第6版) [Z].東京:岩波書店,2008. [8]左娜.“汉服”的形制特征与审美意蕴研究[D].山东:山东大学,2011:30. [9]孙玲玲.汉民族传统服装之“右衽”[J].学苑教育,2018(8):81. [10]濮文起.中国人地狱观的演变进路[J].世界宗教文化,2021(2):12.

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10 丁旋 从纽马克翻译理论看林语堂版《扬州瘦马》中文化负载词的翻译 Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in The Concubine Market of Yangchow ofLin Yutang's version from the perspective of Newmark’s translation theory

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Key words

Newmark’s Translation Theory; Culture-Loaded Words; The Concubine Market of Yangchow; Lin Yutang

1. Introduction of Zhang Dai and The Concubine Market of Yangchow

1.1 Introducation of Zhang Dai

Zhang Dai(1597-1684), ci poet and historian of the late Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty, born in Shaoxing city, Zhejiang province. He came from a scholarly family for three generations of successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations in his family. In the first half of his life, he indulged in entertainments, living in an extravagant life and doing himself proud for his well-to-do family. He described himself as “I was a dude in early times and I liked prosperity, delicate houses, beautiful maids, clever children, new clothes and delicious food, fine horses, colorful lanterns, fireworks......(Timothy Brook 43)”. When Zhang Dai was 48 years old, Ming dynasty fell and his hometown destructed. He lost everything, went to a mountain temple and lived in a poor life. Because of this huge contrast, he wrote a lot of classical works such as Pottery Recall by Buddhist Nunnery Dreams and Seeking Dreams in West Lake. Besides, he also went to a lot of brothels and Chinese theatrical places in Jiangnan region. However, he acted as a spectator in these places, observing the scene and situation carefully. Especially The Concubine Market of Yangchow discussed here, he accompanied his friends to select and buy "lean horse" many times so that he could write a passage about it, which won universal praise(Zhang Zetong 19).

1.2 Introduction of The Concubine Market of Yangchow

Concubine market refers to some people bought beautiful girls from poor family, taught them skills of women and courtesy, cultivated them how to be good wives and sold them to the rich as concubine. "Lean horse" refers to these girls. In the dialect of Yangzhou, "marry a horse" means "marry a wife", which is the origin of the call of "breed lean horse"(Wang Yuanhua 80). "Horse" is a humiliating word to women and "lean" manifests the low status of women in ancient time. Ancient Yangzhou, a crucial harbor for canal transportation of salt, is a prosperous city which attracts a large number of scholars and businessmen to come. As a city of Jiangnan region, the weather is suitable and scenery is beautiful. The green willows, warm breeze, bright moon, delicate buildings and colorful lighting were very attractive with songs and music throughout the night. The laughter and sound of wine glasses spread over the city and lasted all night. The wandering scholars often indulged in this prosperity and went to the entertaining places such as brothels, however, the rich businessmen despised these places. But they also had the requirement of beauties so that the "lean horse" industry began to operate to satisfy this need. This is the origin and history of "concubine market". The Concubine Market of Yangchow is written by Zhang Dai after observing the transaction of "lean horse" many times. So he wrote this transaction in detail which is regarded as a classical work in later time.

2. Introduction of Culture-Loaded Words

2.1 Definition of Culture-Loaded Words

In Linguistics, Spair-Whorf Hypothesis puts forward that the relationship between language and culture. Language mould our thinking patterns and expresses the unique ways of understanding the world. It is divided into two versions: strong version and weak version. Strong version refers to that language determines our thinking patterns but weak version thinks that the similarities of language are relative. The greater the structural differentiation is, the more divers the conceptualization of the world will be. Therefore, culture is encoded and transmitted by the language which influences the way of thinking and viewing of the world and embodies cultural realities. On the contrary, language is the product of culture which influences language and makes language change to fit the development of culture. Language loads a large amount of culture such as political system, living condition, religion belief and social custom and so on. Culture-loaded words are some terms, idioms and collocations full of national culture. Many masters put forward the definition of culture-loaded words. It was initially put forward in Culturally Loaded Words and English Language Teaching by Xu Guozhang in 1980. Some other satements: “Culture-loaded words are words within a specific cultural range, and are a direct and indirect reflection of national culture in language vocabulary(Hu Wenzhong, 1999:64)”; “Culture-loaded words refer to words, phrases, and idioms that mark a particular cultural thing. These words reflect the unique activities of a particular nation that are gradually accumulated in the long historical process and are different from other nations(Liao Qiyi, 2000:232)”. We can see that culture-loaded words as a language carrier are the specific words of one nation, which loads rich national information of culture.

2.2 Categorization of Culture-Loaded Words

Nida E.A. mentioned five cultural categories of translation in his famous book—Language, Cultural and Translation (Nida, 1993:91). They are ecological culture, material culture, social culture, religious culture and linguistic culture. There five culture categories can be used into the concept of culture-loaded words so that the classification of culture-loaded words came out. Further, Newmark P. put forward five kinds of culture words: ecological culture, material culture, social culture, custom and religion and gesture and habit in A Text of Translation (Newmark, 2001:94). They have many similarities in culture or culture words categories. This paper mainly focuses on Nida’s theory of classification of culture-loaded words.

2.2.1 Ecological Culture-Loaded Words

Ecological culture-loaded words are related with natural geographical environment, weather change, animals and plants in a certain community. For instance, in the perspective of geographical position, China is a land country but England is a water country. If we describe someone spends money without restrictions, Chinese is “挥金如土”but English is “spend money like water”. We use “土”to describe the degree of money but in English, they use “water” to express this image. In addition, “羊肠小径”can be translated into “a small twisting path”(Mei Yanhong, 2016:137). In Chinese, the conception of “羊肠”can be collocated with “小径”. However, in English, “羊肠”cannot be collocated with “小径”so that the literal meaning of “羊肠”cannot be translated directly but translated to “small twisting” to collocated “path”. The other example is “走水”. This word is loaded with Chinese culture, which means fire rather than water. So we translate it as “fire” in English rather than "water".

2.2.2 Material Culture-Loaded Words

Material culture-loaded words refer to the special material objects in different cultures (Chen Linlin, 2011:144). These words include food, clothes, buildings, vehicles and so on. For example, some Chinese food like “饺子”、“馄饨”、“包子”, some Chinese clothes like “旗袍”、“中山装” , some Chinese buildings like “长城”“故宫” and some Chinese vehicles like “黄包车”“轿子”. These objects only exist in China and other countries do not have such objects. So such words as material objects loaded with national culture are called Material culture-loaded words.

2.2.3 Social Culture-Loaded Words

Social culture is inclusive of tradition, custom, social rules, moral principles, history backgrounds and ideology and so on (Chen Linlin, 2011:144). Besides, some words connected with social decorum, social status and some entertaining activities are also regarded as social culture-loaded words. In a word, if some words engage in society and load the special culture of one certain country, they are social culture-loaded words. For example, from the perspective of Chinese culture, “三跪九叩”—this kind of social decorum in ancient China. Some Chinese traditional festivals like “七夕节”“端午节”and so on (Mei Yanhong, 2016:137). Some ancient Chinese political status like “状元”“举人”“榜眼”“探花”and so on .

2.2.4 Religious Culture-Loaded Words

Religious culture-loaded words refer to some words loaded with some ideas, beliefs and ceremony related to religions. As to religion, oriental countries have much difference with western countries. Even in western countries, they also have different religious beliefs. For example, from the perspective of Chinese religion, we have the special culture religion called “八字”“算命先生”“看风水”(Mei Yanhong, 2016:137). These things do not exist in western countries. Some “八字先生” can forecast one’s life fortune with the birth date, which is critical miraculous. So we call “八字先生” fortune-teller. Other instances are “观音菩萨”“如来佛祖”“法师”and so on.

2.2.5 Linguistic Culture-Loaded Words

Linguistic culture-loaded words refer to that different spoken manner and habits in different ethnics, which are manifested in phonological, lexical and syntax levels ((Mei Yanhong, 2016:137). The examples are naming and the use of idioms. Linguistic culture-loaded words treat words from the perspective of language characteristics. For example, Chinese and English have much difference in perspective of the two languages. Chinese is made up of many short sentences and lack of structure but English are long sentences made up of a lot of clauses and have strict structures. Chinese uses many verbs while there are many stative words like nouns, prepositions and adjectives in English. In a word, there are so many linguistic differences in Chinese and English. For example, the translation of“二月二，龙抬头，大仓满，小仓流”is “When dragon raises its head, abundant harvests of crops are promised ahead”.

References

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11 高蜜On the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in The Travels of Lao Ts'an from the Perspective of Cultural Schema Theory

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Key words

The Travels of Lao Ts'an; Cultural Schema Theory; Culture-Loaded Words;

12 殷慧珍A study on the English Translation of Culture-loaded Words in The Spring Festival written by Fang Wenhua Based on Domestication and Foreignization Strategies

Cult_Load_Words_EN_12

1. Introduction

Since the development of reform and opening up, China’s economy has improved rapidly. Culture, as a manifestation of the soft power of national development, playing an increasing role in the country. And Chinese culture is becoming more and more popular among foreign readers. As a carrier of culture, book is a powerful tool for cultural communication. Meanwhile, translation is a bridge connected different languages and different cultures and the main task of translation is to translate the content of the source language into the target language. Therefore, in China, more and more books, such as poetry collections, novels, essays and so on, are translated into foreign languages and then widely spread all over the world. However, due to the huge differences in economic system, language structure and cultural customs between China and the West, many culture-loaded words with unique characteristics of the Chinese nation, such as some idioms, sayings and idiomatic expressions, are difficult to translate. Those who do not understand the Chinese cultural background cannot fully understand the meaning of these culture-loaded words. Therefore, the translation of culture-loaded words is key to the whole translation which is well worth our research. The Spring Festival is a prose written by Fang Wenhua, a famous Chinese literary translator. It talks about the Spring Festival, the most important traditional Chinese festival, and gives a detailed description of the activities during this traditional festival. Many culture-loaded words appeared in the prose represent Chinese culture, people can understand the profound Chinese culture through the authentic translation. Based on the translation strategies of domestication and foreignization, this essay explores the translation strategies of culture-loaded words in Fang Wenhua’s The Spring Festival.

2. Fang Wenhua and The Spring Festival

Fang Wenhua was born in 1955, who is a famous Chinese literary translator and translation theorist. He plays an important role in literary translation in China and he was elected as a representative in the field of literary translation in China. He has translated many literary works such as Oliver Twist and David Copperfield written by Charles Dickens, Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure written by Thomas Hardy, Jane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen and so on. Also, he wrote books of Chinese Culture of Editions Series such as Chinese Garden, Chinese Folk Customs, Famous Historical Cities in China and so on, which introduce Chinese culture in all areas. His representative translated work is History of Chinese Translation in the 20th Century, which elaborately introduce the Chinsese Translation theories and translators, covering more than ten million words. His translated works have made great contributions to the spread of Chinese culture, and his translation views are well known both at home and abroad. He was named “the most productive literary translator in contemporary China” by the UNESCO International Federation of Translators（Babel.54:2,2008,145-158）and his translation theories were publish in Babel, the academic journal of the International Federation of Translators, which enabled the world to know the general situation of Translation in China and the characteristics of translation. In this essay, The Spring Festival is one of an essay collected in the book Translation and Appreciation of Chinese and Foreign Selected Famous Proses and Poems, whose author is also Fang Wenhua, selecting and translating famous Chinese and foreign proses and poetry. The Spring Festival is written by Fang Wenhua and he selcet his own translation version in the book. The essay introduces the Spring Festival, the most important traditional festival of the China. The essay introduces the customs and activities of the Spring Festival in detail, which have been passed down from the ancient time. With the changes of the times, the words and customs with their own distinctiveness. Taking the traditional activity “post picture” as an example in the essay, Chinese people posted pictures of Shen Shu and Yu Lu with the wish of getting good luck and happiness in Nan Dynasty. While in Tang Dynasty, they posted the photos of Qin Shubao and Yuchi Jingde. If you don’t know the culture background of Chinese culture, you can hardly know the connotaion of the words. For example, the names of firecrackers are of various kinds, like “Rockets”, “Rolling Mines”, “Fairy Scattering Flowers”, “Knights in Red” and so on. The author elaborately introduces all kinds of customs and activities from the first day of the first lunar month to the 15th day of the first lunar month, among which culture-loaded words are unique to Chinese culture, and the translation of these culture-loaded words will greatly promote the spread of Chinese culture.

3. Culture-loaded Words

Culture-loaded words refer to the words or phrases that carry the unique cultural connotation of a certain nation. Usually, due to the different cultural backgrounds of different countries, it is not easy to find the corresponding words in the target language, which is also the difficulty in translation. The use of culture-loaded words in texts can transmit national cultural values and promote national exchanges. According to Nida, he divided culture into five categories in his book Language, Cultural and Translation:(1) ecological culture, (2) material culture, (3) social culture, (4) religious culture, (5) language culture. (Nida, 1993: 78) Also, culture-loaded words can be divided into five catergories accordingly: The first is ecological culture-loaded words, which refer to the words that reflect the unique local culture produced by different environment, such as natural environment, climate, mountains and rivers, vegetation, crops, food, etc. For example，the“火树银花”does not refer to the fire tree and silver flower but refers to fireworks and lanterns. The second is material culture-loaded words, which refer to the words with cultural connotations such as clothing, food and household goods that people need for survival and development. In different cultures, people have different associations with different objects. For example, the local food Chinese people eat on the Spring Festival like “Yuanxiao” does not refer to the Lantern Festival in the 15th day of the new lunar year but refer to the food yuanxiao or called sweet soup balls. The third social culture-loaded words reflect various aspects of the society according to different social backgrounds, such as special festivals, customs, local conditions and practices, as well as the way of address and greeting. For example, the special customs people do in spring festival, such as Lion dancing and Dragon Dancing. The fourth religious culture-loaded words refer to some words related to religious beliefs and religious concepts. Like the word “阴间” refers to underworld. In China, “阴” and “阳” are two opposite and contrary forces such as dark and bright, life and death. The last one language culture-loaded words reflect their linguistic connotation in dialogues, ancient poems and common sayings. The prose cited many Chinese ancient poems like “爆竹声中一岁除，春风送暖入屠苏。千门万户曈曈日，总把新桃换旧符”.

4. Domestication and Foreignization Strategies

Domestication and foreignization are two different translation strategies proposed by Venuti in The Translator’s Invisibility A History of Translation from the perspective of culture in 1995. According to Venuti, Domestication refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers.(Shulttleworth , Cowie 1997 : 43~ 44) This was based on the Germanphilosopher Schleiermacher’s famous notion of the translation which “leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him” (Schleiermacher 1838/1963:47, 1838/1977:74; Venuti 1995:19-20). That is to say, using the tanslation strategie of domestication is to localize the translated text. And translator should first consider the target language readers but not the loyalty to the author. Therefore, when translating, the translator should choose the plain and familiar words and expressions in the target language that would not be a barrier to reading for readers, so that the translation can be read nativly and vividly but do not make the readers feel stiff or unfamiliar, and it would not be like a text has been translated but an original book. When translating, he also created many plots that cater to the public’s preferences, making the novel interesting and easy to understand. Because of the cultural differences between the East and the west, some specific words in the source language have no corresponding meanings in the target language. Therefore, especially when translating idioms and allusions, domestication is often used in order to maintain their unique simplicity and expressiveness. For example, cry up wine and sell vinegar(挂羊头卖狗肉)/ live a dog’s life(过牛马一样的生活)/seek a hare in hen’s nest（缘木求鱼）（Fang Mengzhi 2004: 3） Foreignization refers to the translation strategy that a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. (Shulttleworth , Cowie 1997 : 58~ 59) Foreignization refers to the translation strategy that the translator first considers his loyalty to the author and the original text, so the translation will preserve the language characteristics and cultural customs of the original text. The use of foreignization translation strategy will not only make readers have "exotic" reading experience so as to help them better understand cultural differences，at the same time，it also enrich the target language. Many foreign words and expressions have been well integrated into the target language and used in people's daily life. The example of foreignization in Fang Mengzhi's a dictionary of translation studies, such as "time is money", comes from the foreignization of "time is money" in English. Many foreign words have been widely spread and used in Chinese. （Fang Mengzhi 2004: 3）

13 程杨 《边城》中文化负载词的翻译—以戴乃迭英译本为例 Translation of Cultural-loaded Words in Border Town:A Case Study of Dai Naidie’s English translation

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14 胡舒情 浅谈中医典籍中文化负载词的翻译策略——以《伤寒论》为例Discussion on Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Words in Traditional Chinese Medical Classics: A Case Study of Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold

Cult_Load_Words_EN_ 14

Abstract

Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold, written by Zhang Zhongjing in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, is one of the "four Classics" of Traditional Chinese medicine which uses six channels as guiding principles of syndrome differentiation and treatment. The book concentrates the traditional Chinese medical wisdom, which is both scientific and literary. The writing is smooth and simple, and the language is straightforward and vivid. A large number of rhetorical devices such as reduplication of words are used to reflect the beauty of Classical Chinese. Its multiple values have led more and more scholars to devote themselves to research, study and even translation and promotion, and a number of outstanding scholars have emerged at home and abroad to devote themselves to the translation work of this book. However, it is not easy to translate this book. China has an excellent history and profound culture, and the book contains many culture-loaded words. The translation quality of such words directly affects the translation quality, so it is necessary to adopt appropriate translation strategies. Therefore, the author chooses the version translated by Professor Luo Xiwen as the research blueprint to study the translation strategy of culture-loaded words in traditional Chinese medicine classics, in order to promote the translation of this book to a higher level.

Key Words

cultrue-loaded words; Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold; Tranditional Chinese medicine classics; translation strategies

摘要

《伤寒论》为东汉末年的张仲景所著，是以六经作为辩证论治的纲领，荣列为中医“四大经典”之一。该书浓缩了中国传统医学智慧，兼具科学性与文学性，行文流畅朴素，语言直白形象，其中大量运用叠词等修辞手法，体现了中国文言文之美。其多重价值致使越来越多的学者致力于研究、学习、甚至是翻译推广，国内外皆涌现出一批优秀学者投身该书的翻译工作中。但翻译此书并非易事，中国历史优秀、文化精深，书中包含众多文化负载词，这类词的翻译质量直接影响译文质量，采取合适的翻译策略必不可缺。因此，笔者选择了罗希文教授所翻译的版本，作为中医典籍文化负载词翻译策略的研究蓝本，以期推进该书翻译工作更上一层楼。

关键词

文化负载词，《伤寒论》，中医典籍，翻译策略

1. Introduction

In recent years, China's international influence and national soft power have gradually improved, and the country has consciously pushed Chinese culture to all over the world. Traditional Chinese medicine culture, as an indispensable part of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation, has a long historical tradition and unique theories and technical methods. Rich classic materials and humanistic spirit of TCM are amazing, and the external dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine culture is becoming more and more important. Under this background, the translation of traditional Chinese medicine in China has been gradually carried out, and the culture-loaded words in the classics of traditional Chinese medicine are important features that reflect their rich cultural color and humanistic connotation, and the translation of culture-loaded words is the key to the translation of traditional Chinese medicine. Culture-loaded words are parts of the construction of traditional Chinese medicine culture and have basic research value. They cannot be unilaterally regarded as completely untranslatable because of the differences between Chinese and Western cultures. Facing the problems of translation, it is particularly important to put forward feasible translation strategies. A large number of translators of traditional Chinese medicine classics have also emerged in China, facing difficulties and striving to show the world the classics’ cultural accumulation and research results. Among them, the translator Luo Xiwen has translated a series of traditional Chinese medicine classics such as Condensed Compendium of Materia Medica, Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber, Huangdi Neijing, and Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold. As one of China's historical medical works, Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold is a classic work of traditional Chinese medicine written by Zhang Zhongjing in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It plays an important role in the development of medical history in the cultural biography of traditional Chinese medicine. This article will discuss the translation strategies of culture-loaded words in traditional Chinese medicine classics through Luo's translation of Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold.

2. TheDefinition and Classification of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese Medical Classics

2.1 The Definition

Different scholars have different interpretations of culturally loaded words, but a widely accepted definition is that words, phrases and idioms which mark the unique things in a certain culture. These words are deeply imprinted by the region and times of a language society. They only exist in one culture but are blank in another culture. In recent years, many scholars have begun to pay attention to culture-loaded words in traditional Chinese medicine classics. Some scholars have tried to give a definition of traditional Chinese medicine culture-loaded words, but there is no clear definition yet. However, scholars Zhang Miao and others put forward a recognition step and word selection standard for traditional Chinese medicine culture-loaded words. First of all, read through the full text and divide the semantic groups. Secondly, judge whether the semantic group belongs to the shared vocabulary of all human culture, that is, to express one concept of things as a vocabulary in the context of one language and culture, and words that indicate the corresponding concept in another language and culture background. For example, the words "apple", "pear" and "fire" in Chinese express the same concept and corresponding words in English. If it does not belong to part of speech, then determine whether each semantic group belongs to the following three categories. First, the basic terminology of traditional Chinese medicine. Such terms are usually divided into basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine, diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine, diseases of traditional Chinese medicine, treatment of traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and moxibustion, and prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine. Second, words unique to Chinese material culture, such as unique characters and things. Third, the unique language phenomenon of ancient Chinese. Such as ancient and modern synonymous words, common false words, word polysemy, etc. If it belongs to, and there is no obvious English corresponding word in the above semantic group, it is a culturally loaded word. According to this method, this paper selects the culture-loaded words in Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold in the following article for analysis.

2.2 The Classification

After framed the culture-loaded words of traditional Chinese medicine, it is often necessary to classify and discuss them. Different scholars have different classification methods. Xu Xueyuan divided the culture-loaded words in the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classics into basic philosophical concepts of traditional Chinese medicine, place names, traditional Chinese medicine medical terms and organs. Zhang Xuan divided the culture-loaded words in Su Wen into people's names, traditional Chinese medicine terminology, traditional Chinese medicine-related philosophical concepts, and other descriptive cultural load parts of speech. Song Conghui and others divided the words of cultural load into: symptoms of traditional Chinese medicine, symptoms of traditional Chinese medicine, etiology and pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine, treatment of traditional Chinese medicine, basic philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine, etc. Chen Zinuo and others divide the culture-loaded words of traditional Chinese medicine into five categories: syndrome, symptom, prescription, philosophy and rhetoric. The latter includes the classification mentioned in the first three, and also opens up a rhetorical class to make the classification more detailed and clear. Therefore, this paper adopts Chen's classification method.

3. Translation Strategies Used for Culture-loaded Words in Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold

3.1 Translation Strategy of Culture-loaded Words of Syndrome

The translation of the disease name affects the readability of the whole translation. Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold has been written for a long time, and the simple structure of disease name carries a lot of information, so there are few modern terms that can be matched with ancient disease names. According to the methods mentioned above, most of the terms of traditional Chinese medicine diseases belong to culture-loaded words. The author selected the disease-type cultural load words in Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold translated by Professor Luo Xiwen to study the translation strategies of these words.

15 陈静 The Translation of Culture-loaded Words From the Perspective of Skopos Theory: A Case Study of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China

Cult_Load_Words_EN_15

1. Introduction

1.1 Research Backgrounds

Culture refers to all the activities of a nation, including clothes, food, production, education, law, politics, customs, historical allusions, temperament and emotion, modes of thinking, values, religious mentality and many other factors. Language is one of the most fundamental systems of culture, with the function of storing, describing, expressing and spreading cultural information. Vocabulary, as the basic unit of language, is the most direct reflection of the cultural factors. Culture-loaded words are words, phrases and idioms that signify things unique to a certain culture. These vocabularies reflect the unique activities of a particular nation that have been gradually accumulated in the long historical process and are different from other nations. Culture-load words have strong national colors and distinctive cultural personalities, and in the language system they can best reflect the cultural information carried and inherited by language and the social life of human beings. Culture-loaded words are important carriers to reflect national culture, and they are a special kind of information text, which has both textual meaning and rich cultural connotation. Cultural differences lead to difficulties in translation, so how to manage cultural differences has become the focus of many researchers. Aixela (1996) proposed a translation classification strategy for culture-specific items. Culture-loaded words are defined as words that have no equivalents in the target culture, hence difficulties in translation emerged. Wang (1997:55) defined cultural default as “the emitted part as shared cultural background by both sides” and summarized five approaches to deal with cultural default. The following year, Qiu (1998) proposed seven methods of cultural equivalence. The year 2021 is the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China. At this critical moment, Xi Jinping: The Governance of China (Volume III) was published. This is a major event in the historical and political development of China and the ruling party. In the third version, Xi Jinping’s political vision is further expanded. Many comments on China’s exchanges with other countries, including China, the BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, African countries, and ASEAN countries, are included in the book. This book is a window for foreign readers to understand China’s leadership and insight into China’s unique governance. Therefore, the book plays a crucial role in helping foreigners understand China’s political position in domestic affairs and international relations. This article aims to study the translation strategies of culture-loaded words in Xi Jinping: The Governance of China (Volume III) and analyze them through the framework of the skopos theory.

2. Literature Review

2.2 The Skopos Theory

Skopos Theory, the core of Functionalist Translation Theory, was put forward by Vermeer who is Reiss's student. “Skopos”in Skopos Theory is a Greek word which means “purpose”. Skopos Theory holds that the purpose of translation activities is the primary principle deciding the translation process. According to Vermeer, there are three possible types of purposes. Firstly, a general purpose that a translator strives for, such as translating as a source of professional income. Secondly, a communicative purpose of a target text in a target circumstance, such as to instruct the audience. Thirdly, the purpose of a translation strategy or approach, such as to exhibit the structural traits of the source language. In the case of the term ‘skopo’ in skopos theory, it refers to the second type of purpose. The theory treats the source text as an "offer of information in a target culture" and this view is seen as a consequence of constructivist comprehension theories.

There are three terms associated with skopos(purpose): aim, function and intention. “Aim" means the final result that an agent intends to achieve through an action (Vermeer,1986:239). “Purpose”is defined as a temporary stage in the process of achieving an aim (Nord,2001:28). “Function” refers to what the meaning or intention of the text is from the perspective of the receiver, while the aim is the purpose for which it is needed or supposed to be needed ( Vermeer, 1989:95). “Intention” is understood as “aim-oriented action plan” (Vermeer, 1983:4), which points to an appropriate way in both sender and receiver to produce or understand text. It is also synonymous with the function of action (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984: 98).

According to the Skopos Theory, there are three basic rules:

First of all, the skopos rule. It represents the top-ranking rule for any translation which means that translation activities are decided by the translation purpose. Vermeer(1989)'s explanation of this rule is as follows. Each text is written for a specific purpose and should be served for that purpose. In this sense, the skopos rule thus reads as follows: “translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function”(Nord, 2001:29). Nonetheless,the skopos rule does not provide any general principles or strategies that can be applied to guide any certain translation process. Instead, they can only be determined in accordance with the specific purpose that the translation is prepared to reach. Translation behavior is determined by the translation purpose, so the skopos rule is the principal rule for all kinds of translation.

The second one is the coherence rule. This rule states that target text must be coherent enough to be comprehensible, given the background and context of the intended receivers. The starting point for translation is the text as part of the word continuum, written in the source language. The word continuum embodied in the source language should be inherited into the target language. At the very least, the translator should make sure that the translation makes sense to recipients of the target culture. Furthermore, only when the target text conforms to the standard of being intratextually coherent can it play a presupposed role in the communicative situation and culture in which it is received and the audience will have no trouble understanding it. A communicative interaction is successful only if receivers think it is compatible enough with their situation. Hence,as another significant rule of Skopos Theory，the “coherence rule” stipulates that translation should be acceptable,and in a sense, it is consistent with the situation of receivers(Nord, 2001:32).

The third one is the fidelity rule. Vermeer (1989) refers to the relationship between translation and the corresponding source text “intertextual coherence” or “fidelity” which is another hypothetical principle known as the “fidelity rule”. This rule focuses on the intertextual coherence between the translation and the original text,which is not the same as intertextual coherence. The former is thought to be subordinate to the latter, and both are subordinate to the skopos rule. When the purpose needs to change the function, the standard will no longer be intertextual coherence with source language, but the adequacy or appropriateness regarding the purpose (Reiss and Vermeer,1984). It is important that intertextual coherence in translation should exist between the source text and the target text, and its form depends on both the translator's understanding of the original text and the translator's translation purpose. Maximum fidelity to the original text is only one possible intertextual coherence.

Finally, the three basic rules of Skopos Theory are designed to guide the translator in the whole translating process. In most situations, the translation cannot meet these three rules at the same time, for doing so often makes it deviate from the original intention of the source text.. Generally speaking, the hierarchical order of abidance of the three rules should be the skopos rule first, the coherence rule second and last comes the fidelity rule, or in another way, the need for loyalty is considered to be subject to intratextual coherence,both are subject to the skopos rule. When a translation that is faithful to the original text cannot be effectively understood by receivers of the target text, the translator should abandon the fidelity rule and follow the coherence rule, that is, to make the translation meaningful in the communicative context and culture of the target language. If the purpose needs to change the function, the required standard will no longer be intertextual consistence with ST,but the adequacy or appropriateness in terms of the purpose (Nord, 2001).If the purpose requires intratextual incoherence, the criterion of intratextual coherence is no longer valid.